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French_and_Indian_War

The Stanford Question Answering Dataset

The French and Indian War (1754–1763) was the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years' War. The war was fought between the colonies of British America and New France, with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France, as well as Native American allies. At the start of the war, the French North American colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 European settlers, compared with 2 million in the British North American colonies. The outnumbered French particularly depended on the Indians. Long in conflict, the metropole nations declared war on each other in 1756, escalating the war from a regional affair into an intercontinental conflict.

When was the French and Indian War?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 1754–17631754–17631754–17631754–17631754–1763

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Who fought in the French and Indian war?

  • Ground Truth Answers: colonies of British America and New Francecolonies of British America and New FranceBritish America and New FranceBritish America and New Francethe colonies of British America and New France

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How many people were in French North American Colonies?

  • Ground Truth Answers: roughly 60,000 European settlers60,00060,00060,00060,000 European settlers

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How many people were in British North American Colonies?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 2 million2 million2 million2 million2 million

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When wasn't the French and Indian War?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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When was the French and Indian Treaty?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Who allied in the French and Indian war?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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How many people weren't in French North American Colonies?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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How many people weren't in British North American Colonies?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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The war was fought primarily along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies, from Virginia in the South to Nova Scotia in the North. It began with a dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, called the Forks of the Ohio, and the site of the French Fort Duquesne and present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The dispute erupted into violence in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754, during which Virginia militiamen under the command of 22-year-old George Washington ambushed a French patrol.

Where was war fought?

  • Ground Truth Answers: primarily along the frontiers between New France and the British coloniesbetween New France and the British coloniesfrontiers between New France and the British coloniesalong the frontiersVirginia in the South to Nova Scotia in the North

  • Prediction:

How did war start?

  • Ground Truth Answers: dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, called the Forks of the Ohiodispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela riversdispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela riversdispute over controla dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers

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When did violence start in war?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754,May 1754May 1754May 1754May 1754

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Where wasn't war fought?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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How didn't war start?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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How did peace start?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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When did violence end in war?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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When didn't violence start in war?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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In 1755, six colonial governors in North America met with General Edward Braddock, the newly arrived British Army commander, and planned a four-way attack on the French. None succeeded and the main effort by Braddock was a disaster; he was defeated in the Battle of the Monongahela on July 9, 1755 and died a few days later. British operations in 1755, 1756 and 1757 in the frontier areas of Pennsylvania and New York all failed, due to a combination of poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces, and Indian warrior allies. In 1755, the British captured Fort Beauséjour on the border separating Nova Scotia from Acadia; soon afterward they ordered the expulsion of the Acadians. Orders for the deportation were given by William Shirley, Commander-in-Chief, North America, without direction from Great Britain. The Acadians, both those captured in arms and those who had sworn the loyalty oath to His Britannic Majesty, were expelled. Native Americans were likewise driven off their land to make way for settlers from New England.

When did colonial governors meet with General Edward Braddock about attack on the french?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 17551755175517551755

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How successful was initial effort by Braddock?

  • Ground Truth Answers: disaster; he was defeated in the Battle of the Monongaheladisasterwas a disasterhe was defeatedNone succeeded

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Why did British operation fail in 1755, 56, 57?

  • Ground Truth Answers: combination of poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces, and Indian warrior alliespoor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces, and Indian warrior alliesa combination of poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces, and Indian warrior alliespoor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scoutsa combination of poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts

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In 1755 what fort did British capture?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Fort BeauséjourFort BeauséjourFort BeauséjourFort BeauséjourFort Beauséjour

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What order did British make of French?

  • Ground Truth Answers: expulsion of the Acadiansexpulsion of the Acadiansdeportationexpulsiondeportation

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When did colonial governors meet with General Edward Braddock about peace with the french?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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How unsuccessful was initial effort by Braddock?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Why did British operation succeed in 1755, 56, 57?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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In 1755 what fort did British surrender?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What order didn't British make of French?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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After the disastrous 1757 British campaigns (resulting in a failed expedition against Louisbourg and the Siege of Fort William Henry, which was followed by Indian torture and massacres of British victims), the British government fell. William Pitt came to power and significantly increased British military resources in the colonies at a time when France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in New France. France concentrated its forces against Prussia and its allies in the European theatre of the war. Between 1758 and 1760, the British military launched a campaign to capture the Colony of Canada. They succeeded in capturing territory in surrounding colonies and ultimately Quebec. Though the British were later defeated at Sainte Foy in Quebec, the French ceded Canada in accordance with the 1763 treaty.

Who increased British military resources in colonies?

  • Ground Truth Answers: William PittWilliam PittWilliam PittWilliam PittWilliam Pitt

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How much resources were French placing in North America?

  • Ground Truth Answers: unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in New Francelimited forcessignificantly increasedFrance was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in New France

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Where was France concentraing efforts?

  • Ground Truth Answers: against Prussia and its allies in the European theatre of the war.Prussiaagainst Prussia and its alliesEuropean theatrePrussia

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Where were British defeated in Canada?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Sainte Foy in QuebecSainte FoySainte Foy in QuebecSainte FoySainte Foy

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Who decreased British military resources in colonies?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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How much resources weren't French placing in North America?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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How much resources were French placing in South America?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Where wasn't France concentraing efforts?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Where were French defeated in Canada?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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The outcome was one of the most significant developments in a century of Anglo-French conflict. France ceded its territory east of the Mississippi to Great Britain. It ceded French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans) to its ally Spain, in compensation for Spain's loss to Britain of Florida (Spain had ceded this to Britain in exchange for the return of Havana, Cuba). France's colonial presence north of the Caribbean was reduced to the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, confirming Britain's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North America.

What territory was ceded to Britain?

  • Ground Truth Answers: territory east of the Mississippi to Great BritainFranceterritory east of the Mississippieast of the Mississippiterritory east of the Mississippi

  • Prediction:

What land was ceded to Spain?

  • Ground Truth Answers: French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans) to its ally SpainFrench LouisianaFrench Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans)Louisiana west of the Mississippi RiverFrench Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans)

  • Prediction:

What was the significance of British win?

  • Ground Truth Answers: confirming Britain's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North Americaconfirming Britain's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North Americaconfirming Britain's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North Americadominant colonial powerconfirming Britain's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North America

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What territory wasn't ceded to Britain?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What territory was ceded to France?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What land wasn't ceded to Spain?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What was the insignificance of British win?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What was the significance of British loss?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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The conflict is known by multiple names. In British America, wars were often named after the sitting British monarch, such as King William's War or Queen Anne's War. As there had already been a King George's War in the 1740s, British colonists named the second war in King George's reign after their opponents, and it became known as the French and Indian War. This traditional name continues as the standard in the United States, but it obscures the fact that Indians fought on both sides of the conflict, and that this was part of the Seven Years' War, a much larger conflict between France and Great Britain. American historians generally use the traditional name or sometimes the Seven Years' War. Other, less frequently used names for the war include the Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire.

When was King George's war?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 1740s1740s1740s1740s1740s

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What is the confusion of the French and Indian war?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Indians fought on both sides of the conflict, and that this was part of the Seven Years' WarIndians fought on both sides of the conflictobscures the fact that Indians fought on both sides of the conflict, and that this was part of the Seven Years' WarSeven Years' Warit obscures the fact that Indians fought on both sides of the conflict

  • Prediction:

What was the Seven Years War?

  • Ground Truth Answers: much larger conflict between France and Great Britainconflict between France and Great Britainin King George's reignconflict between France and Great Britaina much larger conflict between France and Great Britain

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What are other alternative names for French and Indian War?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the EmpireFourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the EmpireFourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the EmpireFourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empirethe Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire

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When wasn't King George's war?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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When was Queen George's war?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What isn't the confusion of the French and Indian war?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What was the Six Years War?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What aren't other alternative names for French and Indian War?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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In Europe, the North American theater of the Seven Years' War usually is not given a separate name. The entire international conflict is known as the Seven Years' War. "Seven Years" refers to events in Europe, from the official declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763. These dates do not correspond with the fighting on mainland North America, where the fighting between the two colonial powers was largely concluded in six years, from the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760.

What time framd does the Seven Years War cover?

  • Ground Truth Answers: declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 17631756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 17631756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 17631756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763the official declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763

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How long did the fighting last in Seven Years War?

  • Ground Truth Answers: six yearssix yearssix yearssix yearssix years

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When was Montreal captured?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 17601760176017601760

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What was first battle in 1754?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Battle of Jumonville GlenBattle of Jumonville GlenJumonville GlenBattle of Jumonville GlenBattle of Jumonville Glen

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What time frame doesn't the Seven Years War cover?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What time frame does the Six Years War cover?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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When was Montreal not captured?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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How long didn't the fighting last in Seven Years War

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What was first battle in 1745?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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The French population numbered about 75,000 and was heavily concentrated along the St. Lawrence River valley, with some also in Acadia (present-day New Brunswick and parts of Nova Scotia, including Île Royale (present-day Cape Breton Island)). Fewer lived in New Orleans, Biloxi, Mississippi, Mobile, Alabama and small settlements in the Illinois Country, hugging the east side of the Mississippi River and its tributaries. French fur traders and trappers traveled throughout the St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds, did business with local tribes, and often married Indian women. Traders married daughters of chiefs, creating high-ranking unions.

What was French population in North America?

  • Ground Truth Answers: about 75,00075,00075,00075,00075,000

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Where were French North Americans settled?

  • Ground Truth Answers: heavily concentrated along the St. Lawrence River valley, with some also in Acadiaalong the St. Lawrence River valleySt. Lawrence River valleyalong the St. Lawrence River valley

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Where did French fur trappers travel?

  • Ground Truth Answers: St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds, did business with local tribes, and often married Indian womenSt. Lawrence and Mississippi watershedsthroughout the St. Lawrence and Mississippi watershedsSt. Lawrence and Mississippithe St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds

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What wasn't the French population in North America?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What was French population in South America?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Where were French North Americans unsettled?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Where were French South Americans settled?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Where didn't French fur trappers travel?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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British settlers outnumbered the French 20 to 1 with a population of about 1.5 million ranged along the eastern coast of the continent, from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia in the south. Many of the older colonies had land claims that extended arbitrarily far to the west, as the extent of the continent was unknown at the time their provincial charters were granted. While their population centers were along the coast, the settlements were growing into the interior. Nova Scotia, which had been captured from France in 1713, still had a significant French-speaking population. Britain also claimed Rupert's Land, where the Hudson's Bay Company traded for furs with local tribes.

What was the ratio of British settler to French?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 20 to 120 to 120 to 120 to 120 to 1

  • Prediction:

Where did British settlers live?

  • Ground Truth Answers: from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia in the southeastern coast of the continenteastern coast of the continent,eastern coastfrom Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia in the south

  • Prediction:

Where were populations centered in colonies?

  • Ground Truth Answers: along the coast, the settlements were growing into the interioralong the coastalong the coastalong the coastalong the coast

  • Prediction:

What wasn't the ratio of British settlers to French?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What was the ratio of British settler to English?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Where didn't British settlers live?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Where did British soldiers live?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Where weren't populations centered in colonies?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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In between the French and the British, large areas were dominated by native tribes. To the north, the Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki were engaged in Father Le Loutre's War and still held sway in parts of Nova Scotia, Acadia, and the eastern portions of the province of Canada, as well as much of present-day Maine. The Iroquois Confederation dominated much of present-day Upstate New York and the Ohio Country, although the latter also included Algonquian-speaking populations of Delaware and Shawnee, as well as Iroquoian-speaking Mingo. These tribes were formally under Iroquois rule, and were limited by them in authority to make agreements.

In between French and British, what groups controlled land?

  • Ground Truth Answers: native tribesnative tribesnative tribesnative tribesnative tribes

  • Prediction:

What tribes were in Father Le Loutre's War?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Mi'kmaq and the AbenakiMi'kmaq and the Abenakithe Mi'kmaq and the AbenakiMi'kmaq and the Abenakithe Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki

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Where did Iroquois Confederation control?

  • Ground Truth Answers: present-day Upstate New York and the Ohio Countrypresent-day Upstate New York and the Ohio CountryUpstate New York and the Ohio CountryNew York and the OhioUpstate New York and the Ohio Country

  • Prediction:

What rule did some native live under?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Iroquois rule, and were limited by them in authority to make agreementsIroquoisIroquoisIroquoisIroquois

  • Prediction:

In between French and British, what groups never controlled land?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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In between Canadians and British, what groups controlled land?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What tribes weren't in Father Le Loutre's War?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Where didn't Iroquois Confederation control?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What rule didn't some native live under?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Further south the Southeast interior was dominated by Siouan-speaking Catawba, Muskogee-speaking Creek and Choctaw, and the Iroquoian-speaking Cherokee tribes. When war broke out, the French used their trading connections to recruit fighters from tribes in western portions of the Great Lakes region (an area not directly subject to the conflict between the French and British), including the Huron, Mississauga, Ojibwa, Winnebago, and Potawatomi. The British were supported in the war by the Iroquois Six Nations, and also by the Cherokee – until differences sparked the Anglo-Cherokee War in 1758. In 1758 the Pennsylvania government successfully negotiated the Treaty of Easton, in which a number of tribes in the Ohio Country promised neutrality in exchange for land concessions and other considerations. Most of the other northern tribes sided with the French, their primary trading partner and supplier of arms. The Creek and Cherokee were subject to diplomatic efforts by both the French and British to gain either their support or neutrality in the conflict. It was not uncommon for small bands to participate on the "other side" of the conflict from formally negotiated agreements, as most tribes were decentralized and bands made their own decisions about warfare.

What are the Siouan-speaking tribes?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Catawba, Muskogee-speaking Creek and ChoctawCatawbaCatawbaCatawbaCatawba

  • Prediction:

What areas did French recruit natives from?

  • Ground Truth Answers: western portions of the Great Lakes regionGreat Lakestribes in western portions of the Great Lakes regionwestern portions of the Great Lakeswestern portions of the Great Lakes region

  • Prediction:

What tribes supported British?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Iroquois Six Nations, and also by the CherokeeIroquois Six Nations, and also by the CherokeeIroquois Six Nations, and also by the CherokeeIroquoisthe Iroquois Six Nations

  • Prediction:

What aren't the Siouan-speaking tribes?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What are the Siouan-speaking British?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What areas did French reject natives from?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What areas did English recruit natives from?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What tribes hated British?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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At the start of the war, no French regular army troops were stationed in North America, and few British troops. New France was defended by about 3,000 troupes de la marine, companies of colonial regulars (some of whom had significant woodland combat experience). The colonial government recruited militia support when needed. Most British colonies mustered local militia companies, generally ill trained and available only for short periods, to deal with native threats, but did not have any standing forces.

What was Frensh military presence at start of war?

  • Ground Truth Answers: no French regular army troops were stationed in North Americano French regular army troops were stationed in North Americano French regular army troops were stationed in North America,no French regular armyno French regular army troops were stationed in North America

  • Prediction:

How much British military was in North America at start of War?

  • Ground Truth Answers: few British troopsfewfewnot have any standing forcesfew British troops

  • Prediction:

What was normal British defense?

  • Ground Truth Answers: mustered local militia companies, generally ill trained and available only for short periods, to deal with native threats, but did not have any standing forces.local militia companieslocal militia companiesmilitia supportlocal militia companies

  • Prediction:

What was French military presence at end of war?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What was French military presence at start of peace?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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How much British military was in North America at end of War?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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How much British military was in South America at start of War?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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What was abnormal British defense?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Céloron's expedition force consisted of about 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians. The expedition covered about 3,000 miles (4,800 km) between June and November 1749. It went up the St. Lawrence, continued along the northern shore of Lake Ontario, crossed the portage at Niagara, and followed the southern shore of Lake Erie. At the Chautauqua Portage (near present-day Barcelona, New York), the expedition moved inland to the Allegheny River, which it followed to the site of present-day Pittsburgh. There Céloron buried lead plates engraved with the French claim to the Ohio Country. Whenever he encountered British merchants or fur-traders, Céloron informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave.

What was extent of Celeron's expedition?

  • Ground Truth Answers: about 3,000 miles (4,800 km) between June and November 1749.about 3,000 miles3,000 miles3,000 miles3,000 miles

  • Prediction:

Who was on Celeron's expedition?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 IndiansCéloron200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians

  • Prediction:

How did Celeron handle business on trip?

  • Ground Truth Answers: British merchants or fur-traders, Céloron informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave.told them to leaveWhenever he encountered British merchants or fur-traders, Céloron informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave.buried lead platesWhenever he encountered British merchants or fur-traders, Céloron informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave

  • Prediction:

What was intent of Celeron's expedition?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What wasn't extent of Celeron's expedition?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Who wasn't on Celeron's expedition?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

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Who was on Celery's expedition?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How didn't Celeron handle business on trip?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When Céloron's expedition arrived at Logstown, the Native Americans in the area informed Céloron that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French. Céloron continued south until his expedition reached the confluence of the Ohio and the Miami rivers, which lay just south of the village of Pickawillany, the home of the Miami chief known as "Old Briton". Céloron threatened "Old Briton" with severe consequences if he continued to trade with the British. "Old Briton" ignored the warning. Disappointed, Céloron returned to Montreal in November 1749.

How did Natives in Logstown take Celeron's information?

  • Ground Truth Answers: informed Céloron that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the Frenchinformed Céloron that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the Britishthey owned the Ohio Countrythey owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French

  • Prediction:

Where did Old Briton call home?

  • Ground Truth Answers: village of Pickawillanyvillage of Pickawillanyvillage of PickawillanyPickawillanyvillage of Pickawillany

  • Prediction:

How did Celeron handle meeting with Old Briton?

  • Ground Truth Answers: threatened "Old Briton" with severe consequences if he continued to trade with the BritishCéloron threatened "Old Briton" with severe consequencesthreatened "Old Briton" with severe consequencesthreatenedCéloron threatened "Old Briton"

  • Prediction:

What was Old Briton's response to Celeron?

  • Ground Truth Answers: ignored the warning.ignored the warningignored the warningignored the warning"Old Briton" ignored the warning

  • Prediction:

How didn't Natives in Logstown take Celeron's information?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Where didn't Old Briton call home?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Where did New Briton call home?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How did Celeron handle meeting with New Briton?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What was New Briton's response to Celeron?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

In his extensively detailed report, Céloron wrote, "All I can say is that the Natives of these localities are very badly disposed towards the French, and are entirely devoted to the English. I don't know in what way they could be brought back." Even before his return to Montreal, reports on the situation in the Ohio Country were making their way to London and Paris, each side proposing that action be taken. William Shirley, the expansionist governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, was particularly forceful, stating that British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present. Conflicts between the colonies, accomplished through raiding parties that included Indian allies, had taken place for decades, leading to a brisk trade in European colonial captives from either side.

How did Celeron feel about Native relations?

  • Ground Truth Answers: very badly disposed towards the French, and are entirely devoted to the Englishvery badly disposed towards the Frenchare very badly disposed towards the French, and are entirely devoted to the Englishwhat way they could be brought backvery badly disposed towards the French

  • Prediction:

How were leaders back in Europe feeling about news from Celeron expedition?

  • Ground Truth Answers: proposing that action be takeneach side proposing that action be takenproposing that action be takeneach side proposing that action be taken

  • Prediction:

How did William Shirley feel about French advancement?

  • Ground Truth Answers: British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were presentBritish colonists would not be safeBritish colonists would not be safe as long as the French were presentBritish colonists would not be safeforceful

  • Prediction:

How didn't Celeron feel about Native relations?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How did Celeron feel about Native languages?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How weren't leaders back in Europe feeling about news from Celeron expedition?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How were citizens back in Europe feeling about news from Celeron expedition?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How did William Shirley feel about English advancement?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

In 1749 the British government gave land to the Ohio Company of Virginia for the purpose of developing trade and settlements in the Ohio Country. The grant required that it settle 100 families in the territory, and construct a fort for their protection. But, as the territory was also claimed by Pennsylvania, both colonies began pushing for action to improve their respective claims. In 1750 Christopher Gist, acting on behalf of both Virginia and the company, explored the Ohio territory and opened negotiations with the Indian tribes at Logstown. He completed the 1752 Treaty of Logstown in which the local Indians, through their "Half-King" Tanacharison and an Iroquois representative, agreed to terms that included permission to build a "strong house" at the mouth of the Monongahela River (the site of present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). By the late 17th century, the Iroquois had pushed many tribes out of the Ohio Valley, and kept it as hunting ground by right of conquest.

When did British government give land for development of Ohio Country?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 17491749174917491749

  • Prediction:

Who was given land by British goovernment for development of Ohio Country?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Ohio Company of VirginiaOhio Company of VirginiaOhio Company of VirginiaOhio Company of VirginiaOhio Company

  • Prediction:

Who explored Ohio territory in 1750?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Christopher GistChristopher GistChristopher GistChristopher GistChristopher Gist

  • Prediction:

What agreement was made for trade with natives and British?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Treaty of Logstown1752 Treaty of Logstown1752 Treaty of LogstownTreaty of LogstownTreaty of Logstown

  • Prediction:

According to agreement between Iroquois and British, where was a strong house to be built?

  • Ground Truth Answers: mouth of the Monongahela River (the site of present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)mouth of the Monongahela Rivermouth of the Monongahela RiverPittsburgh, Pennsylvaniathe mouth of the Monongahela River

  • Prediction:

When did British government take land for development of Ohio Country?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who wasn't given land by British goovernment for development of Ohio Country?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who explored Ohio territory in 1570?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What disagreement was made for trade with natives and British?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

According to disagreement between Iroquois and British, where was a strong house to be built?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The War of the Austrian Succession (whose North American theater is known as King George's War) formally ended in 1748 with the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. The treaty was primarily focused on resolving issues in Europe. The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies in North America were turned over to a commission to resolve, but it reached no decision. Frontiers from between Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north, to the Ohio Country in the south, were claimed by both sides. The disputes also extended into the Atlantic Ocean, where both powers wanted access to the rich fisheries of the Grand Banks off Newfoundland.

What was the North American portion of War of Austrian Succession?

  • Ground Truth Answers: King George's WarKing George's WarKing George's WarKing George's War

  • Prediction:

What was the end of the War of the Austrian Succession?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 1748 with the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapellesigning of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapellesigning of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle1748the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

  • Prediction:

What issues were not addressed in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle?

  • Ground Truth Answers: conflicting territorial claims between British and Frenchconflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies in North Americaconflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies in North Americaconflicting territorial claimsThe issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies

  • Prediction:

When a commission reached no decision, what happened?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Frontiers from between Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north, to the Ohio Country in the south, were claimed by both sidesFrontiers from between Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north, to the Ohio Country in the south, were claimed by both sidesFrontiers from between Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north, to the Ohio Country in the south, were claimed by both sides.claimed by both sidesFrontiers from between Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north, to the Ohio Country in the south, were claimed by both sides

  • Prediction:

What was the South American portion of War of Austrian Succession?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What was the North American portion of War of Australian Succession?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What was the end of the War of the Australian Succession?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What issues were addressed in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When a commission reached a decision, what happened?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

On March 17, 1752, the Governor-General of New France, Marquis de la Jonquière, died and was temporarily replaced by Charles le Moyne de Longueuil. His permanent replacement, the Marquis Duquesne, did not arrive in New France until 1752 to take over the post. The continuing British activity in the Ohio territories prompted Longueuil to dispatch another expedition to the area under the command of Charles Michel de Langlade, an officer in the Troupes de la Marine. Langlade was given 300 men, including French-Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa. His objective was to punish the Miami people of Pickawillany for not following Céloron's orders to cease trading with the British. On June 21, the French war party attacked the trading centre at Pickawillany, capturing three traders and killing 14 people of the Miami nation, including Old Briton. He was reportedly ritually cannibalized by some aboriginal members of the expedition.

What Governor in charge of New France died in 1752?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Marquis de la JonquièreMarquis de la JonquièreMarquis de la JonquièreMarquis de la JonquièreMarquis de la Jonquière

  • Prediction:

How many were in Langlades expedition?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 300 men, including French-Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa300300 men300300 men

  • Prediction:

Was was the plan for Langlades mission?

  • Ground Truth Answers: punish the Miami people of Pickawillany for not following Céloron's orders to cease trading with the Britishpunish the Miami people of Pickawillanypunish the Miami people of Pickawillany for not following Céloron's orderspunish the Miami peopleto punish the Miami people of Pickawillany

  • Prediction:

What was result of French attack of trading centre?

  • Ground Truth Answers: capturing three traders and killing 14 people of the Miami nation, including Old Britoncapturing three traders and killing 14 people of the Miami nationcapturing three traders and killing 14 people of the Miami nation, including Old Britoncapturing three traders and killing 14 peoplecapturing three traders and killing 14 people of the Miami nation

  • Prediction:

What Governor in charge of New France died in 1725?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What Governor wasn't in charge of New France died in 1752?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How many weren't in Langlades expedition?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Was wasn't the plan for Langlades mission?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What was result of French attack of the school?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

In the spring of 1753, Paul Marin de la Malgue was given command of a 2,000-man force of Troupes de la Marine and Indians. His orders were to protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British. Marin followed the route that Céloron had mapped out four years earlier, but where Céloron had limited the record of French claims to the burial of lead plates, Marin constructed and garrisoned forts. He first constructed Fort Presque Isle (near present-day Erie, Pennsylvania) on Lake Erie's south shore. He had a road built to the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek. Marin constructed a second fort at Fort Le Boeuf (present-day Waterford, Pennsylvania), designed to guard the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek. As he moved south, he drove off or captured British traders, alarming both the British and the Iroquois. Tanaghrisson, a chief of the Mingo, who were remnants of Iroquois and other tribes who had been driven west by colonial expansion. He intensely disliked the French (whom he accused of killing and eating his father). Traveling to Fort Le Boeuf, he threatened the French with military action, which Marin contemptuously dismissed.

Who took command of French in spring of 1753?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Paul Marin de la MalguePaul Marin de la MalguePaul Marin de la MalguePaul Marin de la MalguePaul Marin de la Malgue

  • Prediction:

Where did Marin build first fort?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Fort Presque Isle (near present-day Erie, PennsylvaniaFort Presque Islenear present-day Erie, PennsylvaniaFort Presque Islenear present-day Erie, Pennsylvania

  • Prediction:

Where was Marin's second fort constructed?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Fort Le Boeuf (present-day Waterford, PennsylvaniaFort Le Boeufpresent-day Waterford, PennsylvaniaFort Le Boeufpresent-day Waterford, Pennsylvania

  • Prediction:

What was Marin's orders?

  • Ground Truth Answers: protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the Britishprotect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the Britishto protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the Britishprotect the King's land in the Ohio Valleyhe moved south, he drove off or captured British traders

  • Prediction:

What native chief travelled to French fort and threatened Marin?

  • Ground Truth Answers: TanaghrissonTanaghrissonTanaghrissonTanaghrissonthe Mingo

  • Prediction:

Who took command of French in spring of 1735?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Where did Marin build last fort?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Where was Marin's first fort constructed?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What wasn't Marin's orders?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What native chief travelled to French fort and helped Marin?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The Iroquois sent runners to the manor of William Johnson in upstate New York. The British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyond, Johnson was known to the Iroquois as Warraghiggey, meaning "He who does great things." He spoke their languages and had become a respected honorary member of the Iroquois Confederacy in the area. In 1746, Johnson was made a colonel of the Iroquois. Later he was commissioned as a colonel of the Western New York Militia. They met at Albany, New York with Governor Clinton and officials from some of the other American colonies. Mohawk Chief Hendrick, Speaker of their tribal council, insisted that the British abide by their obligations and block French expansion. When Clinton did not respond to his satisfaction, Chief Hendrick said that the "Covenant Chain", a long-standing friendly relationship between the Iroquois Confederacy and the British Crown, was broken.

What was William Johnson's role in British military?

  • Ground Truth Answers: British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyondBritish Superintendent for Indian AffairsBritish Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyondBritish Superintendent for Indian AffairsBritish Superintendent for Indian Affairs

  • Prediction:

What was William Johnson's Iroquois name?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Warraghiggey, meaning "He who does great things."WarraghiggeyWarraghiggeyWarraghiggeyWarraghiggey

  • Prediction:

What title did Iroquois give Johnson?

  • Ground Truth Answers: colonel of the IroquoisHe who does great thingsHe who does great things.honorary member of the Iroquois ConfederacyWarraghiggey

  • Prediction:

Who was the speaker of the tribal council?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Mohawk Chief HendrickMohawk Chief HendrickMohawk Chief HendrickChief HendrickChief Hendrick

  • Prediction:

What wasn't William Johnson's role in British military?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What was William Johnson's role in French military?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What was William Johnson's Sioux name?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What title did Sioux give Johnson?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who was the reader of the tribal council?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia was an investor in the Ohio Company, which stood to lose money if the French held their claim. To counter the French military presence in Ohio, in October 1753 Dinwiddie ordered the 21-year-old Major George Washington (whose brother was another Ohio Company investor) of the Virginia Regiment to warn the French to leave Virginia territory. Washington left with a small party, picking up along the way Jacob Van Braam as an interpreter; Christopher Gist, a company surveyor working in the area; and a few Mingo led by Tanaghrisson. On December 12, Washington and his men reached Fort Le Boeuf.

Governon Robert Dinwiddie had an investment in what significan company?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Ohio CompanyOhio CompanyOhio Company,Ohio Companythe Ohio Company

  • Prediction:

Who did Dinwiddie order to address French in Virginia territory?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Major George WashingtonGeorge WashingtonMajor George WashingtonGeorge WashingtonMajor George Washington

  • Prediction:

Who was added to party as Washington went on the way?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Jacob Van Braam as an interpreter; Christopher Gist, a company surveyor working in the area; and a few Mingo led by TanaghrissonJacob Van BraamJacob Van BraamJacob Van Braam

  • Prediction:

When did Washington reach Fort Le Boeuf?

  • Ground Truth Answers: December 12December 12December 12December 12December 12

  • Prediction:

Governor Robert Dinwiddie had an investment in what insignificant company?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Minister Robert Dinwiddie had an investment in what significant company?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who didn't Dinwiddie order to address French in Virginia territory?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who was lost to the party as Washington went on the way?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When didn't Washington reach Fort Le Boeuf?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre, who succeeded Marin as commander of the French forces after the latter died on October 29, invited Washington to dine with him. Over dinner, Washington presented Saint-Pierre with the letter from Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country. Saint-Pierre said, "As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it." He told Washington that France's claim to the region was superior to that of the British, since René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier.

Who invited Washington to dine with him?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Jacques Legardeur de Saint-PierreJacques Legardeur de Saint-PierreJacques Legardeur de Saint-PierreJacques Legardeur de Saint-PierreJacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre

  • Prediction:

What letter did Washington present to Saint-Pierre ?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio CountryDinwiddiefrom Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Countryimmediate French withdrawalthe letter from Dinwiddie

  • Prediction:

How did Saint-Pierre respond to Washington?

  • Ground Truth Answers: As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it.said, "As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it.""As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it."I do not think myself obliged to obey"As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it."

  • Prediction:

Why did French feel they had right to Ohio claim?

  • Ground Truth Answers: France's claim to the region was superior to that of the BritishSieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlierRené-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier.René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio CountryRené-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier

  • Prediction:

Who uninvited Washington to dine with him?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who invited Washington to fight with him?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What letter didn't Washington present to Saint-Pierre ?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How did Saint-Girard respond to Washington?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Why did French feel they had no right to Ohio claim?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Even before Washington returned, Dinwiddie had sent a company of 40 men under William Trent to that point, where in the early months of 1754 they began construction of a small stockaded fort. Governor Duquesne sent additional French forces under Claude-Pierre Pecaudy de Contrecœur to relieve Saint-Pierre during the same period, and Contrecœur led 500 men south from Fort Venango on April 5, 1754. When these forces arrived at the fort on April 16, Contrecœur generously allowed Trent's small company to withdraw. He purchased their construction tools to continue building what became Fort Duquesne.

How many men did Duquesne send to relieve Saint-Pierre ?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Contrecœur led 500 men south from Fort Venango on April 5, 17544040additional French forces40 men

  • Prediction:

When did British begin to build fort under William Trent?

  • Ground Truth Answers: early months of 17541754175417541754

  • Prediction:

What was the fort that was being built to be named?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Fort Duquesne.Fort DuquesneFort DuquesneFort DuquesneFort Duquesne

  • Prediction:

How many women did Duquesne send to relieve Saint-Pierre ?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How many men did Duquesne send to kill Saint-Pierre ?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When didn't British begin to build fort under William Trent?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What was the fort that was being destroyed to be named?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What wasn't the fort that was being built to be named?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

After Washington had returned to Williamsburg, Dinwiddie ordered him to lead a larger force to assist Trent in his work. While en route, Washington learned of Trent's retreat. Since Tanaghrisson had promised support to the British, Washington continued toward Fort Duquesne and met with the Mingo leader. Learning of a French scouting party in the area, Washington, with Tanaghrisson and his party, surprised the Canadians on May 28 in what became known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen. They killed many of the Canadians, including their commanding officer, Joseph Coulon de Jumonville, whose head was reportedly split open by Tanaghrisson with a tomahawk. The historian Fred Anderson suggests that Tanaghrisson was acting to gain the support of the British and regain authority over his own people. They had been inclined to support the French, with whom they had long trading relationships. One of Tanaghrisson's men told Contrecoeur that Jumonville had been killed by British musket fire.

Upon learning of a French scounting party in the area, what did Washington do?

  • Ground Truth Answers: with Tanaghrisson and his party, surprised the Canadians on May 28 in what became known as the Battle of Jumonville Glenkilled many of the Canadianssurprised the Canadians on May 28Battle of Jumonville Glensurprised the Canadians on May 28

  • Prediction:

What were casualties of battle?

  • Ground Truth Answers: killed many of the Canadians, including their commanding officer, Joseph Coulon de Jumonvillemany of the Canadians, including their commanding officer, Joseph Coulon de JumonvilleCanadians, including their commanding officermany of the Canadians, including their commanding officer, Joseph Coulon de Jumonville

  • Prediction:

Why was Tanaghrisson supporting British efforts?

  • Ground Truth Answers: regain authority over his own people. They had been inclined to support the French, with whom they had long trading relationshipsgain the support of the British and regain authority over his own peoplehad promisedregain authority over his own peopleto gain the support of the British and regain authority over his own people

  • Prediction:

When didn't Washington learn about Trent's retreat?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When did Washington learn about Trent's advance?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Upon learning of a French scounting party in the area, what didn't Washington do?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What weren't the casualties of battle?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Why was Tanaghrisson rejecting British efforts?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

News of the two battles reached England in August. After several months of negotiations, the government of the Duke of Newcastle decided to send an army expedition the following year to dislodge the French. They chose Major General Edward Braddock to lead the expedition. Word of the British military plans leaked to France well before Braddock's departure for North America. In response, King Louis XV dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755. The British, intending to blockade French ports, sent out their fleet in February 1755, but the French fleet had already sailed. Admiral Edward Hawke detached a fast squadron to North America in an attempt to intercept the French.

What was the goal of Braddock's expedition?

  • Ground Truth Answers: dislodge the Frenchdislodge the Frenchdislodge the Frenchdislodge the French

  • Prediction:

When did French learn about Braddock's plans?

  • Ground Truth Answers: plans leaked to France well before Braddock's departurebefore Braddock's departurewell before Braddock's departure for North Americabefore Braddock's departurewell before Braddock's departure for North America

  • Prediction:

How did King Louis XV respond to British plans?

  • Ground Truth Answers: dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755.dispatched six regiments to New Francedispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755six regiments to New Francedispatched six regiments to New France

  • Prediction:

What were British plans against French?

  • Ground Truth Answers: blockade French ports, sent out their fleet in February 1755blockade French portsblockade French portsblockade French portsblockade French ports

  • Prediction:

What was the goal of Haddock's expedition?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What wasn't the goal of Braddock's expedition?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When didn't French learn about Braddock's plans?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How did King Louis X respond to British plans?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What were British plans allied with the French?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

An early important political response to the opening of hostilities was the convening of the Albany Congress in June and July, 1754. The goal of the congress was to formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians, since allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal in the success in the war that was unfolding. The plan that the delegates agreed to was never ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown. Nevertheless, the format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the War of Independence.

What political response was convening in June/July 1754?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Albany CongressAlbany Congressthe opening of hostilitiesAlbany CongressAlbany Congress

  • Prediction:

What was the goal of congress?

  • Ground Truth Answers: formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians, since allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotalformalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indiansformalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indiansunified front in trade and negotiations with various Indiansto formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians

  • Prediction:

Was the plan formalized?

  • Ground Truth Answers: The plan that the delegates agreed to was never ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crownwas never ratifiednever ratifiednever ratifiedThe plan that the delegates agreed to was never ratified

  • Prediction:

What was the importance of the congress?

  • Ground Truth Answers: format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the War of Independencebecame the prototype for confederation during the War of Independencebecame the prototype for confederation during the War of Independenceprototype for confederationbecame the prototype for confederation during the War of Independence

  • Prediction:

What political response was convening in June/July 1745?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What political response wasn't convening in June/July 1754?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What wasn't the goal of congress?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Was the plan informalized?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What was the unimportance of the congress?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Braddock (with George Washington as one of his aides) led about 1,500 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition in June 1755 to take Fort Duquesne. The expedition was a disaster. It was attacked by French and Indian soldiers ambushing them from up in trees and behind logs. Braddock called for a retreat. He was killed. Approximately 1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured. The remaining 500 British troops, led by George Washington, retreated to Virginia. Two future opponents in the American Revolutionary War, Washington and Thomas Gage, played key roles in organizing the retreat.

Who went to Fort Dusquesne in June 1755?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Braddock (with George Washington as one of his aides) led about 1,500 army troopsBraddockBraddock (with George WashingtonBraddockBraddock

  • Prediction:

How much success did this expedition with Braddock find?

  • Ground Truth Answers: The expedition was a disasterdisasterwas a disasterdisasterThe expedition was a disaster

  • Prediction:

How many casualties did British get?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Approximately 1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured.Approximately 1,0001,000 British soldiers1,0001,000 British soldiers

  • Prediction:

What future Revolutionary key figures participated in this attack?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Washington and Thomas GageGeorge WashingtonWashington and Thomas GageWashington and Thomas GageGeorge Washington

  • Prediction:

Who went to Fort Dusquesne in June 1745?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who went to Fort Dusquesne in July 1755?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How much success didn't this expedition with Braddock find?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How many casualties didn't British get?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What future Revolutionary key figures never participated in this attack?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The French acquired a copy of the British war plans, including the activities of Shirley and Johnson. Shirley's efforts to fortify Oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties, exacerbated by Shirley's inexperience in managing large expeditions. In conjunction, Shirley was made aware that the French were massing for an attack on Fort Oswego in his absence when he planned to attack Fort Niagara. As a response, Shirley left garrisons at Oswego, Fort Bull, and Fort Williams (the latter two located on the Oneida Carry between the Mohawk River and Wood Creek at present-day Rome, New York). Supplies for use in the projected attack on Niagara were cached at Fort Bull.

Whose activities were the French able to gain knowledge of?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Shirley and Johnson.BritishBritish war plansBritish war plansShirley and Johnson

  • Prediction:

What difficulties was Shirly having?

  • Ground Truth Answers: efforts to fortify Oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties, exacerbated by Shirley's inexperiencelogisticallogistical difficultieslogisticallogistical

  • Prediction:

Where was Shirey going to be when Fort Oswego was to be attacked?

  • Ground Truth Answers: planned to attack Fort NiagaraFort NiagaraFort NiagaraFort Niagara

  • Prediction:

Who did Shirley leave at Oswego?

  • Ground Truth Answers: garrisonsgarrisonsgarrisonsgarrisons

  • Prediction:

Whose activities were the French able to lose knowledge of?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Whose activities weren't the French able to gain knowledge of?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What difficulties wasn't Shirly having?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Where was Shirey going to be when Fort Oswego wasn't to be attacked?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who did Shirley not leave at Oswego?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Johnson's expedition was better organized than Shirley's, which was noticed by New France's governor, the Marquis de Vaudreuil. He had primarily been concerned about the extended supply line to the forts on the Ohio, and had sent Baron Dieskau to lead the defenses at Frontenac against Shirley's expected attack. When Johnson was seen as the larger threat, Vaudreuil sent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéric to meet that threat. Dieskau planned to attack the British encampment at Fort Edward at the upper end of navigation on the Hudson River, but Johnson had strongly fortified it, and Dieskau's Indian support was reluctant to attack. The two forces finally met in the bloody Battle of Lake George between Fort Edward and Fort William Henry. The battle ended inconclusively, with both sides withdrawing from the field. Johnson's advance stopped at Fort William Henry, and the French withdrew to Ticonderoga Point, where they began the construction of Fort Carillon (later renamed Fort Ticonderoga after British capture in 1759).

Who was New France's governor?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Marquis de Vaudreuil.Marquis de Vaudreuilthe Marquis de VaudreuilMarquis de VaudreuilMarquis de Vaudreuil

  • Prediction:

How did Vaudreuil react when Johnson was seen as larger threat?

  • Ground Truth Answers: sent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéric to meet that threatsent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéricsent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéricsent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéricsent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéric

  • Prediction:

Who won the battle of Lake George?

  • Ground Truth Answers: inconclusively, with both sides withdrawing from the fieldThe battle ended inconclusivelyended inconclusivelyboth sides withdrawing from the fieldThe battle ended inconclusively

  • Prediction:

Where did Johnson stop?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Fort William HenryFort William HenryFort William HenryFort William HenryFort William Henry

  • Prediction:

Where was French withdrawal to?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Ticonderoga Point,Ticonderoga PointTiconderoga PointTiconderoga PointTiconderoga Point

  • Prediction:

Who was Old France's governor?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How did Vaudreuil react when Johnson was seen as a lesser threat?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who won the battle of Lake Niagara?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Where did Johnson start?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Where was French advance to?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Colonel Monckton, in the sole British success that year, captured Fort Beauséjour in June 1755, cutting the French fortress at Louisbourg off from land-based reinforcements. To cut vital supplies to Louisbourg, Nova Scotia's Governor Charles Lawrence ordered the deportation of the French-speaking Acadian population from the area. Monckton's forces, including companies of Rogers' Rangers, forcibly removed thousands of Acadians, chasing down many who resisted, and sometimes committing atrocities. More than any other factor, the cutting off of supplies to Louisbourg led to its demise. The Acadian resistance, in concert with native allies, including the Mi'kmaq, was sometimes quite stiff, with ongoing frontier raids (against Dartmouth and Lunenburg among others). Other than the campaigns to expel the Acadians (ranging around the Bay of Fundy, on the Petitcodiac and St. John rivers, and Île Saint-Jean), the only clashes of any size were at Petitcodiac in 1755 and at Bloody Creek near Annapolis Royal in 1757.

Who captured Fort Beausejour?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Colonel MoncktonColonel MoncktonColonel MoncktonColonel MoncktonBritish

  • Prediction:

How were British able to cut supplies to Louisbourg?

  • Ground Truth Answers: deportation of the French-speaking Acadian population from the area.deportation of the French-speaking Acadian population from the areacaptured Fort Beauséjourcaptured Fort Beauséjourthe deportation of the French-speaking Acadian population

  • Prediction:

What other clashes were involved in taking Louisbourg?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Petitcodiac in 1755 and at Bloody Creek near Annapolis Royal in 1757Petitcodiac in 1755 and at Bloody Creek near Annapolis Royal in 1757deportation of the French-speaking Acadian population from the areaPetitcodiac in 1755 and at Bloody CreekPetitcodiac in 1755 and at Bloody Creek near Annapolis Royal in 1757

  • Prediction:

Who never captured Fort Beausejour?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who captured Port Beausejour?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How weren't British able to cut supplies to Louisbourg?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How were British unable to cut supplies to Louisbourg?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What other clashes weren't involved in taking Louisbourg?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Following the death of Braddock, William Shirley assumed command of British forces in North America. At a meeting in Albany in December 1755, he laid out his plans for 1756. In addition to renewing the efforts to capture Niagara, Crown Point and Duquesne, he proposed attacks on Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario and an expedition through the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière River to attack the city of Quebec. Bogged down by disagreements and disputes with others, including William Johnson and New York's Governor Sir Charles Hardy, Shirley's plan had little support.

After Braddock died, who controlled North American British forces?

  • Ground Truth Answers: William ShirleyWilliam ShirleyWilliam ShirleyWilliam ShirleyWilliam Shirley

  • Prediction:

In what meeting did Shirley lay out plans for 1756?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Albanymeeting in Albany in December 1755AlbanyAlbany in December 1755a meeting in Albany

  • Prediction:

What proposed attacks did Shirley plan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: capture Niagara, Crown Point and Duquesne, he proposed attacks on Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake OntarioFort FrontenacFort FrontenacFort FrontenacFort Frontenac

  • Prediction:

Where was Shirley planning an expedition?

  • Ground Truth Answers: through the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière River to attack the city of Quebecwilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière Riverthe wilderness of the Maine districtMainethe wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière River

  • Prediction:

After Braddock was born, who controlled North American British forces?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

After Braddock died, who controlled South American British forces?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

n what meeting did Shirley lay out plans for 1765?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What proposed attacks didn't Shirley plan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Where wasn't Shirley planning an expedition?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Newcastle replaced him in January 1756 with Lord Loudoun, with Major General James Abercrombie as his second in command. Neither of these men had as much campaign experience as the trio of officers France sent to North America. French regular army reinforcements arrived in New France in May 1756, led by Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and seconded by the Chevalier de Lévis and Colonel François-Charles de Bourlamaque, all experienced veterans from the War of the Austrian Succession. During that time in Europe, on May 18, 1756, England formally declared war on France, which expanded the war into Europe, which was later to be known as the Seven Years' War.

Who was appointed as second in command to Lor Loudoun in 1756?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Major General James AbercrombieLord LoudounMajor General James AbercrombieMajor General James AbercrombieMajor General James Abercrombie

  • Prediction:

Who led New France reinforcements in 1756?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Major General Louis-Joseph de MontcalmMajor General Louis-Joseph de MontcalmLord LoudounMajor General Louis-Joseph de MontcalmMajor General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm

  • Prediction:

When did England formally declare war on France?

  • Ground Truth Answers: May 18, 1756May 18, 1756May 18, 1756May 18, 1756May 18, 1756

  • Prediction:

Who was appointed as third in command to Lor Loudoun in 1756?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who was appointed as second in command to Lor Loudoun in 1765?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who didn't led New France reinforcements in 1756?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who led New France reinforcements in 1765?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When did England formally end war on France?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Governor Vaudreuil, who harboured ambitions to become the French commander in chief (in addition to his role as governor), acted during the winter of 1756 before those reinforcements arrived. Scouts had reported the weakness of the British supply chain, so he ordered an attack against the forts Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry. In the March Battle of Fort Bull, French forces destroyed the fort and large quantities of supplies, including 45,000 pounds of gunpowder. They set back any British hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario, and endangered the Oswego garrison, already short on supplies. French forces in the Ohio valley also continued to intrigue with Indians throughout the area, encouraging them to raid frontier settlements. This led to ongoing alarms along the western frontiers, with streams of refugees returning east to get away from the action.

Where was there a weakness in British supply chain?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Oneida CarryOneida Carryforts Shirley had erected at the Oneida CarryOneida CarryOneida Carry

  • Prediction:

What was the attack on the British weakness?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Battle of Fort BullBattle of Fort BullBattle of Fort BullBattle of Fort BullMarch Battle of Fort Bull

  • Prediction:

How much gun powder was destroyed in attack?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 45,000 pounds45,000 pounds45,000 pounds45,000 pounds45,000 pounds

  • Prediction:

What plans of the British did this attach on Oneida Carry set back?

  • Ground Truth Answers: hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario, and endangered the Oswego garrisoncampaigns on Lake Ontario, and endangered the Oswego garrisoncampaigns on Lake Ontariocampaigns on Lake Ontariohopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario

  • Prediction:

Where wasn't there a weakness in British supply chain?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Where was there a strength in British supply chain?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What was the attack on the British strength?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How much gun powder was saved?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What plans of the British didn't this attach on Oneida Carry set back?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The new British command was not in place until July. When he arrived in Albany, Abercrombie refused to take any significant actions until Loudoun approved them. Montcalm took bold action against his inertia. Building on Vaudreuil's work harassing the Oswego garrison, Montcalm executed a strategic feint by moving his headquarters to Ticonderoga, as if to presage another attack along Lake George. With Abercrombie pinned down at Albany, Montcalm slipped away and led the successful attack on Oswego in August. In the aftermath, Montcalm and the Indians under his command disagreed about the disposition of prisoners' personal effects. The Europeans did not consider them prizes and prevented the Indians from stripping the prisoners of their valuables, which angered the Indians.

Who refused to act until Loudoun approved plans?

  • Ground Truth Answers: AbercrombieAbercrombieAbercrombieAbercrombieAbercrombie

  • Prediction:

Where did Montcalm move his heaquarter to show strategic advancement?

  • Ground Truth Answers: TiconderogaTiconderogaTiconderogaTiconderogaTiconderoga

  • Prediction:

Where did Moncalm slip away to attack, left largely unprotected?

  • Ground Truth Answers: OswegoOswegoOswegoOswegoOswego

  • Prediction:

What disagreement did Montcalm and Indians have?

  • Ground Truth Answers: disposition of prisoners' personal effectsthe disposition of prisoners' personal effectsabout the disposition of prisoners' personal effectsdisposition of prisoners' personal effectsthe disposition of prisoners' personal effects

  • Prediction:

Where did Montcalm move his heaquarter to show strategic retreat?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who refused to act until Loudoun disapproved plans?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who refused to act until Washington approved plans?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Where did Moncalm slip away to attack, left largely protected?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What agreement did Montcalm and Indians have?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Loudoun, a capable administrator but a cautious field commander, planned one major operation for 1757: an attack on New France's capital, Quebec. Leaving a sizable force at Fort William Henry to distract Montcalm, he began organizing for the expedition to Quebec. He was then ordered by William Pitt, the Secretary of State responsible for the colonies, to attack Louisbourg first. Beset by delays of all kinds, the expedition was finally ready to sail from Halifax, Nova Scotia in early August. In the meantime French ships had escaped the British blockade of the French coast, and a fleet outnumbering the British one awaited Loudoun at Louisbourg. Faced with this strength, Loudoun returned to New York amid news that a massacre had occurred at Fort William Henry.

What was Loudoun's plans for 1757?

  • Ground Truth Answers: attack on New France's capital, Quebecan attack on New France's capital, Quebecan attack on New France's capital, Quebecone major operationan attack on New France's capital, Quebec

  • Prediction:

What was the purpose of Loudoun's troops at Fort Henry?

  • Ground Truth Answers: to distract Montcalmdistract Montcalmdistract Montcalmdistract Montcalmto distract Montcalm

  • Prediction:

Who ordered Loudoun to attack Louisbourg?

  • Ground Truth Answers: William PittWilliam PittWilliam PittWilliam PittWilliam Pitt

  • Prediction:

Given the strength of French forces at Louisbourg, what did Loudoun do?

  • Ground Truth Answers: returned to New York amid news that a massacre had occurred at Fort William Henry.returned to New Yorkreturned to New Yorkreturned to New Yorkreturned to New York

  • Prediction:

What was Loudoun's plans for 1775?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What wasn't Loudoun's plans for 1757?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What wasn't the purpose of Loudoun's troops at Fort Henry?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who ordered Loudoun to defend Louisbourg?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Given the weakness of French forces at Louisbourg, what did Loudoun do?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

French irregular forces (Canadian scouts and Indians) harassed Fort William Henry throughout the first half of 1757. In January they ambushed British rangers near Ticonderoga. In February they launched a daring raid against the position across the frozen Lake George, destroying storehouses and buildings outside the main fortification. In early August, Montcalm and 7,000 troops besieged the fort, which capitulated with an agreement to withdraw under parole. When the withdrawal began, some of Montcalm's Indian allies, angered at the lost opportunity for loot, attacked the British column, killing and capturing several hundred men, women, children, and slaves. The aftermath of the siege may have contributed to the transmission of smallpox into remote Indian populations; as some Indians were reported to have traveled from beyond the Mississippi to participate in the campaign and returned afterward having been exposed to European carriers.

What troops attacked Fort William Henry in early 1757?

  • Ground Truth Answers: French irregular forces (Canadian scouts and Indians)French irregular forcesFrench irregular forcesFrench irregular forcesFrench irregular forces

  • Prediction:

On what lake did troops attack fort willima henry in winter?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Lake GeorgeLake GeorgeLake GeorgeLake GeorgeLake George

  • Prediction:

During withdrawal from Fort William Henry, what did some Indian allies of French do?

  • Ground Truth Answers: attacked the British column, killing and capturing several hundred men, women, children, and slaves.attacked the British columnattacked the British columnattacked the Britishattacked the British column

  • Prediction:

What troops defended Fort William Henry in early 1757?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What troops attacked Fort William Henry in early 1775?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

On what lake did troops defend fort william henry in winter?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

On what lake did troops attack fort william henry in summer?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

During withdrawal from Fort William Henry, what did some Indian enemies of French do?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Vaudreuil and Montcalm were minimally resupplied in 1758, as the British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping. The situation in New France was further exacerbated by a poor harvest in 1757, a difficult winter, and the allegedly corrupt machinations of François Bigot, the intendant of the territory. His schemes to supply the colony inflated prices and were believed by Montcalm to line his pockets and those of his associates. A massive outbreak of smallpox among western tribes led many of them to stay away from trading in 1758. While many parties to the conflict blamed others (the Indians blamed the French for bringing "bad medicine" as well as denying them prizes at Fort William Henry), the disease was probably spread through the crowded conditions at William Henry after the battle. Montcalm focused his meager resources on the defense of the St. Lawrence, with primary defenses at Carillon, Quebec, and Louisbourg, while Vaudreuil argued unsuccessfully for a continuation of the raiding tactics that had worked quite effectively in previous years.

What was causing New France to have issues with resupplying?

  • Ground Truth Answers: British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping.British blockade of the French coastlineBritish blockade of the French coastlineBritish blockade of the French coastlineBritish blockade

  • Prediction:

What other reason caused poor supply of New France from a difficult winter?

  • Ground Truth Answers: poor harvestallegedly corrupt machinations of François Bigotpoor harvest in 1757poor harvest in 1757a poor harvest

  • Prediction:

Where was Montcalm focusing the defense for New France?

  • Ground Truth Answers: St. Lawrence, with primary defenses at Carillon, Quebec, and Louisbourg,St. LawrenceSt. LawrenceSt. Lawrencethe defense of the St. Lawrence

  • Prediction:

What was causing Old France to have issues with resupplying?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What was causing New France to have no issues with resupplying?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What other reason caused good supply of New France from a difficult winter?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What other reason caused poor supply of New France from a difficult summer?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Where was Montcalm focusing the offense for New France?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The British failures in North America, combined with other failures in the European theater, led to the fall from power of Newcastle and his principal military advisor, the Duke of Cumberland. Newcastle and Pitt joined in an uneasy coalition in which Pitt dominated the military planning. He embarked on a plan for the 1758 campaign that was largely developed by Loudoun. He had been replaced by Abercrombie as commander in chief after the failures of 1757. Pitt's plan called for three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops, supported by the provincial militias, aimed at capturing the heartlands of New France. Two of the expeditions were successful, with Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg falling to sizable British forces.

What led to Newcastle's fall from power as military advisor?

  • Ground Truth Answers: British failures in North America, combined with other failures in the European theaterBritish failures in North America, combined with other failures in the European theaterBritish failures in North America, combined with other failures in the Europefailures in North AmericaBritish failures in North America

  • Prediction:

Who did Abercrombie replace as commander in chief?

  • Ground Truth Answers: LoudounDuke of CumberlandLoudounPittNewcastle

  • Prediction:

Pitt's plan called for what attacks?

  • Ground Truth Answers: three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troopsthree major offensive actionsthree major offensive actionsthree major offensive actionsthree major offensive actions

  • Prediction:

How many of the Pitt's planned expeditions were successful?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Two of the expeditions were successful, with Fort Duquesne and LouisbourgTwoTwoTwoTwo

  • Prediction:

What led to Newcastle's rise to power as military advisor?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What led to Newcastle's fall from power as political advisor?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who didn't Abercrombie replace as commander in chief?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who did Abercrombie replace as captain in chief?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How many of the Pitt's planned expeditions weren't successful?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The third invasion was stopped with the improbable French victory in the Battle of Carillon, in which 3,600 Frenchmen famously and decisively defeated Abercrombie's force of 18,000 regulars, militia and Native American allies outside the fort the French called Carillon and the British called Ticonderoga. Abercrombie saved something from the disaster when he sent John Bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed Fort Frontenac, including caches of supplies destined for New France's western forts and furs destined for Europe. Abercrombie was recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst, victor at Louisbourg.

How many Frenchman won Battle of Carillon?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 3,6003,603,6003,6003,600

  • Prediction:

How many troops were defeated for British in BAttle of Carillon?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 18,000 regulars, militia and Native American allies18,00018,00018,00018,000

  • Prediction:

What success did Abercrombie gain out of the defeat at Carillon?

  • Ground Truth Answers: sent John Bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed Fort Frontenacsuccessfully destroyed Fort Frontenacdestroyed Fort Frontenacdestroyed Fort Frontenacdestroyed Fort Frontenac

  • Prediction:

What impact did this loss have on Abercrombie?

  • Ground Truth Answers: recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst, victor at Louisbourg.Abercrombie was recalled and replacedwas recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherstrecalled and replacedAbercrombie was recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst,

  • Prediction:

How many Frenchmen lost Battle of Carillon?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How many Englishmen won Battle of Carillon?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How many troops were victorious for British in BAttle of Carillon?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What success did Abercrombie gain out of the win at Carillon?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What impact did this win have on Abercrombie?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

In the aftermath of generally poor French results in most theaters of the Seven Years' War in 1758, France's new foreign minister, the duc de Choiseul, decided to focus on an invasion of Britain, to draw British resources away from North America and the European mainland. The invasion failed both militarily and politically, as Pitt again planned significant campaigns against New France, and sent funds to Britain's ally on the mainland, Prussia, and the French Navy failed in the 1759 naval battles at Lagos and Quiberon Bay. In one piece of good fortune, some French supply ships managed to depart France, eluding the British blockade of the French coast.

In 1758 what was duc de Choiseul's plan for focused military efforts?

  • Ground Truth Answers: invasion of Britain, to draw British resources away from North America and the European mainlandinvasion of Britainan invasion of Britaininvasion of Britainan invasion of Britain

  • Prediction:

How successful was the French revised efforts?

  • Ground Truth Answers: The invasion failed both militarily and politically, as Pitt again planned significant campaigns against New Francefailedinvasion failedfailedThe invasion failed both militarily and politically

  • Prediction:

What naval battles did France lose in 1759?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Lagos and Quiberon Bay.battles at Lagos and Quiberon BayLagos and Quiberon BayLagos and Quiberon BayLagos and Quiberon Bay

  • Prediction:

In 1785 what was duc de Choiseul's plan for focused military efforts?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

In 1758 what was duc de Choiseul's plan for unfocused military efforts?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How unsuccessful was the French revised efforts?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How successful was the English revised efforts?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What naval battles did France lose in 1795?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

British victories continued in all theaters in the Annus Mirabilis of 1759, when they finally captured Ticonderoga, James Wolfe defeated Montcalm at Quebec (in a battle that claimed the lives of both commanders), and victory at Fort Niagara successfully cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and south. The victory was made complete in 1760 when, despite losing outside Quebec City in the Battle of Sainte-Foy, the British were able to prevent the arrival of French relief ships in the naval Battle of the Restigouche while armies marched on Montreal from three sides.

Who defeated Montcalm at Quebec?

  • Ground Truth Answers: James WolfeJames WolfeJames WolfeJames WolfeJames Wolfe

  • Prediction:

What was the significance of victory at Forth Niagara for British?

  • Ground Truth Answers: cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and southsuccessfully cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and southcut off the French frontier fortscut off the French frontier fortssuccessfully cut off the French frontier forts

  • Prediction:

What battle outside Quebec City did British lose in 1760?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Battle of Sainte-FoyBattle of Sainte-FoySainte-FoyBattle of Sainte-FoyBattle of Sainte-Foy

  • Prediction:

What victory at thwarted efforts of French relief ships.

  • Ground Truth Answers: naval Battle of the RestigoucheBattle of the RestigoucheBattle of the RestigoucheBattle of the RestigoucheBattle of the Restigouche

  • Prediction:

Who was defeated by Montcalm at Quebec?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who defeated Montcalm at Montreal?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What was the insignificance of victory at Forth Niagara for British?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What battle outside Quebec City did British lose in 1706?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What battle inside Quebec City did British lose in 1760?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

In September 1760, and before any hostilities erupted, Governor Vaudreuil negotiated from Montreal a capitulation with General Amherst. Amherst granted Vaudreuil's request that any French residents who chose to remain in the colony would be given freedom to continue worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition, continued ownership of their property, and the right to remain undisturbed in their homes. The British provided medical treatment for the sick and wounded French soldiers and French regular troops were returned to France aboard British ships with an agreement that they were not to serve again in the present war.

In Sept 1760 who negotiated a capitulation from Montreal?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Governor VaudreuilGovernor VaudreuilGovernor VaudreuilGovernor VaudreuilGovernor Vaudreuil

  • Prediction:

What were requests made to British?

  • Ground Truth Answers: freedom to continue worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition, continued ownership of their property,French residents who chose to remain in the colony would be given freedomcontinue worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition, continued ownership of their property, and the right to remain undisturbedFrench residents who chose to remain in the colony would be given freedom

  • Prediction:

What British General negotiated at Montreal?

  • Ground Truth Answers: General Amherst.General AmherstGeneral AmherstAmherstAmherst

  • Prediction:

In Sept 1706 who negotiated a capitulation from Montreal?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

In Sept 1760 who negotiated a war from Montreal?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What were requests made from British?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What British General negotiated at Toronto?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What French General negotiated at Montreal?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The war in North America officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763, and war in the European theatre of the Seven Years' War was settled by the Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763. The British offered France the choice of surrendering either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique, which had been occupied by the British. France chose to cede the former, but was able to negotiate the retention of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, two small islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, along with fishing rights in the area. They viewed the economic value of the Caribbean islands' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent. The contemporaneous French philosopher Voltaire referred to Canada disparagingly as nothing more than a few acres of snow. The British, for their part, were happy to take New France, as defence of their North American colonies would no longer be an issue and also because they already had ample places from which to obtain sugar. Spain, which traded Florida to Britain to regain Cuba, also gained Louisiana, including New Orleans, from France in compensation for its losses. Great Britain and Spain also agreed that navigation on the Mississippi River was to be open to vessels of all nations.

When did the North American French and Indian War end?

  • Ground Truth Answers: signing of the Treaty of Paris on 10 February 176310 February 176310 February 176310 February 176310 February 1763

  • Prediction:

When was the European portion of the Seven Years War complete?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 176315 February 176315 February 176315 February 176315 February 1763

  • Prediction:

What choice did French have for surrendering land?

  • Ground Truth Answers: continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martiniquesurrendering either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martiniqueeither its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique,its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islandssurrendering either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique

  • Prediction:

Why did France choose to give up continental lands?

  • Ground Truth Answers: value of the Caribbean islands' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continentThey viewed the economic value of the Caribbean islands' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continentThey viewed the economic value of the Caribbean islands' sugar cane to be greatervalue of the Caribbean islands' sugarThey viewed the economic value of the Caribbean islands' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent

  • Prediction:

When did the North American French and Indian War begin?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When did the South American French and Indian War end?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When was the European portion of the Six Years War complete?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When was the European portion of the Seven Years War incomplete?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Why did France choose to give up no continental lands?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Britain gained control of French Canada and Acadia, colonies containing approximately 80,000 primarily French-speaking Roman Catholic residents. The deportation of Acadians beginning in 1755 resulted in land made available to migrants from Europe and the colonies further south. The British resettled many Acadians throughout its North American provinces, but many went to France, and some went to New Orleans, which they had expected to remain French. Some were sent to colonize places as diverse as French Guiana and the Falkland Islands; these latter efforts were unsuccessful. Others migrated to places like Saint-Domingue, and fled to New Orleans after the Haitian Revolution. The Louisiana population contributed to the founding of the modern Cajun population. (The French word "Acadien" evolved to "Cadien", then to "Cajun".)

How many French colonists were gained by British?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 80,00080,00080,00080,00080,000

  • Prediction:

When was the deportation of Acadians?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 17551755175517551755

  • Prediction:

Where did British resettle many Acadians?

  • Ground Truth Answers: throughout its North American provincesthroughout its North American provincesNorth American provincesNorth American provincesits North American provinces

  • Prediction:

Although some Acadians went to France and other destiantions, what North American city did many move to?

  • Ground Truth Answers: New OrleansNew OrleansNew OrleansNew OrleansNew Orleans

  • Prediction:

How many French colonists weren't gained by British?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How many French colonists were lost by British?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When was the deportation of Canadians?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Where did British kill many Acadians?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Although some Acadians went to France and other destiantions, what North American city did many not move to?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Following the treaty, King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on October 7, 1763, which outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory, and to some extent continues to govern relations between the government of modern Canada and the First Nations. Included in its provisions was the reservation of lands west of the Appalachian Mountains to its Indian population, a demarcation that was at best a temporary impediment to a rising tide of westward-bound settlers. The proclamation also contained provisions that prevented civic participation by the Roman Catholic Canadians. When accommodations were made in the Quebec Act in 1774 to address this and other issues, religious concerns were raised in the largely Protestant Thirteen Colonies over the advance of "popery"; the Act maintained French Civil law, including the seigneurial system, a medieval code soon to be removed from France within a generation by the French Revolution.

Who issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763?

  • Ground Truth Answers: King George IIIKing George IIIKing George IIIKing George IIIKing George III

  • Prediction:

What was the objective of Royal Proclamation of 1763?

  • Ground Truth Answers: outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territoryoutlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territorydivision and administration of the newly conquered territorydivision and administrationthe division and administration of the newly conquered territory

  • Prediction:

What lands were reserved for natives?

  • Ground Truth Answers: west of the Appalachian Mountainslands west of the Appalachian Mountainswest of the Appalachian Mountainswest of the Appalachian Mountainswest of the Appalachian Mountains

  • Prediction:

Who never issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who issued the Royal Proclamation of 1736?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What was the objective of Royal Proclamation of 1736?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What lands weren't reserved for natives?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What lands were reserved for the French?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

For many native populations, the elimination of French power in North America meant the disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion, leading to their ultimate dispossession. The Ohio Country was particularly vulnerable to legal and illegal settlement due to the construction of military roads to the area by Braddock and Forbes. Although the Spanish takeover of the Louisiana territory (which was not completed until 1769) had modest repercussions, the British takeover of Spanish Florida resulted in the westward migration of tribes that did not want to do business with the British, and a rise in tensions between the Choctaw and the Creek, historic enemies whose divisions the British at times exploited. The change of control in Florida also prompted most of its Spanish Catholic population to leave. Most went to Cuba, including the entire governmental records from St. Augustine, although some Christianized Yamasee were resettled to the coast of Mexico.

What did the loss mean to France?

  • Ground Truth Answers: disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion, leading to their ultimate dispossessiondisappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to British expansionelimination of French power.

  • Prediction:

What made Ohio Country vulnerable?

  • Ground Truth Answers: military roads to the area by Braddock and Forbesconstruction of military roads to the area by Braddock and Forbesthe construction of military roads to the areamilitary roads to the areathe construction of military roads

  • Prediction:

When was Spanish takeover of Louisiana Territory complete?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 17691769176917691769

  • Prediction:

What natives were displaced by British takeover in Florida?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Choctaw and the Creektribes that did not want to do business with the BritishChoctaw and the CreekChoctaw and the Creek

  • Prediction:

Where did many Spanish Catholic move after British takeover in Florida?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Most went to Cuba,Most went to CubaCubaCubaCuba

  • Prediction:

Where did no Spanish Catholic move after British takeover in Florida?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What made Ohio Country safe?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When was Spanish takeover of Louisiana Territory incomplete?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What natives were displaced by British takeover in Georgia?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What did the win mean to France?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction: