Starting in the late 1950s, American computer scientist Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching with the goal to provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the RAND Corporation, funded by the US Department of Defense. This concept contrasted and contradicted the theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth, largely fortified by the development of telecommunications in the Bell System. The new concept found little resonance among network implementers until the independent work of Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) (NPL) in the late 1960s. Davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in Europe in the decade following, including the incorporation of the concept in the early ARPANET in the United States.
What did Paul Baran develop
Ground Truth Answers: Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switchingthe concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block SwitchingDistributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
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What did Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching do
Ground Truth Answers: provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messagesprovide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messagesfault-tolerant, efficient routing method
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What did this concept contradict
Ground Truth Answers: This concept contrasted and contradicted the theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidththeretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidthprinciples of pre-allocation of network bandwidth
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What is Donald Davies credited with
Ground Truth Answers: Davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in Europecoining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networkscoining the modern name packet switching
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What did Paul Baran develop in the late 1950's
Ground Truth Answers: the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switchingthe concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block SwitchingDistributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
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What was the goal of the system
Ground Truth Answers: to provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messagesprovide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages
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Who is credited with the modern name for this system
Ground Truth Answers: Davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in EuropeDonald DaviesDonald Davies
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In the late 1950s what concept was developed?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What did the concept hope to achieve?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How much funding did the RAND Corporation receive?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What was the independent work of Donald Davis?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What was the Bell System?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What did the US Department of Defense gain from their funding to RAND Corporation?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Who credited Paul Baran for his development?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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The Bell System was created by who?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Packet Switching had a goal of creating what?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Who created ARPANET?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Did Paul Baran develop Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching with the goal of monetizing it?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Did Paul Baran has assistance from anyone when he developed the concept?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Was development of this concept originally considered "classified" or a secret?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Was this concept originally intended to be an application only meant for use by the military?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Why was this concept generally unpopular prior to Donald Davies completing his work?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What did Donald Davies develop in the late 1950s?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What did the RAND Corporation do?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What organization did Paul Baran work with in the United Kingdom?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Who created ARPANET in the United States?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What fortified this concept?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm, circuit switching, a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes. In cases of billable services, such as cellular communication services, circuit switching is characterized by a fee per unit of connection time, even when no data is transferred, while packet switching may be characterized by a fee per unit of information transmitted, such as characters, packets, or messages.
Packet Switching contrast with what other principal
Ground Truth Answers: circuit switchingcircuit switchingcircuit switching
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What is circuit switching characterized by
Ground Truth Answers: circuit switching is characterized by a fee per unit of connection timea method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication sessionfee per unit of connection time
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How is packet switching charecterized
Ground Truth Answers: by a fee per unit of information transmitteda fee per unit of information transmittedfee per unit of information transmitted
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What does Packet switching contrast with
Ground Truth Answers: circuit switchingcircuit switchingcircuit switching
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How is circuit switching allocated
Ground Truth Answers: a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidthpre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication sessionpre-allocates
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How is circuit switching charecterized
Ground Truth Answers: by a fee per unit of connection time, even when no data is transferreda fee per unit of connection timefee per unit of connection time
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How is packet switching characterized
Ground Truth Answers: by a fee per unit of information transmitted, such as characters, packets, or messagesa fee per unit of information transmittedfee per unit of information transmitted
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What is Circuit Switching?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How much bandwidth is dedicated for each communication session?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How is information charged for packet switching?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How is information charged differently for Circuit Switching?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What is latency between nodes?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What is packet switching?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Packet switching communication has what kind of bit rate?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How is Packet Switching allocated?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Packet switching speed is determined by what factor?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Packet switching uses what kind of network?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Are the sizes of packets variable?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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If packet sizes are variable, then are they always charged at the same rate per packet?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What is the minimum amount, if any, of data to make up a packet?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Can a packet be sent empty? If so, is it billable?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Circuit switching charges a fee for transferring what kind of information?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Does packet switching charge a fee when no data is transferred?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What does packet switching pre-allocate?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What is special about communication sessions with packet switching?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Packet mode communication may be implemented with or without intermediate forwarding nodes (packet switches or routers). Packets are normally forwarded by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing, traffic shaping, or for differentiated or guaranteed quality of service, such as weighted fair queuing or leaky bucket. In case of a shared physical medium (such as radio or 10BASE5), the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme.
