The Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of Central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1343. From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships. Spreading throughout the Mediterranean and Europe, the Black Death is estimated to have killed 30–60% of Europe's total population. In total, the plague reduced the world population from an estimated 450 million down to 350–375 million in the 14th century. The world population as a whole did not recover to pre-plague levels until the 17th century. The plague recurred occasionally in Europe until the 19th century.
Where did the black death originate?
Ground Truth Answers: the arid plains of Central AsiaCentral AsiaCentral Asia
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How did the black death make it to the Mediterranean and Europe?
Ground Truth Answers: merchant ships.merchant shipsSilk Road
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How much of the European population did the black death kill?
Ground Truth Answers: 30–60% of Europe's total population30–60% of Europe's total population30–60%
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When did the world's population finally recover from the black death?
Ground Truth Answers: the 17th century17th century17th century
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For how long did the plague stick around?
Ground Truth Answers: until the 19th centuryuntil the 19th century19th century
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In what year did the Black Death originate in Central Asia?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How did the Black Death travel down the Silk Road?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What percentage of people died of the Black Death in Central Asia?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What percentage of people died in Crimea of the Black Death?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In what year did the Black Death reach the Mediterranean?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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The plague disease, caused by Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents, including marmots, in various areas including Central Asia, Kurdistan, Western Asia, Northern India and Uganda. Nestorian graves dating to 1338–39 near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan have inscriptions referring to plague and are thought by many epidemiologists to mark the outbreak of the epidemic, from which it could easily have spread to China and India. In October 2010, medical geneticists suggested that all three of the great waves of the plague originated in China. In China, the 13th century Mongol conquest caused a decline in farming and trading. However, economic recovery had been observed at the beginning of the 14th century. In the 1330s a large number of natural disasters and plagues led to widespread famine, starting in 1331, with a deadly plague arriving soon after. Epidemics that may have included plague killed an estimated 25 million Chinese and other Asians during the 15 years before it reached Constantinople in 1347.
What does it mean for a disease to be enzootic?
Ground Truth Answers: commonly presentcommonly presentcommonly present
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How old are the gravestones that reference the plague?
Ground Truth Answers: dating to 1338–391338–391338–39
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Where do scientists think all of the plagues originated from?
Ground Truth Answers: ChinaChinaChina
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When did the Chinese famine begin?
Ground Truth Answers: 133113311331
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How many did this epidemic in China kill?
Ground Truth Answers: an estimated 25 million25 million25 million
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In what year did plague disease spread to Central Asia?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In what year did the Mongol conquest of China begin?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How many people lived in China in the 1300s?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In what country is Constantinople?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What is the term for a disease that is not commonly present?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Plague was reportedly first introduced to Europe via Genoese traders at the port city of Kaffa in the Crimea in 1347. After a protracted siege, during which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering from the disease, the army catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa to infect the inhabitants. The Genoese traders fled, taking the plague by ship into Sicily and the south of Europe, whence it spread north. Whether or not this hypothesis is accurate, it is clear that several existing conditions such as war, famine, and weather contributed to the severity of the Black Death.
Who introduced plague to Europe?
Ground Truth Answers: Genoese tradersGenoese tradersGenoese traders
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Who did the army siege belong to?
Ground Truth Answers: Jani BegJani BegJani Beg
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What did the Mongol army throw in their catapults?
Ground Truth Answers: infected corpsesinfected corpsesinfected corpses
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Where did the genoese traders bring the plague?
Ground Truth Answers: SicilySicily and the south of EuropeSicily
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What contributed to the severity of the plague?
Ground Truth Answers: war, famine, and weatherwar, famine, and weatherwar, famine, and weather
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In what year did Jani Beg become leader of the Mongol army?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In what year was Kaffa founded?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Who else besides Genoa traded with Kaffa?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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To what city in Sicily did the Genoese traders flee to?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Who's infected corpse was one of the ones catapulted over the walls of Kaffa by the Mongol army?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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From Italy, the disease spread northwest across Europe, striking France, Spain, Portugal and England by June 1348, then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350. It was introduced in Norway in 1349 when a ship landed at Askøy, then spread to Bjørgvin (modern Bergen) and Iceland. Finally it spread to northwestern Russia in 1351. The plague was somewhat less common in parts of Europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbours, including the Kingdom of Poland, the majority of the Basque Country, isolated parts of Belgium and the Netherlands, and isolated alpine villages throughout the continent.
Which direction did the disease first move in?
Ground Truth Answers: northwest across Europenorthwestnorthwest
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Which country was the last to receive the disease?
Ground Truth Answers: northwestern RussiaRussiaRussia
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What types of European groups were able to avoid the plague?
Ground Truth Answers: parts of Europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbourssmaller trade relations with their neighbourssmaller trade relations with their neighbours
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Where was the disease spreading between 1348 and 1350?
Ground Truth Answers: Germany and ScandinaviaGermany and ScandinaviaGermany and Scandinavia
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When did a plague-ridden ship land in Norway?
Ground Truth Answers: 134913491349
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In what month and year did the Black Death spread into France?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What country's ship landed at Oskoy?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In what year did the Black Death spread into Iceland?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Who did the Kingdom of Poland trade with?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What was one of the countries that had isolated alpine villages?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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The plague struck various countries in the Middle East during the pandemic, leading to serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures. As it spread to western Europe, the disease entered the region from southern Russia also. By autumn 1347, the plague reached Alexandria in Egypt, probably through the port's trade with Constantinople, and ports on the Black Sea. During 1347, the disease travelled eastward to Gaza, and north along the eastern coast to cities in Lebanon, Syria and Palestine, including Ashkelon, Acre, Jerusalem, Sidon, Damascus, Homs, and Aleppo. In 1348–49, the disease reached Antioch. The city's residents fled to the north, most of them dying during the journey, but the infection had been spread to the people of Asia Minor.[citation needed]
What effect did the plague have on the Middle East?
Ground Truth Answers: serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structuresdepopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structuresdepopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures
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When had the plague reached Alexandria?
Ground Truth Answers: autumn 134713471347
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How did the plague infiltrate Alexandria?
Ground Truth Answers: y through the port's trade with Constantinople, and ports on the Black Seaport's tradetrade with Constantinople
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Where did the residents of Antioch flee to?
Ground Truth Answers: The city's residents fled to the norththe northnorth
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In what year did the plague begin in the Middle East?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Where did the residents of Antioch flee to due to the plague?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In what years did the infection spread to the people of Asia Minor?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What was one of the cities that had a port on the Black Sea?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In what country was Damascus?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Gasquet (1908) claimed that the Latin name atra mors (Black Death) for the 14th-century epidemic first appeared in modern times in 1631 in a book on Danish history by J.I. Pontanus: "Vulgo & ab effectu atram mortem vocatibant. ("Commonly and from its effects, they called it the black death"). The name spread through Scandinavia and then Germany, gradually becoming attached to the mid 14th-century epidemic as a proper name. In England, it was not until 1823 that the medieval epidemic was first called the Black Death.Who claimed that the name Black Death first appeared in 1631?
Ground Truth Answers: GasquetGasquetGasquet
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What is the Latin name for Black Death?
Ground Truth Answers: atra morsatra morsatra mors
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Who allegedly coined the name Black Death?
Ground Truth Answers: J.I. PontanusJ.I. PontanusJ.I. Pontanus
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When did the name black death officially take root in England?
Ground Truth Answers: 182318231823
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Did the plague spread in Scandinavia or Germany first?
Ground Truth Answers: ScandinaviaScandinaviaScandinavia
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In what year did the name "black death" spread into Germany?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In what year did the Black Death spread into England?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In what year was J.I. Pontanus born?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Scandinavia started calling the plague the Black Death in what year?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What's the Latin name for Germany?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Medical knowledge had stagnated during the Middle Ages. The most authoritative account at the time came from the medical faculty in Paris in a report to the king of France that blamed the heavens, in the form of a conjunction of three planets in 1345 that caused a "great pestilence in the air". This report became the first and most widely circulated of a series of plague tracts that sought to give advice to sufferers. That the plague was caused by bad air became the most widely accepted theory. Today, this is known as the Miasma theory. The word 'plague' had no special significance at this time, and only the recurrence of outbreaks during the Middle Ages gave it the name that has become the medical term.
What was the black death originally blamed on?
Ground Truth Answers: the heavensthe heavensthe heavens
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Who was the medical report written for?
Ground Truth Answers: the king of Franceking of Franceking of France
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What is the newer, more widely accepted theory behind the spread of the plague?
Ground Truth Answers: That the plague was caused by bad airbad airgreat pestilence in the air
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What is the bad air theory officially known as?
Ground Truth Answers: Miasma theoryMiasma theory.Miasma theory
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In what city did the king of France live?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What actually caused the plague?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In what year was the medical faculty in Paris established?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In what year did medical knowledge begin to stagnate during the Middle Ages?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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The dominant explanation for the Black Death is the plague theory, which attributes the outbreak to Yersinia pestis, also responsible for an epidemic that began in southern China in 1865, eventually spreading to India. The investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientists who visited Hong Kong in 1894, among whom was the French-Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin, after whom the pathogen was named Yersinia pestis. The mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted was established in 1898 by Paul-Louis Simond and was found to involve the bites of fleas whose midguts had become obstructed by replicating Y. pestis several days after feeding on an infected host. This blockage results in starvation and aggressive feeding behaviour by the fleas, which repeatedly attempt to clear their blockage by regurgitation, resulting in thousands of plague bacteria being flushed into the feeding site, infecting the host. The bubonic plague mechanism was also dependent on two populations of rodents: one resistant to the disease, which act as hosts, keeping the disease endemic, and a second that lack resistance. When the second population dies, the fleas move on to other hosts, including people, thus creating a human epidemic.
What was considered responsible for the black death as well as the epidemic in southern China?
Ground Truth Answers: Yersinia pestisYersinia pestisYersinia pestis
Prediction:
Where and when did the investigation of the plague pathogen begin?
Ground Truth Answers: Hong Kong in 1894Hong KongHong Kong in 1894
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Who was yersinia pestis named for?
Ground Truth Answers: French-Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre YersinAlexandre YersinAlexandre Yersin
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What did Paul-Louis Simond establish in 1898?
Ground Truth Answers: The mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmittedmechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmittedThe mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted
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What was the bubonic plague mechanism reliant on?
Ground Truth Answers: two populations of rodentstwo populations of rodentstwo populations of rodents
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When did the Black Death spread into India?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In what year did Alexandre Yersin discover the Yersinia pestis?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What nationality was Paul-Louis Simond?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Besides Alexandre Yersin who was another scientist that visited Hong Kong in 1894?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Who named the pathogen Yersinia pestis?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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The historian Francis Aidan Gasquet wrote about the 'Great Pestilence' in 1893 and suggested that "it would appear to be some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague". He was able to adopt the epidemiology of the bubonic plague for the Black Death for the second edition in 1908, implicating rats and fleas in the process, and his interpretation was widely accepted for other ancient and medieval epidemics, such as the Justinian plague that was prevalent in the Eastern Roman Empire from 541 to 700 CE.
Who wrote about the great pestilence in 1893?
Ground Truth Answers: Francis Aidan GasquetFrancis Aidan GasquetFrancis Aidan Gasquet
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What did Gasquet think the plague was?
Ground Truth Answers: some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plaguebubonic plagueordinary Eastern or bubonic plague
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When did the second edition of Gasquet's book come out?
Ground Truth Answers: 190819081908
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What did Gasquet's book blame the plague on?
Ground Truth Answers: rats and fleasrats and fleasrats and fleas
Prediction:
What is another plague thought to have spread the same way?
Ground Truth Answers: the Justinian plague that was prevalent in the Eastern Roman Empire from 541 to 700 CE.Justinian plagueJustinian plague
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When was Francis Aidan Gasquet born?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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When did the bubonic plague begin in Europe?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What was the Justinian plague epidemic called?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In what year was the Eastern Roman Empire established?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Other forms of plague have been implicated by modern scientists. The modern bubonic plague has a mortality rate of 30–75% and symptoms including fever of 38–41 °C (100–106 °F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Left untreated, of those that contract the bubonic plague, 80 percent die within eight days. Pneumonic plague has a mortality rate of 90 to 95 percent. Symptoms include fever, cough, and blood-tinged sputum. As the disease progresses, sputum becomes free flowing and bright red. Septicemic plague is the least common of the three forms, with a mortality rate near 100%. Symptoms are high fevers and purple skin patches (purpura due to disseminated intravascular coagulation). In cases of pneumonic and particularly septicemic plague, the progress of the disease is so rapid that there would often be no time for the development of the enlarged lymph nodes that were noted as buboes.
What is the mortality rate of the modern bubonic plague?
Ground Truth Answers: 30–75%30–75%30–75%
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How high do plague fevers run?
Ground Truth Answers: 100–106 °F38–41 °C41 °C
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What percent of untreated victims of the plague die within 8 days?
Ground Truth Answers: 80 percent8080
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What is the mortality rate of pneumonic plague?
Ground Truth Answers: 90 to 95 percent90 to 9590 to 95 percent
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What skin-related symptom appears from the pneumonic plague?
Ground Truth Answers: purple skin patchespurple skin patchespurple skin patches
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What color is the sputum of those suffering from septicemic plague sufferers?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What temperature fever does one have suffering from pneumonic plague?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How high of a fever does someone suffering from septicemic plague have?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How fast does septicemic kill most people left untreated?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How fast does pneumonic plague usually kill most people when left untreated?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In October 2010, the open-access scientific journal PLoS Pathogens published a paper by a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death following the disputed identification by Drancourt and Raoult in 1998. They assessed the presence of DNA/RNA with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques for Y. pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe that were associated archaeologically with the Black Death and subsequent resurgences. The authors concluded that this new research, together with prior analyses from the south of France and Germany, ". . . ends the debate about the etiology of the Black Death, and unambiguously demonstrates that Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague that devastated Europe during the Middle Ages".
When did the Plos Pathogens paper come out?
Ground Truth Answers: In October 2010October 2010October 2010
Prediction:
What was the Plos Pathogens paper about?
Ground Truth Answers: a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Deathrole of Yersinia pestis in the Black Deaththe role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death
Prediction:
How did scientists assess the DNA/RNA of yersinia pestis?
Ground Truth Answers: with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniquesPolymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques
Prediction:
Where did scientists find their Y. pestis sample?
Ground Truth Answers: from the tooth sockets in human skeletonsmass graves in northern, central and southern Europetooth sockets in human skeletons
Prediction:
What does the plos pathogen paper claim?
Ground Truth Answers: unambiguously demonstrates that Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plagueY. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plagueY. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague that devastated Europe during the Middle Ages
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In what year was PloS Pathogens first published?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In what country is PloS Pathogens headquartered?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In what year were Polymerase Chain Reactions first used by researchers?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What scientific journal in France published a prior analysis of the Black Death?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In what month was Drancourt and Raoult's research published in 1998?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
The study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades (genetic branches) of the Y. pestis genome associated with medieval mass graves. These clades (which are thought to be extinct) were found to be ancestral to modern isolates of the modern Y. pestis strains Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis, suggesting the plague may have entered Europe in two waves. Surveys of plague pit remains in France and England indicate the first variant entered Europe through the port of Marseille around November 1347 and spread through France over the next two years, eventually reaching England in the spring of 1349, where it spread through the country in three epidemics. Surveys of plague pit remains from the Dutch town of Bergen op Zoom showed the Y. pestis genotype responsible for the pandemic that spread through the Low Countries from 1350 differed from that found in Britain and France, implying Bergen op Zoom (and possibly other parts of the southern Netherlands) was not directly infected from England or France in 1349 and suggesting a second wave of plague, different from those in Britain and France, may have been carried to the Low Countries from Norway, the Hanseatic cities or another site.
What are clades?
Ground Truth Answers: genetic branchesgenetic branchesgenetic branches
Prediction:
What strains of y. pestis were found in the mass graves?
Ground Truth Answers: Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalisY. pestisY. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis
Prediction:
What do the strains of y. pestis suggest abut the plague?
Ground Truth Answers: the plague may have entered Europe in two wavesthe plague may have entered Europe in two wavesmay have entered Europe in two waves
Prediction:
How and when did the first variant of y. pestis enter Europe?
Ground Truth Answers: through the port of Marseille around November 1347the port of Marseille around November 13471347
Prediction:
When did the y. pestis reach England?
Ground Truth Answers: spring of 134913491349
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In what year was Marseille founded?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In what year did the second wave of the plague hit the Netherlands?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What was one of the Hanseatic cities?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In what month in 1349 did the second wave of the plague reach England?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In what country did the Y. p. orientalis genome originate?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
The results of the Haensch study have since been confirmed and amended. Based on genetic evidence derived from Black Death victims in the East Smithfield burial site in England, Schuenemann et al. concluded in 2011 "that the Black Death in medieval Europe was caused by a variant of Y. pestis that may no longer exist." A study published in Nature in October 2011 sequenced the genome of Y. pestis from plague victims and indicated that the strain that caused the Black Death is ancestral to most modern strains of the disease.
What is the current status of the Haensch study?
Ground Truth Answers: confirmed and amendedconfirmed and amendedconfirmed and amended
Prediction:
Where was the burial site used for testing located?
Ground Truth Answers: East SmithfieldEnglandEast Smithfield
Prediction:
What is thought to have happened to the y. pestis that caused the black death?
Ground Truth Answers: may no longer existmay no longer existmay no longer exist
Prediction:
When was the study on sequenced Y genomes published?
Ground Truth Answers: October 2011October 2011October 2011
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In what year was the Haensch study released?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Who wrote the study published in Nature in October 2011?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What was Schuenemann's first name?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In what year were the Black Death victims in East Smithfield discovered?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
The plague theory was first significantly challenged by the work of British bacteriologist J. F. D. Shrewsbury in 1970, who noted that the reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague, leading him to conclude that contemporary accounts were exaggerations. In 1984 zoologist Graham Twigg produced the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly, and his doubts about the identity of the Black Death have been taken up by a number of authors, including Samuel K. Cohn, Jr. (2002), David Herlihy (1997), and Susan Scott and Christopher Duncan (2001).
Who challenged the plague theory first?
Ground Truth Answers: British bacteriologist J. F. D. ShrewsburyJ. F. D. ShrewsburyJ. F. D. Shrewsbury
Prediction:
What did Shrewsbury note about the plague?
Ground Truth Answers: rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plaguethe reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plaguereported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague
Prediction:
What was Shrewsbury's conclusion?
Ground Truth Answers: contemporary accounts were exaggerationscontemporary accounts were exaggerationscontemporary accounts were exaggerations
Prediction:
What did Graham Twigg publish in 1984?
Ground Truth Answers: the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directlythe first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directlyfirst major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly,
Prediction:
Who discussed Twigg's study in 2002?
Ground Truth Answers: Samuel K. Cohn, Jr.Samuel K. Cohn, Jr.Samuel K. Cohn, Jr.
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Who first came up with the bubonic plague theory?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
What is Samuel K. Cohn Jr.'s career?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What type of scientist is David Herlihy?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Who came up with the term Black Death?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In what year did Samuel K. Cohn, Jr. read Graham Twigg's major work?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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It is recognised that an epidemiological account of the plague is as important as an identification of symptoms, but researchers are hampered by the lack of reliable statistics from this period. Most work has been done on the spread of the plague in England, and even estimates of overall population at the start vary by over 100% as no census was undertaken between the time of publication of the Domesday Book and the year 1377. Estimates of plague victims are usually extrapolated from figures from the clergy.
What is as important as identifying plague symptoms?
Ground Truth Answers: epidemiological account of the plaguean epidemiological accountepidemiological account of the plague
Prediction:
Why are researchers struggling to identify the history of the plague?
Ground Truth Answers: the lack of reliable statistics from this periodthe lack of reliable statisticslack of reliable statistics
Prediction:
How much do estimations of the population during the plague vary?
Ground Truth Answers: by over 100%by over 100%over 100%
Prediction:
Where can population estimates be extrapolated from?
Ground Truth Answers: the clergyfigures from the clergyfigures from the clergy
Prediction:
During which years was no census taken?
Ground Truth Answers: between the time of publication of the Domesday Book and the year 13771377between the time of publication of the Domesday Book and the year 1377
Prediction:
In what year did the plague begin in England?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
In what year was the Domesday Book written?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What is the Domesday Book about?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In what year did the clergy enter England?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
In addition to arguing that the rat population was insufficient to account for a bubonic plague pandemic, sceptics of the bubonic plague theory point out that the symptoms of the Black Death are not unique (and arguably in some accounts may differ from bubonic plague); that transference via fleas in goods was likely to be of marginal significance; and that the DNA results may be flawed and might not have been repeated elsewhere, despite extensive samples from other mass graves. Other arguments include the lack of accounts of the death of rats before outbreaks of plague between the 14th and 17th centuries; temperatures that are too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas; that, despite primitive transport systems, the spread of the Black Death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague; that mortality rates of the Black Death appear to be very high; that, while modern bubonic plague is largely endemic as a rural disease, the Black Death indiscriminately struck urban and rural areas; and that the pattern of the Black Death, with major outbreaks in the same areas separated by 5 to 15 years, differs from modern bubonic plague—which often becomes endemic for decades with annual flare-ups.
Why might rats not be responsible for the plague?
Ground Truth Answers: the rat population was insufficientrat population was insufficientrat population was insufficient to account for a bubonic plague pandemic
Prediction:
How significant was the transfer of disease through fleas?
Ground Truth Answers: of marginal significancemarginalmarginal
Prediction:
Why might the temperature affect the theory of plague spreading?
Ground Truth Answers: temperatures that are too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleastoo cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleastoo cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas
Prediction:
Was the bubonic plague spread faster or slower than modern bubonic plague?
Ground Truth Answers: the Black Death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plaguefasterfaster
Prediction:
How many years could separate outbreaks of the black death?
Ground Truth Answers: 5 to 15 years5 to 155 to 15
Prediction:
In what century did modern bubonic plague strike Europe?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
Prediction:
Is the weather of southern Europe survivable for fleas?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How was the Black Death spread in Europe?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How many years did it take for the Black Death to spread throughout Europe?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How long did it take to travel across Europe using primitive transport systems?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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A variety of alternatives to the Y. pestis have been put forward. Twigg suggested that the cause was a form of anthrax, and Norman Cantor (2001) thought it may have been a combination of anthrax and other pandemics. Scott and Duncan have argued that the pandemic was a form of infectious disease that characterise as hemorrhagic plague similar to Ebola. Archaeologist Barney Sloane has argued that there is insufficient evidence of the extinction of a large number of rats in the archaeological record of the medieval waterfront in London and that the plague spread too quickly to support the thesis that the Y. pestis was spread from fleas on rats; he argues that transmission must have been person to person. However, no single alternative solution has achieved widespread acceptance. Many scholars arguing for the Y. pestis as the major agent of the pandemic suggest that its extent and symptoms can be explained by a combination of bubonic plague with other diseases, including typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections. In addition to the bubonic infection, others point to additional septicemic (a type of "blood poisoning") and pneumonic (an airborne plague that attacks the lungs before the rest of the body) forms of the plague, which lengthen the duration of outbreaks throughout the seasons and help account for its high mortality rate and additional recorded symptoms. In 2014, scientists with Public Health England announced the results of an examination of 25 bodies exhumed from the Clerkenwell area of London, as well as of wills registered in London during the period, which supported the pneumonic hypothesis.
What does Graham Twigg propose about the spread of disease?
Ground Truth Answers: a form of anthraxwas a form of anthraxthe cause was a form of anthrax
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What was Norman Cantor's theory about the plague?
Ground Truth Answers: a combination of anthrax and other pandemicsa combination of anthrax and other pandemicsa combination of anthrax and other pandemics
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Which diseases do many scientists believe contributed to plague pandemic?
Ground Truth Answers: typhus, smallpox and respiratory infectionstyphus, smallpox and respiratory infectionstyphus, smallpox and respiratory infections
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What is septicemia?
Ground Truth Answers: (a type of "blood poisoning"a type of "blood poisoning"a type of "blood poisoning"
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How many bodies did Public Health England exhume?
Ground Truth Answers: 252525
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What was Twigg's first name?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What type of scientist is Norman Cantor?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Who was one of the scientists for Public Health England in 2014?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In what year was Scott and Duncan's research published?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Who discovered Y. pestis?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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The most widely accepted estimate for the Middle East, including Iraq, Iran and Syria, during this time, is for a death rate of about a third. The Black Death killed about 40% of Egypt's population. Half of Paris's population of 100,000 people died. In Italy, the population of Florence was reduced from 110–120 thousand inhabitants in 1338 down to 50 thousand in 1351. At least 60% of the population of Hamburg and Bremen perished, and a similar percentage of Londoners may have died from the disease as well. Interestingly while contemporary reports account of mass burial pits being created in response to the large numbers of dead, recent scientific investigations of a burial pit in Central London found well-preserved individuals to be buried in isolated, evenly spaced graves, suggesting at least some pre-planning and Christian burials at this time. Before 1350, there were about 170,000 settlements in Germany, and this was reduced by nearly 40,000 by 1450. In 1348, the plague spread so rapidly that before any physicians or government authorities had time to reflect upon its origins, about a third of the European population had already perished. In crowded cities, it was not uncommon for as much as 50% of the population to die. The disease bypassed some areas, and the most isolated areas were less vulnerable to contagion. Monks and priests were especially hard hit since they cared for victims of the Black Death.
How much of the population in the Middle East died of the plague?
Ground Truth Answers: about a third.about a thirdabout a third
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How much of Paris' population was killed by the plague?
Ground Truth Answers: Half of Paris's population of 100,000 people100,000Half
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What do isolated, spaced out graves of plague victims indicate?
Ground Truth Answers: at least some pre-planning and Christian burialssome pre-planning and Christian burialssome pre-planning and Christian burials
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How many people would die of plague in largely populated cities?
Ground Truth Answers: as much as 50%50%50%
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Which areas were least vulnerable to disease?
Ground Truth Answers: most isolated areasisolated areasisolated
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How many people lived in Egypt at the start of the Black Death?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In what country is Hamburg?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Where did the plague originate?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What percentage of monks and priests died from the Black Death?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What percentage of people in isolated areas of Europe died from the Black Death?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the 14th to 17th centuries. According to Biraben, the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671. The Second Pandemic was particularly widespread in the following years: 1360–63; 1374; 1400; 1438–39; 1456–57; 1464–66; 1481–85; 1500–03; 1518–31; 1544–48; 1563–66; 1573–88; 1596–99; 1602–11; 1623–40; 1644–54; and 1664–67. Subsequent outbreaks, though severe, marked the retreat from most of Europe (18th century) and northern Africa (19th century). According to Geoffrey Parker, "France alone lost almost a million people to the plague in the epidemic of 1628–31."
When did the plague return to Europe?
Ground Truth Answers: throughout the 14th to 17th centuries14th to 17th centuries14th to 17th centuries
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What did Biraben say about the plague in Europe?
Ground Truth Answers: the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671.was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671
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How many French people were lost to plague between 1628-31?
Ground Truth Answers: almost a million peoplealmost a million peoplea million
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What is Biraben's first name?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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When did the First Pandemic end?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Where is Geoffrey Parker from?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Where is Biraben from?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How many people died from the Black Death in Northern Africa?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In England, in the absence of census figures, historians propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million in 1300, and a postincident population figure as low as 2 million. By the end of 1350, the Black Death subsided, but it never really died out in England. Over the next few hundred years, further outbreaks occurred in 1361–62, 1369, 1379–83, 1389–93, and throughout the first half of the 15th century. An outbreak in 1471 took as much as 10–15% of the population, while the death rate of the plague of 1479–80 could have been as high as 20%. The most general outbreaks in Tudor and Stuart England seem to have begun in 1498, 1535, 1543, 1563, 1589, 1603, 1625, and 1636, and ended with the Great Plague of London in 1665.
What did historians do in the absence of census figures?
Ground Truth Answers: propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 millionpropose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 millionpropose a range of preincident population figures
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When did the black death technically subside?
Ground Truth Answers: By the end of 13501350By the end of 1350
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How many people died in the outbreak of 1471?
Ground Truth Answers: 10–15% of the population10–15% of the population10–15% of the population
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When was the great plague of London?
Ground Truth Answers: 166516651665
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What percentage of the population of London died during the 1589 breakout of the Black Death?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What percentage of people died during the Great Plague of London in 1665?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In what year did the Tudor era begin in England?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What was the population of Europe in 1665?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What percentage of the population died in the 1625 outbreak of the Black Death?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time. The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 to 1490. Plague epidemics ravaged London in 1563, 1593, 1603, 1625, 1636, and 1665, reducing its population by 10 to 30% during those years. Over 10% of Amsterdam's population died in 1623–25, and again in 1635–36, 1655, and 1664. Plague occurred in Venice 22 times between 1361 and 1528. The plague of 1576–77 killed 50,000 in Venice, almost a third of the population. Late outbreaks in central Europe included the Italian Plague of 1629–1631, which is associated with troop movements during the Thirty Years' War, and the Great Plague of Vienna in 1679. Over 60% of Norway's population died in 1348–50. The last plague outbreak ravaged Oslo in 1654.
How many people died of plague in Paris in 1466?
Ground Truth Answers: 40,00040,00040,000
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The black plague ravaged Europe for three years followed by what country?
Ground Truth Answers: RussiaRussiaRussia
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How many times did plague occur in Venice?
Ground Truth Answers: 22 times between 1361 and 15282222
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Which outbreak was associated with troops in the thirty years war?
Ground Truth Answers: the Italian Plague of 1629–1631Italian PlagueItalian Plague
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When was the last plague outbreak?
Ground Truth Answers: The last plague outbreak ravaged Oslo in 1654.16541654
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What percentage of the population of Paris died of the plague in 1466?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How many people lived in Oslo at the start of the plague outbreak in 1654?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What percentage of Venice residents died of the plague in 1361?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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Who did Italy fight during the Thirty Years War?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How many people lived in Norway in 1348?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In the first half of the 17th century, a plague claimed some 1.7 million victims in Italy, or about 14% of the population. In 1656, the plague killed about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants. More than 1.25 million deaths resulted from the extreme incidence of plague in 17th-century Spain. The plague of 1649 probably reduced the population of Seville by half. In 1709–13, a plague epidemic that followed the Great Northern War (1700–21, Sweden v. Russia and allies) killed about 100,000 in Sweden, and 300,000 in Prussia. The plague killed two-thirds of the inhabitants of Helsinki, and claimed a third of Stockholm's population. Europe's last major epidemic occurred in 1720 in Marseille.
How many were killed by plague in Italy in the 17th century?
Ground Truth Answers: some 1.7 million victims1.7 million1.7 million
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How many were killed by plague in Naples in 1656?
Ground Truth Answers: about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitantshalf of Naples' 300,000 inhabitantshalf of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants
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How many residents of Seville died of plague in 1649?
Ground Truth Answers: reduced the population of Seville by halfhalfhalf
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Who fought in the great Northern war?
Ground Truth Answers: Sweden v. Russia and alliesSweden v. Russia and alliesSweden v. Russia and allies
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When was Europe's last major epidemic?
Ground Truth Answers: 1720 in Marseille.17201720
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In what country is Seville located?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What was one of the allies of Russia in the Great Northern War?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What percentage of the population of Spain died of the plague in the 17th century?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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What was the population of Stockholm?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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In what country is Marseille?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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The Black Death ravaged much of the Islamic world. Plague was present in at least one location in the Islamic world virtually every year between 1500 and 1850. Plague repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. Algiers lost 30 to 50 thousand inhabitants to it in 1620–21, and again in 1654–57, 1665, 1691, and 1740–42. Plague remained a major event in Ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century. Between 1701 and 1750, thirty-seven larger and smaller epidemics were recorded in Constantinople, and an additional thirty-one between 1751 and 1800. Baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the plague, and sometimes two-thirds of its population has been wiped out.
During which years was the plague present in Islamic countries?
Ground Truth Answers: between 1500 and 18501500 and 18501500 and 1850
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How many people were lost in Algiers during 1620-21?
Ground Truth Answers: 30 to 50 thousand inhabitants30 to 50 thousand30 to 50 thousand
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How long did plague last in the Ottoman empire?
Ground Truth Answers: until the second quarter of the 19th century.until the second quarter of the 19th centuryuntil the second quarter of the 19th century
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How many people, at most, have died of plague in Baghdad?
Ground Truth Answers: two-thirds of its populationtwo-thirds of its populationtwo-thirds of its population
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In what year did the residents of Baghdad first become affected by the plague?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How many people lived in Constantinople in 1701?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How many people died of the plague in Ottoman society in the 19th century?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How many times did the plague visit Baghdad?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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How many times did the plague visit Ottoman society before the second quarter of the 19th century?
Ground Truth Answers: <No Answer>
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