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Genghis_Khan

The Stanford Question Answering Dataset

He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia. After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed "Genghis Khan", he started the Mongol invasions that resulted in the conquest of most of Eurasia. These included raids or invasions of the Qara Khitai, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. These campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in the Khwarezmian and Xia controlled lands. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China.

What do we call the empire that Genghis Khan founded?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the Mongol EmpireMongol EmpireMongol Empire

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Who did Genghis Khan unite before he began conquering the rest of Eurasia?

  • Ground Truth Answers: many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asianomadic tribes of Northeast Asiamany of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia.

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In which regions in particular did Genghis Khan's armies massacre civilians?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Khwarezmian and Xia controlled landsKhwarezmian and Xia controlled landsQara Khitai, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties

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What areas did Genghis Khan control at the end of his life?

  • Ground Truth Answers: a substantial portion of Central Asia and Chinasubstantial portion of Central Asia and Chinaa substantial portion of Central Asia and China

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Which other empires or dynasties did Genghis Khan conquer?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the Qara Khitai, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynastiesQara Khitai, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and JinKhwarezmian and Xia controlled lands

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Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor and split his empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons. He died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia. He was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown location. His descendants extended the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states out of all of modern-day China, Korea, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and substantial portions of modern Eastern Europe, Russia, and Southwest Asia. Many of these invasions repeated the earlier large-scale slaughters of local populations. As a result, Genghis Khan and his empire have a fearsome reputation in local histories.

Who did Genghis Khan assign as his successor?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Ögedei KhanÖgedei KhanÖgedei Khan

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What year did Genghis Khan die?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 122712271227

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Which empire was the last one Genghis Khan conquered before he died?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Western XiaWestern XiaWestern Xia

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Among whom was Genghis Khan's empire split after his death?

  • Ground Truth Answers: his sons and grandsonssons and grandsonshis sons and grandsons.

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Where was Genghis Khan buried?

  • Ground Truth Answers: somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown locationMongoliaunmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia

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Temüjin was probably born in 1162 in Delüün Boldog, near Burkhan Khaldun mountain and the Onon and Kherlen rivers in modern-day northern Mongolia, not far from the current capital Ulaanbaatar. The Secret History of the Mongols reports that Temüjin was born with a blood clot grasped in his fist, a traditional sign that he was destined to become a great leader. He was the second-oldest son of his father Yesügei, a Khamag Mongol's major chief of the Kiyad and an ally of Toghrul Khan of the Keraite tribe, and the oldest son of his mother Hoelun. According to the Secret History, Temüjin was named after a Tatar chieftain, Temüjin-üge, whom his father had just captured.

Where was Genghis Khan likely born?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Delüün BoldogDelüün BoldogDelüün Boldog,

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Who was Genghis Khan's father?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Yesügei, a Khamag Mongol's major chief of the KiyadYesügeiYesügei

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What year was Temüjin, who became Genghis Khan, likely born?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 116211621162

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Who might Temüjin have been named after?

  • Ground Truth Answers: a Tatar chieftain, Temüjin-üge, whom his father had just capturedTemüjin-ügeTatar chieftain, Temüjin-üge

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Temüjin had three brothers named Hasar, Hachiun, and Temüge, and one sister named Temülen, as well as two half-brothers named Begter and Belgutei. Like many of the nomads of Mongolia, Temüjin's early life was difficult. His father arranged a marriage for him, and at nine years of age he was delivered by his father to the family of his future wife Börte, who was a member of the tribe Khongirad. Temüjin was to live there in service to Dai Setsen, the head of the new household, until he reached the marriageable age of 12.

What was Temüjin' sister's name?

  • Ground Truth Answers: TemülenTemülenTemülen

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Who were Temüjin's three full brothers?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Hasar, Hachiun, and TemügeHasar, Hachiun, and TemügeHasar, Hachiun, and Temüge

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What was the name of the wife arranged for Temüjin by his father?

  • Ground Truth Answers: BörteBörteBörte

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Which tribe did Temüjin move in with at nine years of age?

  • Ground Truth Answers: KhongiradKhongiradKhongirad

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Who was the head of the household that Temüjin joined when he was nine years old?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Dai SetsenDai SetsenDai Setsen

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For the next several years, Hoelun and her children lived in poverty, surviving primarily on wild fruits and ox carcasses, marmots, and other small game killed by Temüjin and his brothers. Begter, Temujin's older half-brother, began to exercise the power of the eldest male in the family and eventually Temujin's mother Hoelun (not Begter's mother) would have to accept him as her husband if and when he became an adult. Temujin's resentment erupted during one hunting excursion that Temüjin and his brother Khasar killed their half-brother Begter.

Which of Temüjin's brothers took up the role of male leader of the family?

  • Ground Truth Answers: BegterBegterBegter

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Who would Begter have married when he came of age?

  • Ground Truth Answers: HoelunHoelunTemujin's mother

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Who killed Begter, Temüjin's half-brother?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Temüjin and his brother KhasarTemüjin and his brother KhasarTemüjin and his brother Khasar

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When was Temüjin's half-brother Begter killed?

  • Ground Truth Answers: during one hunting excursionone hunting excursionduring one hunting excursion

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In another incident, around 1177, he was captured in a raid and held prisoner by his father's former allies, the Tayichi'ud. The Tayichi'ud enslaved Temüjin (reportedly with a cangue, a sort of portable stocks), but with the help of a sympathetic guard, the father of Chilaun (who later became a general of Genghis Khan), he was able to escape from the ger (yurt) in the middle of the night by hiding in a river crevice.[citation needed] It was around this time that Jelme and Bo'orchu, two of Genghis Khan's future generals, joined forces with him. Temüjin's reputation also became widespread after his escape from the Tayichi'ud.

Who captured and held Temüjin prisoner around 1177?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the Tayichi'udTayichi'udhis father's former allies, the Tayichi'ud

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How was Temüjin kept imprisoned by the Tayichi'ud?

  • Ground Truth Answers: with a cangue, a sort of portable stockscanguecangue, a sort of portable stocks

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Which of his future general's fathers helped Temüjin escape the Tayichi'ud?

  • Ground Truth Answers: ChilaunChilaunthe father of Chilaun

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Which of his future generals joined forces with Temüjin around the time of his escape from the Tayichi'ud?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Jelme and Bo'orchuJelme and Bo'orchuJelme and Bo'orchu

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Where did Temüjin hide during his escape from the Tayichi'ud?

  • Ground Truth Answers: a river crevicea river crevicea river crevice.

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At this time, none of the tribal confederations of Mongolia were united politically, and arranged marriages were often used to solidify temporary alliances. Temüjin grew up observing the tough political climate of Mongolia, which included tribal warfare, thievery, raids, corruption, and continual acts of revenge carried out between the various confederations, all compounded by interference from foreign forces such as the Chinese dynasties to the south. Temüjin's mother Hoelun taught him many lessons about the unstable political climate of Mongolia, especially the need for alliances.

What was used to from political alliances among the Mongolian tribal confederations?

  • Ground Truth Answers: arranged marriagesarranged marriagesarranged marriages

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Who taught Temüjin early lessons about politics in Mongolia?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Temüjin's mother HoelunHoelunTemüjin's mother Hoelun

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Which foreign forces often meddled in the Mongolian political scene?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the Chinese dynasties to the southChinese dynastiesChinese dynasties to the south

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What did Temüjin's mother emphasize in his lessons about Mongolia's volatile political climate?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the need for alliancesneed for alliancesneed for alliances.

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As previously arranged by his father, Temüjin married Börte of the Onggirat tribe when he was around 16 in order to cement alliances between their respective tribes. Soon after Börte's marriage to Temüjin, she was kidnapped by the Merkits and reportedly given away as a wife. Temüjin rescued her with the help of his friend and future rival, Jamukha, and his protector, Toghrul Khan of the Keraite tribe. She gave birth to a son, Jochi (1185–1226), nine months later, clouding the issue of his parentage. Despite speculation over Jochi, Börte would be Temüjin's only empress, though he did follow tradition by taking several morganatic wives.

What was the tribe of the woman Temüjin married when he was around 16 years old?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the OnggiratOnggiratOnggirat tribe

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Who kidnapped Temüjin's first wife soon after they were married?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the MerkitsMerkitsthe Merkits

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Who helped Temüjin rescue his wife from the Merkits?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Jamukha, and his protector, Toghrul Khan of the Keraite tribeJamukha, and his protector, Toghrul KhanJamukha, and his protector, Toghrul Khan

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What was the name of Temüjin's wife Börte's first son?

  • Ground Truth Answers: JochiJochiJochi

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What year did Börte's give birth to Jochi?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 11851185(1185

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Börte had three more sons, Chagatai (1187—1241), Ögedei (1189—1241), and Tolui (1190–1232). Genghis Khan also had many other children with his other wives, but they were excluded from the succession. While the names of sons were documented, daughters were not. The names of at least six daughters are known, and while they played significant roles behind the scenes during his lifetime, no documents have survived that definitively provide the number or names of daughters born to the consorts of Genghis Khan.

How many sons did Börte bear Genghis Khan after Jochi?

  • Ground Truth Answers: threethreethree

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What was the name of Börte's second male child?

  • Ground Truth Answers: ChagataiChagataiÖgedei

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What year did two of Ghengis Khan and Börte's sons die?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 124112411241

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Which male child of Ghengis Khan and Börte was born last?

  • Ground Truth Answers: ToluiToluiTolui

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How many names of Ghengis Khan's daughters are known?

  • Ground Truth Answers: sixsixsix

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Temüjin began his ascent to power by offering himself as an ally (or, according to other sources, a vassal) to his father's anda (sworn brother or blood brother) Toghrul, who was Khan of the Keraites, and is better known by the Chinese title "Wang Khan", which the Jurchen Jin dynasty granted him in 1197. This relationship was first reinforced when Börte was captured by the Merkits. Temüjin turned to Toghrul for support, and in response, Toghrul offered his vassal 20,000 of his Keraite warriors and suggested that he also involve his childhood friend Jamukha, who had himself become Khan (ruler) of his own tribe, the Jadaran.

What is an anda?

  • Ground Truth Answers: sworn brother or blood brothersworn brothersworn brother or blood brother)

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With whom was Temüjin's first important alliance?

  • Ground Truth Answers: ToghrulToghrulToghrul

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What tribe did Toghrul lead?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the KeraitesKeraitesKeraites

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How many warriors did Toghrul provide Temüjin when his wife was captured?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 20,00020,00020,000

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Which of Temüjin's childhood friends did Toghrul suggest he also enlist?

  • Ground Truth Answers: JamukhaJamukhaJamukha

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As Jamukha and Temüjin drifted apart in their friendship, each began consolidating power, and soon became rivals. Jamukha supported the traditional Mongolian aristocracy, while Temüjin followed a meritocratic method, and attracted a broader, though lower class, range of followers. Due to his earlier defeat of the Merkits, and a proclamation by the shaman Kokochu that the Eternal Blue Sky had set aside the world for Temüjin, Temüjin began rising to power. In 1186, Temüjin was elected khan of the Mongols. However, Jamukha, threatened by Temüjin's rapid ascent, quickly moved to stop Temüjin's ambitions. In 1187, he launched an attack against his former friend with an army of thirty thousand troops. Temüjin hastily gathered together his followers to defend against the attack, but he was decisively beaten in the Battle of Dalan Balzhut. Jamukha horrified people greatly and harmed his image by boiling seventy young male captives alive in cauldrons, alienating many of his potential followers and eliciting sympathy for Temüjin. Toghrul, as Temüjin's patron, was exiled to the Qara Khitai. The life of Temüjin for the next ten years is very unclear, as historical records are mostly silent on that period.

Who did Jamukha support that were not part of Temüjin's power base?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the traditional Mongolian aristocracytraditional Mongolian aristocracythe traditional Mongolian aristocracy

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Which shaman's proclamation aided Temüjin's rise?

  • Ground Truth Answers: KokochuKokochuKokochu

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When was Temüjin elected khan of the Mongols?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 118611861186

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Which battle did Temüjin lose to Jamukha shortly after his election as khan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Battle of Dalan BalzhutBattle of Dalan Balzhut1187

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Where was Temüjin's patron Toghrul exiled?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Qara KhitaiQara KhitaiQara Khitai.

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As an incentive for absolute obedience and following his rule of law, the Yassa code, Temüjin promised civilians and soldiers wealth from future possible war spoils. As he defeated rival tribes, he did not drive away enemy soldiers and abandon the rest. Instead, he took the conquered tribe under his protection and integrated its members into his own tribe. He would even have his mother adopt orphans from the conquered tribe, bringing them into his family. These political innovations inspired great loyalty among the conquered people, making Temüjin stronger with each victory.

What was the name of Temüjin's laws?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the Yassa codeYassa codeYassa code

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What did Temüjin promise his followers in exchange for their obedience?

  • Ground Truth Answers: wealth from future possible war spoilswealthwealth

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Who did Temüjin's mother adopt to help integrate the tribes he conquered?

  • Ground Truth Answers: orphans from the conquered tribeorphansorphans from the conquered tribe

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What did Temüjin offer the people he conquered in order earn their loyalty?

  • Ground Truth Answers: his protectionpolitical innovationsprotection and integrated its members into his own tribe.

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One of the later ruptures between Toghrul and Temüjin was Toghrul's refusal to give his daughter in marriage to Jochi, the eldest son of Temüjin, a sign of disrespect in the Mongolian culture. This act led to the split between both factions and was a prelude to war. Toghrul allied himself with Jamukha, who already opposed Temüjin's forces; however, the internal dispute between Toghrul and Jamukha, plus the desertion of a number of their allies to Temüjin, led to Toghrul's defeat. Jamukha escaped during the conflict. This defeat was a catalyst for the fall and eventual dissolution of the Keraite tribe.

To whom did Toghrul refuse to give his daughter in marriage, angering Temüjin?

  • Ground Truth Answers: JochiJochiJochi,

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Who did Toghrul join in a campaign against Temüjin?

  • Ground Truth Answers: JamukhaJamukhaJamukha,

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Who escaped when Temüjin emerged victorious in his conflict with Toghrul?

  • Ground Truth Answers: JamukhaJamukhaJamukha

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What tribe fell apart after Temüjin defeated Toghrul?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the KeraiteKeraiteKeraite tribe

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The next direct threat to Temüjin was the Naimans (Naiman Mongols), with whom Jamukha and his followers took refuge. The Naimans did not surrender, although enough sectors again voluntarily sided with Temüjin. In 1201, a khuruldai elected Jamukha as Gür Khan, "universal ruler", a title used by the rulers of the Qara Khitai. Jamukha's assumption of this title was the final breach with Temüjin, and Jamukha formed a coalition of tribes to oppose him. Before the conflict, however, several generals abandoned Jamukha, including Subutai, Jelme's well-known younger brother. After several battles, Jamukha was finally turned over to Temüjin by his own men in 1206.

Who protected Jamukha after he escaped the conflict with Temüjin?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the NaimansNaimansthe Naimans

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What year was Jamukha elected Gür Khan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 120112011201

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What does the title Gür Khan mean?

  • Ground Truth Answers: universal ruleruniversal ruleruniversal ruler

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Which well-known general abandoned Jamukha's coalition against Temüjin?

  • Ground Truth Answers: SubutaiSubutaiSubutai

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What year was Jamukha surrendered to Temüjin?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 120612061206

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According to the Secret History, Temüjin again offered his friendship to Jamukha, asking him to return to his side. Temüjin had killed the men who betrayed Jamukha, stating that he did not want disloyal men in his army. Jamukha refused the offer of friendship and reunion, saying that there can only be one sun in the sky, and he asked for a noble death. The custom is to die without spilling blood, which is granted by breaking the back. Jamukha requested this form of death, despite the fact that in the past Jamukha had been known to have boiled his opponents' generals alive.

What did Temüjin offer Jamukha after the latter's defeat?

  • Ground Truth Answers: his friendshipfriendshipfriendship

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Why did Temüjin kill those of Jamukha's followers that had betrayed their leader?

  • Ground Truth Answers: he did not want disloyal men in his armydid not want disloyal men in his armyhe did not want disloyal men in his army

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What did Jamukha request from Temüjin instead of friendship?

  • Ground Truth Answers: a noble deatha noble deatha noble death.

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What form of death did Jamukha hope Temüjin would allow him?

  • Ground Truth Answers: breaking the backbreaking the backbreaking the back

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Accounts of Genghis Khan's life are marked by claims of a series of betrayals and conspiracies. These include rifts with his early allies such as Jamukha (who also wanted to be a ruler of Mongol tribes) and Wang Khan (his and his father's ally), his son Jochi, and problems with the most important shaman, who was allegedly trying to drive a wedge between him and his loyal brother Khasar. His military strategies showed a deep interest in gathering good intelligence and understanding the motivations of his rivals, exemplified by his extensive spy network and Yam route systems. He seemed to be a quick student, adopting new technologies and ideas that he encountered, such as siege warfare from the Chinese. He was also ruthless, demonstrated by his tactic of measuring against the linchpin, used against the tribes led by Jamukha.

From whom did Genghis Khan learn seige warfare?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the ChineseChinesethe Chinese

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Which rival's tribes did Genghis Khan famously measure against the linchpin?

  • Ground Truth Answers: JamukhaJamukhatribes led by Jamukha

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An important shaman was alleged to be trying to distance Genghis Khan from which of his brothers?

  • Ground Truth Answers: KhasarKhasarKhasar

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What aspect of the economy did Genghis Khan exploit for intelligence gathering?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Yam route systemsunderstanding the motivations of his rivals

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Who was the ally of his father that Genghis Khan fell out as time passed?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Wang KhanWang KhanWang Khan

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As a result, by 1206 Temüjin had managed to unite or subdue the Merkits, Naimans, Mongols, Keraites, Tatars, Uyghurs, and other disparate smaller tribes under his rule. It was a monumental feat for the "Mongols" (as they became known collectively). At a Khuruldai, a council of Mongol chiefs, Temüjin was acknowledged as "Khan" of the consolidated tribes and took the new title "Genghis Khan". The title Khagan was not conferred on Genghis until after his death, when his son and successor, Ögedei, took the title for himself and extended it posthumously to his father (as he was also to be posthumously declared the founder of the Yuan dynasty). This unification of all confederations by Genghis Khan established peace between previously warring tribes and a single political and military force under Genghis Khan.

By what year had Temüjin created a significant "Mongol" tribal alliance?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 120612061206

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What is the term for a meeting of Mongol chiefs?

  • Ground Truth Answers: KhuruldaiKhuruldaiKhuruldai

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What title was given to Genghis Khan posthumously?

  • Ground Truth Answers: KhaganKhaganKhagan

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Who gave Genghis Khan the title Khadan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: ÖgedeiÖgedeiÖgedei

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Who made Temüjin khan of the Mongols?

  • Ground Truth Answers: a council of Mongol chiefsa council of Mongol chiefsa council of Mongol chiefs

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In 1211, after the conquest of Western Xia, Genghis Khan planned again to conquer the Jin dynasty. The commander of the Jin dynasty army made a tactical mistake in not attacking the Mongols at the first opportunity. Instead, the Jin commander sent a messenger, Ming-Tan, to the Mongol side, who defected and told the Mongols that the Jin army was waiting on the other side of the pass. At this engagement fought at Badger Pass the Mongols massacred hundreds of thousands of Jin troops. In 1215 Genghis besieged, captured, and sacked the Jin capital of Zhongdu (modern-day Beijing). This forced the Emperor Xuanzong to move his capital south to Kaifeng, abandoning the northern half of his kingdom to the Mongols. Between 1232 and 1233, Kaifeng fell to the Mongols under the reign of Genghis' third son, Ögedei Khan. The Jin dynasty collapsed in 1234, after the siege of Caizhou.

What dynasty did Genghis Khan plan to attack after conquering Western Xia?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the Jin dynastyJin dynasty.Jin dynasty

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Who was the Jin dynasty defector who betrayed the location of the Jin army?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Ming-TanMing-TanMing-Tan

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When did Genghis Khan capture the Jin dynasty capital?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 121512151215

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Where did the Jin emporer relocate his capital after Genghis Khan overran the norther part of his empire?

  • Ground Truth Answers: KaifengKaifengKaifeng,

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Which of Genghis Khan's sons completed the conquest of the Jin dynasty?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Ögedei KhanÖgedei KhanÖgedei Khan

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Kuchlug, the deposed Khan of the Naiman confederation that Temüjin defeated and folded into his Mongol Empire, fled west and usurped the khanate of Qara Khitai (also known as the Western Liao, as it was originally established as remnants of the Liao dynasty). Genghis Khan decided to conquer the Qara Khitai and defeat Kuchlug, possibly to take him out of power. By this time the Mongol army was exhausted from ten years of continuous campaigning in China against the Western Xia and Jin dynasty. Therefore, Genghis sent only two tumen (20,000 soldiers) against Kuchlug, under his younger general, Jebe, known as "The Arrow".

Who took control of Qara Khitai after fleeing Temüjin's Mongol Empire?

  • Ground Truth Answers: KuchlugKuchlugKuchlug

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What older dynasty was replaced by the Western Liao, or Qara Khitai?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the Liao dynastyLiaoLiao dynasty

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How many soldiers did Genghis Khan send against Kuchlug and Qara Khitai?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 20,00020,00020,000

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Which young general did Genghis Khan send to conquer Qara Khitai?

  • Ground Truth Answers: JebeJebeJebe

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What other moniker was Genghis Khan's general Jebe known by?

  • Ground Truth Answers: The ArrowThe ArrowThe Arrow

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With such a small force, the invading Mongols were forced to change strategies and resort to inciting internal revolt among Kuchlug's supporters, leaving the Qara Khitai more vulnerable to Mongol conquest. As a result, Kuchlug's army was defeated west of Kashgar. Kuchlug fled again, but was soon hunted down by Jebe's army and executed. By 1218, as a result of defeat of Qara Khitai, the Mongol Empire and its control extended as far west as Lake Balkhash, which bordered the Khwarezmia (Khwarezmid Empire), a Muslim state that reached the Caspian Sea to the west and Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea to the south.

What strategy did Jebe's army use against Kuchlug and his supporters?

  • Ground Truth Answers: inciting internal revoltinciting internal revoltinciting internal revolt among Kuchlug's supporters

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Where did Jebe's forces first defeat Kuchlug?

  • Ground Truth Answers: west of Kashgarwest of Kashgarwest of Kashgar

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How far west did the Mongol Empire extend after Kuchlug's demise?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Lake BalkhashLake BalkhashLake Balkhash,

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Which empire bordered the Mongol Empire to the west in 1218?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Khwarezmid EmpireKhwarezmidKhwarezmid Empire

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What kind of state was the Khwarezmia?

  • Ground Truth Answers: a Muslim stateMuslimMuslim

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In the early 13th century, the Khwarazmian dynasty was governed by Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad. Genghis Khan saw the potential advantage in Khwarezmia as a commercial trading partner using the Silk Road, and he initially sent a 500-man caravan to establish official trade ties with the empire. However, Inalchuq, the governor of the Khwarezmian city of Otrar, attacked the caravan that came from Mongolia, claiming that the caravan contained spies and therefore was a conspiracy against Khwarezmia. The situation became further complicated because the governor later refused to make repayments for the looting of the caravans and handing over the perpetrators. Genghis Khan then sent again a second group of three ambassadors (two Mongols and a Muslim) to meet the Shah himself instead of the governor Inalchuq. The Shah had all the men shaved and the Muslim beheaded and sent his head back with the two remaining ambassadors. This was seen as an affront and insult to Genghis Khan. Outraged, Genghis Khan planned one of his largest invasion campaigns by organizing together around 100,000 soldiers (10 tumens), his most capable generals and some of his sons. He left a commander and number of troops in China, designated his successors to be his family members and likely appointed Ögedei to be his immediate successor and then went out to Khwarezmia.

Who was the leader of the Khwarezmian dynasty in the early 1200s?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Shah Ala ad-Din MuhammadShah Ala ad-Din MuhammadShah Ala ad-Din Muhammad

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Who ordered the attack on the caravan of traders Genghis Khan send to Khwarezmia?

  • Ground Truth Answers: InalchuqInalchuqInalchuq

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Which of Genghis Khan's ambassadors did the Shah have beheaded?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the MuslimMuslimthe Muslim

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How many soldiers did Genghis Khan take with him to Khwarezmia?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 100,000100,000100,000 soldiers

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What trading route joined Khwarezmia and the Mongol Empire?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the Silk RoadSilk RoadSilk Road

  • Prediction:

The Mongol army under Genghis Khan, generals and his sons crossed the Tien Shan mountains by entering the area controlled by the Khwarezmian Empire. After compiling intelligence from many sources Genghis Khan carefully prepared his army, which was divided into three groups. His son Jochi led the first division into the northeast of Khwarezmia. The second division under Jebe marched secretly to the southeast part of Khwarzemia to form, with the first division, a pincer attack on Samarkand. The third division under Genghis Khan and Tolui marched to the northwest and attacked Khwarzemia from that direction.

What mountain range did Genghis Khan cross to enter the Khwarezmian Empire?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Tien ShanTien ShanTien Shan

  • Prediction:

How many divisions comprised Genghis Khan's army in Khwarezmia?

  • Ground Truth Answers: threethreethree groups

  • Prediction:

Where did Jebe's division of Genghis Khan's army campaign in Khwarezmia?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the southeastsoutheastthe southeast part of Khwarzemia

  • Prediction:

Who led the third division in Khwarezmia alongside Genghis Khan himself?

  • Ground Truth Answers: ToluiToluiGenghis Khan and Tolui

  • Prediction:

Which area of Khwarezmia did the first and second divisions of the Mongol army target in a pincer attack?

  • Ground Truth Answers: SamarkandSamarkandSamarkand

  • Prediction:

The Shah's army was split by diverse internecine feuds and by the Shah's decision to divide his army into small groups concentrated in various cities. This fragmentation was decisive in Khwarezmia's defeats, as it allowed the Mongols, although exhausted from the long journey, to immediately set about defeating small fractions of the Khwarzemi forces instead of facing a unified defense. The Mongol army quickly seized the town of Otrar, relying on superior strategy and tactics. Genghis Khan ordered the wholesale massacre of many of the civilians, enslaved the rest of the population and executed Inalchuq by pouring molten silver into his ears and eyes, as retribution for his actions. Near the end of the battle the Shah fled rather than surrender. Genghis Khan ordered Subutai and Jebe to hunt him down, giving them 20,000 men and two years to do this. The Shah died under mysterious circumstances on a small island within his empire.

What feature of the Shah's army enable the weary Mongol forces easy early victories?

  • Ground Truth Answers: fragmentationfragmentationfragmentation

  • Prediction:

Which town's massacre did Genghis Khan order in retribution for the treatment of his envoys?

  • Ground Truth Answers: OtrarOtrarOtrar

  • Prediction:

What metal was used in Inalchuq's execution?

  • Ground Truth Answers: silversilvermolten silver

  • Prediction:

What did the Shah do when faced with defeat by Genghis Khan's forces?

  • Ground Truth Answers: fledfledfled

  • Prediction:

Who did Genghis Khan charge with finding and punishing the Shah?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Subutai and JebeSubutai and JebeSubutai and Jebe

  • Prediction:

The Mongols' conquest, even by their own standards, was brutal. After the capital Samarkand fell, the capital was moved to Bukhara by the remaining men, while Genghis Khan ordered two of his generals and their forces to completely destroy the remnants of the Khwarezmid Empire, including not only royal buildings, but entire towns, populations, and even vast swaths of farmland. According to legend, Genghis Khan even went so far as to divert a river through the Khwarezmid emperor's birthplace, erasing it from the map.[citation needed]

What was the capital of Khwarezmia before the Mongol invasion?

  • Ground Truth Answers: SamarkandSamarkandSamarkand

  • Prediction:

Where was the Khwarezmid capital moved after Genghis Khan's forces prevailed in Samarkand?

  • Ground Truth Answers: BukharaBukharaBukhara

  • Prediction:

What does legend say Genghis Khan used to obliterate the Kharezmid emporer's place of birth?

  • Ground Truth Answers: a rivera rivera river

  • Prediction:

The Mongols attacked Samarkand using captured enemies as body shields. After several days only a few remaining soldiers, loyal supporters of the Shah, held out in the citadel. After the fortress fell, Genghis supposedly reneged on his surrender terms and executed every soldier that had taken arms against him at Samarkand. The people of Samarkand were ordered to evacuate and assemble in a plain outside the city, where they were killed and pyramids of severed heads raised as a symbol of victory. Ata-Malik Juvayni, a high official in the service of the Mongol empire, wrote that in Termez, on the Oxus, "all the people, both men and women, were driven out onto the plain, and divided in accordance with their usual custom, then they were all slain".

What did the Mongols shield themselves with while attacking Samarkand?

  • Ground Truth Answers: captured enemiescaptured enemiescaptured enemies

  • Prediction:

How did Genghis Khan observed the surrender terms after Samarkand fell?

  • Ground Truth Answers: renegedrenegedexecuted every soldier

  • Prediction:

What victory symbols did the Mongols build on the plains outside Samarkand?

  • Ground Truth Answers: pyramids of severed headspyramids of severed headspyramids of severed heads

  • Prediction:

The city of Bukhara was not heavily fortified, with a moat and a single wall, and the citadel typical of Khwarezmi cities. The city leaders opened the gates to the Mongols, though a unit of Turkish defenders held the city's citadel for another twelve days. Survivors from the citadel were executed, artisans and craftsmen were sent back to Mongolia, young men who had not fought were drafted into the Mongolian army and the rest of the population was sent into slavery. As the Mongol soldiers looted the city, a fire broke out, razing most of the city to the ground. Genghis Khan had the city's surviving population assemble in the main mosque of the town, where he declared that he was the flail of God, sent to punish them for their sins.

How did the leaders of the city of Bukhara respond to the Mongol attack?

  • Ground Truth Answers: opened the gatesopened the gates to the Mongolsopened the gates to the Mongols

  • Prediction:

Who continued to hold the citadel of Bukhara after the Mongols took the rest of the city?

  • Ground Truth Answers: a unit of Turkish defendersa unit of Turkish defendersTurkish defenders

  • Prediction:

Which residents of Bukhara were spared and sent back to Mongolia?

  • Ground Truth Answers: artisans and craftsmenartisans and craftsmenartisans and craftsmen

  • Prediction:

How did Genghis Khan describe himself to the people of Bukhara?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the flail of Godthe flail of Godthe flail of God,

  • Prediction:

Who among the population of Bukhara became part of the Mongolian army?

  • Ground Truth Answers: young men who had not foughtyoung men who had not foughtyoung men who had not fought

  • Prediction:

After the defeat of the Khwarezmian Empire in 1220, Genghis Khan gathered his forces in Persia and Armenia to return to the Mongolian steppes. Under the suggestion of Subutai, the Mongol army was split into two forces. Genghis Khan led the main army on a raid through Afghanistan and northern India towards Mongolia, while another 20,000 (two tumen) contingent marched through the Caucasus and into Russia under generals Jebe and Subutai. They pushed deep into Armenia and Azerbaijan. The Mongols destroyed the kingdom of Georgia, sacked the Genoese trade-fortress of Caffa in Crimea and overwintered near the Black Sea. Heading home, Subutai's forces attacked the allied forces of the Cuman–Kipchaks and the poorly coordinated 80,000 Kievan Rus' troops led by Mstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of Kiev who went out to stop the Mongols' actions in the area. Subutai sent emissaries to the Slavic princes calling for a separate peace, but the emissaries were executed. At the Battle of Kalka River in 1223, Subutai's forces defeated the larger Kievan force. They also may have fought against the neighboring Volga Bulgars. There is no historical record except a short account by the Arab historian Ibn al-Athir, writing in Mosul some 1100 miles away from the event. Various historical secondary sources - Morgan, Chambers, Grousset - state that the Mongols actually defeated the Bulgars, Chambers even going so far as to say that the Bulgars had made up stories to tell the (recently crushed) Russians that they had beaten the Mongols and driven them from their territory. The Russian princes then sued for peace. Subutai agreed but was in no mood to pardon the princes. As was customary in Mongol society for nobility, the Russian princes were given a bloodless death. Subutai had a large wooden platform constructed on which he ate his meals along with his other generals. Six Russian princes, including Mstislav III of Kiev, were put under this platform and crushed to death.

What year did the Khwarezmian Empire fall to Genghis Khan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 122012201220,

  • Prediction:

Whose plan called for the Mongolian army to split in two after the Khwarezmian conquest?

  • Ground Truth Answers: SubutaiSubutaiSubutai

  • Prediction:

Where did Jebe and Subutai spend the winter following the split of the Mongol army?

  • Ground Truth Answers: near the Black SeaBlack SeaRussia

  • Prediction:

Where was the Kievian force that confronted Subutai's army defeated in 1223?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Kalka RiverKalka RiverKalka River

  • Prediction:

Who led the Kievian Rus' troops against Subutai's Mongol army?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Mstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of KievMstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of KievMstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of Kiev

  • Prediction:

The Mongols learned from captives of the abundant green pastures beyond the Bulgar territory, allowing for the planning for conquest of Hungary and Europe. Genghis Khan recalled Subutai back to Mongolia soon afterwards, and Jebe died on the road back to Samarkand. The famous cavalry expedition led by Subutai and Jebe, in which they encircled the entire Caspian Sea defeating all armies in their path, remains unparalleled to this day, and word of the Mongol triumphs began to trickle to other nations, particularly Europe. These two campaigns are generally regarded as reconnaissance campaigns that tried to get the feel of the political and cultural elements of the regions. In 1225 both divisions returned to Mongolia. These invasions added Transoxiana and Persia to an already formidable empire while destroying any resistance along the way. Later under Genghis Khan's grandson Batu and the Golden Horde, the Mongols returned to conquer Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus' in 1237, concluding the campaign in 1240.

Which Mongol leader completed the conquest of Kievan Rus'?

  • Ground Truth Answers: BatuBatuGenghis Khan's grandson Batu

  • Prediction:

By what name was the Mongol army that finally conquered Bulgaria known?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the Golden HordeGolden Hordethe Golden Horde

  • Prediction:

Which two Mongol leaders added Persia to the Mongol Empire?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Subutai and JebeSubutai and JebeSubutai and Jebe

  • Prediction:

When did Subutai's army return to Mongolia?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 122512251225

  • Prediction:

Where did Jebe die?

  • Ground Truth Answers: on the road back to Samarkandon the road back to Samarkandthe road back to Samarkand

  • Prediction:

In 1226, immediately after returning from the west, Genghis Khan began a retaliatory attack on the Tanguts. His armies quickly took Heisui, Ganzhou, and Suzhou (not the Suzhou in Jiangsu province), and in the autumn he took Xiliang-fu[disambiguation needed]. One of the Tangut generals challenged the Mongols to a battle near Helan Mountains but was defeated. In November, Genghis laid siege to the Tangut city Lingzhou and crossed the Yellow River, defeating the Tangut relief army. According to legend, it was here that Genghis Khan reportedly saw a line of five stars arranged in the sky and interpreted it as an omen of his victory.

In which year did Genghis Khan strike against the Tanguts?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 122612261226

  • Prediction:

What season was it when Genghis Khan took Xiliang-fu from the Tanguts?

  • Ground Truth Answers: autumnautumnautumn

  • Prediction:

Who won the battle near the Helan mountains?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the MongolsMongolsthe Mongols

  • Prediction:

What river did Genghis Khan cross before defeating the main Tangut army?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the Yellow RiverYellow RiverYellow River

  • Prediction:

What omen was Genghis Khan reported to have seen assuring his coming victory against the Tanguts?

  • Ground Truth Answers: a line of five stars arranged in the skya line of five starsa line of five stars arranged in the sky

  • Prediction:

In 1227, Genghis Khan's army attacked and destroyed the Tangut capital of Ning Hia and continued to advance, seizing Lintiao-fu, Xining province, Xindu-fu, and Deshun province in quick succession in the spring. At Deshun, the Tangut general Ma Jianlong put up a fierce resistance for several days and personally led charges against the invaders outside the city gate. Ma Jianlong later died from wounds received from arrows in battle. Genghis Khan, after conquering Deshun, went to Liupanshan (Qingshui County, Gansu Province) to escape the severe summer. The new Tangut emperor quickly surrendered to the Mongols, and the rest of the Tanguts officially surrendered soon after. Not happy with their betrayal and resistance, Genghis Khan ordered the entire imperial family to be executed, effectively ending the Tangut lineage.

What was the name of the Tangut capital?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Ning HiaNing HiaNing Hia

  • Prediction:

Who was the Tangut general who fought Genghis Khan at Deshun?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Ma JianlongMa JianlongMa Jianlong

  • Prediction:

What weapon caused the wounds that killed Tangut general Ma Jianlong?

  • Ground Truth Answers: arrowsarrowsarrows

  • Prediction:

Where did Genghis Khan spend the summer after taking Deshun?

  • Ground Truth Answers: LiupanshanLiupanshanLiupanshan

  • Prediction:

What did Genghis Khan do to the Tangut imperial family after their surrender?

  • Ground Truth Answers: executedexecutedexecuted

  • Prediction:

The succession of Genghis Khan was already a significant topic during the later years of his reign, as he reached old age. The long running paternity discussion about Genghis' oldest son Jochi was particularly contentious because of the seniority of Jochi among the brothers. According to traditional historical accounts, the issue over Jochi's paternity was voiced most strongly by Chagatai. In The Secret History of the Mongols, just before the invasion of the Khwarezmid Empire by Genghis Khan, Chagatai declared before his father and brothers that he would never accept Jochi as Genghis Khan's successor. In response to this tension, and possibly for other reasons, Ögedei was appointed as successor.

The paternity of which of Genghis Khan's sons was disputed?

  • Ground Truth Answers: JochiJochiJochi

  • Prediction:

Which Mongol leader was most opposed to Jochi as Genghis Khan's successor?

  • Ground Truth Answers: ChagataiChagataiChagatai

  • Prediction:

Before which military campaign did Chagatai publicly dispute Jochi's paternity?

  • Ground Truth Answers: invasion of the Khwarezmid Empireinvasion of the Khwarezmid Empireinvasion of the Khwarezmid Empire

  • Prediction:

Who was appointed Genghis Khan's successor?

  • Ground Truth Answers: ÖgedeiÖgedeiÖgedei

  • Prediction:

Genghis Khan was aware of the friction between his sons (particularly between Chagatai and Jochi) and worried of possible conflict between them if he died. He therefore decided to divide his empire among his sons and make all of them Khan in their own right, while appointing one of his sons as his successor. Chagatai was considered unstable due to his temper and rash behavior, because of statements he made that he would not follow Jochi if he were to become his father's successor. Tolui, Genghis Khan's youngest son, was not to be his successor because he was the youngest and in the Mongol culture, youngest sons were not given much responsibility due to their age. If Jochi were to become successor, it was likely that Chagatai would engage in warfare with him and collapse the empire. Therefore, Genghis Khan decided to give the throne to Ögedei. Ögedei was seen by Genghis Khan as dependable in character and relatively stable and down to earth and would be a neutral candidate and might defuse the situation between his brothers.

Which pair of Genghis Khan's sons were most rivalrous?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Chagatai and JochiChagatai and JochiChagatai and Jochi)

  • Prediction:

Which of Genghis Khan's sons was disqualified from being successor because of his unstable behavior?

  • Ground Truth Answers: ChagataiChagataiChagatai

  • Prediction:

Which's of Genghis Khan's successors could not be successor because of his age?

  • Ground Truth Answers: ToluiToluiTolui,

  • Prediction:

Which son did Genghis Khan view as his most dependable one?

  • Ground Truth Answers: ÖgedeiÖgedeiÖgedei

  • Prediction:

Jochi died in 1226, during his father's lifetime. Some scholars, notably Ratchnevsky, have commented on the possibility that Jochi was secretly poisoned by an order from Genghis Khan. Rashid al-Din reports that the great Khan sent for his sons in the spring of 1223, and while his brothers heeded the order, Jochi remained in Khorasan. Juzjani suggests that the disagreement arose from a quarrel between Jochi and his brothers in the siege of Urgench. Jochi had attempted to protect Urgench from destruction, as it belonged to territory allocated to him as a fief. He concludes his story with the clearly apocryphal statement by Jochi: "Genghis Khan is mad to have massacred so many people and laid waste so many lands. I would be doing a service if I killed my father when he is hunting, made an alliance with Sultan Muhammad, brought this land to life and gave assistance and support to the Muslims." Juzjani claims that it was in response to hearing of these plans that Genghis Khan ordered his son secretly poisoned; however, as Sultan Muhammad was already dead in 1223, the accuracy of this story is questionable.

Jochi's death occurred in what year?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 122612261226

  • Prediction:

Where did Jochi remain after Genghis Khan sent for his sons in the spring of 1223?

  • Ground Truth Answers: KhorasanKhorasanKhorasan

  • Prediction:

Which territory did Jochi try to protect that may have led to a dispute with his brothers?

  • Ground Truth Answers: UrgenchUrgenchUrgench

  • Prediction:

Who did Jochi reportedly enlist to help him stop his father's massacres?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Sultan MuhammadSultan MuhammadSultan Muhammad

  • Prediction:

Why is Jochi's reported alliance with the Muslims historically suspect?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Sultan Muhammad was already dead in 1223Sultan Muhammad was already dead in 1223Sultan Muhammad was already dead in 1223,

  • Prediction:

In August 1227, during the fall of Yinchuan, the capital of Western Xia, Genghis Khan died. The exact cause of his death remains a mystery, and is variously attributed to being killed in action against the Western Xia, illness, falling from his horse, or wounds sustained in hunting or battle. According to The Secret History of the Mongols Genghis Khan fell from his horse while hunting and died because of the injury. He was already old and tired from his journeys. The Galician–Volhynian Chronicle alleges he was killed by the Western Xia in battle, while Marco Polo wrote that he died after the infection of an arrow wound he received during his final campaign. Later Mongol chronicles connect Genghis' death with a Western Xia princess taken as war booty. One chronicle from the early 17th century even relates the legend that the princess hid a small dagger and stabbed him, though some Mongol authors have doubted this version and suspected it to be an invention by the rival Oirads.

Genghis Khan was in the process of taking what capital city when he died?

  • Ground Truth Answers: YinchuanYinchuanYinchuan

  • Prediction:

What does the Secret History say Genghis Khan was doing when he sustained his mortal injuries?

  • Ground Truth Answers: huntinghuntinghunting

  • Prediction:

What weapon did Marco Pole report as the cause of Genghis Khan's death?

  • Ground Truth Answers: arrowarrowarrow wound

  • Prediction:

Later chronicles of Genghis Khan's death implicate a princess from what empire in his death?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Western XiaWestern XiaWestern Xia

  • Prediction:

Which rival of the Mongols is suspected of inventing the story that Genghis Khan was murdered by a captured princess?

  • Ground Truth Answers: OiradsOiradsOirads

  • Prediction:

Years before his death, Genghis Khan asked to be buried without markings, according to the customs of his tribe. After he died, his body was returned to Mongolia and presumably to his birthplace in Khentii Aimag, where many assume he is buried somewhere close to the Onon River and the Burkhan Khaldun mountain (part of the Kentii mountain range). According to legend, the funeral escort killed anyone and anything across their path to conceal where he was finally buried. The Genghis Khan Mausoleum, constructed many years after his death, is his memorial, but not his burial site.

What was Genghis Khan's tribes burial custom?

  • Ground Truth Answers: without markingsburied without markingsburied without markings

  • Prediction:

Where is Genghis Khan's presumed to have been delivered?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Khentii AimagKhentii AimagKhentii Aimag

  • Prediction:

What river is near Genghis Khan's likely place of burial?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Onon RiverOnonOnon River

  • Prediction:

What memorial was built years after Genghis Khan's death and burial?

  • Ground Truth Answers: The Genghis Khan MausoleumGenghis Khan MausoleumThe Genghis Khan Mausoleum

  • Prediction:

In 1939 Chinese Nationalist soldiers took the mausoleum from its position at the 'Lord's Enclosure' (Mongolian: Edsen Khoroo) in Mongolia to protect it from Japanese troops. It was taken through Communist-held territory in Yan'an some 900 km on carts to safety at a Buddhist monastery, the Dongshan Dafo Dian, where it remained for ten years. In 1949, as Communist troops advanced, the Nationalist soldiers moved it another 200 km farther west to the famous Tibetan monastery of Kumbum Monastery or Ta'er Shi near Xining, which soon fell under Communist control. In early 1954, Genghis Khan's bier and relics were returned to the Lord's Enclosure in Mongolia. By 1956 a new temple was erected there to house them. In 1968 during the Cultural Revolution, Red Guards destroyed almost everything of value. The "relics" were remade in the 1970s and a great marble statue of Genghis was completed in 1989.

What is the Mongolian name for the original place of the Genghis Khan mausoleum?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Edsen KhorooEdsen KhorooEdsen Khoroo

  • Prediction:

Which Buddhist monastery hosted the Genghis Khan mausoleum during the Japanese occupation?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Dongshan Dafo DianDongshan Dafo Dianthe Dongshan Dafo Dian

  • Prediction:

Where did the Chinese Nationalists move the mausoleum away from advancing Chinese Communist forces?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Kumbum Monastery or Ta'er Shi near XiningKumbum MonasteryTibetan monastery of Kumbum Monastery

  • Prediction:

When was the mausoleum returned to the Lord's Enclosure in Mongolia?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 195419541954,

  • Prediction:

Who destroyed the most valuable relics in the mausoleum during the Cultural Revolution?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Red GuardsRed Guards1968

  • Prediction:

On October 6, 2004, a joint Japanese-Mongolian archaeological dig uncovered what is believed to be Genghis Khan's palace in rural Mongolia, which raises the possibility of actually locating the ruler's long-lost burial site. Folklore says that a river was diverted over his grave to make it impossible to find (the same manner of burial as the Sumerian King Gilgamesh of Uruk and Atilla the Hun). Other tales state that his grave was stampeded over by many horses, and that trees were then planted over the site, and the permafrost also did its part in hiding the burial site.

On which date was Genghis Khan's palace rediscovered by archeaologists?

  • Ground Truth Answers: October 6, 2004October 6, 2004October 6, 2004

  • Prediction:

What kind of water body is rumored to be obscuring Genghis Khan's burial site?

  • Ground Truth Answers: a riverriverriver

  • Prediction:

What two other rulers had their graves hidden under a river?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Sumerian King Gilgamesh of Uruk and Atilla the HunKing Gilgamesh of Uruk and Atilla the HunGilgamesh of Uruk and Atilla the Hun

  • Prediction:

What animals may have been stampeded over Genghis Khan's grave site?

  • Ground Truth Answers: horseshorseshorses

  • Prediction:

The Mongol Empire was governed by a civilian and military code, called the Yassa, created by Genghis Khan. The Mongol Empire did not emphasize the importance of ethnicity and race in the administrative realm, instead adopting an approach grounded in meritocracy. The exception was the role of Genghis Khan and his family. The Mongol Empire was one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse empires in history, as befitted its size. Many of the empire's nomadic inhabitants considered themselves Mongols in military and civilian life, including Mongols, Turks and others and included many diverse Khans of various ethnicities as part of the Mongol Empire such as Muhammad Khan.

Who created the code that governed military and civilian conduct in the Mongol Empire?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Genghis KhanGenghis KhanGenghis Khan

  • Prediction:

What was the name of the Mongol Empire's legal code?

  • Ground Truth Answers: YassaYassaYassa

  • Prediction:

What was the guiding principle of the Mongol Empire code of conduct?

  • Ground Truth Answers: meritocracymeritocracymeritocracy

  • Prediction:

Who was exempt from the meritocratic principles of the Mongol Empire?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Genghis Khan and his familyGenghis Khan and his familyGenghis Khan and his family

  • Prediction:

Who is an example of the diversity of leadership in the Mongol Empire?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Muhammad KhanMuhammad KhanMuhammad Khan

  • Prediction:

There were tax exemptions for religious figures and, to some extent, teachers and doctors. The Mongol Empire practiced religious tolerance because Mongol tradition had long held that religion was a personal concept, and not subject to law or interference.[citation needed] Sometime before the rise of Genghis Khan, Ong Khan, his mentor and eventual rival, had converted to Nestorian Christianity. Various Mongol tribes were Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian. Religious tolerance was thus a well established concept on the Asian steppe.

What perk did religious leaders, teachers, and doctors get in the Mongol Empire?

  • Ground Truth Answers: tax exemptionstax exemptionstax exemptions

  • Prediction:

Which of Genghis Khan's mentors practiced Christianity?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Ong KhanOng KhanOng Khan

  • Prediction:

How was religion handled in the Mongol Empire?

  • Ground Truth Answers: a personal concepttolerancea personal concept, and not subject to law or interference

  • Prediction:

What are examples of the various religions of Mongol tribes?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Shamanist, Buddhist or ChristianShamanist, Buddhist or ChristianShamanist, Buddhist or Christian

  • Prediction:

Modern Mongolian historians say that towards the end of his life, Genghis Khan attempted to create a civil state under the Great Yassa that would have established the legal equality of all individuals, including women. However, there is no evidence of this, or of the lifting of discriminatory policies towards sedentary peoples such as the Chinese. Women played a relatively important role in Mongol Empire and in family, for example Töregene Khatun was briefly in charge of the Mongol Empire when next male Khagan was being chosen. Modern scholars refer to the alleged policy of encouraging trade and communication as the Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace).

Which woman took a leadership role in the Mongol Empire while succession was being determined?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Töregene KhatunTöregene KhatunTöregene Khatun

  • Prediction:

What is the modern term for the Mongolian policies supporting trade and communication?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace)Pax MongolicaPax Mongolica (Mongol Peace)

  • Prediction:

Who is an example of a sedentary people who were not favored by the laws of the Mongol Empire?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the ChineseChineseChinese

  • Prediction:

What do some modern historians claim Genghis Khan sought to add his legal code at the end of his reign?

  • Ground Truth Answers: legal equality of all individuals, including womenlegal equality of all individualsGreat Yassa

  • Prediction:

Genghis Khan realised that he needed people who could govern cities and states conquered by him. He also realised that such administrators could not be found among his Mongol people because they were nomads and thus had no experience governing cities. For this purpose Genghis Khan invited a Khitan prince, Chu'Tsai, who worked for the Jin and had been captured by the Mongol army after the Jin dynasty was defeated. Jin had captured power by displacing Khitan. Genghis told Chu'Tsai, who was a lineal descendant of Khitan rulers, that he had avenged Chu'Tsai's forefathers. Chu'Tsai responded that his father served the Jin dynasty honestly and so did he; also he did not consider his own father his enemy, so the question of revenge did not apply. This reply impressed Genghis Khan. Chu'Tsai administered parts of the Mongol Empire and became a confidant of the successive Mongol Khans.

Which Khitan prince became an important administrator in the Mongol Empire?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Chu'TsaiChu'TsaiChu'Tsai,

  • Prediction:

Why would Mongols have too little experience to govern cities they conquered?

  • Ground Truth Answers: they were nomadsnomadsnomads and thus had no experience governing cities

  • Prediction:

Khitan had been overthrown by which dynasty that Genghis Khan later defeated?

  • Ground Truth Answers: JinJinJin dynasty

  • Prediction:

Who were Chu'Tsai's forefathers?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Khitan rulersKhitan rulersKhitan rulers,

  • Prediction:

Genghis Khan put absolute trust in his generals, such as Muqali, Jebe and Subutai, and regarded them as close advisors, often extending them the same privileges and trust normally reserved for close family members. He allowed them to make decisions on their own when they embarked on campaigns far from the Mongol Empire capital Karakorum. Muqali, a trusted lieutenant, was given command of the Mongol forces against the Jin dynasty while Genghis Khan was fighting in Central Asia, and Subutai and Jebe were allowed to pursue the Great Raid into the Caucasus and Kievan Rus', an idea they had presented to the Khagan on their own initiative. While granting his generals a great deal of autonomy in making command decisions, Genghis Khan also expected unwavering loyalty from them.

Who among Genghis Khan's subjects shared similar privileges to his close family members'?

  • Ground Truth Answers: his generalsMuqali, Jebe and Subutaihis generals

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What was the capital of the Mongol Empire?

  • Ground Truth Answers: KarakorumKarakorumKarakorum

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Who was delegated command of the Mongol forces against the Jin dynasty?

  • Ground Truth Answers: MuqaliMuqaliMuqali,

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Which two generals raided the Caucasas and Kievan Rus' for Genghis Khan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Subutai and JebeSubutai and JebeSubutai and Jebe

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What did Genghis Khan expect from his generals alongside the autonomy he granted them?

  • Ground Truth Answers: unwavering loyaltyunwavering loyaltyunwavering loyalty

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The Mongol military was also successful in siege warfare, cutting off resources for cities and towns by diverting certain rivers, taking enemy prisoners and driving them in front of the army, and adopting new ideas, techniques and tools from the people they conquered, particularly in employing Muslim and Chinese siege engines and engineers to aid the Mongol cavalry in capturing cities. Another standard tactic of the Mongol military was the commonly practiced feigned retreat to break enemy formations and to lure small enemy groups away from the larger group and defended position for ambush and counterattack.

What would Mongol armies divert in order to cut off the resources of cities they were attacking?

  • Ground Truth Answers: riversriversrivers

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What were the cultural origins of the engineers and technology adopted by the Mongol military?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Muslim and ChineseMuslim and ChineseMuslim and Chinese

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How did Mongol armies lure enemy groups out of their defensive positions?

  • Ground Truth Answers: feigned retreatfeigned retreatfeigned retreat

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How were enemy prisoners used tactically by Mongol armies?

  • Ground Truth Answers: driving them in front of the armydriving them in front of the armydriving them in front of the army

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Contrary to popular belief, Genghis Khan did not conquer all the areas ultimately part of the Mongol Empire. At the time of his death, the Mongol Empire stretched from the Caspian Sea to the Sea of Japan. The empire's expansion continued for a generation or more after Genghis's death in 1227. Under Genghis's successor Ögedei Khan the speed of expansion reached its peak. Mongol armies pushed into Persia, finished off the Western Xia and the remnants of the Khwarezmids, and came into conflict with the imperial Song dynasty of China, starting a war that lasted until 1279 and that concluded with the Mongols gaining control of all of China. They also pushed further into Russia and eastern Europe.

What sea bordered Genghis Khan's empire to the east when he died?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Sea of JapanSea of JapanCaspian Sea to the Sea of Japan

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What body of water sat to the west of the Mongol Empire when Genghis Khan died?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Caspian SeaCaspian SeaCaspian Sea to the Sea of Japan

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Who led the most rapid expansion of the Mongol Empire?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Ögedei KhanÖgedei KhanÖgedei Khan

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What year was the conflict with the Song dynasty concluded?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 127912791279

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Genghis Khan is credited with bringing the Silk Road under one cohesive political environment. This allowed increased communication and trade between the West, Middle East and Asia, thus expanding the horizons of all three cultural areas. Some historians have noted that Genghis Khan instituted certain levels of meritocracy in his rule, was tolerant of religions and explained his policies clearly to all his soldiers. In Turkey, Genghis Khan is looked on as a great military leader, and it is popular for male children to carry his title as name.

To which trading route did Genghis Khan bring a stable political climate?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the Silk RoadSilk RoadSilk Road

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In which Middle Eastern country is Genghis Khan's title a popular name for male children?

  • Ground Truth Answers: TurkeyTurkeyTurkey,

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What was the Genghis Khan's characteristic approach to religious diversity?

  • Ground Truth Answers: toleranttoleranttolerant of religions

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What effect did Genghis Khan's career have on communication and trade across Asia?

  • Ground Truth Answers: increasedexpanding the horizonsincreased communication and trade

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In the early 1990s the memory of Genghis Khan with the Mongolian national identity has had a powerful revival partly because of his perception during the Mongolian People's Republic period. Genghis Khan became one of the central figures of the national identity. He is looked upon positively by Mongolians for his role in uniting warring tribes. For example, it is not uncommon for Mongolians to refer to their country as "Genghis Khan's Mongolia", to themselves as "Genghis Khan's children", and to Genghis Khan as the "father of the Mongols" especially among the younger generation. However, there is a chasm in the perception of his brutality. Mongolians maintain that the historical records written by non-Mongolians are unfairly biased against Genghis Khan and that his butchery is exaggerated, while his positive role is underrated.

What recent decade saw brightening of the perception of Genghis Khan in Mongolia?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 1990s1990s1990s

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What is the key accomplishment of Genghis Khan that modern Mongolians celebrate?

  • Ground Truth Answers: uniting warring tribesuniting warring tribesuniting warring tribes

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How do Mongolians sometime describe their relationship to Genghis Khan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Genghis Khan's childrenGenghis Khan's childrenfather of the Mongols

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What do some Mongolians feel non-Mongolian historians exaggerate about Genghis Khan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: his brutalitybutcheryhis butchery

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What is the general perception of non-Mongolian histories of Genghis Khan by Mongolians themselves?

  • Ground Truth Answers: unfairly biasedunfairly biasedhis positive role is underrated

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In Mongolia today, Genghis Khan's name and likeness are endorsed on products, streets, buildings, and other places. His face can be found on everyday commodities, from liquor bottles to candy products, and on the largest denominations of 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, and 20,000 Mongolian tögrög (₮). Mongolia's main international airport in Ulaanbaatar is named Chinggis Khaan International Airport. Major Genghis Khan statues have been erected before the parliament and near Ulaanbaatar. There have been repeated discussions about regulating the use of his name and image to avoid trivialization.

What is the name of contemporary Mongolian currency?

  • Ground Truth Answers: tögrögtögrögtögrög

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Whose likeness is on the larger denominations of Mongolian currency?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Genghis KhanGenghis Khan's

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What is the name of Mongolia's largest airport?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Chinggis Khaan International AirportChinggis Khaan International AirportChinggis Khaan International Airport

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Why have Mongolian politicians considered regulating the use of Genghis Khan's name?

  • Ground Truth Answers: to avoid trivializationavoid trivializationavoid trivialization.

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What city is near a major statue of Genghis Khan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: UlaanbaatarUlaanbaatarUlaanbaatar

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Genghis Khan is regarded as one of the prominent leaders in Mongolia's history. He is responsible for the emergence of the Mongols as a political and ethnic identity because there was no unified identity between the tribes that had cultural similarity. He reinforced many Mongol traditions and provided stability and unity during a time of almost endemic warfare between tribes. He is also given credit for the introduction of the traditional Mongolian script and the creation of the Ikh Zasag (Great Administration), the first written Mongolian law. "Ikh Zasag law adopted during Genghis Khan’s time in Mongolia had points to punish illegal matters related to corruption and bribery very heavily," Mongolian President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj noted. President Elbegdorj sees Genghis Khan as a leader from whom to learn for anti-corruption efforts as Genghis Khan sought equal protection under the law for all citizens regardless of status or wealth. "Chinggis (Genghis Khan)...was a man who deeply realized that the justice begins and consolidates with the equality of law, and not with the distinctions between people. He was a man who knew that the good laws and rules lived longer than fancy palaces," Elbegdorj said in his speech on the 850th anniversary of Chinggis Khaan's birth. In summary, Mongolians see him as the fundamental figure in the founding of the Mongol Empire and therefore the basis for Mongolia as a country.

What is the Mongolian name of the first Mongolian laws codified in writing?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Ikh ZasagIkh Zasag (Ikh Zasag

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What did Mongolian President Tsakhiagian Elbegdorj note was significantly punished by Genghis Khan's laws?

  • Ground Truth Answers: corruption and briberycorruption and briberycorruption and bribery

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Which Mongolian president lauded Genghis Khan on the 850th anniversary of the conqueror's birth?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Tsakhiagiin ElbegdorjTsakhiagiin ElbegdorjElbegdorj

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What innovation in Mongolian language is credited to Genghis Khan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: traditional Mongolian scripttraditional Mongolian scripttraditional Mongolian script

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There are conflicting views of Genghis Khan in the People's Republic of China with some viewing him positively in the Inner Mongolia region where there are a monument and buildings about him and where there is a considerable number of Mongols in the area with a population of around 5 million, almost twice the population of Mongolia. While Genghis Khan never conquered all of China, his grandson Kublai Khan completed that conquest and established the Yuan dynasty that is often credited with re-uniting China. There has been much artwork and literature praising Genghis as a great military leader and political genius. The years of the Mongol-established Yuan dynasty left an indelible imprint on Chinese political and social structures for subsequent generations with literature during the Jin dynasty relatively fewer. In general the legacy of Genghis Khan and his successors, who completed the conquest of China after 65 years of struggle, remains a mixed topic.[citation needed]

Where in China is Genghis Khan most favorably viewed today?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Inner Mongolia regionInner Mongolia regionInner Mongolia region

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What is the population of the Inner Mongolia region of China?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 5 millionaround 5 millionaround 5 million

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Which descendant of Genghis Khan is remembered as having reunified China?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Kublai KhanKublai KhanKublai Khan

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What Chinese dynasty did the Mongols found?

  • Ground Truth Answers: YuanYuanYuan dynasty

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What was Kublai Khan's relation to Genghis Khan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: grandsongrandsongrandson

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In the Middle East, and particularly in Iran, Genghis Khan is almost universally condemned as a destructive and genocidal warlord who caused enormous damage and destruction to the population of these areas. Steven R. Ward wrote that "Overall, the Mongol violence and depredations killed up to three-fourths of the population of the Iranian Plateau, possibly 10 to 15 million people. Some historians have estimated that Iran's population did not again reach its pre-Mongol levels until the mid-20th century."

Which Middle Eastern nation in particular views Genghis Khan as a contemptible perpetrator of genocide?

  • Ground Truth Answers: IranIranIran

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What proportion of the general population in the area than became Iran did Genghis Khan kill?

  • Ground Truth Answers: three-fourthsthree-fourthsup to three-fourths of the population

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How many people do historians estimate Genghis Khan killed in the Iranian Plateau?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 10 to 15 million10 to 15 million people10 to 15 million people

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The invasions of Baghdad, Samarkand, Urgench, Kiev, Vladimir among others caused mass murders, such as when portions of southern Khuzestan were completely destroyed. His descendant Hulagu Khan destroyed much of Iran's northern part and sacked Baghdad although his forces were halted by the Mamluks of Egypt, but Hulagu's descendant Ghazan Khan would return to beat the Egyptian Mamluks right out of Levant, Palestine and even Gaza. According to the works of the Persian historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, the Mongols killed more than 70,000 people in Merv and more than 190,000 in Nishapur. In 1237 Batu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, launched an invasion into Kievan Rus'. Over the course of three years, the Mongols destroyed and annihilated all of the major cities of Eastern Europe with the exceptions of Novgorod and Pskov.

Which descendant of Genghis Khan sacked Baghdad?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Hulagu KhanHulagu KhanHulagu Khan

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Who halted the advance of Hulagu Khan across the Middle East?

  • Ground Truth Answers: the Mamluks of EgyptMamluksthe Mamluks of Egypt

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Which of Genghis Khan's descendants pushed the Mamluks out of Palestine?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Ghazan KhanGhazan KhanGhazan Khan

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In which year did Genghis Khan's grandson invade Kievan Rus'?

  • Ground Truth Answers: 123712371237

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Which major cities in Eastern Europe were not destroyed by the Mongol invasion?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Novgorod and PskovNovgorod and PskovNovgorod and Pskov

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Although the famous Mughal emperors were proud descendants of Genghis Khan and particularly Timur, they clearly distanced themselves from the Mongol atrocities committed against the Khwarizim Shahs, Turks, Persians, the citizens of Baghdad and Damascus, Nishapur, Bukhara and historical figures such as Attar of Nishapur and many other notable Muslims. However, Mughal Emperors directly patronized the legacies of Genghis Khan and Timur; together their names were synonymous with the names of other distinguished personalities particularly among the Muslim populations of South Asia.

Which descendants of Genghis Khan tried to dissociate themselves from the Mongol massacres in the Middle East?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Mughal emperorsMughal emperorsMughal emperors

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Which Mongol conqueror was most celebrated by the Mughal emperors?

  • Ground Truth Answers: TimurTimurTimur

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From where was the Muslim historical figure Attar, whose murder by the Mongols was long remembered?

  • Ground Truth Answers: NishapurNishapurNishapur

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One theory suggests the name stems from a palatalised version of the Mongolian and Turkic word tenggis, meaning "ocean", "oceanic" or "wide-spreading". (Lake Baikal and ocean were called tenggis by the Mongols. However, it seems that if they had meant to call Genghis tenggis they could have said, and written, "Tenggis Khan", which they did not.) Zhèng (Chinese: 正) meaning "right", "just", or "true", would have received the Mongolian adjectival modifier -s, creating "Jenggis", which in medieval romanization would be written "Genghis". It is likely that the 13th century Mongolian pronunciation would have closely matched "Chinggis".

Which Mongolian word meaning wide-spreading may have contributed to the appellation Genghis?

  • Ground Truth Answers: tenggistenggistenggis

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Which massive lake did the Mongolians call tenggis?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Lake BaikalLake BaikalLake Baikal

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What does zhèng mean?

  • Ground Truth Answers: "right", "just", or "true"rightright", "just", or "true",

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Jenggis is the adjectival form of what word?

  • Ground Truth Answers: ZhèngZhèngZhèng

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What spelling of Genghis most closely matches its probable pronunciation?

  • Ground Truth Answers: ChinggisChinggis"Jenggis

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Genghis Khan, the title is spelled in variety of ways in different languages such as Mongolian Chinggis Khaan, English Chinghiz, Chinghis, and Chingiz, Chinese: 成吉思汗; pinyin: Chéngjísī Hán, Turkic: Cengiz Han, Çingiz Xan, Çingiz Han, Chingizxon, Çıñğız Xan, Chengez Khan, Chinggis Khan, Chinggis Xaan, Chingis Khan, Jenghis Khan, Chinggis Qan, Djingis Kahn, Russian: Чингисхан (Čingiskhan) or Чингиз-хан (Čingiz-khan), etc. Temüjin is written in Chinese as simplified Chinese: 铁木真; traditional Chinese: 鐵木眞; pinyin: Tiěmùzhēn.

What is the Mongolian spelling of Genghis Khan?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Chinggis KhaanChinggis KhaanChinggis KhaanChinggis Khaan

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How is Genghis Khan spelled in Turkic?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Cengiz HanCengiz HanCengiz HanCengiz Han, Çingiz Xan, Çingiz Han, Chingizxon, Çıñğız Xan, Chengez Khan, Chinggis Khan, Chinggis Xaan, Chingis Khan, Jenghis Khan, Chinggis Qan, Djingis Kahn

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How is Temüjin written in pinyin?

  • Ground Truth Answers: TiěmùzhēnTiěmùzhēnTiěmùzhēnTiěmùzhēn

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What are alternate English spelling of Genghis?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Chinghiz, Chinghis, and ChingizChinghiz, Chinghis, and ChingizChinghiz, Chinghis, and ChingizChinghiz, Chinghis, and Chingiz

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How is Genghis Khan written in pinyin?

  • Ground Truth Answers: Chéngjísī HánChéngjísī HánChéngjísī HánChéngjísī Hán,

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