In cases of shared physical medium how are they delivered
Ground Truth Answers: the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access schemeaccording to a multiple access schememultiple access scheme
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How is packet mode communication implemented
Ground Truth Answers: with or without intermediate forwarding nodeswith or without intermediate forwarding nodeswith or without intermediate forwarding nodes
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How are packets normally forwarded
Ground Truth Answers: by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuingintermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out bufferingasynchronously
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In cases with shared medium how is it delivered
Ground Truth Answers: the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access schemeaccording to a multiple access schememultiple access scheme
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What kind of communication can be implemented?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Packets can be delivered via what route?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What type of medium is a 10BASE5 radio?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What are intermediate forwarding nodes?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How are packets delivered differently?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In cases of non shared medium how are packets delivered?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In cases of non shared physical medium how are packets delivered?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How are packets irregularly forwarded?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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When are packet mode communications not implemented?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How are packet mode communications dissolved?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How many access points are in a "multiple access scheme"?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Do certain packets take priority over others if sent at the exact same time?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Can a packet be lost and if so, then where does it go?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What exactly is a "leaky bucket" in terms of this matter?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Does a packet of data have physical mass?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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If there is no shared physical medium, how are the packets delivered?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How are the packets forwarded synchronously?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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If there is no radio or 10BASE5, how are the packets delivered?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What is the only way to forward packets?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What isn't a guaranteed quality of service?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Baran developed the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching during his research at the RAND Corporation for the US Air Force into survivable communications networks, first presented to the Air Force in the summer of 1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626 in 1962, and finally in report RM 3420 in 1964. Report P-2626 described a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network. The work focuses on three key ideas: use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks, later called packets, and delivery of these messages by store and forward switching.
What did Baran develop during research at RAND
Ground Truth Answers: the concept of distributed adaptive message block switchingthe concept of distributed adaptive message block switchingconcept of distributed adaptive message block switching
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What was developed for the Air Force
Ground Truth Answers: survivable communications networksthe concept of distributed adaptive message block switchingsurvivable communications networks
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What 3 things does the Air Force work key on
Ground Truth Answers: use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocksideas
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How are Air force messages delivered
Ground Truth Answers: delivery of these messages by store and forward switchingdecentralized network with multiple paths between any two pointsstore and forward switching
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What concept was developed by Baran while researching at RAND
Ground Truth Answers: distributed adaptive message block switchingdistributed adaptive message block switchingdistributed adaptive message block switching
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What was report P-2626
Ground Truth Answers: a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications networka general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications networkbriefing B-265
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What things did the network concentrate on
Ground Truth Answers: use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks, later called packetslarge-scale, distributed, survivable communications networkmultiple paths between any two points
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What delivery message was used
Ground Truth Answers: by store and forward switchingpacketsstore and forward switching
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What was developed in the summer of 1961?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What ideas did the report in 1964 state?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How many focuses where there in report P-2626?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Who owned RAND Company?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How was forward switching achieved?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Who presented briefing B-265 to the US Air Force?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What did RM 3420 report?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What was the US Air Force interested in?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How were messages delivered before implementation?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What was the Air Force not interested in for their message system?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Did Baran develop this "only" for use by the Air Force?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Did the RAND corporation retain any of the research?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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If this was developed for the Air Force, then does the Air Force still technically own the Intellectual Property?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Assuming the Air Force paid for the development of the concept, then would the Air Force be entitled to a royalty fee for every packet sent?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Was the RAND corporation prohibited from disclosing the research to anyone else except for the Air Force?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What was developed for the RAND Corporation?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How does the corporation deliver these messages?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What was Report R-2626?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What concept did Baran research for the US Air Force?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How did RAND use this network?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Starting in 1965, Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory, UK, independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran. He called it packet switching, a more accessible name than Baran's, and proposed to build a nationwide network in the UK. He gave a talk on the proposal in 1966, after which a person from the Ministry of Defence (MoD) told him about Baran's work. A member of Davies' team (Roger Scantlebury) met Lawrence Roberts at the 1967 ACM Symposium on Operating System Principles and suggested it for use in the ARPANET.
What did Donald Davies Develop
Ground Truth Answers: independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baranthe same message routing methodology as developed by Baranmessage routing methodology
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What did Davies call his system
Ground Truth Answers: packet switchingpacket switchingpacket switching
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What did Davies want to build
Ground Truth Answers: proposed to build a nationwide network in the UKa nationwide networknationwide network
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What use was suggested for the system
Ground Truth Answers: use in the ARPANETARPANETARPANET
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Who developed the same technology as Baran
Ground Truth Answers: Donald DaviesDonald DaviesDonald Davies
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What did Davies call the System
Ground Truth Answers: packet switchingpacket switchingpacket switching
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What was suggested at the Symposium in 1967
Ground Truth Answers: suggested it for use in the ARPANETuse in the ARPANETuse in the ARPANET
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How independently created a separate system in 1965?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Where was the ACM Symposium held?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What does ARPANET in simple terms?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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The Ministry of Defense discussed what in 1966?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Has "independently developed" ever been substantiated?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Did Davies and Baran collaborate at any point after they both developed this concept?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Why did Davies never research his theory, concept, idea, etc. prior to developing it?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Did Davies develop his concept with the intention of monetizing it?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Why not a worldwide network as opposed to simply a UK only network?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What did Baran call his system?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What did Lawrence Roberts suggest the system be used for?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What did Baran want to build with the system?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Who did Davies tell about Baran's work?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What did Baran call his message routing methodology?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In connectionless mode each packet includes complete addressing information. The packets are routed individually, sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order delivery. Each packet is labeled with a destination address, source address, and port numbers. It may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packet. This precludes the need for a dedicated path to help the packet find its way to its destination, but means that much more information is needed in the packet header, which is therefore larger, and this information needs to be looked up in power-hungry content-addressable memory. Each packet is dispatched and may go via different routes; potentially, the system has to do as much work for every packet as the connection-oriented system has to do in connection set-up, but with less information as to the application's requirements. At the destination, the original message/data is reassembled in the correct order, based on the packet sequence number. Thus a virtual connection, also known as a virtual circuit or byte stream is provided to the end-user by a transport layer protocol, although intermediate network nodes only provides a connectionless network layer service.
What does each packet includ in connectionless mode
Ground Truth Answers: each packet includes complete addressing informationcomplete addressing informationcomplete addressing information
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How are the packets routed
Ground Truth Answers: individually, sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order deliveryindividuallyindividually
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What is included with each packet label
Ground Truth Answers: Each packet is labeled with a destination address, source address, and port numbers. It may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packetdestination address, source address, and port numbersdestination address, source address, and port numbers
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What happens to the packet at the destination
Ground Truth Answers: the original message/data is reassembled in the correct order, based on the packet sequence numberthe original message/data is reassembled in the correct orderreassembled
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What results in out of order delivery?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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While packets are labeled correctly what can happen to them?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Why do packets arrive out of order?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Where is the data reassembled?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What is a virtual connection?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Can a packet be sent incomplete?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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If three sequential packets are sent and the one in the middle is lost, then how is the data recompiled in a meaningful way?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Can a packet ever be sent to the wrong number?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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If the packets travel via different routes, then how do they arrive in order?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What is each message labeled with?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How are the messages routed?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Why is there a need for a dedicated path?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What is included in the data in connectionless mode?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Connection-oriented transmission requires a setup phase in each involved node before any packet is transferred to establish the parameters of communication. The packets include a connection identifier rather than address information and are negotiated between endpoints so that they are delivered in order and with error checking. Address information is only transferred to each node during the connection set-up phase, when the route to the destination is discovered and an entry is added to the switching table in each network node through which the connection passes. The signaling protocols used allow the application to specify its requirements and discover link parameters. Acceptable values for service parameters may be negotiated. Routing a packet requires the node to look up the connection id in a table. The packet header can be small, as it only needs to contain this code and any information, such as length, timestamp, or sequence number, which is different for different packets.
What does connection orientation require
Ground Truth Answers: a setup phase in each involved node before any packet is transferred to establish the parameters of communicationa setup phase in each involved nodesetup phase
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What is a connection identifier
Ground Truth Answers: a connection identifier rather than address information and are negotiated between endpoints so that they are delivered in order and with error checkingnegotiated between endpoints
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Why is the node requiered to look up
Ground Truth Answers: Routing a packet requires the node to look up the connection id in a tablethe connection id in a tableconnection id
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Is the packet header long
Ground Truth Answers: The packet header can be small, as it only needs to contain this code and any information, such as length, timestamp, or sequence numberThe packet header can be smallsmall
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What is a set up phase?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How is error checking involved in delivery?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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A routing packet is required under what system?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What does the node read?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What values are negotiable?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Can packets ever collide in route?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Are link parameters based on size?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Can the node ever acquire the wrong connection id?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Can address information be changed after the set-up phase?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Is there a situation where the destination can't be discovered?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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When is the address information not transferred to each node?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What does connectionless-oriented transmission require?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What is contained in a large packet header?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What does the address information negotiate?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Both X.25 and Frame Relay provide connection-oriented operations. But X.25 does it at the network layer of the OSI Model. Frame Relay does it at level two, the data link layer. Another major difference between X.25 and Frame Relay is that X.25 requires a handshake between the communicating parties before any user packets are transmitted. Frame Relay does not define any such handshakes. X.25 does not define any operations inside the packet network. It only operates at the user-network-interface (UNI). Thus, the network provider is free to use any procedure it wishes inside the network. X.25 does specify some limited re-transmission procedures at the UNI, and its link layer protocol (LAPB) provides conventional HDLC-type link management procedures. Frame Relay is a modified version of ISDN's layer two protocol, LAPD and LAPB. As such, its integrity operations pertain only between nodes on a link, not end-to-end. Any retransmissions must be carried out by higher layer protocols. The X.25 UNI protocol is part of the X.25 protocol suite, which consists of the lower three layers of the OSI Model. It was widely used at the UNI for packet switching networks during the 1980s and early 1990s, to provide a standardized interface into and out of packet networks. Some implementations used X.25 within the network as well, but its connection-oriented features made this setup cumbersome and inefficient. Frame relay operates principally at layer two of the OSI Model. However, its address field (the Data Link Connection ID, or DLCI) can be used at the OSI network layer, with a minimum set of procedures. Thus, it rids itself of many X.25 layer 3 encumbrances, but still has the DLCI as an ID beyond a node-to-node layer two link protocol. The simplicity of Frame Relay makes it faster and more efficient than X.25. Because Frame relay is a data link layer protocol, like X.25 it does not define internal network routing operations. For X.25 its packet IDs---the virtual circuit and virtual channel numbers have to be correlated to network addresses. The same is true for Frame Relays DLCI. How this is done is up to the network provider. Frame Relay, by virtue of having no network layer procedures is connection-oriented at layer two, by using the HDLC/LAPD/LAPB Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode (SABM). X.25 connections are typically established for each communication session, but it does have a feature allowing a limited amount of traffic to be passed across the UNI without the connection-oriented handshake. For a while, Frame Relay was used to interconnect LANs across wide area networks. However, X.25 and well as Frame Relay have been supplanted by the Internet Protocol (IP) at the network layer, and the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and or versions of Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) at layer two. A typical configuration is to run IP over ATM or a version of MPLS. <Uyless Black, X.25 and Related Protocols, IEEE Computer Society, 1991> <Uyless Black, Frame Relay Networks, McGraw-Hill, 1998> <Uyless Black, MPLS and Label Switching Networks, Prentice Hall, 2001> < Uyless Black, ATM, Volume I, Prentice Hall, 1995>
WHat do x.25 and Frame Relay both require
Ground Truth Answers: connection-oriented operations. But X.25 does it at the network layer of the OSI Model. Frame Relay does it at level two, the data link layera handshake between the communicating parties before any user packets are transmittedconnection-oriented operations
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What were X.25 and Frame relay used for
Ground Truth Answers: Frame Relay was used to interconnect LANs across wide area networks. However, X.25 and well as Frame Relay have been supplantedprovide connection-oriented operationsstandardized interface
Prediction:
What supplanted Frame Relay and X.25
Ground Truth Answers: supplanted by the Internet Protocol (IP) at the network layer, and the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and or versions of Multi-Protocol Label SwitchingInternet Protocol (IP)Internet Protocol
Prediction:
What is a typical configuration
Ground Truth Answers: A typical configuration is to run IP over ATM or a version of MPLSrun IP over ATM or a version of MPLSrun IP over ATM or a version of MPLS
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What does Frame Relay provide?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What is level two of the connection-orientated operation?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What is the "hand shake" between communication parties?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What is the protocol suite?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Where was the packet switching used in the 1980s?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Frame Relay requires a handshake from what?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What does Frame Relay's LAPB provide?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What does X.25's integrity operations concern?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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When was Frame Relay's protocols used at UNI?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How is X.25 connection-oriented at layer two?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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ARPANET and SITA HLN became operational in 1969. Before the introduction of X.25 in 1973, about twenty different network technologies had been developed. Two fundamental differences involved the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core. In the datagram system, the hosts have the responsibility to ensure orderly delivery of packets. The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is an example of a datagram protocol. In the virtual call system, the network guarantees sequenced delivery of data to the host. This results in a simpler host interface with less functionality than in the datagram model. The X.25 protocol suite uses this network type.
WHen did ARPNET and SITA become operational
Ground Truth Answers: 196919691969
Prediction:
2 differences betwen X.25 and ARPNET CITA technologies
Ground Truth Answers: Two fundamental differences involved the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network corethe division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core.division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core
Prediction:
WHat does UserDatagram Protocol gaurentee
Ground Truth Answers: In the virtual call system, the network guarantees sequenced delivery of data to the hostsequenced delivery of data to the hostsequenced delivery of data
Prediction:
X.25 uses what type network type
Ground Truth Answers: User Datagram Protocolthe datagram modelUDP
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How many different network technologies where there before 1973?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What type of network does SITA HLN not use?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
X.25 had a simpler what?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
X.25 had less functionality because of what?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What defined the differences between the ARPANET and SITA HLN and X.25?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
After the introduction of X.25 in 1973, how many network technologies had been developed?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
In UDP, the network guarantees what?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What suite uses UDP?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
In a virtual call system, the hosts have what responsibility?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
AppleTalk was a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by Apple Inc. in 1985 for Apple Macintosh computers. It was the primary protocol used by Apple devices through the 1980s and 90s. AppleTalk included features that allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server. The AppleTalk system automatically assigned addresses, updated the distributed namespace, and configured any required inter-network routing. It was a plug-n-play system.
What was Apple Talk
Ground Truth Answers: a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by Apple Inc. in 1985a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by Apple Incproprietary suite of networking protocols
Prediction:
WHat were features of Apple Talk
Ground Truth Answers: that allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or serverallowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or serverallowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server
Prediction:
What did the Apple system assign automatically
Ground Truth Answers: automatically assigned addresses, updated the distributed namespace, and configured any required inter-network routingaddressesaddresses
Prediction:
This type of system is known as
Ground Truth Answers: a plug-n-play systemplug-n-playplug-n-play
Prediction:
Apple Inc created what in 1985?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What was the purpose of the suite developed in 1985?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Why was Appletalk considered plug-n-play?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What created a centralized router or server?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Could only Apple devices utilize this suite?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
AppleTalk was developed in 1995 for who?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
How were non-local area networks established with Appletalk?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Inter-network routing was what kind of system?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What protocol was popular in the 1970s and 80s for Apple?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
The CYCLADES packet switching network was a French research network designed and directed by Louis Pouzin. First demonstrated in 1973, it was developed to explore alternatives to the early ARPANET design and to support network research generally. It was the first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself, using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms. Concepts of this network influenced later ARPANET architecture.
What network was designed by the french
Ground Truth Answers: CYCLADES packet switching networkCYCLADESCYCLADES
Prediction:
What was a first for this network
Ground Truth Answers: to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itselfthe first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of datahosts responsible for reliable delivery of data
Prediction:
How was this possible
Ground Truth Answers: using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanismsusing unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanismsunreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms
Prediction:
This network influenced later models of
Ground Truth Answers: later ARPANET architectureARPANETARPANET
Prediction:
What alternative to ARPANET was developed?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Did ARPANET develop the first system to make hosts responsible for delivery of data?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What concepts influenced the later ARPANET?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Who had influenced ARPANET?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What types of alternatives did CYCLADES give?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Who developed the Finnish research network, the CYCLADES packet?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Why was it developed in 1983?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
It wasn't the first network to make the hosts responsible for what?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
How did the network deliver the data?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
DECnet is a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation, originally released in 1975 in order to connect two PDP-11 minicomputers. It evolved into one of the first peer-to-peer network architectures, thus transforming DEC into a networking powerhouse in the 1980s. Initially built with three layers, it later (1982) evolved into a seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol. The DECnet protocols were designed entirely by Digital Equipment Corporation. However, DECnet Phase II (and later) were open standards with published specifications, and several implementations were developed outside DEC, including one for Linux.
What is DECnet
Ground Truth Answers: a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporationa suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporationsuite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation
Prediction:
What did DECnet originally do
Ground Truth Answers: connect two PDP-11 minicomputersconnect two PDP-11 minicomputersconnect two PDP-11 minicomputers
Prediction:
DEC originally had 3 layers but evolved into how many layers
Ground Truth Answers: Initially built with three layers, it later (1982) evolved into a seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocolsevenseven
Prediction:
What did DECnet phase 2 become
Ground Truth Answers: were open standards with published specifications, and several implementations were developed outside DEC, including one for LinuxLinuxopen standards
Prediction:
DECnet stands for what?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What is peer to peer?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What sort of protocols were developed?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What does DECnet suite include?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Late published versions were utilized by who?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
DECnet originally released in 1982 for what reason?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Originally built with four layers, how many layers did DEC evolve to have?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Linux became a networking powerhouse in the 1980s for what reason?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
DECnet II protocols were designed by who?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What did DECnet Phase I become?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
In 1965, at the instigation of Warner Sinback, a data network based on this voice-phone network was designed to connect GE's four computer sales and service centers (Schenectady, Phoenix, Chicago, and Phoenix) to facilitate a computer time-sharing service, apparently the world's first commercial online service. (In addition to selling GE computers, the centers were computer service bureaus, offering batch processing services. They lost money from the beginning, and Sinback, a high-level marketing manager, was given the job of turning the business around. He decided that a time-sharing system, based on Kemney's work at Dartmouth—which used a computer on loan from GE—could be profitable. Warner was right.)
What was Warner Sinback
Ground Truth Answers: a data network based on this voice-phone network was designed to connect GE's four computer sales and service centersa data networka data network
Prediction:
The 4 sales and service centers are viewed as
Ground Truth Answers: the world's first commercial online servicethe world's first commercial online serviceworld's first commercial online service
Prediction:
Were the centers profitable
Ground Truth Answers: They lost money from the beginning, and Sinback, a high-level marketing manager, was given the job of turning the business aroundThey lost moneylost money
Prediction:
What did Warner Sinback decide
Ground Truth Answers: that a time-sharing system, based on Kemney's work at Dartmouth—which used a computer on loan from GE—could be profitablea time-sharing system, based on Kemney's work at Dartmouth—which used a computer on loan from GE—could be profitablecould be profitable
Prediction:
Who lost money?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What work was completed at Dartmouth?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What was the worlds first commercial online service?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What did Warner Sinback offer?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What was Warner correct about?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
These five computer sales and service centers are seen as what?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Sinback worked with what college on a time-sharing system?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What job was Kemney given at GE?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Merit Network, Inc., an independent non-profit 501(c)(3) corporation governed by Michigan's public universities, was formed in 1966 as the Michigan Educational Research Information Triad to explore computer networking between three of Michigan's public universities as a means to help the state's educational and economic development. With initial support from the State of Michigan and the National Science Foundation (NSF), the packet-switched network was first demonstrated in December 1971 when an interactive host to host connection was made between the IBM mainframe computer systems at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and Wayne State University in Detroit. In October 1972 connections to the CDC mainframe at Michigan State University in East Lansing completed the triad. Over the next several years in addition to host to host interactive connections the network was enhanced to support terminal to host connections, host to host batch connections (remote job submission, remote printing, batch file transfer), interactive file transfer, gateways to the Tymnet and Telenet public data networks, X.25 host attachments, gateways to X.25 data networks, Ethernet attached hosts, and eventually TCP/IP and additional public universities in Michigan join the network. All of this set the stage for Merit's role in the NSFNET project starting in the mid-1980s.
WHy was the Merit network formed in Michigan
Ground Truth Answers: as a means to help the state's educational and economic developmentto explore computer networking between three of Michigan's public universitiesexplore computer networking
Prediction:
What completed the triad
Ground Truth Answers: an interactive host to host connection was made between the IBM mainframe computer systems at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and Wayne Statethe CDC mainframe at Michigan State University in East Lansing1972 connections
Prediction:
What set the stage for Merits role in NSFNET
Ground Truth Answers: Ethernet attached hosts, and eventually TCP/IP and additional public universities in Michigan join the networkthe network was enhancedTCP/IP
Prediction:
State educational and economic development where helped by what?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Where was the packet-switched network first demonstrated?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What was the triad?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What was eventual Merits role?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
How many joined the "network"?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
After the University of Ann Arbor and Wayne State University, who was the third university to complete the triad?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
When was Michigan Network Inc. formed by Michigan's public universities?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Why was the Michigan Educational Research Information Trio formed?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What did Michigan Inc. start in the mid-1980s?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
NSF helped the network enhance what?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Telenet was the first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States. It was founded by former ARPA IPTO director Larry Roberts as a means of making ARPANET technology public. He had tried to interest AT&T in buying the technology, but the monopoly's reaction was that this was incompatible with their future. Bolt, Beranack and Newman (BBN) provided the financing. It initially used ARPANET technology but changed the host interface to X.25 and the terminal interface to X.29. Telenet designed these protocols and helped standardize them in the CCITT. Telenet was incorporated in 1973 and started operations in 1975. It went public in 1979 and was then sold to GTE.
What was telenet
Ground Truth Answers: the first FCC-licensed public data network in the United Statesthe first FCC-licensed public data network in the United Statesfirst FCC-licensed public data network
Prediction:
Who founded Telnet
Ground Truth Answers: Larry RobertsARPA IPTO director Larry RobertsLarry Roberts
Prediction:
Purpose of Telnet
Ground Truth Answers: making ARPANET technology publica means of making ARPANET technology publicmaking ARPANET technology public
Prediction:
Telnet Used what Interface technology
Ground Truth Answers: host interface to X.25 and the terminal interface to X.29X.25ARPANET
Prediction:
Telnet was sold to
Ground Truth Answers: Telenet was incorporated in 1973 and started operations in 1975. It went public in 1979 and was then sold to GTEGTEGTE
Prediction:
Telenet was licensed under what founder?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What was Larry Roberts hope?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
BBN provided financing for what?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Why was Telenet purchased in 1979?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
AT&T did not purchase the technology for what reason?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
When AT&T financed the project, what technology did they use?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What GTE director wanted to make ARPANET technology public?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What was the BBN monopoly's reaction to Roberts?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What business was incorporated in 1975?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Tymnet was an international data communications network headquartered in San Jose, CA that utilized virtual call packet switched technology and used X.25, SNA/SDLC, BSC and ASCII interfaces to connect host computers (servers)at thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies. Users typically connected via dial-up connections or dedicated async connections. The business consisted of a large public network that supported dial-up users and a private network business that allowed government agencies and large companies (mostly banks and airlines) to build their own dedicated networks. The private networks were often connected via gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private network. Tymnet was also connected to dozens of other public networks in the U.S. and internationally via X.25/X.75 gateways. (Interesting note: Tymnet was not named after Mr. Tyme. Another employee suggested the name.)
What was Tymnet
Ground Truth Answers: an international data communications network headquartered in San Jose, CAan international data communications networkinternational data communications network
Prediction:
What did Tymnet connect
Ground Truth Answers: connect host computers (servers)at thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencieshost computers (servers)at thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencieshost computers
Prediction:
How did user of Tymnet connect
Ground Truth Answers: connected via dial-up connections or dedicated async connectionsdial-up connections or dedicated async connectionsdial-up
Prediction:
The business allowed for private companies to do what
Ground Truth Answers: government agencies and large companies (mostly banks and airlines) to build their own dedicated networksbuild their own dedicated networksbuild their own dedicated networks
Prediction:
Gateways allowed private companies to do what
Ground Truth Answers: private networks were often connected via gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private networkreach locations not on the private networkreach locations not on the private network
Prediction:
Tymnet worked with what?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Private networks were connected via gateways for what reason?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Who suggested the name of Tymnet?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Dial up or dedicated async connections connected who?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Where were servers hosted?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What international data communications network was headquartered in San Juan, CA?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
The public network business allowed government agencies to do what?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
How was Tymnet connected to dozens of other private networks?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
How were X.75, ASCII, and other interfaces used?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Tymnet consisted of a large private network that supported who?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
There were two kinds of X.25 networks. Some such as DATAPAC and TRANSPAC were initially implemented with an X.25 external interface. Some older networks such as TELENET and TYMNET were modified to provide a X.25 host interface in addition to older host connection schemes. DATAPAC was developed by Bell Northern Research which was a joint venture of Bell Canada (a common carrier) and Northern Telecom (a telecommunications equipment supplier). Northern Telecom sold several DATAPAC clones to foreign PTTs including the Deutsche Bundespost. X.75 and X.121 allowed the interconnection of national X.25 networks. A user or host could call a host on a foreign network by including the DNIC of the remote network as part of the destination address.[citation needed]
How many types of X.25 networks were there originally
Ground Truth Answers: There were two kinds of X.25 networks. Some such as DATAPAC and TRANSPACtwotwo
Prediction:
Who developed DATAPAC
Ground Truth Answers: DATAPAC was developed by Bell Northern ResearchBell Northern ResearchBell Northern Research
Prediction:
WHat did foreign clones of DATAPAC allow for
Ground Truth Answers: A user or host could call a host on a foreign network by including the DNIC of the remote network as part of the destination addressthe interconnection of national X.25 networksinterconnection of national X.25 networks
Prediction:
What was implemented with an X.25 interface?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What was sold to foreign PTTs?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
DNIC allowed a host to do what?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
The Deutsce Bundespost bought what kind of interface look a likes?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
X.25 networks were helped by what?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
How were TRANSPAC and TYMNET modified?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Bell Northern Research developed TRANSPAC as a joint venture between which two companies?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Who did Northen Telecom sell TRANSPAC clones to?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
TELENET and TRANSPAC were implemented with what?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
X.25 and X.121 allowed what to happen?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
AUSTPAC was an Australian public X.25 network operated by Telstra. Started by Telecom Australia in the early 1980s, AUSTPAC was Australia's first public packet-switched data network, supporting applications such as on-line betting, financial applications — the Australian Tax Office made use of AUSTPAC — and remote terminal access to academic institutions, who maintained their connections to AUSTPAC up until the mid-late 1990s in some cases. Access can be via a dial-up terminal to a PAD, or, by linking a permanent X.25 node to the network.[citation needed]
What was AUSTPAC
Ground Truth Answers: AUSTPAC was an Australian public X.25 network operated by Telstraan Australian public X.25 network operated by Telstraan Australian public X.25 network
Prediction:
What did AUSTPAC support
Ground Truth Answers: supporting applications such as on-line betting, financial applicationsapplications such as on-line betting, financial applicationsapplications such as on-line betting, financial applications
Prediction:
How are AUSTPAC connections made
Ground Truth Answers: Access can be via a dial-up terminal to a PAD, or, by linking a permanent X.25 node to the networkdial-up terminal to a PAD, or, by linking a permanent X.25 nodedial-up terminal
Prediction:
What did Telecom Australia start?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
On-line betting was supported by what network frame?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What types of access did Telstra provide?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Who had remote terminal access?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
The Australian Tax Office used AUSTPAC for what reason?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Telstra started what in the early 1980s?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
The Australian Tax Office used AUSTPAC to access what remotely?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What applications did AUSTPAC not support?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What was the Australian public X.75 network operated by Telstra?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Datanet 1 was the public switched data network operated by the Dutch PTT Telecom (now known as KPN). Strictly speaking Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines (using the X.121 DNIC 2041), the name also referred to the public PAD service Telepad (using the DNIC 2049). And because the main Videotex service used the network and modified PAD devices as infrastructure the name Datanet 1 was used for these services as well. Although this use of the name was incorrect all these services were managed by the same people within one department of KPN contributed to the confusion.
What was DATANET 1
Ground Truth Answers: was the public switched data network operated by the Dutch PTT Telecomthe public switched data network operated by the Dutch PTT Telecompublic switched data network
Prediction:
Strictly speaking who was included in DATANET 1
Ground Truth Answers: Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased linesthe networkthe network and the connected users
Prediction:
Who else did DATNET 1 refer to
Ground Truth Answers: public PAD service Telepad (using the DNIC 2049the public PAD service Telepadpublic PAD service Telepad
Prediction:
Was the Use of the DATANET 1 name correct
Ground Truth Answers: use of the name was incorrect all these services were managed by the same people within one department of KPN contributed to the confusionthe name was incorrectDutch PTT Telecom
Prediction:
What was confusing within KPN?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Datanet 1 also referred to what?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
KPN referred to Datanet 1 as
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What was considered to be incorrect for the services given out by KPN?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Who managed Datanet 1 for KPN?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What did the public KPN service Telepad use?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What service used the network and modified KPN devices?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What was the network operated by the Duct PTT Telecom?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Though the name was correct, all these services were managed by who?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
The Computer Science Network (CSNET) was a computer network funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) that began operation in 1981. Its purpose was to extend networking benefits, for computer science departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to ARPANET, due to funding or authorization limitations. It played a significant role in spreading awareness of, and access to, national networking and was a major milestone on the path to development of the global Internet.
What is CSNET
Ground Truth Answers: The Computer Science Networka computer network funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF)Computer Science Network
Prediction:
What was the purpose of CSNET
Ground Truth Answers: to extend networking benefits, for computer science departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to ARPANETto extend networking benefitsextend networking benefits
Prediction:
Funding limitations allowed CSNET to be what
Ground Truth Answers: role in spreading awareness of, and access to, national networking and was a major milestone on the path to development of the global Internetnot be directly connected to ARPANETnot be directly connected to ARPANET
Prediction:
What was considered to be a major milestone?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Who spread awareness of national networking?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Who benefited from CSNET?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Global internet was help funded by what foundation?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Extended networking benefits helped those that could not connect to what platform?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What began operation in 1982?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What was the purpose of NSF?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Why did academic and research institutions need NSF's help connecting to ARPANET?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
ARPANET played a significant role in what?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
NSF was a major milestone for what?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Internet2 is a not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and government. The Internet2 community, in partnership with Qwest, built the first Internet2 Network, called Abilene, in 1998 and was a prime investor in the National LambdaRail (NLR) project. In 2006, Internet2 announced a partnership with Level 3 Communications to launch a brand new nationwide network, boosting its capacity from 10 Gbit/s to 100 Gbit/s. In October, 2007, Internet2 officially retired Abilene and now refers to its new, higher capacity network as the Internet2 Network.
what is Internet2
Ground Truth Answers: a not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and governmenta not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and governmentnot-for-profit United States computer networking consortium
Prediction:
Who did internet2 partner with
Ground Truth Answers: The Internet2 community, in partnership with QwestQwestQwest
Prediction:
What was the first internet2 network named
Ground Truth Answers: AbileneAbileneAbilene
Prediction:
Who did internet2 partner with
Ground Truth Answers: a partnership with Level 3 Communications to launch a brand new nationwide networkLevel 3 CommunicationsQwest
Prediction:
ableine was retired and the new platform is called
Ground Truth Answers: Internet2 officially retired Abilene and now refers to its new, higher capacity network as the Internet2 NetworkInternet2 NetworkInternet2 Network
Prediction:
Qwest partnered with who to help create Internet2?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Level 3 communications launched what?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Internet2 became what in 2007?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Abilene referred to what?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
A higher capacity network was formed by what project?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What was the first Internet2 Network created with NLR?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Who did Internet2 partner with to boost their capacity from 100 Gbit/s to 1000 Gbit/s?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Who leads the Qwest consortium?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Abilene was a prime investor in what project?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
The National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) was a program of coordinated, evolving projects sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) beginning in 1985 to promote advanced research and education networking in the United States. NSFNET was also the name given to several nationwide backbone networks operating at speeds of 56 kbit/s, 1.5 Mbit/s (T1), and 45 Mbit/s (T3) that were constructed to support NSF's networking initiatives from 1985-1995. Initially created to link researchers to the nation's NSF-funded supercomputing centers, through further public funding and private industry partnerships it developed into a major part of the Internet backbone.
What is NSFNET
Ground Truth Answers: The National Science Foundation NetworkNational Science Foundation NetworkNational Science Foundation Network
Prediction:
What did NSFNET promote
Ground Truth Answers: advanced research and education networking in the United Statesadvanced research and education networkingadvanced research and education networking
Prediction:
What did NSFNET eventually provide
Ground Truth Answers: it developed into a major part of the Internet backbonea major part of the Internet backbonemajor part of the Internet backbone
Prediction:
Advanced networking was developed by what sponsorship?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Promoted research in 1985 led to what?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Original intent of NFS funding was to accomplish what task?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Public and private funding led to what development?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What prompted advanced research and education in networking?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
NSF began in 1985 to promote what?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
NSF developed into what through public funding and private partnerships?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What was constructed to supported NSF in 1985-1999?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Why was NSFUS initially created?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
The Very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) came on line in April 1995 as part of a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored project to provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States. The network was engineered and operated by MCI Telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the NSF. By 1998, the vBNS had grown to connect more than 100 universities and research and engineering institutions via 12 national points of presence with DS-3 (45 Mbit/s), OC-3c (155 Mbit/s), and OC-12c (622 Mbit/s) links on an all OC-12c backbone, a substantial engineering feat for that time. The vBNS installed one of the first ever production OC-48c (2.5 Gbit/s) IP links in February 1999 and went on to upgrade the entire backbone to OC-48c.
what does vBNS stand for
Ground Truth Answers: The Very high-speed Backbone Network ServiceVery high-speed Backbone Network ServiceVery high-speed Backbone Network Service
Prediction:
What did vBNS do
Ground Truth Answers: provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United Statesprovide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United Stateshigh-speed interconnection
Prediction:
Who operated the vBSN network
Ground Truth Answers: The network was engineered and operated by MCI Telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the NSFMCI TelecommunicationsNational Science Foundation
Prediction:
By 199 how many universities were connected
Ground Truth Answers: By 1998, the vBNS had grown to connect more than 100 universities and research and engineering institutions via 12 national points of presence with DS-3more than 100 universities100
Prediction:
What did the network install in 1999
Ground Truth Answers: vBNS installed one of the first ever production OC-48c (2.5 Gbit/s) IP links in February 1999 and went on to upgrade the entire backbone to OC-48cone of the first ever production OC-48c (2.5 Gbit/s) IP linksOC-48c
Prediction:
What were select locations connected to?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
How were high speed connections maintained and who were they monitored by?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Who created the cooperative agreement?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Why was OC-12c considered a substantial engineering feat?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
When was OC-12c upgraded?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Why was NSFBNS created?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
NSF was engineered and operated by who?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
NSF grew to connect how many universities?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
NSF installed one of the first in February 1999?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
How many points of presence did NSFBNS have by 1998?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction: