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Yuan_dynasty

The Stanford Question Answering Dataset

The Yuan dynasty (Chinese: 元朝; pinyin: Yuán Cháo), officially the Great Yuan (Chinese: 大元; pinyin: Dà Yuán; Mongolian: Yehe Yuan Ulus[a]), was the empire or ruling dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan. Although the Mongols had ruled territories including today's North China for decades, it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style. His realm was, by this point, isolated from the other khanates and controlled most of present-day China and its surrounding areas, including modern Mongolia and Korea. It was the first foreign dynasty to rule all of China and lasted until 1368, after which its Genghisid rulers returned to their Mongolian homeland and continued to rule the Northern Yuan dynasty. Some of the Mongolian Emperors of the Yuan mastered the Chinese language, while others only used their native language (i.e. Mongolian) and the 'Phags-pa script.

What is the Chinese name for the Yuan dynasty?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Yuán CháoYuán Cháo元朝

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What is the Yuan dynasty's official name?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the Great Yuanthe Great Yuanthe Great Yuan

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Who started the Yuan dynasty?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Kublai KhanKublai KhanKublai Khan

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Who led the Mongolian Borjigin clan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Kublai KhanKublai KhanKublai Khan

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When did Khan formally declare the Yuan dynasty?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 127112711271

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What is the Japanese name for the Yuan dynasty?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What is the Yuan dynasty's unofficial name?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Who ended the Yuan dynasty?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Who rejected the Mongolian Borjigin clan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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When did Khan formally reject the Yuan dynasty?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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The Yuan dynasty is considered both a successor to the Mongol Empire and an imperial Chinese dynasty. It was the khanate ruled by the successors of Möngke Khan after the division of the Mongol Empire. In official Chinese histories, the Yuan dynasty bore the Mandate of Heaven, following the Song dynasty and preceding the Ming dynasty. The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, yet he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty as Taizu.[b] In the Proclamation of the Dynastic Name (《建國號詔》), Kublai announced the name of the new dynasty as Great Yuan and claimed the succession of former Chinese dynasties from the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors to the Tang dynasty.

What non-Chinese empire did the Yuan dynasty succeed?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Mongol EmpireMongol EmpireMongol Empire

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What dynasty came before the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Song dynastyMongol Empirethe Song dynasty

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What dynasty came after the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Ming dynastyMing dynastythe Ming dynasty

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Who was Kublai Khan's grandfather?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Genghis KhanGenghis KhanGenghis Khan

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What non-Japanese empire did the Yuan dynasty succeed?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What non-dynasty came before the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What non-dynasty came after the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Who was Kublai Khan's uncle?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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In 1271, Kublai Khan imposed the name Great Yuan (Chinese: 大元; pinyin: Dà Yuán; Wade–Giles: Ta-Yüan), establishing the Yuan dynasty. "Dà Yuán" (大元) is from the sentence "大哉乾元" (dà zai Qián Yuán / "Great is Qián, the Primal") in the Commentaries on the Classic of Changes (I Ching) section regarding Qián (乾). The counterpart in Mongolian language was Dai Ön Ulus, also rendered as Ikh Yuan Üls or Yekhe Yuan Ulus. In Mongolian, Dai Ön (Great Yuan) is often used in conjunction with the "Yeke Mongghul Ulus" (lit. "Great Mongol State"), resulting in Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus (Mongolian script: ), meaning "Great Yuan Great Mongol State". The Yuan dynasty is also known as the "Mongol dynasty" or "Mongol Dynasty of China", similar to the names "Manchu dynasty" or "Manchu Dynasty of China" for the Qing dynasty. Furthermore, the Yuan is sometimes known as the "Empire of the Great Khan" or "Khanate of the Great Khan", which particularly appeared on some Yuan maps, since Yuan emperors held the nominal title of Great Khan. Nevertheless, both terms can also refer to the khanate within the Mongol Empire directly ruled by Great Khans before the actual establishment of the Yuan dynasty by Kublai Khan in 1271.

When did Khan establish the Great Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 127112711271

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What writing inspired the name Great Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the Commentaries on the Classic of Changes (I Ching)the Commentaries on the Classic of Changes

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What was the Yuan dynasty called in Mongolian?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Dai Ön Ulus, also rendered as Ikh Yuan Üls or Yekhe Yuan UlusDai Ön UlusDai Ön Ulus

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What does Yeke Mongghul Ulus mean?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Great Mongol StateGreat Mongol StateGreat Mongol State

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What nominal title did Yuan emperors have?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Great KhanGreat KhanGreat Khan

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When did Khan disestablish the Great Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What writing discouraged the name Great Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What was the Yuan dynasty called in Japanese?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What doesn't Yeke Mongghul Ulus mean?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What nominal title did Yuan emperors reject?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Genghis Khan united the Mongol and Turkic tribes of the steppes and became Great Khan in 1206. He and his successors expanded the Mongol empire across Asia. Under the reign of Genghis' third son, Ögedei Khan, the Mongols destroyed the weakened Jin dynasty in 1234, conquering most of northern China. Ögedei offered his nephew Kublai a position in Xingzhou, Hebei. Kublai was unable to read Chinese but had several Han Chinese teachers attached to him since his early years by his mother Sorghaghtani. He sought the counsel of Chinese Buddhist and Confucian advisers. Möngke Khan succeeded Ögedei's son, Güyük, as Great Khan in 1251. He granted his brother Kublai control over Mongol held territories in China. Kublai built schools for Confucian scholars, issued paper money, revived Chinese rituals, and endorsed policies that stimulated agricultural and commercial growth. He adopted as his capital city Kaiping in Inner Mongolia, later renamed Shangdu.

Which tribes did Genghis Khan unite?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Mongol and Turkic tribesMongol and Turkic tribesthe Mongol and Turkic tribes

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When did Genghis Khan become Great Khan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 120612061206

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Who was Genghis's 3rd son?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Ögedei KhanÖgedei KhanÖgedei Khan

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When did Mongke Khan become Great Khan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 125112511251

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What was Kublai Khan's relation to Ogedei Khan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: nephewnephewnephew

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Which tribes did Genghis Khan fight against?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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When did Genghis Khan kill Great Khan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Who was Genghis's 4th son?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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When did Mongke Khan kill Great Khan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What was Kublai Khan's opposition to Ogedei Khan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Many Han Chinese and Khitan defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin. Two Han Chinese leaders, Shi Tianze, Liu Heima (劉黑馬, Liu Ni), and the Khitan Xiao Zhala (蕭札剌) defected and commanded the 3 Tumens in the Mongol army. Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Ogödei Khan. Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols. There were 4 Han Tumens and 3 Khitan Tumens, with each Tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The three Khitan Generals Shimobeidier (石抹孛迭兒), Tabuyir (塔不已兒) and Xiaozhacizhizizhongxi (蕭札刺之子重喜) commanded the three Khitan Tumens and the four Han Generals Zhang Rou, Yan Shi, Shi Tianze, and Liu Heima commanded the four Han tumens under Ogödei Khan.

Who did the Han Chinese want to help the Mongols fight?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the JinJinthe Jin

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What Khitan leader defected to the Mongols?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Xiao ZhalaXiao ZhalaXiao Zhala

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What Han Chinese leader defected to the Mongols?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Shi Tianze, Liu HeimaShi Tianze, Liu HeimaShi Tianze, Liu Heima

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How many soldiers were in each Tumen?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 10,00010,00010,000

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How many Khitan Tumens were there?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 3three

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Who did the Han Japanese want to help the Mongols fight?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What Khitan leader rejected the Mongols?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What Han Chinese leader rejected the Mongols?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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How many armies were in each Tumen?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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How many Khitan Tumens weren't there?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Shi Tianze was a Han Chinese who lived in the Jin dynasty. Interethnic marriage between Han and Jurchen became common at this time. His father was Shi Bingzhi (史秉直, Shih Ping-chih). Shi Bingzhi was married to a Jurchen woman (surname Na-ho) and a Han Chinese woman (surname Chang); it is unknown which of them was Shi Tianze's mother. Shi Tianze was married to two Jurchen women, a Han Chinese woman, and a Korean woman, and his son Shi Gang was born to one of his Jurchen wives. The surnames of his Jurchen wives were Mo-nien and Na-ho; the surname of his Korean wife was Li; and the surname of his Han Chinese wife was Shi. Shi Tianze defected to Mongol forces upon their invasion of the Jin dynasty. His son Shi Gang married a Kerait woman; the Kerait were Mongolified Turkic people and were considered part of the "Mongol nation". Shi Tianze (Shih T'ien-tse), Zhang Rou (Chang Jou, 張柔), and Yan Shi (Yen Shih, 嚴實) and other high ranking Chinese who served in the Jin dynasty and defected to the Mongols helped build the structure for the administration of the new state. Chagaan (Tsagaan) and Zhang Rou jointly launched an attack on the Song dynasty ordered by Töregene Khatun.

What ethnicity was Shi Tianze?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Han ChineseHan ChineseHan Chinese

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In what dynasty did Tianze live?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Jin dynastyJin dynastyJin

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What kind of interethnic marriage became common in the Jin dynasty?

  • Ground Truth Answers: between Han and Jurchenmarriage between Han and JurchenHan and Jurchen

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Who was Shi Tianze's father?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Shi BingzhiShi BingzhiShi Bingzhi

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What dynasty did Zhang Rhou help attack?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Song dynastySong dynastythe Song dynasty

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What religion was Shi Tianze?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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In what dynasty did Tianze die?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What kind of interethnic marriage became uncommon in the Jin dynasty?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Who was Shi Tianze's uncle?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What dynasty did Zhang Rhou help defend?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Möngke Khan commenced a military campaign against the Chinese Song dynasty in southern China. The Mongol force that invaded southern China was far greater than the force they sent to invade the Middle East in 1256. He died in 1259 without a successor. Kublai returned from fighting the Song in 1260 when he learned that his brother, Ariq Böke, was challenging his claim to the throne. Kublai convened a kurultai in Kaiping that elected him Great Khan. A rival kurultai in Mongolia proclaimed Ariq Böke Great Khan, beginning a civil war. Kublai depended on the cooperation of his Chinese subjects to ensure that his army received ample resources. He bolstered his popularity among his subjects by modeling his government on the bureaucracy of traditional Chinese dynasties and adopting the Chinese era name of Zhongtong. Ariq Böke was hampered by inadequate supplies and surrendered in 1264. All of the three western khanates (Golden Horde, Chagatai Khanate and Ilkhanate) became functionally autonomous, although only the Ilkhans truly recognized Kublai as Great Khan. Civil strife had permanently divided the Mongol Empire.

Who led a Mongol attack on the Song dynasty?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Möngke KhanMöngke KhanMöngke Khan

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Where did Mongke Khan attack the Song dynasty?

  • Ground Truth Answers: southern Chinasouthern Chinain southern China

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When did Mongke Khan die?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 12591259in 1259

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Who challenged Kublai Khan's right to succeed Mongke Khan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Ariq BökeAriq BökeAriq Böke

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What Chinese era name did Kublai adopt?

  • Ground Truth Answers: ZhongtongZhongtong. Ariq BökeZhongtong

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Who led a Mongol defense on the Song dynasty?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Where did Mongke Khan defend the Song dynasty?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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When was Mongke Khan born?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Who defended Kublai Khan's right to succeed Mongke Khan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What Chinese era name did Kublai reject?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Instability troubled the early years of Kublai Khan's reign. Ogedei's grandson Kaidu refused to submit to Kublai and threatened the western frontier of Kublai's domain. The hostile but weakened Song dynasty remained an obstacle in the south. Kublai secured the northeast border in 1259 by installing the hostage prince Wonjong as the ruler of Korea, making it a Mongol tributary state. Kublai was also threatened by domestic unrest. Li Tan, the son-in-law of a powerful official, instigated a revolt against Mongol rule in 1262. After successfully suppressing the revolt, Kublai curbed the influence of the Han Chinese advisers in his court. He feared that his dependence on Chinese officials left him vulnerable to future revolts and defections to the Song.

Who was Kaidu's grandfather?

  • Ground Truth Answers: OgedeiOgedeiOgedei

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Where did the Song dynasty continue to cause problems for Kublai?

  • Ground Truth Answers: souththe souththe western frontier

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Who did Kublai make the ruler of Korea?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Wonjongprince Wonjongprince Wonjong

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Where did Korea border Kublai's territory?

  • Ground Truth Answers: northeastnortheastthe northeast

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When did Li Tan lead a revolt?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 126212621262

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Who was Kaidu's uncle?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Where did the Song dynasty continue be peaceful with Kublai?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Who did Kublai reject as ruler of Korea?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Where did China border Kublai's territory?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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When did Li Tan reject a revolt?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Kublai's government after 1262 was a compromise between preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands of his Chinese subjects. He instituted the reforms proposed by his Chinese advisers by centralizing the bureaucracy, expanding the circulation of paper money, and maintaining the traditional monopolies on salt and iron. He restored the Imperial Secretariat and left the local administrative structure of past Chinese dynasties unchanged. However, Kublai rejected plans to revive the Confucian imperial examinations and divided Yuan society into three, later four, classes with the Han Chinese occupying the lowest rank. Kublai's Chinese advisers still wielded significant power in the government, but their official rank was nebulous.

What did Kublai's government have to balance between?

  • Ground Truth Answers: preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands of his Chinese subjectspreserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands of his Chinese subjectspreserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands of his Chinese subjects

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What natural resources did the Chinese government have a monopoly on?

  • Ground Truth Answers: salt and ironsalt and ironsalt and iron

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What administrative division did Kublai leave unmodified?

  • Ground Truth Answers: local administrative structure of past Chinese dynastieslocal administrative structurelocal

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How many societal class divisions were in the plan Kublai rejected?

  • Ground Truth Answers: three, later fourfourthree

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Who would have been the lowest-ranked class?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Han ChineseHan Chinesethe Han Chinese

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What did Kublai's government not balance between?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What natural resources did the Chinese government not have a monopoly on?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What administrative division did Kublai leave modified?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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How many societal class divisions were in the plan Kublai approved?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Who would have been the highest-ranked class?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Kublai readied the move of the Mongol capital from Karakorum in Mongolia to Khanbaliq in 1264, constructing a new city near the former Jurchen capital Zhongdu, now modern Beijing, in 1266. In 1271, Kublai formally claimed the Mandate of Heaven and declared that 1272 was the first year of the Great Yuan (Chinese: 大元) in the style of a traditional Chinese dynasty. The name of the dynasty originated from the I Ching and describes the "origin of the universe" or a "primal force". Kublai proclaimed Khanbaliq the "Great Capital" or Daidu (Dadu, Chinese: 大都 in Chinese) of the dynasty. The era name was changed to Zhiyuan to herald a new era of Chinese history. The adoption of a dynastic name legitimized Mongol rule by integrating the government into the narrative of traditional Chinese political succession. Khublai evoked his public image as a sage emperor by following the rituals of Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration, while simultaneously retaining his roots as a leader from the steppes.

Where had the Mongol capital been before Kublai moved it?

  • Ground Truth Answers: KarakorumKarakorumKarakorum

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Where did Kublai move the Mongol capital to?

  • Ground Truth Answers: KhanbaliqKhanbaliqKhanbaliq

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When did Kublai move the Mongol capital?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 126412641264

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What city later became Beijing?

  • Ground Truth Answers: ZhongduZhongduZhongdu

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What rituals did Kublai follow to help his image?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Confucian propriety and ancestor venerationConfucian propriety and ancestor venerationConfucian propriety and ancestor veneration

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Where had the Mongol capital been before Kublai destroyed it?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Where did Kublai refuse to move the Mongol capital to?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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When did Kublai fail to move the Mongol capital?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What city later became Alaska?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What rituals did Kublai follow to destroy his image?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Kublai Khan promoted commercial, scientific, and cultural growth. He supported the merchants of the Silk Road trade network by protecting the Mongol postal system, constructing infrastructure, providing loans that financed trade caravans, and encouraging the circulation of paper banknotes (鈔, Chao). Pax Mongolica, Mongol peace, enabled the spread of technologies, commodities, and culture between China and the West. Kublai expanded the Grand Canal from southern China to Daidu in the north. Mongol rule was cosmopolitan under Kublai Khan. He welcomed foreign visitors to his court, such as the Venetian merchant Marco Polo, who wrote the most influential European account of Yuan China. Marco Polo's travels would later inspire many others like Christopher Columbus to chart a passage to the Far East in search of its legendary wealth.

What kinds of growth did Kublai encourage?

  • Ground Truth Answers: commercial, scientific, and culturalcommercial, scientific, and culturalcommercial, scientific, and cultural

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What does 'Pax Mongolica' mean?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Mongol peaceMongol peaceMongol peace

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Where did the Grand Canal start?

  • Ground Truth Answers: southern Chinasouthern Chinasouthern China

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Where did Kublai extend the Grand Canal to?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Daidu in the northDaiduDaidu

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Who described Kublai's China to Europe?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Marco PoloMarco PoloMarco Polo

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What kinds of growth did Kublai discourage?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What does 'Pal Monqolica' mean?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Where did the Grand Canal not begin?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Where did Kublai shorten the Grand Canal to?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Who described Kublai's China to Asia?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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During the Southern Song dynasty the descendant of Confucius at Qufu, the Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to Quzhou, while the newly established Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng. From that time up until the Yuan dynasty, there were two Duke Yanshengs, once in the north in Qufu and the other in the south at Quzhou. During the Yuan dynasty, the Emperor Kublai Khan invited the southern Duke Yansheng Kong Zhu to return to Qufu. Kong Zhu refused, and gave up the title, so the northern branch of the family kept the title of Duke Yansheng. The southern branch still remained in Quzhou where they lived to this day. Confucius's descendants in Quzhou alone number 30,000. During the Yuan dynasty, one of Confucius' descendants moved from China to Goryeo era Korea and established a branch of the family there after marrying a Korean woman.

Who did Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou flee with?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the Song EmperorSong Emperorthe Song Emperor to Quzhou

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When did the Jin dynasty begin?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 111511151115

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When did the Jin dynasty end?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 123412341234

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Who was appointed as the replacement for Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Kong DuancaoKong DuancaoKong Duancao

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How many people in Quzhou are descended from Confucius?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 30,00030,00030,000

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Who did Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou stay with?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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When did the Jip dynasty begin?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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When did the Jip dynasty end?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Who was rejected as the replacement for Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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After strengthening his government in northern China, Kublai pursued an expansionist policy in line with the tradition of Mongol and Chinese imperialism. He renewed a massive drive against the Song dynasty to the south. Kublai besieged Xiangyang between 1268 and 1273, the last obstacle in his way to capture the rich Yangzi River basin. An unsuccessful naval expedition was undertaken against Japan in 1274. Kublai captured the Song capital of Hangzhou in 1276, the wealthiest city of China. Song loyalists escaped from the capital and enthroned a young child as Emperor Bing of Song. The Mongols defeated the loyalists at the battle of Yamen in 1279. The last Song emperor drowned, bringing an end to the Song dynasty. The conquest of the Song reunited northern and southern China for the first time in three hundred years.

Where did Kublai build his administration's strength?

  • Ground Truth Answers: northern Chinanorthern Chinanorthern China

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When did Kublai attack Xiangyang?

  • Ground Truth Answers: between 1268 and 1273between 1268 and 1273between 1268 and 1273

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What area was Kublai trying to capture by attacking Xiangyang?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Yangzi River basinYangzi River basinthe Song dynasty

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What was the Song dynasty's capital?

  • Ground Truth Answers: HangzhouHangzhouHangzhou

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How did the final Song emperor die?

  • Ground Truth Answers: drowneddrowneddrowned

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Where did Kublai tear down his administration's strength?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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When did Kublai defend Xiangyang?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What area was Kublai trying to capture by defending Xiangyang?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Where was the Song dynasty's capital?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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How did the final Song emperor begin?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Kublai's government faced financial difficulties after 1279. Wars and construction projects had drained the Mongol treasury. Efforts to raise and collect tax revenues were plagued by corruption and political scandals. Mishandled military expeditions followed the financial problems. Kublai's second invasion of Japan in 1281 failed because of an inauspicious typhoon. Kublai botched his campaigns against Annam, Champa, and Java, but won a Pyrrhic victory against Burma. The expeditions were hampered by disease, an inhospitable climate, and a tropical terrain unsuitable for the mounted warfare of the Mongols. The Tran dynasty which ruled Annam (Dai Viet) crushed and defeated the Mongols at the Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288). The Chinese region of Fujian was the original home of the Chinese Tran (Chen) clan before they migrated under Trần Kinh (陳京, Chén Jīng) to Dai Viet and whose descendants established the Trần dynasty which ruled Vietnam Đại Việt, and certain members of the clan could still speak Chinese such as when a Yuan dynasty envoy had a meeting with the Chinese-speaking Trần prince Trần Quốc Tuấn (later King Trần Hưng Đạo) in 1282. Professor Liam Kelley noted that people from Song dynasty China like Zhao Zhong and Xu Zongdao fled to Tran dynasty ruled Vietnam after the Mongol invasion of the Song and they helped the Tran fight against the Mongol invasion. The Tran dynasty originated from the Fujian region of China as did the Daoist cleric Xu Zongdao who recorded the Mongol invasion and referred to them as "Northern bandits". Annam, Burma, and Champa recognized Mongol hegemony and established tributary relations with the Yuan dynasty.

When was Kublai's administration running out of money?

  • Ground Truth Answers: after 1279after 1279after 1279

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What interfered with Kublai's second invasion of Japan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: an inauspicious typhooninauspicious typhooninauspicious typhoon

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Where did the Tran dynasty rule?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Annam (Dai Viet)AnnamAnnam

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In what battle were the Mongols defeated by the Tran?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Battle of Bạch ĐằngBattle of Bạch Đằngthe Battle of Bạch Đằng

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When were the Mongols defeated by the Tran?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 128812881288

  • Prediction:

How was Kublai's administration running out of money?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What interfered with Kublai's third invasion of Japan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How did the Tran dynasty rule?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

In what battle were the Mongols joined by the Tran?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Following the conquest of Dali in 1253, the former ruling Duan dynasty were appointed as governors-general, recognized as imperial officials by the Yuan, Ming, and Qing-era governments, principally in the province of Yunnan. Succession for the Yuan dynasty, however, was an intractable problem, later causing much strife and internal struggle. This emerged as early as the end of Kublai's reign. Kublai originally named his eldest son, Zhenjin, as the Crown Prince, but he died before Kublai in 1285. Thus, Zhenjin's third son, with the support of his mother Kökejin and the minister Bayan, succeeded the throne and ruled as Temür Khan, or Emperor Chengzong, from 1294 to 1307. Temür Khan decided to maintain and continue much of the work begun by his grandfather. He also made peace with the western Mongol khanates as well as neighboring countries such as Vietnam, which recognized his nominal suzerainty and paid tributes for a few decades. However, the corruption in the Yuan dynasty began during the reign of Temür Khan.

When was Dali conquered by the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 125312531253

  • Prediction:

Who had Kublai wanted to succeed him?

  • Ground Truth Answers: his eldest son, ZhenjinZhenjinZhenjin

  • Prediction:

When did Zhenjin die?

  • Ground Truth Answers: before Kublai in 128512851285

  • Prediction:

What was Temur Khan's Chinese-style name?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Emperor ChengzongEmperor ChengzongEmperor Chengzong

  • Prediction:

When did Temur rule?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 1294 to 13071294 to 1307from 1294 to 1307

  • Prediction:

When was Dali defended by the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who had Kublai wanted to precede him?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When did Zhenjin have a son?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What was Temur Khan's Japanese-style name?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When did Temur die?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The fourth Yuan emperor, Buyantu Khan (Ayurbarwada), was a competent emperor. He was the first Yuan emperor to actively support and adopt mainstream Chinese culture after the reign of Kublai, to the discontent of some Mongol elite. He had been mentored by Li Meng, a Confucian academic. He made many reforms, including the liquidation of the Department of State Affairs (Chinese: 尚書省), which resulted in the execution of five of the highest-ranking officials. Starting in 1313 the traditional imperial examinations were reintroduced for prospective officials, testing their knowledge on significant historical works. Also, he codified much of the law, as well as publishing or translating a number of Chinese books and works.

Who was the 4th to rule the Yuan dynasty?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Buyantu KhanBuyantu KhanBuyantu Khan

  • Prediction:

What did the Mongol elites wish Buyantu didn't do?

  • Ground Truth Answers: actively support and adopt mainstream Chinese cultureactively support and adopt mainstream Chinese cultureadopt mainstream Chinese culture

  • Prediction:

Who mentored Buyantu?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Li MengLi MengLi Meng

  • Prediction:

What government department did Buyantu shut down?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the Department of State AffairsDepartment of State Affairsthe Department of State Affairs

  • Prediction:

When did Buyantu resume testing potential government employees?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 131313131313

  • Prediction:

Who was the 3rd to rule the Yuan dynasty?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What did the Mongol elites wish Buyantu do?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who refused Buyantu?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What government department did Buyantu approve?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When did Buyantu stop testing potential government employees?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Emperor Gegeen Khan, Ayurbarwada's son and successor, ruled for only two years, from 1321 to 1323. He continued his father's policies to reform the government based on the Confucian principles, with the help of his newly appointed grand chancellor Baiju. During his reign, the Da Yuan Tong Zhi (Chinese: 大元通制, "the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan"), a huge collection of codes and regulations of the Yuan dynasty begun by his father, was formally promulgated. Gegeen was assassinated in a coup involving five princes from a rival faction, perhaps steppe elite opposed to Confucian reforms. They placed Yesün Temür (or Taidingdi) on the throne, and, after an unsuccessful attempt to calm the princes, he also succumbed to regicide.

Who was Ayurbarwada's son?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Gegeen KhanGegeen KhanGegeen Khan

  • Prediction:

When was Geegen the emperor?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 1321 to 13231321 to 1323from 1321 to 1323

  • Prediction:

Who did Gegeen appoint as grand chancellor?

  • Ground Truth Answers: BaijuBaijuBaiju

  • Prediction:

What did 'Da Yuan Tong Zhi' mean?

  • Ground Truth Answers: "the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan"the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuanthe comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan

  • Prediction:

How many rival princes were involved in assassinating Gegeen?

  • Ground Truth Answers: fivefivefive

  • Prediction:

Who was Ayurbarwada's daughter?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When was Geegen the senator?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who did Gegeen appoint as grand senator?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What did 'Di Yuan Shi' mean?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How many rival princes were involved in living with Gegeen?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When Yesün Temür died in Shangdu in 1328, Tugh Temür was recalled to Khanbaliq by the Qipchaq commander El Temür. He was installed as the emperor (Emperor Wenzong) in Khanbaliq, while Yesün Temür's son Ragibagh succeeded to the throne in Shangdu with the support of Yesün Temür's favorite retainer Dawlat Shah. Gaining support from princes and officers in Northern China and some other parts of the dynasty, Khanbaliq-based Tugh Temür eventually won the civil war against Ragibagh known as the War of the Two Capitals. Afterwards, Tugh Temür abdicated in favour of his brother Kusala, who was backed by Chagatai Khan Eljigidey, and announced Khanbaliq's intent to welcome him. However, Kusala suddenly died only four days after a banquet with Tugh Temür. He was supposedly killed with poison by El Temür, and Tugh Temür then remounted the throne. Tugh Temür also managed to send delegates to the western Mongol khanates such as Golden Horde and Ilkhanate to be accepted as the suzerain of Mongol world. However, he was mainly a puppet of the powerful official El Temür during his latter three-year reign. El Temür purged pro-Kusala officials and brought power to warlords, whose despotic rule clearly marked the decline of the dynasty.

Where did Yesun Temur die?

  • Ground Truth Answers: ShangduShangduShangdu

  • Prediction:

What was the civil war against Ragibagh also called?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the War of the Two CapitalsWar of the Two Capitalsthe War of the Two Capitals

  • Prediction:

How long after a banquet with Tugh Temur did Kusala die?

  • Ground Truth Answers: four daysfour daysfour days

  • Prediction:

Who was thought to have killed Tugh Temur?

  • Ground Truth Answers: El TemürEl Temür

  • Prediction:

Who took the throne after Kusala's death?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Tugh TemürTugh TemürTugh Temür

  • Prediction:

How did Yesun Temur die

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What was the civil war against Ragibagh never called?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How long after a banquet with Tugh Temur did Kusala have a child?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who was thought to have loved Tugh Temur?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who took the throne after Kusala's uprising?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Due to the fact that the bureaucracy was dominated by El Temür, Tugh Temür is known for his cultural contribution instead. He adopted many measures honoring Confucianism and promoting Chinese cultural values. His most concrete effort to patronize Chinese learning was founding the Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature (Chinese: 奎章閣學士院), first established in the spring of 1329 and designed to undertake "a number of tasks relating to the transmission of Confucian high culture to the Mongolian imperial establishment". The academy was responsible for compiling and publishing a number of books, but its most important achievement was its compilation of a vast institutional compendium named Jingshi Dadian (Chinese: 經世大典). Tugh Temür supported Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism and also devoted himself in Buddhism.

What was Tugh Temur known for?

  • Ground Truth Answers: his cultural contributionhis cultural contributionhis cultural contribution

  • Prediction:

What academy did Tugh Temur found?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of LiteratureAcademy of the Pavilion of the Star of LiteratureAcademy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature

  • Prediction:

When did Tugh Temur found his academy?

  • Ground Truth Answers: spring of 13291329the spring of 1329

  • Prediction:

What was the most notable publication of Tugh's academy?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Jingshi DadianJingshi DadianJingshi Dadian

  • Prediction:

What religions did Tugh Temur follow?

  • Ground Truth Answers: supported Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism and also devoted himself in BuddhismBuddhismNeo-Confucianism and also devoted himself in Buddhism

  • Prediction:

What was Tugh Temur not known for?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What academy did Tugh Temur destroy?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When did Tugh Temur destroy his academy?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What was the least notable publication of Tugh's academy?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What religions did Tugh Temur reject?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

After the death of Tugh Temür in 1332 and subsequent death of Rinchinbal (Emperor Ningzong) the same year, the 13-year-old Toghun Temür (Emperor Huizong), the last of the nine successors of Kublai Khan, was summoned back from Guangxi and succeeded to the throne. After El Temür's death, Bayan became as powerful an official as El Temür had been in the beginning of his long reign. As Toghun Temür grew, he came to disapprove of Bayan's autocratic rule. In 1340 he allied himself with Bayan's nephew Toqto'a, who was in discord with Bayan, and banished Bayan by coup. With the dismissal of Bayan, Toghtogha seized the power of the court. His first administration clearly exhibited fresh new spirit. He also gave a few early signs of a new and positive direction in central government. One of his successful projects was to finish the long-stalled official histories of the Liao, Jin, and Song dynasties, which were eventually completed in 1345. Yet, Toghtogha resigned his office with the approval of Toghun Temür, marking the end of his first administration, and he was not called back until 1349.

When did Tugh Temur die?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 133213321332

  • Prediction:

What Chinese-style name did Rinchinbal use?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Emperor NingzongEmperor NingzongEmperor Ningzong

  • Prediction:

How old was Toghun Temur when he became emperor?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 131313

  • Prediction:

How many successors of Kublai was Toghun the last of?

  • Ground Truth Answers: nineninenine

  • Prediction:

Which dynasties' histories were officially documented during Toghun's reign?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Liao, Jin, and SongLiao, Jin, and Songthe Liao, Jin, and Song

  • Prediction:

When was Tugh Temur born?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What Chinese-style name did Rinchinbal reject?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How old was Toghun Temur when he became senator?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How many successors of Kublai was Toghun the first of?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Which dynasties' histories were unofficially documented during Toghun's reign?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The final years of the Yuan dynasty were marked by struggle, famine, and bitterness among the populace. In time, Kublai Khan's successors lost all influence on other Mongol lands across Asia, while the Mongols beyond the Middle Kingdom saw them as too Chinese. Gradually, they lost influence in China as well. The reigns of the later Yuan emperors were short and marked by intrigues and rivalries. Uninterested in administration, they were separated from both the army and the populace, and China was torn by dissension and unrest. Outlaws ravaged the country without interference from the weakening Yuan armies.

What problems did the Yuan dynasty have near its end?

  • Ground Truth Answers: struggle, famine, and bitternessstruggle, famine, and bitternessstruggle, famine, and bitterness

  • Prediction:

Why did Kublai's successors lose control of the rest of the Mongol empire?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Mongols beyond the Middle Kingdom saw them as too Chinesesaw them as too Chinese

  • Prediction:

Who were later Yuan emperors isolated from?

  • Ground Truth Answers: both the army and the populacearmy and the populacethe army and the populace

  • Prediction:

What were the Yuan armies too weak to stop?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Outlaws ravaged the countryOutlawsOutlaws

  • Prediction:

What were later Yuan emperors disinterested in?

  • Ground Truth Answers: administrationadministrationadministration

  • Prediction:

What problems did the Yuan dynasty have near its beginning?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Why did Kublai's successors win control of the rest of the Mongol empire?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who were later Yuan emperors isolated with?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What were the Yuan armies too strong to stop?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What were later Yuan emperors interested in?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

From the late 1340s onwards, people in the countryside suffered from frequent natural disasters such as droughts, floods and the resulting famines, and the government's lack of effective policy led to a loss of popular support. In 1351, the Red Turban Rebellion started and grew into a nationwide uprising. In 1354, when Toghtogha led a large army to crush the Red Turban rebels, Toghun Temür suddenly dismissed him for fear of betrayal. This resulted in Toghun Temür's restoration of power on the one hand and a rapid weakening of the central government on the other. He had no choice but to rely on local warlords' military power, and gradually lost his interest in politics and ceased to intervene in political struggles. He fled north to Shangdu from Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing) in 1368 after the approach of the forces of the Míng dynasty (1368–1644), founded by Zhu Yuanzhang in the south. He had tried to regain Khanbaliq, which eventually failed; he died in Yingchang (located in present-day Inner Mongolia) two years later (1370). Yingchang was seized by the Ming shortly after his death. Some royal family members still lived in Henan today.

When did the Yuan people suffer a series of natural disasters?

  • Ground Truth Answers: From the late 1340s onwards1340s onwardsthe late 1340s

  • Prediction:

What uprising began in 1351?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the Red Turban RebellionRed Turban RebellionRed Turban Rebellion

  • Prediction:

Why did Toghun Temur dismiss Toghtogha?

  • Ground Truth Answers: fear of betrayalfear of betrayalfear of betrayal

  • Prediction:

Who had Toghtogha tried to defeat?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the Red Turban rebelsRed Turban rebelsthe Red Turban rebels

  • Prediction:

When was the Ming dynasty in power?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 1368–16441368–16441368–1644

  • Prediction:

When did the Yuan people suffer a series of unnatural disasters?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What uprising ended in 1351?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Why did Toghun Temur approve Toghtogha?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who had Toghtogha tried to defend?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When was the Ming dynasty out of power?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

A rich cultural diversity developed during the Yuan dynasty. The major cultural achievements were the development of drama and the novel and the increased use of the written vernacular. The political unity of China and much of central Asia promoted trade between East and West. The Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts produced a fair amount of cultural exchange. The other cultures and peoples in the Mongol World Empire also very much influenced China. It had significantly eased trade and commerce across Asia until its decline; the communications between Yuan dynasty and its ally and subordinate in Persia, the Ilkhanate, encouraged this development. Buddhism had a great influence in the Yuan government, and the Tibetan-rite Tantric Buddhism had significantly influenced China during this period. The Muslims of the Yuan dynasty introduced Middle Eastern cartography, astronomy, medicine, clothing, and diet in East Asia. Eastern crops such as carrots, turnips, new varieties of lemons, eggplants, and melons, high-quality granulated sugar, and cotton were all either introduced or successfully popularized during the Yuan dynasty.

What encouraged trade under the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: The political unity of China and much of central Asiapolitical unity of China and much of central Asiapolitical unity

  • Prediction:

What encouraged cultural exchange under the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: The Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contactsThe Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts

  • Prediction:

What was the Yuan's Persian ally?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the IlkhanateIlkhanate

  • Prediction:

What crops were introduced or popularized in the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: carrots, turnips, new varieties of lemons, eggplants, and melons, high-quality granulated sugar, and cottoncarrots, turnips, new varieties of lemons, eggplants, and melons, high-quality granulated sugar, and cottoncarrots, turnips, new varieties of lemons, eggplants, and melons, high-quality granulated sugar, and cotton

  • Prediction:

What discouraged trade under the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What discouraged cultural exchange under the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What was the Yuan's Persian enemy?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Western musical instruments were introduced to enrich Chinese performing arts. From this period dates the conversion to Islam, by Muslims of Central Asia, of growing numbers of Chinese in the northwest and southwest. Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism also enjoyed a period of toleration. Buddhism (especially Tibetan Buddhism) flourished, although Taoism endured certain persecutions in favor of Buddhism from the Yuan government. Confucian governmental practices and examinations based on the Classics, which had fallen into disuse in north China during the period of disunity, were reinstated by the Yuan court, probably in the hope of maintaining order over Han society. Advances were realized in the fields of travel literature, cartography, geography, and scientific education.

What type of musical instruments did the Yuan bring to China?

  • Ground Truth Answers: WesternWesternWestern

  • Prediction:

Besides Confucianism, Buddhism, and Islam, what religions were tolerated during the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Nestorianism and Roman CatholicismNestorianism and Roman CatholicismNestorianism and Roman Catholicism

  • Prediction:

What religion did the Yuan discourage, to support Buddhism?

  • Ground Truth Answers: TaoismTaoismTaoism

  • Prediction:

What type of practices did the Yuan reintroduce in government?

  • Ground Truth Answers: ConfucianConfucian governmental practices and examinationsConfucian

  • Prediction:

What fields of study were advanced during the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: travel literature, cartography, geography, and scientific educationtravel literature, cartography, geography, and scientific educationliterature, cartography, geography, and scientific education

  • Prediction:

What type of musical instruments did the Yuan keep out of China?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Besides Confucianism, Buddhism, and Islam, what religions were not tolerated during the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What religion did the Yuan encourage, to support Buddhism?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What type of practices did the Yuan introduce in government?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What fields of study were not advanced during the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The first recorded travels by Europeans to China and back date from this time. The most famous traveler of the period was the Venetian Marco Polo, whose account of his trip to "Cambaluc," the capital of the Great Khan, and of life there astounded the people of Europe. The account of his travels, Il milione (or, The Million, known in English as the Travels of Marco Polo), appeared about the year 1299. Some argue over the accuracy of Marco Polo's accounts due to the lack of mentioning the Great Wall of China, tea houses, which would have been a prominent sight since Europeans had yet to adopt a tea culture, as well the practice of foot binding by the women in capital of the Great Khan. Some suggest that Marco Polo acquired much of his knowledge through contact with Persian traders since many of the places he named were in Persian.

Who was the first known European to visit China and return?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Marco PoloMarco PoloMarco Polo

  • Prediction:

What did Polo call the Yuan capital?

  • Ground Truth Answers: CambalucCambalucCambaluc

  • Prediction:

What was the English title of Polo's book?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Travels of Marco PoloTravels of Marco Polothe Travels of Marco Polo

  • Prediction:

What was the Italian title of Polo's book?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Il milioneIl milioneIl milione

  • Prediction:

How did some suspect that Polo learned about China instead of by actually visiting it?

  • Ground Truth Answers: through contact with Persian tradersthrough contact with Persian tradersthrough contact with Persian traders

  • Prediction:

Who was the last known European to visit China and return?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What did Polo call the Yuan semi-capital?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What was the Spanish title of Polo's book?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What was the Irish title of Polo's book?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The Yuan undertook extensive public works. Among Kublai Khan's top engineers and scientists was the astronomer Guo Shoujing, who was tasked with many public works projects and helped the Yuan reform the lunisolar calendar to provide an accuracy of 365.2425 days of the year, which was only 26 seconds off the modern Gregorian calendar's measurement. Road and water communications were reorganized and improved. To provide against possible famines, granaries were ordered built throughout the empire. The city of Beijing was rebuilt with new palace grounds that included artificial lakes, hills and mountains, and parks. During the Yuan period, Beijing became the terminus of the Grand Canal of China, which was completely renovated. These commercially oriented improvements encouraged overland and maritime commerce throughout Asia and facilitated direct Chinese contacts with Europe. Chinese travelers to the West were able to provide assistance in such areas as hydraulic engineering. Contacts with the West also brought the introduction to China of a major food crop, sorghum, along with other foreign food products and methods of preparation.

What astronomer worked for Kublai?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Guo ShoujingGuo ShoujingGuo Shoujing

  • Prediction:

How accurate did Guo make the reformed lunisolar calendar?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 26 seconds off the modern Gregorian calendar365.2425 days of the year365.2425 days of the year

  • Prediction:

What did Kublai do to prevent famines?

  • Ground Truth Answers: granaries were ordered built throughout the empiregranaries were ordered built throughout the empiregranaries were ordered built

  • Prediction:

What city did the Grand Canal reach during the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: BeijingBeijingBeijing

  • Prediction:

What major crop was brought to China from the west?

  • Ground Truth Answers: sorghumsorghumsorghum

  • Prediction:

What astronomer hated Kublai?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How accurate did Guo make the formed lunisolar calendar?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What did Kublai do to expediate famines?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What city did the Grand Canal never reach during the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What major crop was brought to Japan from the west?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The Yuan dynasty was the first time that non-native Chinese people ruled all of China. In the historiography of Mongolia, it is generally considered to be the continuation of the Mongol Empire. Mongols are widely known to worship the Eternal Heaven, and according to the traditional Mongolian ideology Yuan is considered to be "the beginning of an infinite number of beings, the foundation of peace and happiness, state power, the dream of many peoples, besides it there is nothing great or precious." In traditional historiography of China, on the other hand, the Yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between the Song dynasty and the Ming dynasty. Note, however, Yuan dynasty is traditionally often extended to cover the Mongol Empire before Kublai Khan's formal establishment of the Yuan in 1271, partly because Kublai had his grandfather Genghis Khan placed on the official record as the founder of the dynasty or Taizu (Chinese: 太祖). Despite the traditional historiography as well as the official views (including the government of the Ming dynasty which overthrew the Yuan dynasty), there also exist Chinese people[who?] who did not consider the Yuan dynasty as a legitimate dynasty of China, but rather as a period of foreign domination. The latter believe that Han Chinese were treated as second-class citizens,[citation needed] and that China stagnated economically and scientifically.

The Yuan was the first time all of China was ruled by whom?

  • Ground Truth Answers: non-native Chinese peoplenon-native Chinese peoplenon-native Chinese

  • Prediction:

What did Mongols worship?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the Eternal HeavenEternal Heaventhe Eternal Heaven

  • Prediction:

What legitimate dynasty came before the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: SongSong dynastythe Song dynasty

  • Prediction:

What legitimate dynasty came after the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: MingMing dynastythe Ming dynasty

  • Prediction:

Some Chinese considered the Yuan a legitimate dynasty, but what did other Chinese think it was?

  • Ground Truth Answers: a period of foreign dominationcontinuation of the Mongol Empirea period of foreign domination

  • Prediction:

The Yuan was the first time all of Japan was ruled by whom?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What did Mongols refuse to worship?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What illegitimate dynasty came before the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What illegitimate dynasty came after the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The system of bureaucracy created by Kublai Khan reflected various cultures in the empire, including that of the Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists. While the official terminology of the institutions may indicate the government structure was almost purely that of native Chinese dynasties, the Yuan bureaucracy actually consisted of a mix of elements from different cultures. The Chinese-style elements of the bureaucracy mainly came from the native Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties. Chinese advisers such as Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu gave strong influence to Kublai's early court, and the central government administration was established within the first decade of Kublai's reign. This government adopted the traditional Chinese tripartite division of authority among civil, military, and censorial offices, including the Central Secretariat (Zhongshu Sheng) to manage civil affairs, the Privy Council (Chinese: 樞密院) to manage military affairs, and the Censorate to conduct internal surveillance and inspection. The actual functions of both central and local government institutions, however, showed a major overlap between the civil and military jurisdictions, due to the Mongol traditional reliance on military institutions and offices as the core of governance. Nevertheless, such a civilian bureaucracy, with the Central Secretariat as the top institution that was (directly or indirectly) responsible for most other governmental agencies (such as the traditional Chinese-style Six Ministries), was created in China. At various times another central government institution called the Department of State Affairs (Shangshu Sheng) that mainly dealt with finance was established (such as during the reign of Külüg Khan or Emperor Wuzong), but was usually abandoned shortly afterwards.

What cultures were part of Kublai's administration?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan BuddhistsHan Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists.the Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists

  • Prediction:

What dynasties inspired the Chinese-like elements of Kublai's government?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynastiesnative Chinese dynastiesTang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties

  • Prediction:

Who were two of Kublai's Chinese advisers?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Liu Bingzhong and Yao ShuLiu Bingzhong and Yao ShuLiu Bingzhong and Yao Shu

  • Prediction:

What kind of division of power did Kublai's government have?

  • Ground Truth Answers: tripartitetripartite divisiontripartite

  • Prediction:

What were the three parts of Kublai's government?

  • Ground Truth Answers: civil, military, and censorial officescivil, military, and censorialcivil, military, and censorial offices

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What cultures were not part of Kublai's administration?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What dynasties inspired the Japanese-like elements of Kublai's government?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Who was the third of Kublai's Chinese advisers?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What kind of division of power did Kublai's government never have?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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While the existence of these central government departments and the Six Ministries (which had been introduced since the Sui and Tang dynasties) gave a Sinicized image in the Yuan administration, the actual functions of these ministries also reflected how Mongolian priorities and policies reshaped and redirected those institutions. For example, the authority of the Yuan legal system, the Ministry of Justice, did not extend to legal cases involving Mongols and Semuren, who had separate courts of justice. Cases involving members of more than one ethnic group were decided by a mixed board consisting of Chinese and Mongols. Another example was the insignificance of the Ministry of War compared with native Chinese dynasties, as the real military authority in Yuan times resided in the Privy Council.

Who had military control during the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the Privy CouncilPrivy Councilthe Privy Council

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When had the Six Ministries existed?

  • Ground Truth Answers: since the Sui and Tang dynastiesSui and Tang dynastiessince the Sui and Tang dynasties

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Who were exempt from the Ministry of Justice?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Mongols and SemurenMongols and SemurenMongols and Semuren

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Who had no real military power during the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the Ministry of WarMinistry of Warthe Ministry of War

  • Prediction:

Who had military control during the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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When had the Eight Ministries existed?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Who weren't exempt from the Ministry of Justice?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Who had no real military power after the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Since its invention in 1269, the 'Phags-pa script, a unified script for spelling Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese languages, was preserved in the court until the end of the dynasty. Most of the Emperors could not master written Chinese, but they could generally converse well in the language. The Mongol custom of long standing quda/marriage alliance with Mongol clans, the Onggirat, and the Ikeres, kept the imperial blood purely Mongol until the reign of Tugh Temur, whose mother was a Tangut concubine. The Mongol Emperors had built large palaces and pavilions, but some still continued to live as nomads at times. Nevertheless, a few other Yuan emperors actively sponsored cultural activities; an example is Tugh Temur (Emperor Wenzong), who wrote poetry, painted, read Chinese classical texts, and ordered the compilation of books.

When was Phags-pa script invented?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 126912691269

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Which languages used the Phags-pa script?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Mongolian, Tibetan, and ChineseMongolian, Tibetan, and ChineseMongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese

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How well did the Mongol Emperors know Chinese?

  • Ground Truth Answers: could not master written Chinese, but they could generally converse wellcould not master written Chinese, but they could generally converse wellwell

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The mother of which emperor was a concubine?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Tugh TemurTugh TemurTugh Temur

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What was Tugh's Chinese-style name?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Emperor WenzongEmperor WenzongWenzong

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When was Phags-pa script destroyed?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Which languages rejected the Phags-pa script?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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How poorly did the Mongol Emperors know spoken Chinese?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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The father of which emperor was a concubine?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What was Tugh's Japanese-style name?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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The average Mongol garrison family of the Yuan dynasty seems to have lived a life of decaying rural leisure, with income from the harvests of their Chinese tenants eaten up by costs of equipping and dispatching men for their tours of duty. The Mongols practiced debt slavery, and by 1290 in all parts of the Mongol Empire commoners were selling their children into slavery. Seeing this as damaging to the Mongol nation, Kublai in 1291 forbade the sale abroad of Mongols. Kublai wished to persuade the Chinese that he was becoming increasingly sinicized while maintaining his Mongolian credentials with his own people. He set up a civilian administration to rule, built a capital within China, supported Chinese religions and culture, and devised suitable economic and political institutions for the court. But at the same time he never abandoned his Mongolian heritage.

By what year was selling children into slavery common among the Mongols?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 129012901290

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When did Kublai ban the international Mongol slave trade?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 129112911291

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How were the Mongol garrison families earning money?

  • Ground Truth Answers: income from the harvests of their Chinese tenantsharvests of their Chinese tenantsharvests of their Chinese tenants

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By what year was selling children into slavery uncommon among the Mongols?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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When didn't Kublai ban the international Mongol slave trade?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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How weren't the Mongol garrison families earning money?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

In the China of the Yuan, or Mongol era, various important developments in the arts occurred or continued in their development, including the areas of painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theater, with many great artists and writers being famous today. Due to the coming together of painting, poetry, and calligraphy at this time many of the artists practicing these different pursuits were the same individuals, though perhaps more famed for one area of their achievements than others. Often in terms of the further development of landscape painting as well as the classical joining together of the arts of painting, poetry, and calligraphy, the Song dynasty and the Yuan dynasty are linked together. In the area of Chinese painting during the Yuan dynasty there were many famous painters. In the area of calligraphy many of the great calligraphers were from the Yuan dynasty era. In Yuan poetry, the main development was the qu, which was used among other poetic forms by most of the famous Yuan poets. Many of the poets were also involved in the major developments in the theater during this time, and the other way around, with people important in the theater becoming famous through the development of the sanqu type of qu. One of the key factors in the mix of the zaju variety show was the incorporation of poetry both classical and of the newer qu form. One of the important cultural developments during the Yuan era was the consolidation of poetry, painting, and calligraphy into a unified piece of the type that tends to come to mind when people think of classical Chinese art. Another important aspect of Yuan times is the increasing incorporation of the then current, vernacular Chinese into both the qu form of poetry and the zaju variety show. Another important consideration regarding Yuan dynasty arts and culture is that so much of it has survived in China, relatively to works from the Tang dynasty and Song dynasty, which have often been better preserved in places such as the Shōsōin, in Japan.

What type of arts flourished in the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theaterpainting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theaterpainting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theater

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Which arts were often practiced together by the same artists?

  • Ground Truth Answers: painting, poetry, and calligraphypainting, poetry, and calligraphypainting, poetry, and calligraphy

  • Prediction:

What dynasty shared artistic inspiration with the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: SongSongthe Song dynasty

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What form of poetry was developed in the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the quthe ququ

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What was a popular type of variety show during the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: zajuzajuzaju

  • Prediction:

What type of languages flourished in the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Which sciences were often practiced together by the same artists?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What dynasty didn't share artistic inspiration with the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What form of songwriting was developed in the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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There were many religions practiced during the Yuan dynasty, such as Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity. The establishment of the Yuan dynasty had dramatically increased the number of Muslims in China. However, unlike the western khanates, the Yuan dynasty never converted to Islam. Instead, Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan dynasty, favored Buddhism, especially the Tibetan variants. As a result, Tibetan Buddhism was established as the de facto state religion. The top-level department and government agency known as the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs (Xuanzheng Yuan) was set up in Khanbaliq (modern Beijing) to supervise Buddhist monks throughout the empire. Since Kublai Khan only esteemed the Sakya sect of Tibetan Buddhism, other religions became less important. He and his successors kept a Sakya Imperial Preceptor (Dishi) at court. Before the end of the Yuan dynasty, 14 leaders of the Sakya sect had held the post of Imperial Preceptor, thereby enjoying special power. Furthermore, Mongol patronage of Buddhism resulted in a number of monuments of Buddhist art. Mongolian Buddhist translations, almost all from Tibetan originals, began on a large scale after 1300. Many Mongols of the upper class such as the Jalayir and the Oronar nobles as well as the emperors also patronized Confucian scholars and institutions. A considerable number of Confucian and Chinese historical works were translated into the Mongolian language.

Which khanates had converted to Islam?

  • Ground Truth Answers: westernYuan dynastywestern

  • Prediction:

Which religion did Kublai prefer?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Buddhism, especially the Tibetan variantsBuddhismBuddhism

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What was the Yuan's unofficial state religion?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Tibetan BuddhismTibetan BuddhismTibetan Buddhism

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What government agency supervised Buddhist monks?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan AffairsBureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairsthe Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs

  • Prediction:

What was Kublai's favorite sect of Tibetan Buddhism?

  • Ground Truth Answers: SakyaSakya sectSakya sect

  • Prediction:

Which khanates had not converted to Islam?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Which religion did Kublai reject?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What was the Yuan's official state religion?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What was Kublai's least favorite sect of Tibetan Buddhism?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Advances in polynomial algebra were made by mathematicians during the Yuan era. The mathematician Zhu Shijie (1249–1314) solved simultaneous equations with up to four unknowns using a rectangular array of coefficients, equivalent to modern matrices. Zhu used a method of elimination to reduce the simultaneous equations to a single equation with only one unknown. His method is described in the Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns, written in 1303. The opening pages contain a diagram of Pascal's triangle. The summation of a finite arithmetic series is also covered in the book.

When was Zhu Shijie born?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 124912491249

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When did Zhu Shijie die?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 131413141314

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What modern math concept did Zhu Shijie do work similar to?

  • Ground Truth Answers: matricesmatricesmatrices

  • Prediction:

What type of math was advanced during the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: polynomial algebrapolynomial algebrapolynomial algebra

  • Prediction:

When did Zhu publish 'Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns'?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 130313031303

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When was Zhu Shijie ruler?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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When did Zhu Shijie get a new job?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What modern math concept did Zhu Shijie do work different from?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What type of math was not advanced during the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When did Zhu publish 'Jade Mirror of the Five Unknowns'?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Guo Shoujing applied mathematics to the construction of calendars. He was one of the first mathematicians in China to work on spherical trigonometry. Gou derived a cubic interpolation formula for his astronomical calculations. His calendar, the Shoushi Li (授時暦) or Calendar for Fixing the Seasons, was disseminated in 1281 as the official calendar of the Yuan dynasty. The calendar may have been influenced solely by the work of Song dynasty astronomer Shen Kuo or possibly by the work of Arab astronomers. There are no explicit signs of Muslim influences in the Shoushi calendar, but Mongol rulers were known to be interested in Muslim calendars. Mathematical knowledge from the Middle East was introduced to China under the Mongols, and Muslim astronomers brought Arabic numerals to China in the 13th century.

What did Guo Shoujing do for calendars?

  • Ground Truth Answers: applied mathematics to the construction of calendarsapplied mathematicsapplied mathematics

  • Prediction:

What did Gou use for astronomy?

  • Ground Truth Answers: a cubic interpolation formulacubic interpolation formuladerived a cubic interpolation formula

  • Prediction:

What was the Chinese name of Gou's calendar?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Shoushi Li授時暦授時暦

  • Prediction:

What was the English name of Gou's calendar?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Calendar for Fixing the SeasonsCalendar for Fixing the SeasonsCalendar for Fixing the Seasons

  • Prediction:

When did Gou's calendar become the official calendar of the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 128112811281

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What did Guo Shoujing not do for calendars?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What did Gou use for science?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What was the Chinese name of Gou's math?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What was the English name of Gou's math?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When was Gou's calendar rejected as the official calendar of the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The physicians of the Yuan court came from diverse cultures. Healers were divided into non-Mongol physicians called otachi and traditional Mongol shamans. The Mongols characterized otachi doctors by their use of herbal remedies, which was distinguished from the spiritual cures of Mongol shamanism. Physicians received official support from the Yuan government and were given special legal privileges. Kublai created the Imperial Academy of Medicine to manage medical treatises and the education of new doctors. Confucian scholars were attracted to the medical profession because it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with Confucian virtues.

Who were otachi?

  • Ground Truth Answers: non-Mongol physiciansnon-Mongol physiciansnon-Mongol physicians

  • Prediction:

What type of medicine did otachi focus on?

  • Ground Truth Answers: herbal remediesherbalherbal remedies

  • Prediction:

What type of medicine did Mongol shamans use?

  • Ground Truth Answers: spiritual curesspiritualspiritual

  • Prediction:

What department did Kublai create to train doctors?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Imperial Academy of MedicineImperial Academy of MedicineImperial Academy of Medicine

  • Prediction:

Why did Confucians like the medical field?

  • Ground Truth Answers: it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with Confucian virtuesit ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with Confucian virtuesit ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with Confucian virtues

  • Prediction:

Who were potachi?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What type of medicine did otachi reject?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What type of medicine did non-Mongol shamans use?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What department did Kublai create to bother doctors?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Why did Confucians hate the medical field?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The Chinese medical tradition of the Yuan had "Four Great Schools" that the Yuan inherited from the Jin dynasty. All four schools were based on the same intellectual foundation, but advocated different theoretical approaches toward medicine. Under the Mongols, the practice of Chinese medicine spread to other parts of the empire. Chinese physicians were brought along military campaigns by the Mongols as they expanded towards the west. Chinese medical techniques such as acupuncture, moxibustion, pulse diagnosis, and various herbal drugs and elixirs were transmitted westward to the Middle East and the rest of the empire. Several medical advances were made in the Yuan period. The physician Wei Yilin (1277–1347) invented a suspension method for reducing dislocated joints, which he performed using anesthetics. The Mongol physician Hu Sihui described the importance of a healthy diet in a 1330 medical treatise.

How many schools of medicine were recognized in China?

  • Ground Truth Answers: fourFourFour

  • Prediction:

How did the Yuan come to have the 4 schools of medicine?

  • Ground Truth Answers: inherited from the Jin dynastyinherited from the Jin dynastyinherited from the Jin dynasty

  • Prediction:

How did Chinese medicine spread?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Chinese physicians were brought along military campaigns by the Mongolsto other parts of the empireUnder the Mongols

  • Prediction:

What techniques did Chinese medicine include?

  • Ground Truth Answers: acupuncture, moxibustion, pulse diagnosis, and various herbal drugs and elixirsacupuncture, moxibustion, pulse diagnosis, and various herbal drugs and elixirsacupuncture, moxibustion, pulse diagnosis, and various herbal drugs

  • Prediction:

When did Wei Yilin die?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 134713471347

  • Prediction:

How many schools of medicine were recognized in Japan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How did the Yuan come to have the 8 schools of medicine?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How did Chinese medicine stay in one place?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What techniques did Chinese medicine never include?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Western medicine was also practiced in China by the Nestorian Christians of the Yuan court, where it was sometimes labeled as huihui or Muslim medicine. The Nestorian physician Jesus the Interpreter founded the Office of Western Medicine in 1263 during the reign of Kublai. Huihui doctors staffed at two imperial hospitals were responsible for treating the imperial family and members of the court. Chinese physicians opposed Western medicine because its humoral system contradicted the yin-yang and wuxing philosophy underlying traditional Chinese medicine. No Chinese translation of Western medical works is known, but it is possible that the Chinese had access to Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine.

What was huihui?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Muslim medicineMuslim medicineMuslim medicine

  • Prediction:

Who founded the Office of Western Medicine?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Jesus the InterpreterJesus the InterpreterJesus the Interpreter

  • Prediction:

When was the Office of Western Medicine founded?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 126312631263

  • Prediction:

What aspect of Western medicine did the Chinese dislike?

  • Ground Truth Answers: its humoral systemits humoral systemhumoral system

  • Prediction:

What philosophies underlay Chinese medicine?

  • Ground Truth Answers: yin-yang and wuxingyin-yang and wuxingyin-yang and wuxing philosophy

  • Prediction:

What was hoho?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who founded the Office of eastern Medicine?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When was the Office of Eastern Medicine founded?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What aspect of Western medicine did the Chinese like?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What philosophies overlay Chinese medicine?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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The Mongol rulers patronized the Yuan printing industry. Chinese printing technology was transferred to the Mongols through Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries. Some Yuan documents such as Wang Zhen's Nong Shu were printed with earthenware movable type, a technology invented in the 12th century. However, most published works were still produced through traditional block printing techniques. The publication of a Taoist text inscribed with the name of Töregene Khatun, Ögedei's wife, is one of the first printed works sponsored by the Mongols. In 1273, the Mongols created the Imperial Library Directorate, a government-sponsored printing office. The Yuan government established centers for printing throughout China. Local schools and government agencies were funded to support the publishing of books.

How did the Mongols acquire Chinese printing technology?

  • Ground Truth Answers: through Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediariesthrough Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediariesthrough Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries

  • Prediction:

Who wrote the Nong Shu?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Wang ZhenWang ZhenWang Zhen

  • Prediction:

When was earthenware movable type invented?

  • Ground Truth Answers: in the 12th century12th centurythe 12th century

  • Prediction:

Who was Ogedei's wife?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Töregene KhatunTöregene KhatunTöregene Khatun

  • Prediction:

When was the Imperial Library Directorate established?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 12731273In 1273

  • Prediction:

How did the Mongols acquire Japanese printing technology?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who rejected the Nong Shu?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When was earthenware movable type destroyed?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who was Ogedei's husband?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When was the Imperial Library Directorate not established?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

One of the more notable applications of printing technology was the chao, the paper money of the Yuan. Chao were made from the bark of mulberry trees. The Yuan government used woodblocks to print paper money, but switched to bronze plates in 1275. The Mongols experimented with establishing the Chinese-style paper monetary system in Mongol-controlled territories outside of China. The Yuan minister Bolad was sent to Iran, where he explained Yuan paper money to the Il-khanate court of Gaykhatu. The Il-khanate government issued paper money in 1294, but public distrust of the exotic new currency doomed the experiment.

What was the Yuan's paper money called?

  • Ground Truth Answers: chaochaothe chao

  • Prediction:

What were chao made out of?

  • Ground Truth Answers: bark of mulberry treesbark of mulberry treesbark of mulberry trees

  • Prediction:

When did the Yuan begin using bronze printing plates for its money?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 127512751275

  • Prediction:

What had the Yuan used to print its money before bronze plates?

  • Ground Truth Answers: woodblockswoodblockswoodblocks

  • Prediction:

When did the Il-khanate experiment with paper money?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 129412941294

  • Prediction:

What was the Yuan's plastic money called?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What were show made out of?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When did the Yuan begin using gold printing plates for its money?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What had the Yuan used to print its money before plastic plates?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When did the Il-khanate stop experimenting with paper money?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Politically, the system of government created by Kublai Khan was the product of a compromise between Mongolian patrimonial feudalism and the traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system. Nevertheless, socially the educated Chinese elite were in general not given the degree of esteem that they had been accorded previously under native Chinese dynasties. Although the traditional Chinese elite were not given their share of power, the Mongols and the Semuren (various allied groups from Central Asia and the western end of the empire) largely remained strangers to the mainstream Chinese culture, and this dichotomy gave the Yuan regime a somewhat strong "colonial" coloration. The unequal treatment is possibly due to the fear of transferring power to the ethnic Chinese under their rule. The Mongols and Semuren were given certain advantages in the dynasty, and this would last even after the restoration of the imperial examination in the early 14th century. In general there were very few North Chinese or Southerners reaching the highest-post in the government compared with the possibility that Persians did so in the Ilkhanate. Later the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty also mentioned the discrimination that existed during the Yuan dynasty. In response to an objection against the use of "barbarians" in his government, the Yongle Emperor answered: "... Discrimination was used by the Mongols during the Yuan dynasty, who employed only "Mongols and Tartars" and discarded northern and southern Chinese and this was precisely the cause that brought disaster upon them".

What Mongolian system did Kublai's government compromise with?

  • Ground Truth Answers: patrimonial feudalismpatrimonial feudalismpatrimonial feudalism

  • Prediction:

What Chinese system did Kublai's government compromise with?

  • Ground Truth Answers: traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic systemautocratic-bureaucraticautocratic-bureaucratic system

  • Prediction:

Who were the Semuren?

  • Ground Truth Answers: allied groups from Central Asia and the western end of the empirevarious allied groups from Central Asia and the western end of the empirevarious allied groups

  • Prediction:

How did the unequal treatment of Chinese versus Mongols in the Yuan make the dynasty seem?

  • Ground Truth Answers: colonialsomewhat strong "colonial" colorationcolonial

  • Prediction:

Where were Persians more successful compared to Chinese in the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: IlkhanateIlkhanatereaching the highest-post in the government

  • Prediction:

What Mongolian system did Kublai's government uncompromise with?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What Chinese system did Kublai's government not compromise with?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who were the Samuron?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How did the equal treatment of Chinese versus Mongols in the Yuan make the dynasty seem?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

At the same time the Mongols imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and Khitans from China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara in Central Asia, using foreigners to curtail the power of the local peoples of both lands. Han Chinese were moved to Central Asian areas like Besh Baliq, Almaliq, and Samarqand by the Mongols where they worked as artisans and farmers. Alans were recruited into the Mongol forces with one unit called "Right Alan Guard" which was combined with "recently surrendered" soldiers, Mongols, and Chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former Kingdom of Qocho and in Besh Balikh the Mongols established a Chinese military colony led by Chinese general Qi Kongzhi (Ch'i Kung-chih). After the Mongol conquest of Central Asia by Genghis Khan, foreigners were chosen as administrators and co-management with Chinese and Qara-Khitays (Khitans) of gardens and fields in Samarqand was put upon the Muslims as a requirement since Muslims were not allowed to manage without them. The Mongol appointed Governor of Samarqand was a Qara-Khitay (Khitan), held the title Taishi, familiar with Chinese culture his name was Ahai

Who did the Mongols bring to China as administrators?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Central Asian MuslimsCentral Asian MuslimsCentral Asian Muslims

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Who did the Mongols send to Bukhara as administrators?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Han Chinese and KhitansHan Chinese and KhitansHan Chinese and Khitans

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Where in Central Asia did the Han Chinese move?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Besh Baliq, Almaliq, and SamarqandBesh Baliq, Almaliq, and SamarqandBukhara

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What types of work did the Han do in Central Asia?

  • Ground Truth Answers: artisans and farmersartisans and farmersartisans and farmers

  • Prediction:

Who was made Governor of Samarqand?

  • Ground Truth Answers: a Qara-Khitay (KhitanAhaiAhai

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Who did the Mongols bring to Japan as administrators?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Who didn't the Mongols send to Bukhara as administrators?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Where in Central Asia didn't the Han Chinese move?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What types of work did the Han do in Eastern Asia?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Despite the high position given to Muslims, some policies of the Yuan Emperors severely discriminated against them, restricting Halal slaughter and other Islamic practices like circumcision, as well as Kosher butchering for Jews, forcing them to eat food the Mongol way. Toward the end, corruption and the persecution became so severe that Muslim generals joined Han Chinese in rebelling against the Mongols. The Ming founder Zhu Yuanzhang had Muslim generals like Lan Yu who rebelled against the Mongols and defeated them in combat. Some Muslim communities had a Chinese surname which meant "barracks" and could also mean "thanks". Many Hui Muslims claim this is because that they played an important role in overthrowing the Mongols and it was given in thanks by the Han Chinese for assisting them. During the war fighting the Mongols, among the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang's armies was the Hui Muslim Feng Sheng. The Muslims in the semu class also revolted against the Yuan dynasty in the Ispah Rebellion but the rebellion was crushed and the Muslims were massacred by the Yuan loyalist commander Chen Youding.

What Yuan policies did Muslims dislike?

  • Ground Truth Answers: restricting Halal slaughter and other Islamic practices like circumcisioncircumcisionrestricting Halal slaughter and other Islamic practices like circumcision

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What Jewish practice did the Yuan ban?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Kosher butcheringKosher butchering

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Who founded the Ming dynasty?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Zhu YuanzhangZhu Yuanzhangthanks

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What was the second meaning of a Chinese word for 'barracks'?

  • Ground Truth Answers: thanksthanksthanks

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Who revolted in the Ispah Rebellion?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Muslims in the semu classMuslims in the semu classMuslims in the semu class

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What Yuan policies did Muslims like?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What Jewish practice did the Yuan keep?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Who founded the Ding dynasty?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What was the second meaning of a Japanese word for 'barracks'?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Who was obediant in the Ispah Rebellion?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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The historian Frederick W. Mote wrote that the usage of the term "social classes" for this system was misleading and that the position of people within the four-class system was not an indication of their actual social power and wealth, but just entailed "degrees of privilege" to which they were entitled institutionally and legally, so a person's standing within the classes was not a guarantee of their standing, since there were rich and well socially standing Chinese while there were less rich Mongol and Semu than there were Mongol and Semu who lived in poverty and were ill treated.

Who thought that the Yuan's social class system shouldn't be called social classes?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Frederick W. MoteFrederick W. MoteFrederick W. Mote

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What did Mote think the Yuan class system really represented?

  • Ground Truth Answers: degrees of privilegedegrees of privilegedegrees of privilege

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There were many Chinese with what unexpected status?

  • Ground Truth Answers: rich and well socially standingrich and wellrich and well socially standing

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There were many Mongols with what unexpected status?

  • Ground Truth Answers: lived in poverty and were ill treatedpovertypoverty and were ill treated

  • Prediction:

Who thought that the Yuan's social class system should be called social classes?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What did Mote think the Yuan class system didn't represent?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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There were many Chinese with what expected status?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

There were many Mongols with what expected status?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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The reason for the order of the classes and the reason why people were placed in a certain class was the date they surrendered to the Mongols, and had nothing to do with their ethnicity. The earlier they surrendered to the Mongols, the higher they were placed, the more the held out, the lower they were ranked. The Northern Chinese were ranked higher and Southern Chinese were ranked lower because southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in. Major commerce during this era gave rise to favorable conditions for private southern Chinese manufacturers and merchants.

Which part of China had people ranked higher in the class system?

  • Ground Truth Answers: NorthernNorthern ChineseNorthern

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Which part of China had people ranked lower in the class system?

  • Ground Truth Answers: SouthernSouthern Chinesesouthern

  • Prediction:

Why were Southern Chinese ranked lower?

  • Ground Truth Answers: southern China withstood and fought to the lastbecause southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving inwithstood and fought to the last

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Why were Northern Chinese ranked higher?

  • Ground Truth Answers: The earlier they surrendered to the Mongols, the higher they were placedThe earlier they surrendered to the Mongolsthey surrendered

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Who did the Yuan's increase in commerce help?

  • Ground Truth Answers: private southern Chinese manufacturers and merchantsprivate southern Chinese manufacturers and merchantssouthern Chinese manufacturers and merchants

  • Prediction:

Which part of Japan had people ranked higher in the class system?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Which part of Japan had people ranked lower in the class system?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Why were Eastern Chinese ranked lower?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Why were Western Chinese ranked higher?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Who did the Yuan's decrease in commerce help?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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When the Mongols placed the Uighurs of the Kingdom of Qocho over the Koreans at the court the Korean King objected, then the Mongol Emperor Kublai Khan rebuked the Korean King, saying that the Uighur King of Qocho was ranked higher than the Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler, who in turn was ranked higher than the Korean King, who was ranked last, because the Uighurs surrendered to the Mongols first, the Karluks surrendered after the Uighurs, and the Koreans surrendered last, and that the Uighurs surrendered peacefully without violently resisting.

Who did the Mongols give control of Korea?

  • Ground Truth Answers: UighursUighurs of the Kingdom of Qocho

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Who was the Uighur King of Qocho ranked above?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the Karluk Kara-Khanid rulerKarluk Kara-Khanidthe Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler

  • Prediction:

Who was the Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler ranked above?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the Korean KingKorean Kingthe Korean King

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Why were the Uighurs ranked higher by the Mongols?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the Uighurs surrendered peacefully without violently resistingUighurs surrendered peacefully without violently resistingsurrendered peacefully without violently resisting

  • Prediction:

Who did the Mongols refuse control of Korea?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who was the Uighur King of Qocho ranked below?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who was the Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler ranked below?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Why were the Uighurs ranked lower by the Mongols?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The Central Region, consisting of present-day Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, the south-eastern part of present-day Inner Mongolia and the Henan areas to the north of the Yellow River, was considered the most important region of the dynasty and directly governed by the Central Secretariat (or Zhongshu Sheng) at Khanbaliq (modern Beijing); similarly, another top-level administrative department called the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs (or Xuanzheng Yuan) held administrative rule over the whole of modern-day Tibet and a part of Sichuan, Qinghai and Kashmir.

What region of China is Hebei part of?

  • Ground Truth Answers: The Central RegionCentral RegionCentral

  • Prediction:

Who governed the Central Region in the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the Central SecretariatCentral Secretariatthe Central Secretariat

  • Prediction:

Where was the Central Secretariat based?

  • Ground Truth Answers: KhanbaliqKhanbaliqKhanbaliq

  • Prediction:

What modern city did Khanbaliq become?

  • Ground Truth Answers: BeijingBeijingBeijing

  • Prediction:

What was the Chinese name for the Central Secretariat?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Zhongshu ShengZhongshu ShengZhongshu Sheng

  • Prediction:

What region of Japan is Hebei part of?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Who governed the northern Region in the Yuan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Where was the Central non-Secretariat based?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What modern city did Khanbaliq not become?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What was the Japanese name for the Central Secretariat?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction: