SQuAD2.0

The Stanford Question Answering Dataset

Predictions

Scores

Force

The Stanford Question Answering Dataset

Philosophers in antiquity used the concept of force in the study of stationary and moving objects and simple machines, but thinkers such as Aristotle and Archimedes retained fundamental errors in understanding force. In part this was due to an incomplete understanding of the sometimes non-obvious force of friction, and a consequently inadequate view of the nature of natural motion. A fundamental error was the belief that a force is required to maintain motion, even at a constant velocity. Most of the previous misunderstandings about motion and force were eventually corrected by Galileo Galilei and Sir Isaac Newton. With his mathematical insight, Sir Isaac Newton formulated laws of motion that were not improved-on for nearly three hundred years. By the early 20th century, Einstein developed a theory of relativity that correctly predicted the action of forces on objects with increasing momenta near the speed of light, and also provided insight into the forces produced by gravitation and inertia.

What concept did philosophers in antiquity use to study simple machines?

  • Ground Truth Answers: forceforcethe concept of forcethe concept of forceforceforce

  • Prediction:

What was the belief that maintaining motion required force?

  • Ground Truth Answers: fundamental errorA fundamental errorA fundamental errorA fundamental errorA fundamental errorA fundamental error

  • Prediction:

Who had mathmatical insite?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Sir Isaac NewtonSir Isaac NewtonSir Isaac NewtonSir Isaac NewtonSir Isaac NewtonSir Isaac Newton

  • Prediction:

How long did it take to improve on Sir Isaac Newton's laws of motion?

  • Ground Truth Answers: nearly three hundred yearsnearly three hundred yearsnearly three hundred yearsnearly three hundred yearsnearly three hundred yearsthree hundred years

  • Prediction:

Who develped the theory of relativity?

  • Ground Truth Answers: EinsteinEinsteinEinsteinEinsteinEinsteinEinstein

  • Prediction:

Who used the concept of antiquity in the study of stationary and moving objects?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Something that is considered a non fundamental error is the belief that a force is required to maintain what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Most of the previous understandings about motion and force were corrected by whom?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Sir Galileo Galilei corrected the previous misunderstandings about what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who formulated the laws of motion that were not improved-on for nearly three thousand years?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

With modern insights into quantum mechanics and technology that can accelerate particles close to the speed of light, particle physics has devised a Standard Model to describe forces between particles smaller than atoms. The Standard Model predicts that exchanged particles called gauge bosons are the fundamental means by which forces are emitted and absorbed. Only four main interactions are known: in order of decreasing strength, they are: strong, electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational.:2–10:79 High-energy particle physics observations made during the 1970s and 1980s confirmed that the weak and electromagnetic forces are expressions of a more fundamental electroweak interaction.

What has partical physics made to describe sub-atomic forces?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Standard ModelStandard ModelStandard ModelStandard Modela Standard Modela Standard Model

  • Prediction:

What are the exchanged particles predicted by the standard Model?

  • Ground Truth Answers: gauge bosonsgauge bosonsgauge bosonsgauge bosonsgauge bosonsgauge bosons

  • Prediction:

What is the strongest main interaction?

  • Ground Truth Answers: strongstrongstrong,strongstrongstrong, electromagnetic

  • Prediction:

What is the weakest main interaction?

  • Ground Truth Answers: gravitationalgravitationalgravitationalgravitationalgravitationalgravitational

  • Prediction:

What are weak and electromatic forces expressions of?

  • Ground Truth Answers: electroweak interactiona more fundamental electroweak interactionmore fundamental electroweak interaction.a more fundamental electroweak interactionfundamental electroweak interaction.

  • Prediction:

What can decelerate particles close to the speed of light?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Particle physics has created a Unique Model to describe what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The Unique Model predicts that exchanged particles are the fundamental means by what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

How many main interactions are not know?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Aristotle provided a philosophical discussion of the concept of a force as an integral part of Aristotelian cosmology. In Aristotle's view, the terrestrial sphere contained four elements that come to rest at different "natural places" therein. Aristotle believed that motionless objects on Earth, those composed mostly of the elements earth and water, to be in their natural place on the ground and that they will stay that way if left alone. He distinguished between the innate tendency of objects to find their "natural place" (e.g., for heavy bodies to fall), which led to "natural motion", and unnatural or forced motion, which required continued application of a force. This theory, based on the everyday experience of how objects move, such as the constant application of a force needed to keep a cart moving, had conceptual trouble accounting for the behavior of projectiles, such as the flight of arrows. The place where the archer moves the projectile was at the start of the flight, and while the projectile sailed through the air, no discernible efficient cause acts on it. Aristotle was aware of this problem and proposed that the air displaced through the projectile's path carries the projectile to its target. This explanation demands a continuum like air for change of place in general.

Who provided a philosophical discussion of force?

  • Ground Truth Answers: AristotleAristotleAristotleAristotleAristotleAristotle

  • Prediction:

What was the concept of force an integral part of?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Aristotelian cosmologyAristotelian cosmologyAristotelian cosmologyAristotelian cosmologycosmologyAristotelian cosmology

  • Prediction:

How many elements did Aristotle believe the terrestrial sphere to be made up of?

  • Ground Truth Answers: fourfourfourfourfourfour

  • Prediction:

Where did Aristotle believe the natural place for earth and water elements?

  • Ground Truth Answers: on the groundgroundheavy bodies to fallon the groundon the groundon the ground

  • Prediction:

What did Aristotle refer to forced motion as?

  • Ground Truth Answers: unnaturalunnaturalnatural motionunnaturalcontinued application of a forceunnatural

  • Prediction:

Who provided a discussion on the concept of time as an integral part of Aristotelian cosmology?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

In Galileo's view, the terrestrial sphere contained how many elements?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Aristotle believed that objects in motion on Earth would stay that way if what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who proposed that water displaced through the projectile's path carries the projectile to its target?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The shortcomings of Aristotelian physics would not be fully corrected until the 17th century work of Galileo Galilei, who was influenced by the late Medieval idea that objects in forced motion carried an innate force of impetus. Galileo constructed an experiment in which stones and cannonballs were both rolled down an incline to disprove the Aristotelian theory of motion early in the 17th century. He showed that the bodies were accelerated by gravity to an extent that was independent of their mass and argued that objects retain their velocity unless acted on by a force, for example friction.

When were the shortcomings of Aristotle's physics overcome?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 17th century17th century17th centurythe 17th century17th century17th century

  • Prediction:

Whose work corrected Aristotle's physics in the seventeenth century?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Galileo GalileiGalileo GalileiGalileo GalileiGalileo Galilei,Galileo GalileiGalileo Galilei

  • Prediction:

What did objects in forced motion contain according to the late Medieval idea that influence Aristotle?

  • Ground Truth Answers: impetusinnate force of impetusgravityan innate force of impetusinnate force of impetusinnate force of impetus

  • Prediction:

Who experimented by rolling stones and canonballs down a steep incline?

  • Ground Truth Answers: GalileoGalileoGalileo GalileiGalileoGalileoGalileo

  • Prediction:

What force acted on bodies to retard their velocity?

  • Ground Truth Answers: frictionfrictiongravityfrictionfrictionforce

  • Prediction:

The shortcomings of Aristotelian physics would not be corrected until the 16th century work of whom?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who was influenced by early Medieval ideas?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who constructed an experiment where stones and rocks were rolled down an incline?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who argued that objects retain their velocity even when acted on by a force?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Newton's First Law of Motion states that objects continue to move in a state of constant velocity unless acted upon by an external net force or resultant force. This law is an extension of Galileo's insight that constant velocity was associated with a lack of net force (see a more detailed description of this below). Newton proposed that every object with mass has an innate inertia that functions as the fundamental equilibrium "natural state" in place of the Aristotelian idea of the "natural state of rest". That is, the first law contradicts the intuitive Aristotelian belief that a net force is required to keep an object moving with constant velocity. By making rest physically indistinguishable from non-zero constant velocity, Newton's First Law directly connects inertia with the concept of relative velocities. Specifically, in systems where objects are moving with different velocities, it is impossible to determine which object is "in motion" and which object is "at rest". In other words, to phrase matters more technically, the laws of physics are the same in every inertial frame of reference, that is, in all frames related by a Galilean transformation.

Whose First Law of Motion says that unless acted upon be forces, objects would continue to move at a constant velocity?

  • Ground Truth Answers: NewtonNewton'sNewton'sNewton'sNewton's

  • Prediction:

What insight of Galileo was associated with constant velocity?

  • Ground Truth Answers: lack of net forcelack of net forceconstant velocity was associated with a lack of net forceconstant velocity was associated with a lack of net forcelack of net force

  • Prediction:

Who proposed that innate intertial is the natural state of objects?

  • Ground Truth Answers: NewtonNewtonNewtonNewtonNewton

  • Prediction:

What law connects relative velocities with inertia?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Newton's Firstfirst lawNewton's First LawFirst LawNewton's First Law

  • Prediction:

What are the laws of physics of Galileo, in reference to objest in motion and rest?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the samea Galilean transformationGalilean transformationthe laws of physics are the same in every inertial frame of referencethe same in every inertial frame of reference

  • Prediction:

Newton's Second Law of Motion states what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The second law contradicts what belief?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Whose law made rest physically indistinguishable from zero constant velocity?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What laws are different in every inertial frame of reference?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

For instance, while traveling in a moving vehicle at a constant velocity, the laws of physics do not change from being at rest. A person can throw a ball straight up in the air and catch it as it falls down without worrying about applying a force in the direction the vehicle is moving. This is true even though another person who is observing the moving vehicle pass by also observes the ball follow a curving parabolic path in the same direction as the motion of the vehicle. It is the inertia of the ball associated with its constant velocity in the direction of the vehicle's motion that ensures the ball continues to move forward even as it is thrown up and falls back down. From the perspective of the person in the car, the vehicle and everything inside of it is at rest: It is the outside world that is moving with a constant speed in the opposite direction. Since there is no experiment that can distinguish whether it is the vehicle that is at rest or the outside world that is at rest, the two situations are considered to be physically indistinguishable. Inertia therefore applies equally well to constant velocity motion as it does to rest.

What doesn't change from being at rest to movement at a constant velocity?

  • Ground Truth Answers: laws of physicsthe laws of physicsthe laws of physicsthe laws of physicsthe laws of physics

  • Prediction:

What path does a ball thrown up and down in a moving vehicle take when seen by an outside observer?

  • Ground Truth Answers: parabolicparabolic patha curving parabolic pathcurving parabolic pathcurving parabolic path

  • Prediction:

What sate are things inside of a moving vehicle as seen by a person inside the vehicle?

  • Ground Truth Answers: at restat restrestthe vehicle and everything inside of it is at rest:

  • Prediction:

What applies to equally to constant velocity motion as it does to rest.

  • Ground Truth Answers: InertiaInertiaInertiaInertiaInertia

  • Prediction:

The laws of physics change from being at rest when travelling in a what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

From the perspective of whom in the car is the vehicle and everything inside of it at rest?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

There are plenty of experiments that can distinguish whether it is the vehicle that s at rest or what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The two what are considered to be physically distinguishable?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The concept of inertia can be further generalized to explain the tendency of objects to continue in many different forms of constant motion, even those that are not strictly constant velocity. The rotational inertia of planet Earth is what fixes the constancy of the length of a day and the length of a year. Albert Einstein extended the principle of inertia further when he explained that reference frames subject to constant acceleration, such as those free-falling toward a gravitating object, were physically equivalent to inertial reference frames. This is why, for example, astronauts experience weightlessness when in free-fall orbit around the Earth, and why Newton's Laws of Motion are more easily discernible in such environments. If an astronaut places an object with mass in mid-air next to himself, it will remain stationary with respect to the astronaut due to its inertia. This is the same thing that would occur if the astronaut and the object were in intergalactic space with no net force of gravity acting on their shared reference frame. This principle of equivalence was one of the foundational underpinnings for the development of the general theory of relativity.

What concept explains why objects continue in constant motion?

  • Ground Truth Answers: inertiainertiainertiainertiainertia

  • Prediction:

What makes day length constant on Earth?

  • Ground Truth Answers: rotational inertia of planetrotational inertia of planet Earthrotational inertiarotational inertiaThe rotational inertia of planet Earth

  • Prediction:

Who explained that inertial reference frames equaled reference frames subject to constant acceleration?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Albert EinsteinAlbert EinsteinAlbert EinsteinAlbert EinsteinAlbert Einstein

  • Prediction:

What do astronaughts experience while in free-fall?

  • Ground Truth Answers: weightlessnessweightlessnessweightlessnessweightlessnessweightlessness

  • Prediction:

What was the basis mentioned for the develpment of the general theory of relativity?

  • Ground Truth Answers: principle of equivalenceprinciple of equivalenceprinciple of equivalenceprinciple of equivalenceprinciple of equivalence

  • Prediction:

The concept of inertia can explain the tendency of people to continue in what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The rotational inertia of planet Mars is what fixes the what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who explained that reference frames subject to constant deceleration?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What do astronauts experience when in free-fall orbit around Saturn?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Newton's Second Law asserts the direct proportionality of acceleration to force and the inverse proportionality of acceleration to mass. Accelerations can be defined through kinematic measurements. However, while kinematics are well-described through reference frame analysis in advanced physics, there are still deep questions that remain as to what is the proper definition of mass. General relativity offers an equivalence between space-time and mass, but lacking a coherent theory of quantum gravity, it is unclear as to how or whether this connection is relevant on microscales. With some justification, Newton's second law can be taken as a quantitative definition of mass by writing the law as an equality; the relative units of force and mass then are fixed.

What describes the proportionality of acceleration to force and mass?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Newton's Second LawNewton's Second LawNewton's Second LawNewton's Second LawNewton's Second Law

  • Prediction:

What kind of measurements define accelerlations?

  • Ground Truth Answers: kinematickinematic measurementskinematickinematickinematic

  • Prediction:

What has an equivalence between mass and space-time?

  • Ground Truth Answers: General relativityGeneral relativityGeneral relativityGeneral relativityGeneral relativity

  • Prediction:

What is missing a theory on quantum gravity?

  • Ground Truth Answers: General relativitycoherent theory of quantum gravityGeneral relativityGeneral relativity

  • Prediction:

In Newton's second law, what are the units of mass and force in relation to microscales?

  • Ground Truth Answers: fixedan equalityfixedfixedunclear

  • Prediction:

Newton's Third Law asserts the direct proportionality of acceleration to what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Newton's Third Law asserts the inverse proportionality of acceleration to what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Deceleration can be described through what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Specific relativity offers an equivalence between what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Newton's Third Law is a result of applying symmetry to situations where forces can be attributed to the presence of different objects. The third law means that all forces are interactions between different bodies,[Note 3] and thus that there is no such thing as a unidirectional force or a force that acts on only one body. Whenever a first body exerts a force F on a second body, the second body exerts a force −F on the first body. F and −F are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. This law is sometimes referred to as the action-reaction law, with F called the "action" and −F the "reaction". The action and the reaction are simultaneous:

When forces are from the presence of differnet objects, what law gives symmetry?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Newton's ThirdNewton's Third LawNewton's Third LawNewton's Third LawNewton's Third Law

  • Prediction:

What law staes that forces are interactions between bodies?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Newton's ThirdThe third lawThe third lawNewton's Third LawNewton's Third Law

  • Prediction:

What kind of force does not exist under Newton's third law?

  • Ground Truth Answers: unidirectionalunidirectional forceunidirectional forceunidirectionalunidirectional force

  • Prediction:

What is the equality of forces between two objects exerting force on each other??

  • Ground Truth Answers: magnitudeaction-reactionthe action-reaction lawequal in magnitude

  • Prediction:

Newton's Fifth Law is the result of applying symmetry to what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Newton's Fifth Law means that only some forces are interactions between whom?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When a second body exerts a force F on a first body, what happens to the second body?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

This means that in a closed system of particles, there are no internal forces that are unbalanced. That is, the action-reaction force shared between any two objects in a closed system will not cause the center of mass of the system to accelerate. The constituent objects only accelerate with respect to each other, the system itself remains unaccelerated. Alternatively, if an external force acts on the system, then the center of mass will experience an acceleration proportional to the magnitude of the external force divided by the mass of the system.:19-1

What experiences acceleration when external force is applied to a system?

  • Ground Truth Answers: center of masscenter of massthe center of massthe center of massthe center of mass

  • Prediction:

In what kind of system of particles are there no unbalanced iinternal forces?

  • Ground Truth Answers: closedclosed systemclosed system of particlesa closed system of particlesa closed system

  • Prediction:

What is the magnitude of force divided by when external force is added?

  • Ground Truth Answers: mass of the systemmass of the systemthe mass of the systemthe mass of the systemmass of the system

  • Prediction:

In an open system of particles, there are no internal what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What are balance in an open system of particles?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

If an internal force acts on the system, the center of mass will experience what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The constituent objects only decelerate with respect to what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Since forces are perceived as pushes or pulls, this can provide an intuitive understanding for describing forces. As with other physical concepts (e.g. temperature), the intuitive understanding of forces is quantified using precise operational definitions that are consistent with direct observations and compared to a standard measurement scale. Through experimentation, it is determined that laboratory measurements of forces are fully consistent with the conceptual definition of force offered by Newtonian mechanics.

What does pushing and pulling perceptions provide for describing forces?

  • Ground Truth Answers: intuitive understandingan intuitive understandingan intuitive understandingintuitive understandingan intuitive understanding

  • Prediction:

What is used to quantify the intuitive undestanding of forces?

  • Ground Truth Answers: standard measurement scaleprecise operational definitionsprecise operational definitionsprecise operational definitionsprecise operational definitions

  • Prediction:

What offers a conceptual definition of force?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Newtonian mechanicsNewtonian mechanicsNewtonian mechanicsNewtonian mechanicsNewtonian mechanics

  • Prediction:

How are laboratory measurements of forces determined?

  • Ground Truth Answers: experimentationThrough experimentationThrough experimentationThrough experimentationexperimentation

  • Prediction:

Laboratory measurements of forces are fully inconsistent with what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The conceptual definition of pushes and pulls are offered by what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Newtonian mechanisms are the definition of what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What is an example of a metaphysical concept?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Forces act in a particular direction and have sizes dependent upon how strong the push or pull is. Because of these characteristics, forces are classified as "vector quantities". This means that forces follow a different set of mathematical rules than physical quantities that do not have direction (denoted scalar quantities). For example, when determining what happens when two forces act on the same object, it is necessary to know both the magnitude and the direction of both forces to calculate the result. If both of these pieces of information are not known for each force, the situation is ambiguous. For example, if you know that two people are pulling on the same rope with known magnitudes of force but you do not know which direction either person is pulling, it is impossible to determine what the acceleration of the rope will be. The two people could be pulling against each other as in tug of war or the two people could be pulling in the same direction. In this simple one-dimensional example, without knowing the direction of the forces it is impossible to decide whether the net force is the result of adding the two force magnitudes or subtracting one from the other. Associating forces with vectors avoids such problems.

How are forces classified with regard to push and pull strengt?

  • Ground Truth Answers: vector quantitiesvector quantitiesvector quantities"vector quantities"dependent upon how strong

  • Prediction:

What physical quantities do not have direction?

  • Ground Truth Answers: denoted scalar quantitiesscalar quantitiesdenoted scalar quantitiesscalar quantitiesscalar quantities

  • Prediction:

How do you avoid problems when determining forces involved on an object from two or more sources?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Associating forces with vectorsAssociating forces with vectorsAssociating forces with vectorsAssociating forces with vectorsknow both the magnitude and the direction of both forces to calculate the result

  • Prediction:

If you do not know both magnitude and direction of two forces on an object, what would you call that situation?

  • Ground Truth Answers: ambiguousambiguousambiguousambiguousambiguous

  • Prediction:

How do you determine the acceleration of a rope when two people are pulling it?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Associating forces with vectorsAssociating forces with vectorsadding the two force magnitudes or subtracting one from the otherknowing the direction of the forcesit is impossible

  • Prediction:

What acts in no particular direction?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What has sizes depending on how weak the push or pull is?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What are classified as "vintage quantities"?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What follows the same set of mathematical rules than physical quantities?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Historically, forces were first quantitatively investigated in conditions of static equilibrium where several forces canceled each other out. Such experiments demonstrate the crucial properties that forces are additive vector quantities: they have magnitude and direction. When two forces act on a point particle, the resulting force, the resultant (also called the net force), can be determined by following the parallelogram rule of vector addition: the addition of two vectors represented by sides of a parallelogram, gives an equivalent resultant vector that is equal in magnitude and direction to the transversal of the parallelogram. The magnitude of the resultant varies from the difference of the magnitudes of the two forces to their sum, depending on the angle between their lines of action. However, if the forces are acting on an extended body, their respective lines of application must also be specified in order to account for their effects on the motion of the body.

In what conditions were forces first measured historically?

  • Ground Truth Answers: static equilibriumstatic equilibriumconditions of static equilibriumstatic equilibriumstatic equilibrium

  • Prediction:

What do forces have with regard to additive quantities?

  • Ground Truth Answers: magnitude and directionmagnitude and directionmagnitude and directionmagnitude and directionmagnitude and direction

  • Prediction:

What is the resultant force called when two forces act on a particle?

  • Ground Truth Answers: net forcenet forcethe resultant (also called the net force)net forcenet force

  • Prediction:

When forces are acting on an extended body, what do you need to account for motion effects?

  • Ground Truth Answers: respective lines of applicationrespective lines of applicationtheir respective lines of applicationtheir respective lines of applicationtheir effects on the motion of the body

  • Prediction:

What geometric shape is used in equations to determine net force?

  • Ground Truth Answers: parallelogramparallelogramparallelogramparallelogramparallelogram

  • Prediction:

When three forces act on a point particle, what happens?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What is also called the nut force?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The magnitude of the resultant varies from the similarities of what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What must be specified in order to account for their effects on the motion of the head?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

As well as being added, forces can also be resolved into independent components at right angles to each other. A horizontal force pointing northeast can therefore be split into two forces, one pointing north, and one pointing east. Summing these component forces using vector addition yields the original force. Resolving force vectors into components of a set of basis vectors is often a more mathematically clean way to describe forces than using magnitudes and directions. This is because, for orthogonal components, the components of the vector sum are uniquely determined by the scalar addition of the components of the individual vectors. Orthogonal components are independent of each other because forces acting at ninety degrees to each other have no effect on the magnitude or direction of the other. Choosing a set of orthogonal basis vectors is often done by considering what set of basis vectors will make the mathematics most convenient. Choosing a basis vector that is in the same direction as one of the forces is desirable, since that force would then have only one non-zero component. Orthogonal force vectors can be three-dimensional with the third component being at right-angles to the other two.

Whwn forces are at right ngles to each other what can they be broken down to?

  • Ground Truth Answers: independent componentsindependent componentsindependent componentsindependent components

  • Prediction:

If a force is pointing horizontally to the northeast, how many forces can you split the force into?

  • Ground Truth Answers: twotwotwotwo

  • Prediction:

What do you get when you figure the sum of forces with vector addition?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the original forcethe original forcethe original forcethe original force

  • Prediction:

What are the independant components of a vector sum that has been determined by scalar addition of individual vectors?

  • Ground Truth Answers: orthogonaluniquely determinedorthogonal componentsorthogonal components

  • Prediction:

What can orthogonal forces be when there are three components with two at right angles to each other?

  • Ground Truth Answers: three-dimensionalthree-dimensionalthree-dimensionalthree-dimensional

  • Prediction:

As well as being subtracted, forces can also what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

A vertical force pointing northeast can be split into how many forces?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What yields the non original force?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Orthogonal force vectors can can four-dimensional with what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Pushing against an object on a frictional surface can result in a situation where the object does not move because the applied force is opposed by static friction, generated between the object and the table surface. For a situation with no movement, the static friction force exactly balances the applied force resulting in no acceleration. The static friction increases or decreases in response to the applied force up to an upper limit determined by the characteristics of the contact between the surface and the object.

What can keep an object from moving when it is being pushed on a surface?

  • Ground Truth Answers: static frictionstatic frictionfrictionstatic frictionapplied force

  • Prediction:

What is generated between a surface and an object that is being pushed?

  • Ground Truth Answers: static frictionstatic frictionstatic frictionstatic frictionstatic friction

  • Prediction:

Static friction balances what force when there is no movement of an object on a surface?

  • Ground Truth Answers: appliedapplied forceapplied forceapplied forceapplied

  • Prediction:

What makes static friction go up or down in responce to contact characteristics between an object and the surface it is on?

  • Ground Truth Answers: applied forceapplied forceapplied forceapplied forceapplied force

  • Prediction:

Pulling on an object on a frictional surface can result in what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When will an object move because the applied force is opposed by static friction?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What increases or decreases in response to applied friction?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What increases or decreases in response to static friction?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

A static equilibrium between two forces is the most usual way of measuring forces, using simple devices such as weighing scales and spring balances. For example, an object suspended on a vertical spring scale experiences the force of gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by the "spring reaction force", which equals the object's weight. Using such tools, some quantitative force laws were discovered: that the force of gravity is proportional to volume for objects of constant density (widely exploited for millennia to define standard weights); Archimedes' principle for buoyancy; Archimedes' analysis of the lever; Boyle's law for gas pressure; and Hooke's law for springs. These were all formulated and experimentally verified before Isaac Newton expounded his Three Laws of Motion.

What can scales and spring balances measure between two forces by using static equilibrium?

  • Ground Truth Answers: forcesstatic equilibriumforcesforce of gravityforces

  • Prediction:

What force acts on an object suspended on a spring scale in addition to gravity?

  • Ground Truth Answers: spring reaction forcespring reaction forcethe force of gravityspring reactionspring reaction force

  • Prediction:

What equals the spring reaction force on an object suspended on a spring reaction scale?

  • Ground Truth Answers: gravityobject's weightspring reaction forcethe object's weightthe object's weight

  • Prediction:

Objects of constant density are proportional to volume by what force to define standard weights?.

  • Ground Truth Answers: gravitygravitythe force of gravityforce of gravitythe force of gravity

  • Prediction:

Who expounded the Three Laws of Motion?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Isaac NewtonIsaac NewtonIsaac NewtonIsaac NewtonIsaac Newton

  • Prediction:

A static equilibrium between three sources is a way of doing what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Complex devices such as weighing scales are used when measuring what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

An object suspended on a horizontal spring scale experiences the force of what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

All quantitative force laws were discovered using what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Dynamic equilibrium was first described by Galileo who noticed that certain assumptions of Aristotelian physics were contradicted by observations and logic. Galileo realized that simple velocity addition demands that the concept of an "absolute rest frame" did not exist. Galileo concluded that motion in a constant velocity was completely equivalent to rest. This was contrary to Aristotle's notion of a "natural state" of rest that objects with mass naturally approached. Simple experiments showed that Galileo's understanding of the equivalence of constant velocity and rest were correct. For example, if a mariner dropped a cannonball from the crow's nest of a ship moving at a constant velocity, Aristotelian physics would have the cannonball fall straight down while the ship moved beneath it. Thus, in an Aristotelian universe, the falling cannonball would land behind the foot of the mast of a moving ship. However, when this experiment is actually conducted, the cannonball always falls at the foot of the mast, as if the cannonball knows to travel with the ship despite being separated from it. Since there is no forward horizontal force being applied on the cannonball as it falls, the only conclusion left is that the cannonball continues to move with the same velocity as the boat as it falls. Thus, no force is required to keep the cannonball moving at the constant forward velocity.

Who first described dynamic equilibrium?

  • Ground Truth Answers: GalileoGalileoGalileoGalileoGalileo

  • Prediction:

What does motion at a constant velocity equal?

  • Ground Truth Answers: restrestrestrestrest

  • Prediction:

Who had the idea of a natural state for objects at rest?

  • Ground Truth Answers: GalileoAristotle'sAristotleAristotleAristotle's

  • Prediction:

Where will a canonball dropped from the crow's nest of a ship land according to Aristotle?

  • Ground Truth Answers: behind the foot of the maststraight downbehind the foot of the mastbehind the foot of the mastbehind the foot of the mast of a moving ship

  • Prediction:

Where does a canonball dropped from the crow's nest of a ship actually land?

  • Ground Truth Answers: foot of the mastthe foot of the mastat the foot of the mastat the foot of the mastat the foot of the mast

  • Prediction:

What type of equilibrium was first described by Aristotle?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Which physics were not contradicted by observations and logic?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

In what universe would a falling cannonball land in front of the mast of a moving ship?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who concluded that motion in a constant velocity was completely equivalent to motion?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

A simple case of dynamic equilibrium occurs in constant velocity motion across a surface with kinetic friction. In such a situation, a force is applied in the direction of motion while the kinetic friction force exactly opposes the applied force. This results in zero net force, but since the object started with a non-zero velocity, it continues to move with a non-zero velocity. Aristotle misinterpreted this motion as being caused by the applied force. However, when kinetic friction is taken into consideration it is clear that there is no net force causing constant velocity motion.

What occurs when traveling across a surface at a constant velocity with regard to friction?

  • Ground Truth Answers: dynamic equilibriumdynamic equilibriumdynamic equilibriumdynamic equilibriumdynamic equilibrium

  • Prediction:

What directly opposes the force applied to move an object across a surface?

  • Ground Truth Answers: kinetic friction forcekinetic friction forcekinetic friction forcekinetic frictionkinetic friction force

  • Prediction:

What has to accounted for that causes no net force being the cause of constant velocity motion?

  • Ground Truth Answers: kinetic frictionobject started with a non-zero velocitykinetic frictionkinetic friction

  • Prediction:

Who thought that applied force caused movement of an object regardless of non-zero velocity?

  • Ground Truth Answers: AristotleAristotleAristotleAristotleAristotle

  • Prediction:

What equilibrium occurs in fluctuating velocity motion?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What continues to move with a zero velocity?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What started with a zero velocity?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

There is much net force when what is taken into consideration?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The notion "force" keeps its meaning in quantum mechanics, though one is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now described by the Schrödinger equation instead of Newtonian equations. This has the consequence that the results of a measurement are now sometimes "quantized", i.e. they appear in discrete portions. This is, of course, difficult to imagine in the context of "forces". However, the potentials V(x,y,z) or fields, from which the forces generally can be derived, are treated similar to classical position variables, i.e., .

What equation currently decribes the physics of force.

  • Ground Truth Answers: SchrödingerNewtonian equationsthe Schrödinger equationSchrödingerSchrödinger equation

  • Prediction:

What equation desribed the physics of force before the current Schrodinger equation?

  • Ground Truth Answers: NewtonianNewtonian equationsNewtonian equations.NewtonianNewtonian equations

  • Prediction:

How are the forces derived from fields treated similarly to?

  • Ground Truth Answers: classical position variablesclassical position variablesclassical position variablesclassical position variablesclassical position variables

  • Prediction:

What type of measurements result under Schrodinger equations when using operators instead of Newtonian variables?

  • Ground Truth Answers: quantizedoperatorsquantizedquantizedquantized

  • Prediction:

What notion keeps it's meaning through both Netonian and Schrodinger physics equations?

  • Ground Truth Answers: forceforceforceforceThe notion "force"

  • Prediction:

What notion does not keep its meaning in quantum mechanics?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What notion causes one to deal with classical variables instead of operators?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What is now described by the Newtonian equations?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What used to be described by the Schrodinger equation?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

However, already in quantum mechanics there is one "caveat", namely the particles acting onto each other do not only possess the spatial variable, but also a discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable called the "spin", and there is the Pauli principle relating the space and the spin variables. Depending on the value of the spin, identical particles split into two different classes, fermions and bosons. If two identical fermions (e.g. electrons) have a symmetric spin function (e.g. parallel spins) the spatial variables must be antisymmetric (i.e. they exclude each other from their places much as if there was a repulsive force), and vice versa, i.e. for antiparallel spins the position variables must be symmetric (i.e. the apparent force must be attractive). Thus in the case of two fermions there is a strictly negative correlation between spatial and spin variables, whereas for two bosons (e.g. quanta of electromagnetic waves, photons) the correlation is strictly positive.

What is the intrisic angular variable called when particles act upon one another?

  • Ground Truth Answers: spinspinspinspinthe "spin

  • Prediction:

What is the principle about relating spin and space variables?

  • Ground Truth Answers: PauliPauli principlePauli principlePauliPauli

  • Prediction:

What value does the seperating into fermions and bosons depend?

  • Ground Truth Answers: spinvalue of the spinthe value of the spinthe spinvalue of the spin,

  • Prediction:

If the apparant force of two fermions is attractive, what is the spin function?

  • Ground Truth Answers: antiparallelantiparallel spinsantisymmetricantiparallelantiparallel

  • Prediction:

If the apparant force of two fermions is repulsive, what is the spin function?

  • Ground Truth Answers: parallelantisymmetricsymmetricparallelsymmetric

  • Prediction:

Identical particles split into two different classes depending on the formation of what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

If three identical fermions have a symmetric spin, the spatial variables must be what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When is the correlation occasionally positive?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When is the correlation occasionally negative?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

In modern particle physics, forces and the acceleration of particles are explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons. With the development of quantum field theory and general relativity, it was realized that force is a redundant concept arising from conservation of momentum (4-momentum in relativity and momentum of virtual particles in quantum electrodynamics). The conservation of momentum can be directly derived from the homogeneity or symmetry of space and so is usually considered more fundamental than the concept of a force. Thus the currently known fundamental forces are considered more accurately to be "fundamental interactions".:199–128 When particle A emits (creates) or absorbs (annihilates) virtual particle B, a momentum conservation results in recoil of particle A making impression of repulsion or attraction between particles A A' exchanging by B. This description applies to all forces arising from fundamental interactions. While sophisticated mathematical descriptions are needed to predict, in full detail, the accurate result of such interactions, there is a conceptually simple way to describe such interactions through the use of Feynman diagrams. In a Feynman diagram, each matter particle is represented as a straight line (see world line) traveling through time, which normally increases up or to the right in the diagram. Matter and anti-matter particles are identical except for their direction of propagation through the Feynman diagram. World lines of particles intersect at interaction vertices, and the Feynman diagram represents any force arising from an interaction as occurring at the vertex with an associated instantaneous change in the direction of the particle world lines. Gauge bosons are emitted away from the vertex as wavy lines and, in the case of virtual particle exchange, are absorbed at an adjacent vertex.

How are the particle forces and accelerations explained as by gauge bosons exchange?

  • Ground Truth Answers: mathematical by-productmathematical by-product of exchangea mathematical by-product of exchange of momentummathematical by-product of exchange

  • Prediction:

What is the redundant concept coming from momentum conservation?

  • Ground Truth Answers: force4-momentum in relativity and momentum of virtual particles in quantum electrodynamicsforce

  • Prediction:

What is more fundamental than force in quanton field theory?

  • Ground Truth Answers: conservation of momentumconservation of momentumconservation of momentumthe currently known fundamental forces

  • Prediction:

What diagrams are used to simplify particle interactions on a fundamental level?

  • Ground Truth Answers: FeynmanFeynman diagramsFeynman

  • Prediction:

Matter particles are shown as what kind of lines in a Feynman diagram?

  • Ground Truth Answers: straightstraight linestraightstraight

  • Prediction:

What can be indirectly derived from the symmetry of space?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What is considered less fundamental than the concept of force?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What are considered less accurately to be "fundamental interactions"?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

In whose diagram is each matter particle represented as a curved line?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

All of the forces in the universe are based on four fundamental interactions. The strong and weak forces are nuclear forces that act only at very short distances, and are responsible for the interactions between subatomic particles, including nucleons and compound nuclei. The electromagnetic force acts between electric charges, and the gravitational force acts between masses. All other forces in nature derive from these four fundamental interactions. For example, friction is a manifestation of the electromagnetic force acting between the atoms of two surfaces, and the Pauli exclusion principle, which does not permit atoms to pass through each other. Similarly, the forces in springs, modeled by Hooke's law, are the result of electromagnetic forces and the Exclusion Principle acting together to return an object to its equilibrium position. Centrifugal forces are acceleration forces that arise simply from the acceleration of rotating frames of reference.:12-11:359

How many interactions are all of the universal forces based on?

  • Ground Truth Answers: fourfourfourfour

  • Prediction:

What nuclear forces only act at short distances?

  • Ground Truth Answers: strong and weakstrong and weak forcesstrong and weakstrong and weak forces

  • Prediction:

What force acts between electric charges?

  • Ground Truth Answers: electromagneticelectromagnetic forceelectromagnetic

  • Prediction:

What do gravitational forces act between?

  • Ground Truth Answers: massesmassesmassesmasses

  • Prediction:

What prohibits atoms from passing through each other?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Pauli exclusion principlethe Pauli exclusion principlethe Pauli exclusion principlePauli exclusion principle

  • Prediction:

All the forces in what are based on three fundamental interactions?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Most of the forces in the universe are based on how many fundamental interactions?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What type of forces act at very long distances?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What forces are responsible for the interactions between atomic particles?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The development of fundamental theories for forces proceeded along the lines of unification of disparate ideas. For example, Isaac Newton unified the force responsible for objects falling at the surface of the Earth with the force responsible for the orbits of celestial mechanics in his universal theory of gravitation. Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic forces were unified through one consistent theory of electromagnetism. In the 20th century, the development of quantum mechanics led to a modern understanding that the first three fundamental forces (all except gravity) are manifestations of matter (fermions) interacting by exchanging virtual particles called gauge bosons. This standard model of particle physics posits a similarity between the forces and led scientists to predict the unification of the weak and electromagnetic forces in electroweak theory subsequently confirmed by observation. The complete formulation of the standard model predicts an as yet unobserved Higgs mechanism, but observations such as neutrino oscillations indicate that the standard model is incomplete. A Grand Unified Theory allowing for the combination of the electroweak interaction with the strong force is held out as a possibility with candidate theories such as supersymmetry proposed to accommodate some of the outstanding unsolved problems in physics. Physicists are still attempting to develop self-consistent unification models that would combine all four fundamental interactions into a theory of everything. Einstein tried and failed at this endeavor, but currently the most popular approach to answering this question is string theory.:212–219

Who formed the universal theory of gravitation?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Isaac NewtonIsaac NewtonIsaac NewtonIsaac Newton

  • Prediction:

In what century was quantum mechanics made?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 20ththe 20th century20th20th

  • Prediction:

What kind of self-consistent models are physicists trying to make that would create a theory of everything?

  • Ground Truth Answers: unificationunification modelsunificationunification

  • Prediction:

What type of physics model did Einstein fail to make?

  • Ground Truth Answers: self-consistent unificationself-consistent unification modelsself-consistent unificationself-consistent unification models that would combine all four fundamental interactions

  • Prediction:

What proceeded along the lines of unification of similar ideas?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who unified the force responsible for atoms falling at the surface of the Earth?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who demonstrated that electric and magnetic forces were unified through two consistent theories?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

In the 19th century, the development of quantum mechanics led to what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton. Before Newton, the tendency for objects to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects. Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determining that the acceleration of every object in free-fall was constant and independent of the mass of the object. Today, this acceleration due to gravity towards the surface of the Earth is usually designated as  and has a magnitude of about 9.81 meters per second squared (this measurement is taken from sea level and may vary depending on location), and points toward the center of the Earth. This observation means that the force of gravity on an object at the Earth's surface is directly proportional to the object's mass. Thus an object that has a mass of  will experience a force:

Who identified gravity as a force?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Isaac NewtonIsaac NewtonIsaac NewtonIsaac Newton

  • Prediction:

Who came up with the concept that falling objects fell at the same speed regardless of weight?

  • Ground Truth Answers: GalileoGalileoGalileoGalileo

  • Prediction:

How fast do objects fall on Earth?

  • Ground Truth Answers: about 9.81 meters per second squaredabout 9.81 meters per second squaredabout 9.81 meters per second9.81 meters per second

  • Prediction:

Where was the measurment for the standard gravity on Earth taken?

  • Ground Truth Answers: sea levelsea levelsea levelfrom sea level

  • Prediction:

What is an object's mass proportional to at the surface of the Earth?

  • Ground Truth Answers: force of gravitythe force of gravity on an objectforce of gravityforce of gravity

  • Prediction:

Until the work of Galileo, what was not identified as a universal force?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Newton was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What has a magnitude of about 8.81 meters per second squared?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What was identified as a universal force after the work of Galileo?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances. In particular, Newton determined that the acceleration of the Moon around the Earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law. Further, Newton realized that the acceleration due to gravity is proportional to the mass of the attracting body. Combining these ideas gives a formula that relates the mass () and the radius () of the Earth to the gravitational acceleration:

How might gravity effects be observed differently according to Newton?

  • Ground Truth Answers: at larger distances.at larger distancesat larger distancesat larger distances

  • Prediction:

What could be attributed to gravity acceleration around the Earth?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the Moonthe mass () and the radius () of the Earthforce of gravitythe same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law.

  • Prediction:

What is gravitational acceleration proportional to?

  • Ground Truth Answers: massthe mass of the attracting bodythe mass of the attracting bodythe mass of the attracting body

  • Prediction:

What is included along with gravitational acceration, and mass of the Earth in a formula about rotation about the Earth?

  • Ground Truth Answers: radius () of the Earththe radius () of the Earthradius

  • Prediction:

Who realized that the effects of gravity might be observed differently at smaller distances?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Newton said that the acceleration of the Earth around the Moon represented what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who realized that gravitational deceleration was proportional to mass?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Newton realized that gravitational deceleration was proportional to what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

In this equation, a dimensional constant  is used to describe the relative strength of gravity. This constant has come to be known as Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant, though its value was unknown in Newton's lifetime. Not until 1798 was Henry Cavendish able to make the first measurement of  using a torsion balance; this was widely reported in the press as a measurement of the mass of the Earth since knowing  could allow one to solve for the Earth's mass given the above equation. Newton, however, realized that since all celestial bodies followed the same laws of motion, his law of gravity had to be universal. Succinctly stated, Newton's Law of Gravitation states that the force on a spherical object of mass  due to the gravitational pull of mass  is

What is used to figure the relative strengh of gravity?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant,dimensional constanta dimensional constanta dimensional constant

  • Prediction:

Who made the first to measure value of the Newton Universal Gravitation Constant?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Henry CavendishHenry CavendishHenry CavendishHenry Cavendish

  • Prediction:

When was the first measurement of the value of the Newton Universal Gravitation Constant?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 1798179817981798

  • Prediction:

Who figured out that his law of gravity had to be universal?

  • Ground Truth Answers: NewtonNewtonNewtonNewton

  • Prediction:

What is used to describe the weakness of gravity?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Whose value was know in Newton's life?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who realized that only some celestial bodies followed the same laws of motion?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Cavendish's Law of Gravitation states what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

It was only the orbit of the planet Mercury that Newton's Law of Gravitation seemed not to fully explain. Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet (Vulcan) that would explain the discrepancies; however, despite some early indications, no such planet could be found. When Albert Einstein formulated his theory of general relativity (GR) he turned his attention to the problem of Mercury's orbit and found that his theory added a correction, which could account for the discrepancy. This was the first time that Newton's Theory of Gravity had been shown to be less correct than an alternative.

What planet seemed to buck Newton's gravitational laws?

  • Ground Truth Answers: MercuryMercuryMercuryMercury

  • Prediction:

What planet did astrophysisist predict to explain the problems with Mercury?

  • Ground Truth Answers: VulcanVulcanVulcanVulcan

  • Prediction:

What theory accounted for the Mercury problem?

  • Ground Truth Answers: theory of general relativitytheory of general relativity (GR)general relativitygeneral relativity

  • Prediction:

Who came up with the theory of relativity?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Albert EinsteinAlbert EinsteinAlbert EinsteinAlbert Einstein

  • Prediction:

Who first showed that Newton's Theory of Gravity was not as correct as another theory?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Albert EinsteinAlbert EinsteinAlbert EinsteinAlbert Einstein

  • Prediction:

Whose law did not explain the orbit of the planet Saturn?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who predicted the existence of many other planets?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Albert Einstein formulated what law?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The planet Vulcan was predicted to explain the what with planet Saturn?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Since then, and so far, general relativity has been acknowledged as the theory that best explains gravity. In GR, gravitation is not viewed as a force, but rather, objects moving freely in gravitational fields travel under their own inertia in straight lines through curved space-time – defined as the shortest space-time path between two space-time events. From the perspective of the object, all motion occurs as if there were no gravitation whatsoever. It is only when observing the motion in a global sense that the curvature of space-time can be observed and the force is inferred from the object's curved path. Thus, the straight line path in space-time is seen as a curved line in space, and it is called the ballistic trajectory of the object. For example, a basketball thrown from the ground moves in a parabola, as it is in a uniform gravitational field. Its space-time trajectory (when the extra ct dimension is added) is almost a straight line, slightly curved (with the radius of curvature of the order of few light-years). The time derivative of the changing momentum of the object is what we label as "gravitational force".

What theory best explains gravity?

  • Ground Truth Answers: general relativitygeneral relativitygeneral relativitygeneral relativity

  • Prediction:

What space-time path is seen as a curved line in space?

  • Ground Truth Answers: ballistic trajectorypath between two space-time eventsstraight linesthe shortest space-time path between two space-time events.

  • Prediction:

What is the derivative of an object's changing momentum called?

  • Ground Truth Answers: gravitational forcegravitational forcegravitational forcegravitational force

  • Prediction:

In what sense must you be observing the curvature of space-time?

  • Ground Truth Answers: globala global sensein spacethe perspective of the object

  • Prediction:

What theory least best describes gravity?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What is viewed as a force in GR?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The curved line path in space-time is seen as a what line in space?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What describes objects not moving freely?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Through combining the definition of electric current as the time rate of change of electric charge, a rule of vector multiplication called Lorentz's Law describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field. The connection between electricity and magnetism allows for the description of a unified electromagnetic force that acts on a charge. This force can be written as a sum of the electrostatic force (due to the electric field) and the magnetic force (due to the magnetic field). Fully stated, this is the law:

What is the law named that defines a charge moving through a magnetic field?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Lorentz's LawLorentz's LawLorentz's LawLorentz's Law

  • Prediction:

What is the time rate of change of electric charge?

  • Ground Truth Answers: electric currentelectric currentelectric currentelectric current

  • Prediction:

What magnetic and electric force acts on a charge?

  • Ground Truth Answers: unified electromagneticunified electromagnetic forceelectromagneticunified electromagnetic force

  • Prediction:

Whatare the electrostatic and magnetic force awritten as the sum of?

  • Ground Truth Answers: electrostatic forcethe electrostatic force (due to the electric field) and the magnetic force (due to the magnetic field).electrostatic force (due to the electric field) and the magnetic forcethe electrostatic force (due to the electric field) and the magnetic force

  • Prediction:

Lorenzo's Law describes what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The connection between energy and what allows for a unified electromagnetic force that acts on a charge?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What force describes Lorenzo's Law?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Which law is a rule of vector addition?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The origin of electric and magnetic fields would not be fully explained until 1864 when James Clerk Maxwell unified a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations, which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs. These "Maxwell Equations" fully described the sources of the fields as being stationary and moving charges, and the interactions of the fields themselves. This led Maxwell to discover that electric and magnetic fields could be "self-generating" through a wave that traveled at a speed that he calculated to be the speed of light. This insight united the nascent fields of electromagnetic theory with optics and led directly to a complete description of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Who first fully explained the origins of magnetic and electric fields?

  • Ground Truth Answers: James Clerk MaxwellJames Clerk MaxwellJames Clerk MaxwellJames Clerk Maxwell

  • Prediction:

When did the origins of magnetic and electric fields occur?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 1864186418641864

  • Prediction:

How many scalar equations were formed into a set by James Maxwell?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 20202020

  • Prediction:

How many vector equations did Heaviside and Gibbs reformilate Maxwell's 20 scalar equtions into?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 4444

  • Prediction:

Who discovered that magnetic and electric could self-generate?

  • Ground Truth Answers: MaxwellJames Clerk MaxwellMaxwellMaxwell

  • Prediction:

The origin of what would not be fully explained until 1964?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who separated a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What was later formulated into 3 vector equations?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Who discovered that electric and magnetic fields could be "self-aware"

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

However, attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations, the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome. Through the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modification to electromagnetic theory ultimately led to quantum electrodynamics (or QED), which fully describes all electromagnetic phenomena as being mediated by wave–particles known as photons. In QED, photons are the fundamental exchange particle, which described all interactions relating to electromagnetism including the electromagnetic force.[Note 4]

What was dificult to reconcile the photoelectric effect and the missing ultraviolet catastrophe?

  • Ground Truth Answers: electromagnetic theoryelectromagnetic theoryelectromagnetic theoryelectromagnetic theory

  • Prediction:

What was used to create a new electromagnetic theory to reconcile the troubles with electromagnetic theory as it used to stand?

  • Ground Truth Answers: quantum mechanicsquantum mechanicsquantum mechanicsthe work of leading theoretical physicists

  • Prediction:

What did electromagnetic theory finally lead to?

  • Ground Truth Answers: quantum electrodynamicsquantum electrodynamics (or QED)quantum electrodynamicsquantum electrodynamics

  • Prediction:

What are the wave-particles called that mediate all electromagnetic phenomena?

  • Ground Truth Answers: photonsphotonsphotonsphotons

  • Prediction:

What is QED short for?

  • Ground Truth Answers: quantum electrodynamicsquantum electrodynamicsquantum electrodynamicsquantum electrodynamics

  • Prediction:

A new theory of what was developed using quantum particles?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What theory led to quantum electromagnetics?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Where are photons the fundamental exchange photon?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Quantum theory was used to develop a new theory of what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

It is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle.[citation needed] Since electrons are fermions, they cannot occupy the same quantum mechanical state as other electrons. When the electrons in a material are densely packed together, there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all, so some of them must be in higher energy states. This means that it takes energy to pack them together. While this effect is manifested macroscopically as a structural force, it is technically only the result of the existence of a finite set of electron states.

What is often misunderstood as the cause of matter rigidity?

  • Ground Truth Answers: repulsion of like chargesrepulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic forcerepulsion of like chargesthe repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force

  • Prediction:

What actually causes rigidity in matter?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the Pauli exclusion principlethe Pauli exclusion principlePauli exclusion principlePauli exclusion principle

  • Prediction:

What is needed to pack electrons densely together?

  • Ground Truth Answers: energyenergyenergyenergy

  • Prediction:

How is the Pauli exclusion priciple manifested in the macro world?

  • Ground Truth Answers: as a structural forceas a structural forcea structural forcemacroscopically as a structural force

  • Prediction:

Since electrons are minions, they cannot occupy the same what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When electrons are loosely packed, there is not enough what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What takes no energy to pack them together?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

When what are packed together loosely is there not enough lower energy?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles. However, a residual of the force is observed between hadrons (the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei) as the nuclear force. Here the strong force acts indirectly, transmitted as gluons, which form part of the virtual pi and rho mesons, which classically transmit the nuclear force (see this topic for more). The failure of many searches for free quarks has shown that the elementary particles affected are not directly observable. This phenomenon is called color confinement.

What does stong force act upon?

  • Ground Truth Answers: elementary particleselementary particleselementary particleselementary particles

  • Prediction:

What can be seen between hadrons?

  • Ground Truth Answers: residual of the forceresidual of the forcenucleons in atomic nucleia residual of the force

  • Prediction:

What is the force between nucleons?

  • Ground Truth Answers: nuclearnuclear force.nuclearnuclear force

  • Prediction:

How are nuclear forces transmitted?

  • Ground Truth Answers: as gluonsas gluonsas gluonsas gluons

  • Prediction:

What is the term for the lack of obsevable free quarks?

  • Ground Truth Answers: color confinementcolor confinementcolor confinementcolor confinement

  • Prediction:

The weak force only acts on which particles?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The successful searches for what showed that the elementary particles are not observable?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The residual of what can be seen in front of hadrons?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The weak force acts upon what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. The word "weak" derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravity over short distances. A consistent electroweak theory has also been developed, which shows that electromagnetic forces and the weak force are indistinguishable at a temperatures in excess of approximately 1015 kelvins. Such temperatures have been probed in modern particle accelerators and show the conditions of the universe in the early moments of the Big Bang.

What does the W and Z boson exchange create?

  • Ground Truth Answers: weak forceweak forceweak forceweak force

  • Prediction:

What is the observable effect of W and Z boson exchange?

  • Ground Truth Answers: beta decaybeta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei)beta decaybeta decay

  • Prediction:

What is the effect of beta decay?

  • Ground Truth Answers: radioactivityradioactivityradioactivityradioactivity

  • Prediction:

How many times less is the strenght of the weak field compared to the strong?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 1013101310131013

  • Prediction:

At what temperature do weak and electromagnetic forces appear the same?

  • Ground Truth Answers: approximately 1015 kelvinsin excess of approximately 1015 kelvins1015 kelvinsin excess of approximately 1015 kelvins

  • Prediction:

The strong force is due to the exchange of what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Alpha decay is the most familiar effect of what force?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What force is weaker than gravity over short distances?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What electroweak theory has not been developed?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact. When their electron clouds overlap, Pauli repulsion (due to fermionic nature of electrons) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects.:93 The normal force, for example, is responsible for the structural integrity of tables and floors as well as being the force that responds whenever an external force pushes on a solid object. An example of the normal force in action is the impact force on an object crashing into an immobile surface.

What is the repulsive force of close range atom interaction?

  • Ground Truth Answers: normal forcenormal forcenormal forcenormal force

  • Prediction:

What occurs when electron clouds overlap from different atoms?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Pauli repulsionPauli repulsionPauli repulsionPauli repulsion

  • Prediction:

What causes Pauli repulsion?

  • Ground Truth Answers: fermionic nature of electronsfermionic nature of electronsfermionic nature of electronsfermionic nature of electrons

  • Prediction:

What is the force that causes rigid strength in structures?

  • Ground Truth Answers: normalnormal forcenormal forcenormal force

  • Prediction:

What force is due to attractive forces of interaction?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What repulsion follows when atomic clouds overlap?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What is an example of the abnormal force in action?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The abnormal force is responsible for the structural integrity of what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Tension forces can be modeled using ideal strings that are massless, frictionless, unbreakable, and unstretchable. They can be combined with ideal pulleys, which allow ideal strings to switch physical direction. Ideal strings transmit tension forces instantaneously in action-reaction pairs so that if two objects are connected by an ideal string, any force directed along the string by the first object is accompanied by a force directed along the string in the opposite direction by the second object. By connecting the same string multiple times to the same object through the use of a set-up that uses movable pulleys, the tension force on a load can be multiplied. For every string that acts on a load, another factor of the tension force in the string acts on the load. However, even though such machines allow for an increase in force, there is a corresponding increase in the length of string that must be displaced in order to move the load. These tandem effects result ultimately in the conservation of mechanical energy since the work done on the load is the same no matter how complicated the machine.

What can be used to model tension forces?

  • Ground Truth Answers: ideal stringsideal strings that are masslessideal strings that are masslessideal strings that are massless, frictionless, unbreakable, and unstretchable

  • Prediction:

What do you use to let idea strings switch direction?

  • Ground Truth Answers: ideal pulleysideal pulleysideal pulleysideal pulleys

  • Prediction:

In what way do idea strings transmit tesion forces?

  • Ground Truth Answers: action-reaction pairsinstantaneously in action-reaction pairsin action-reaction pairsinstantaneously in action-reaction pairs

  • Prediction:

What is the final effect of adding more and more idea strings to a load?

  • Ground Truth Answers: conservation of mechanical energyconservation of mechanical energythe tension force on a load can be multipliedtension force on a load can be multiplied

  • Prediction:

What can increase the tension force on a load?

  • Ground Truth Answers: movable pulleysconnecting the same string multiple times to the same object through the use of a set-up that uses movable pulleys,every stringconnecting the same string multiple times to the same object through the use of a set-up that uses movable pulleys

  • Prediction:

What forces can be modeled using ideal friction strings?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What forces can be modeled using ideal mass strings?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Ideal strings transmit what delayed forces?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics in general were first developed to describe how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects. However, in real life, matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object. For situations where lattice holding together the atoms in an object is able to flow, contract, expand, or otherwise change shape, the theories of continuum mechanics describe the way forces affect the material. For example, in extended fluids, differences in pressure result in forces being directed along the pressure gradients as follows:

What did Newton's mechanics affect?

  • Ground Truth Answers: idealized point particlesidealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objectsidealized point particlesidealized point particles

  • Prediction:

What didn't Newton's mechanics affext?

  • Ground Truth Answers: three-dimensional objectsthree-dimensional objectsthree-dimensional objects

  • Prediction:

In what kind of fluid are pressure differences caused by direction of forces over gradients?

  • Ground Truth Answers: extendedextendedextended

  • Prediction:

What may a force on one part of an object affect?

  • Ground Truth Answers: other partsother parts of an objectother parts of an objectother parts of an object

  • Prediction:

What does matter actually have that Newtonian mechanics doesn't address?

  • Ground Truth Answers: extended structureextended structureextended structureextended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object

  • Prediction:

What does not have extended structure?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Forces that act on one part of an object do not act on what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

In extended fluids, similarities in pressure result in forces being directed where?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Whose mechanics affected three dimensional objects?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

where  is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area (the matrix diagonals of the tensor) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to the cross-sectional area (the off-diagonal elements). The stress tensor accounts for forces that cause all strains (deformations) including also tensile stresses and compressions.:133–134:38-1–38-11

What causes strain in structures?

  • Ground Truth Answers: stress tensorstress tensordeformationsThe stress tensor

  • Prediction:

What is used to calculate cross section area in the volume of an object?

  • Ground Truth Answers: pressure termsstress tensorpressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area (the matrix diagonals of the tensor) as well as shear terms

  • Prediction:

What are associated with normal forces?

  • Ground Truth Answers: pressure termsmatrix diagonals of the tensor)pressure terms

  • Prediction:

What includes pressure terms when calculating area in volume?

  • Ground Truth Answers: formalismthe relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculatedformalismThis formalism

  • Prediction:

What does not cause strain in structures?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What is associated with abnormal forces?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What is associated with horizontal forces?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Another term for on-diagonal elements is what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Torque is the rotation equivalent of force in the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity for velocity, and angular momentum for momentum. As a consequence of Newton's First Law of Motion, there exists rotational inertia that ensures that all bodies maintain their angular momentum unless acted upon by an unbalanced torque. Likewise, Newton's Second Law of Motion can be used to derive an analogous equation for the instantaneous angular acceleration of the rigid body:

What is the force equivalent of torque compared to angular momentum?

  • Ground Truth Answers: rotational equivalent for positionrotationrotational inertiaangle is the rotational equivalent for position

  • Prediction:

What would change the rotational inertia of a body under Newton's First Law of Motion?

  • Ground Truth Answers: unbalanced torqueunbalanced torqueunbalanced torquean unbalanced torque

  • Prediction:

To calculate instant angular acceleration of a rigid body what would you use?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Newton's Second Law of MotionNewton's Second Law of MotionNewton's Second Law of MotionNewton's Second Law of Motion

  • Prediction:

What inertia exists because of Newton's Fourth Law of Motion?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What equation is torque like regarding velocity?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What is the rotational equivalent of velocity?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Which of Newton's Laws described a rotational inertia equation?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

where  is the mass of the object,  is the velocity of the object and  is the distance to the center of the circular path and  is the unit vector pointing in the radial direction outwards from the center. This means that the unbalanced centripetal force felt by any object is always directed toward the center of the curving path. Such forces act perpendicular to the velocity vector associated with the motion of an object, and therefore do not change the speed of the object (magnitude of the velocity), but only the direction of the velocity vector. The unbalanced force that accelerates an object can be resolved into a component that is perpendicular to the path, and one that is tangential to the path. This yields both the tangential force, which accelerates the object by either slowing it down or speeding it up, and the radial (centripetal) force, which changes its direction.

Where does centripetal force go?

  • Ground Truth Answers: toward the center of the curving pathcenter of the curving path.the center of the curving pathdirected toward the center of the curving path

  • Prediction:

How do centripetal forces act in relation to vectors of velocity?

  • Ground Truth Answers: perpendicularperpendicularperpendicularperpendicular

  • Prediction:

What force changes an objects direction of travel?

  • Ground Truth Answers: centripetalunbalanced centripetal forceunbalanced centripetal forcecentripetal

  • Prediction:

What is another word for centripetal force?

  • Ground Truth Answers: radialradial (centripetal) forceradialradial

  • Prediction:

What is resposible for speeding up or slowing down an object?

  • Ground Truth Answers: tangential forcetangential forcetangential forcetangential force

  • Prediction:

What force changes an objects speed?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Where does the centripetal force come from?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What path changes the direction of an object?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

A balance force accelerates what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

A conservative force that acts on a closed system has an associated mechanical work that allows energy to convert only between kinetic or potential forms. This means that for a closed system, the net mechanical energy is conserved whenever a conservative force acts on the system. The force, therefore, is related directly to the difference in potential energy between two different locations in space, and can be considered to be an artifact of the potential field in the same way that the direction and amount of a flow of water can be considered to be an artifact of the contour map of the elevation of an area.

What is the only form potential energy can change into?

  • Ground Truth Answers: kinetickinetickinetickinetic

  • Prediction:

What is the only form kinetic energy can change into?

  • Ground Truth Answers: potentialpotentialpotentialpotential

  • Prediction:

What is preserved in a closed system of forces when acted upon?

  • Ground Truth Answers: net mechanical energynet mechanical energynet mechanical energynet mechanical energy

  • Prediction:

What is the force between two locations related to?

  • Ground Truth Answers: difference in potential energythe difference in potential energythe difference in potential energythe difference in potential energy between two different locations in space

  • Prediction:

What is the force called rgarding a potential field between two locations?

  • Ground Truth Answers: artifactartifact of the potential fieldan artifact

  • Prediction:

A liberal force that acts on a closed system has what kind of mechanical work?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Net mechanical energy is what in an open system?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What can not be considered an artifact of the potential field?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

A flow of water can not be considered an artifact of what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

For certain physical scenarios, it is impossible to model forces as being due to gradient of potentials. This is often due to macrophysical considerations that yield forces as arising from a macroscopic statistical average of microstates. For example, friction is caused by the gradients of numerous electrostatic potentials between the atoms, but manifests as a force model that is independent of any macroscale position vector. Nonconservative forces other than friction include other contact forces, tension, compression, and drag. However, for any sufficiently detailed description, all these forces are the results of conservative ones since each of these macroscopic forces are the net results of the gradients of microscopic potentials.

What is sometimes impossible to model?

  • Ground Truth Answers: forcesforces as being due to gradient of potentialsforcesforces as being due to gradient of potentials

  • Prediction:

Why are some forces due to that are impossible to model?

  • Ground Truth Answers: gradient of potentialsmacrophysical considerations that yield forces as arising from a macroscopic statistical average of microstatesgradient of potentials.gradient of potentials

  • Prediction:

What do electrostatic gradiient potentials create?

  • Ground Truth Answers: frictionfrictionfrictionfriction

  • Prediction:

Tension, compression, and drag are what kind of forces?

  • Ground Truth Answers: NonconservativeNonconservative forces other than frictionNonconservativeNonconservative forces

  • Prediction:

It is always possible to model forces as being due to what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Micro-physical considerations yield what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Friction is not caused by the gradients of what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Conservative forces include what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The connection between macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics. In macroscopic closed systems, nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system, and are often associated with the transfer of heat. According to the Second law of thermodynamics, nonconservative forces necessarily result in energy transformations within closed systems from ordered to more random conditions as entropy increases.

In what treatment are nonconservative and conservative forces described?

  • Ground Truth Answers: statistical mechanicsstatistical mechanicsdetaileddetailed treatment with statistical mechanics

  • Prediction:

What changes macroscopic closed system energies?

  • Ground Truth Answers: nonconservative forcesinternal energies of the systemnonconservative forcesnonconservative forces

  • Prediction:

What is the exchange of heat associated with?

  • Ground Truth Answers: nonconservative forcesnonconservative forcesnonconservative forcesnonconservative forces

  • Prediction:

What is the law of thermodynamics associated with closed system heat exchange?

  • Ground Truth Answers: SecondSecond law of thermodynamicsSecond lawSecond

  • Prediction:

What makes energy changes in a closed system?

  • Ground Truth Answers: nonconservative forcesnonconservative forcesnonconservative forcesnonconservative forces

  • Prediction:

In macroscopic open systems, non conservative forces act to do what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What are often associated with the transfer of cold?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

Conservative forces are often associated with the transfer of what?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What does not change macroscopic closed systems?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

The pound-force has a metric counterpart, less commonly used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond), is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass. The kilogram-force leads to an alternate, but rarely used unit of mass: the metric slug (sometimes mug or hyl) is that mass that accelerates at 1 m·s−2 when subjected to a force of 1 kgf. The kilogram-force is not a part of the modern SI system, and is generally deprecated; however it still sees use for some purposes as expressing aircraft weight, jet thrust, bicycle spoke tension, torque wrench settings and engine output torque. Other arcane units of force include the sthène, which is equivalent to 1000 N, and the kip, which is equivalent to 1000 lbf.

What is the metric term less used than the Newton?

  • Ground Truth Answers: kilogram-forcepound-forcekilogram-force (kgf)kilogram-forcethe kilogram-force (

  • Prediction:

What is the kilogram-force sometimes reffered to as?

  • Ground Truth Answers: kilopondkilopondkilopondkilopondkilopond

  • Prediction:

What is a very seldom used unit of mass in the metric system?

  • Ground Truth Answers: slugmetric slugmetric slugmetric slugthe metric slug

  • Prediction:

What seldom used term of a unit of force equal to 1000 pound s of force?

  • Ground Truth Answers: kipkipkipkipkip

  • Prediction:

What is the seldom used force unit equal to one thousand newtons?

  • Ground Truth Answers: sthènesthènesthènesthènesthène

  • Prediction:

What does not have a metric counterpart?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What is the force exerted by standard gravity on one ton of mass?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What force leads to a commonly used unit of mass?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction:

What force is part of the modern SI system?

  • Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>

  • Prediction: