The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the third United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which accomplished landing the first humans on the Moon from 1969 to 1972. First conceived during Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration as a three-man spacecraft to follow the one-man Project Mercury which put the first Americans in space, Apollo was later dedicated to President John F. Kennedy's national goal of "landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth" by the end of the 1960s, which he proposed in a May 25, 1961, address to Congress. Project Mercury was followed by the two-man Project Gemini (1962–66). The first manned flight of Apollo was in 1968.
What project put the first Americans into space?
Ground Truth Answers: Project MercuryspacecraftProject MercuryApolloProject Apollo
Prediction:
What program was created to carry out these projects and missions?
Ground Truth Answers: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASAApolloProject MercuryApollo program
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What year did the first manned Apollo flight occur?
Ground Truth Answers: 19681969196219681969
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What President is credited with the original notion of putting Americans in space?
Ground Truth Answers: Dwight D. EisenhowerJohn F. Kennedy'sJohn F. Kennedy'sDwight D. EisenhowerDwight D. Eisenhower
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How many people were on the project that followed Project Mercury?
Ground Truth Answers: tworsttwotwotwo-man
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Apollo ran from 1961 to 1972, and was supported by the two-man Gemini program which ran concurrently with it from 1962 to 1966. Gemini missions developed some of the space travel techniques that were necessary for the success of the Apollo missions. Apollo used Saturn family rockets as launch vehicles. Apollo/Saturn vehicles were also used for an Apollo Applications Program, which consisted of Skylab, a space station that supported three manned missions in 1973–74, and the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, a joint Earth orbit mission with the Soviet Union in 1975.
How long did Project Apollo run?
Ground Truth Answers: 1961 to 19721961 to 19721961 to 19721961 to 1972Apollo ran from 1961 to 1972
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What program helped develop space travel techniques that Project Apollo used?
Ground Truth Answers: Gemini programGeminiGeminiGeminiGemini program
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Who did the U.S. collaborate with on an Earth orbit mission in 1975?
Ground Truth Answers: Soviet UnionApollo Applications ProgramSoviet UnionSoviet UnionSoviet Union
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What space station supported three manned missions in 1973-1974?
Ground Truth Answers: SkylabSkylabSkylabSkylabSkylab
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The Apollo program succeeded in achieving its goal of manned lunar landing, despite the major setback of a 1967 Apollo 1 cabin fire that killed the entire crew during a prelaunch test. After the first landing, sufficient flight hardware remained for nine follow-on landings with a plan for extended lunar geological and astrophysical exploration. Budget cuts forced the cancellation of three of these. Five of the remaining six missions achieved successful landings, but the Apollo 13 landing was prevented by an oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon, which disabled the command spacecraft's propulsion and life support. The crew returned to Earth safely by using the Lunar Module as a "lifeboat" for these functions.
In what year did the Apollo 1 cabin fire occur?
Ground Truth Answers: 19671967196719671967
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What type of launch was happening during the Apollo 1 incident?
Ground Truth Answers: prelaunch testprelaunchprelaunch testprelaunch test
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What forced the cancellations of three future landings?
Ground Truth Answers: Budget cutsoxygen tank explosionBudget cutsBudget cutsBudget cuts
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How many of the remaining launches were successful?
Ground Truth Answers: FivesixFiveFiveFive of the remaining six missions
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What happened to Apollo 13?
Ground Truth Answers: oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moondisabled the command spacecraft's propulsion and life supportoxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moonoxygen tank explosionoxygen tank explosion in transit
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Apollo set several major human spaceflight milestones. It stands alone in sending manned missions beyond low Earth orbit. Apollo 8 was the first manned spacecraft to orbit another celestial body, while the final Apollo 17 mission marked the sixth Moon landing and the ninth manned mission beyond low Earth orbit. The program returned 842 pounds (382 kg) of lunar rocks and soil to Earth, greatly contributing to the understanding of the Moon's composition and geological history. The program laid the foundation for NASA's current human spaceflight capability, and funded construction of its Johnson Space Center and Kennedy Space Center. Apollo also spurred advances in many areas of technology incidental to rocketry and manned spaceflight, including avionics, telecommunications, and computers.
What was the first spacecraft to orbit another celestial body?
Ground Truth Answers: Apollo 8Apollo 8Apollo 8Apollo 8Apollo 8
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What Apollo mission was the sixth moon landing?
Ground Truth Answers: Apollo 17Apollo 17Apollo 17Apollo 17Apollo 17
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How many kgs of moon rocks did the program bring back?
Ground Truth Answers: 382 kg382382382382 kg
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What other areas did the Apollo missions help spur advancements in?
Ground Truth Answers: avionics, telecommunications, and computersNASA's current human spaceflight capability, and funded construction of its Johnson Space Center and Kennedy Space Centeravionics, telecommunications, and computersavionics, telecommunications, and computers.rocketry and manned spaceflight, including avionics, telecommunications, and computers
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The Apollo program was conceived during the Eisenhower administration in early 1960, as a follow-up to Project Mercury. While the Mercury capsule could only support one astronaut on a limited Earth orbital mission, Apollo would carry three astronauts. Possible missions included ferrying crews to a space station, circumlunar flights, and eventual manned lunar landings. The program was named after the Greek god of light, music, and the sun by NASA manager Abe Silverstein, who later said that "I was naming the spacecraft like I'd name my baby." Silverstein chose the name at home one evening, early in 1960, because he felt "Apollo riding his chariot across the Sun was appropriate to the grand scale of the proposed program."
How many people could the Mercury capsule hold?
Ground Truth Answers: onethreeoneoneone astronaut
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How many people could Apollo be projected to hold?
Ground Truth Answers: threethreethreethree astronauts
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Who named the Apollo missions?
Ground Truth Answers: Abe SilversteinAbe SilversteinAbe SilversteinAbe SilversteinNASA manager Abe Silverstein
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What was the eventual final goal of the Apollo projects?
Ground Truth Answers: manned lunar landingsmanned lunar landingslunar landingsferrying crews to a space station, circumlunar flights, and eventual manned lunar landings
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When was the Apollo project conceived?
Ground Truth Answers: early 1960196019601960early 1960
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In July 1960, NASA Deputy Administrator Hugh L. Dryden announced the Apollo program to industry representatives at a series of Space Task Group conferences. Preliminary specifications were laid out for a spacecraft with a mission module cabin separate from the command module (piloting and re-entry cabin), and a propulsion and equipment module. On August 30, a feasibility study competition was announced, and on October 25, three study contracts were awarded to General Dynamics/Convair, General Electric, and the Glenn L. Martin Company. Meanwhile, NASA performed its own in-house spacecraft design studies led by Maxime Faget, to serve as a gauge to judge and monitor the three industry designs.
In what year was the Apollo program announced?
Ground Truth Answers: 1960196019601960July 1960
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Who led the in house design studies for NASA?
Ground Truth Answers: Maxime FagetHugh L. DrydenMaxime FagetMaxime FagetMaxime Faget
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How many study contracts were awarded on October 25th?
Ground Truth Answers: threethreethreethreethree study contracts
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Who was the deputy administrator of NASA in 1960?
Ground Truth Answers: Hugh L. DrydenMaxime FagetHugh L. DrydenHugh L. DrydenHugh L. Dryden
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In November 1960, John F. Kennedy was elected president after a campaign that promised American superiority over the Soviet Union in the fields of space exploration and missile defense. Up to the election of 1960, Kennedy had been speaking out against the "missile gap" that he and many other senators felt had formed between the Soviets and themselves due to the inaction of President Eisenhower. Beyond military power, Kennedy used aerospace technology as a symbol of national prestige, pledging to make the US not "first but, first and, first if, but first period." Despite Kennedy's rhetoric, he did not immediately come to a decision on the status of the Apollo program once he became president. He knew little about the technical details of the space program, and was put off by the massive financial commitment required by a manned Moon landing. When Kennedy's newly appointed NASA Administrator James E. Webb requested a 30 percent budget increase for his agency, Kennedy supported an acceleration of NASA's large booster program but deferred a decision on the broader issue.
Who was elected President in November 1960?
Ground Truth Answers: John F. KennedyJohn F. KennedyJohn F. Kennedy, John F. KennedyJohn F. Kennedy
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Against what country was Kennedy promising superiority over?
Ground Truth Answers: Soviet UnionSoviet UnionSoviet UnionSoviet UnionSoviet Union
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What was President Kennedy put off by regarding the space program?
Ground Truth Answers: massive financial commitmentmassive financial commitmentmassive financial commitmentfinancial commitmentmassive financial commitment
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Who was NASA's administrator?
Ground Truth Answers: James E. WebbJames E. WebbJames E. WebbJames E. WebbJames E. Webb
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What was the term Kennedy used to show that America was falling behind the Soviet Union due to inactivity in space programs?
Ground Truth Answers: missile gapfirst but, first and, first if, but first periodmissile gapmissile gap
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On April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to fly in space, reinforcing American fears about being left behind in a technological competition with the Soviet Union. At a meeting of the US House Committee on Science and Astronautics one day after Gagarin's flight, many congressmen pledged their support for a crash program aimed at ensuring that America would catch up. Kennedy was circumspect in his response to the news, refusing to make a commitment on America's response to the Soviets.
Who was the first person in space?
Ground Truth Answers: Yuri GagarinYuri GagarinYuri GagarinYuri GagarinYuri Gagarin
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From what country did the first person in space come from?
Ground Truth Answers: Soviet UnionSovietSoviet UnionSoviet UnionSoviet Union
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How many days after Gagarin's flight did the US House Committee on Science and Astronautics meet?
Ground Truth Answers: one dayoneoneoneone day
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What did President Kennedy do in response to the Soviet flight in regards of America's program?
Ground Truth Answers: refusing to make a commitmentrefusing to make a commitmentrefusing to make a commitmentrefusing to make a commitment on America's response
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On April 20, Kennedy sent a memo to Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, asking Johnson to look into the status of America's space program, and into programs that could offer NASA the opportunity to catch up. Johnson responded approximately one week later, concluding that "we are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary if this country is to reach a position of leadership." His memo concluded that a manned Moon landing was far enough in the future that it was likely the United States would achieve it first.
What month and day did Kennedy message his vice president about the status of the program?
Ground Truth Answers: April 20April 20AprilAprilApril 20
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Who was Kennedy's vice president?
Ground Truth Answers: Lyndon B. JohnsonLyndon B. JohnsonLyndon B. JohnsonLyndon B. JohnsonLyndon B. Johnson
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How long did it take Johnson to respond to Kennedy?
Ground Truth Answers: approximately one weekone weekone weekone weekone week
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What was the general consensus Johnson came to regarding America's progress on going to space and reaching a position of leadership?
Ground Truth Answers: neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessaryare neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessarywe are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary if this country is to reach a position of leadershipwe are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary
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It became clear that managing the Apollo program would exceed the capabilities of Robert R. Gilruth's Space Task Group, which had been directing the nation's manned space program from NASA's Langley Research Center. So Gilruth was given authority to grow his organization into a new NASA center, the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC). A site was chosen in Houston, Texas, on land donated by Rice University, and Administrator Webb announced the conversion on September 19, 1961. It was also clear NASA would soon outgrow its practice of controlling missions from its Cape Canaveral Air Force Station launch facilities in Florida, so a new Mission Control Center would be included in the MSC.
Who originally led the Space Task Group?
Ground Truth Answers: Robert R. GilruthRobert R. Gilruth'sRobert R. Gilruth'sRobert R. GilruthRobert R. Gilruth
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Where was the Space Task Group located?
Ground Truth Answers: NASA's Langley Research CenterHoustonNASA's Langley Research CenterLangley Research CenterLangley
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Where was the Manned Spacecraft Center located?
Ground Truth Answers: Houston, TexasHoustonHouston, TexasHouston, TexasHouston
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What university donated the land for the Manned Spacecraft Center?
Ground Truth Answers: Rice UniversityRiceRice UniversityRice University
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In what state were the original launching facilities for missions?
Ground Truth Answers: FloridaFloridaFloridaFlorida
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It also became clear that Apollo would outgrow the Canaveral launch facilities in Florida. The two newest launch complexes were already being built for the Saturn I and IB rockets at the northernmost end: LC-34 and LC-37. But an even bigger facility would be needed for the mammoth rocket required for the manned lunar mission, so land acquisition was started in July 1961 for a Launch Operations Center (LOC) immediately north of Canaveral at Merritt Island. The design, development and construction of the center was conducted by Kurt H. Debus, a member of Dr. Wernher von Braun's original V-2 rocket engineering team. Debus was named the LOC's first Director. Construction began in November 1962. Upon Kennedy's death, President Johnson issued an executive order on November 29, 1963, to rename the LOC and Cape Canaveral in honor of Kennedy.
Where would the Launch Operations Center be located, as more land was needed for a bigger rocket?
Ground Truth Answers: Merritt IslandFloridaMerritt IslandMerritt IslandMerritt Island
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Who conducted the construction of the new center?
Ground Truth Answers: Kurt H. Debusconstruction of the center was conducted by Kurt H. Debus, a member of Dr. Wernher von Braun'sKurt H. DebusKurt H. DebusKurt H. Debus,
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Kurt H. Debus was appointed what position for the Launch Operations Center?
Ground Truth Answers: DirectorDirectorDirectorfirst DirectorDirector
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President Johnson issued an executive order to rename the Launch Operations Center after whom?
Ground Truth Answers: KennedyKennedyKennedyKennedyKennedy
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The LOC included Launch Complex 39, a Launch Control Center, and a 130 million cubic foot (3.7 million cubic meter) Vertical Assembly Building (VAB) in which the space vehicle (launch vehicle and spacecraft) would be assembled on a Mobile Launcher Platform and then moved by a transporter to one of several launch pads. Although at least three pads were planned, only two, designated A and B, were completed in October 1965. The LOC also included an Operations and Checkout Building (OCB) to which Gemini and Apollo spacecraft were initially received prior to being mated to their launch vehicles. The Apollo spacecraft could be tested in two vacuum chambers capable of simulating atmospheric pressure at altitudes up to 250,000 feet (76 km), which is nearly a vacuum.
How many launch pads were originally planned?
Ground Truth Answers: threeseveralthreethree padsthree
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What spacecraft was tested in two vacuum chambers to simulate atmospheric pressure?
Ground Truth Answers: Apollo spacecraftApolloApolloApollo
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How high in altitude in feet could the vacuum chambers simulate?
Ground Truth Answers: 250,000 feet250,000 feet250,000250,000 feet250,000 feet (
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How big was the Vertical Assembly Building?
Ground Truth Answers: 130 million cubic foot130 million cubic foot3.7 million cubic meter3.7 million cubic meter130 million cubic foot
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Administrator Webb realized that in order to keep Apollo costs under control, he had to develop greater project management skills in his organization, so he recruited Dr. George E. Mueller for a high management job. Mueller accepted, on the condition that he have a say in NASA reorganization necessary to effectively administer Apollo. Webb then worked with Associate Administrator (later Deputy Administrator) Robert Seamans to reorganize the Office of Manned Space Flight (OMSF). On July 23, 1963, Webb announced Mueller's appointment as Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, to replace then Associate Administrator D. Brainerd Holmes on his retirement effective September 1. Under Webb's reorganization, the directors of the Manned Spacecraft Center (Gilruth) Marshall Space Flight Center (von Braun) and the Launch Operations Center (Debus) effectively reported to Mueller.
Who did Webb recruit for better project management?
Ground Truth Answers: Dr. George E. MuellerMuellerGeorge E. MuellerDr. George E. MuellerGeorge E. Mueller
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When was Mueller announced and appointed as Deputy Associate Administrator?
Ground Truth Answers: July 23, 19631963July 23, 1963July 23, 1963July 23, 1963,
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Who was Mueller replaced as Associate Administrator?
Ground Truth Answers: D. Brainerd HolmesRobert SeamansBrainerd HolmesD. Brainerd HolmesD. Brainerd Holmes
Prediction:
The administrators and directors Gilruth, von Braun and Debus reported to who?
Ground Truth Answers: MuellerBrainerd HolmesMuellerMuellerMueller
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Based on his industry experience on Air Force missile projects, Mueller realized some skilled managers could be found among high-ranking officers in the United States Air Force, so he got Webb's permission to recruit General Samuel C. Phillips, who gained a reputation for his effective management of the Minuteman program, as OMSF program controller. Phillips' superior officer Bernard A. Schriever agreed to loan Phillips to NASA, along with a staff of officers under him, on the condition that Phillips be made Apollo Program Director. Mueller agreed, and Phillips managed Apollo from January 1964, until it achieved the first manned landing in July 1969, after which he returned to Air Force duty.
What did Mueller have experience with prior to joining the space program?
Ground Truth Answers: Air Force missile projectsAir Force missile projectsAir Force missile projectsmissile projectsAir Force missile projects
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From what military branch did Mueller recruit managers from?
Ground Truth Answers: United States Air ForceAir ForceAir ForceAir ForceAir Force
Prediction:
Who did Mueller recruit to be a manager for NASA projects on a loaned situation?
Ground Truth Answers: General Samuel C. PhillipsBernard A. SchrieverSamuel C. PhillipsSamuel C. PhillipsGeneral Samuel C. Phillips
Prediction:
How long did Phillips manage the Apollo missions?
Ground Truth Answers: January 1964, until it achieved the first manned landing in July 19691964, until it achieved the first manned landing in July 1969,from January 1964, until it achieved the first manned landing in July 1969January 1964, until it achieved the first manned landing in July 1969January 1964, until it achieved the first manned landing in July 1969,
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What was Phillips official title for NASA?
Ground Truth Answers: Apollo Program DirectorApollo Program DirectorApollo Program DirectorApollo Program DirectorApollo Program Director
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In early 1961, direct ascent was generally the mission mode in favor at NASA. Many engineers feared that a rendezvous —let alone a docking— neither of which had been attempted even in Earth orbit, would be extremely difficult in lunar orbit. Dissenters including John Houbolt at Langley Research Center emphasized the important weight reductions that were offered by the LOR approach. Throughout 1960 and 1961, Houbolt campaigned for the recognition of LOR as a viable and practical option. Bypassing the NASA hierarchy, he sent a series of memos and reports on the issue to Associate Administrator Robert Seamans; while acknowledging that he spoke "somewhat as a voice in the wilderness," Houbolt pleaded that LOR should not be discounted in studies of the question.
What did the engineers fear would be difficult in space due to it never being attempted in Earth orbit?
Ground Truth Answers: a rendezvous —let alone a dockingrendezvousrendezvousrendezvousdocking
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In what year was direct ascent the primary mission focus at NASA?
Ground Truth Answers: 19611960196119611961
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Who was the Associate Administrator that Houbolt spoke with?
Ground Truth Answers: Robert SeamansRobert SeamansRobert SeamansRobert SeamansRobert Seamans;
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Seamans' establishment of an ad-hoc committee headed by his special technical assistant Nicholas E. Golovin in July 1961, to recommend a launch vehicle to be used in the Apollo program, represented a turning point in NASA's mission mode decision. This committee recognized that the chosen mode was an important part of the launch vehicle choice, and recommended in favor of a hybrid EOR-LOR mode. Its consideration of LOR —as well as Houbolt's ceaseless work— played an important role in publicizing the workability of the approach. In late 1961 and early 1962, members of the Manned Spacecraft Center began to come around to support LOR, including the newly hired deputy director of the Office of Manned Space Flight, Joseph Shea, who became a champion of LOR. The engineers at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) took longer to become convinced of its merits, but their conversion was announced by Wernher von Braun at a briefing in June 1962.
Who led the committee established by Seaman?
Ground Truth Answers: Nicholas E. GolovinNicholas E. GolovinNicholas E. GolovinNicholas E. GolovinNicholas E. GolovinNicholas E. Golovin
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When was this committee by Seaman established?
Ground Truth Answers: July 196119611961July 1961July 19611961
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Which NASA faction came around first to support the LOR?
Ground Truth Answers: Manned Spacecraft CenterManned Spacecraft CenterManned Spacecraft CenterManned Spacecraft Center
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Who was hired to be the deputy director of the Office of Manned Space Flight?
Ground Truth Answers: Joseph SheaJoseph Shea,Joseph Shea,Joseph SheaJoseph Shea, Joseph Shea
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Which NASA location came around last to the idea of the LOR?
Ground Truth Answers: Marshall Space Flight CenterMarshall Space Flight CenterMarshall Space Flight CenterMarshall Space Flight CenterMarshall Space Flight Center (MSFC)Marshall Space Flight Center
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But even after NASA reached internal agreement, it was far from smooth sailing. Kennedy's science advisor Jerome Wiesner, who had expressed his opposition to manned spaceflight to Kennedy before the President took office, and had opposed the decision to land men on the Moon, hired Golovin, who had left NASA, to chair his own "Space Vehicle Panel", ostensibly to monitor, but actually to second-guess NASA's decisions on the Saturn V launch vehicle and LOR by forcing Shea, Seamans, and even Webb to defend themselves, delaying its formal announcement to the press on July 11, 1962, and forcing Webb to still hedge the decision as "tentative".
Who was Kennedy's science adviser that opposed manned spacecraft flights?
Ground Truth Answers: Jerome WiesnerWiesnerJerome WiesnerJerome WiesnerJerome Wiesner
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Who did Wiesner hire to monitor and second guess NASA's decisions?
Ground Truth Answers: GolovinGolovinGolovinGolovinGolovin
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Where did Golovin work prior to joining the "Space Vehicle Panel"?
Ground Truth Answers: NASANASANASANASA
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When was the announcement for the LOR made after being delayed?
Ground Truth Answers: July 11, 19621962July 11, 1962July 11, 1962July 11, 1962
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Wiesner kept up the pressure, even making the disagreement public during a two-day September visit by the President to Marshall Space Flight Center. Wiesner blurted out "No, that's no good" in front of the press, during a presentation by von Braun. Webb jumped in and defended von Braun, until Kennedy ended the squabble by stating that the matter was "still subject to final review". Webb held firm, and issued a request for proposal to candidate Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) contractors. Wiesner finally relented, unwilling to settle the dispute once and for all in Kennedy's office, because of the President's involvement with the October Cuban missile crisis, and fear of Kennedy's support for Webb. NASA announced the selection of Grumman as the LEM contractor in November 1962.
Who was keeping pressure and showing disagreements for the LOR, even in front of the President?
Ground Truth Answers: WiesnerWiesnerWiesnerWiesnerWiesner
Prediction:
What did Wiesner shout out in front of the press during a presentation by von Braun?
Ground Truth Answers: "No, that's no good""No, that's no goodNo, that's no goodNo, that's no good"No, that's no good
Prediction:
What does the acronym LEM stand for?
Ground Truth Answers: Lunar Excursion ModuleLunar Excursion ModuleLunar Excursion ModuleLunar Excursion ModuleLunar Excursion Module
Prediction:
Who was announced as the LEM contractor in November 1962?
Ground Truth Answers: GrummanGrummanGrummanGrummanGrumman
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The LOR method had the advantage of allowing the lander spacecraft to be used as a "lifeboat" in the event of a failure of the command ship. Some documents prove this theory was discussed before and after the method was chosen. A 1964 MSC study concluded, "The LM [as lifeboat] ... was finally dropped, because no single reasonable CSM failure could be identified that would prohibit use of the SPS." Ironically, just such a failure happened on Apollo 13 when an oxygen tank explosion left the command ship without electrical power. The Lunar Module provided propulsion, electrical power and life support to get the crew home safely.
What was the advantage that the LOR method produced in the event of a spacecraft failure?
Ground Truth Answers: spacecraft to be used as a "lifeboat"allowing the lander spacecraft to be used as a "lifeboatallowing the lander spacecraft to be used as a "lifeboat"lifeboatallowing the lander spacecraft to be used as a "lifeboat"
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What Apollo mission was this LOR method used and needed?
Ground Truth Answers: Apollo 1313Apollo 13Apollo 13Apollo 13
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What did the Lunar Module provide to help get the Apollo 13 home safely?
Ground Truth Answers: propulsion, electrical power and life supportpropulsionpropulsionpropulsion, electrical power and life supportpropulsion, electrical power and life support
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In what year was the Lunar Module (LM) dropped because it wasn't seen as useful?
Ground Truth Answers: 19641964196419641964
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Maxime Faget's preliminary Apollo design employed a cone-shaped command module, supported by one of several service modules providing propulsion and electrical power, sized appropriately for the space station, cislunar, and lunar landing missions. Once Kennedy's Moon landing goal became official, detailed design began of a Command/Service Module (CSM) in which the crew would spend the entire direct-ascent mission and lift off from the lunar surface for the return trip, after being soft-landed by a larger landing propulsion module. The final choice of lunar orbit rendezvous changed the CSM's role to the translunar ferry used to transport the crew, along with a new spacecraft, the Lunar Excursion Module (LEM, later shortened to Lunar Module, LM) which would take two men to the lunar surface and return them to the CSM.
What was the shape that Faget designed for the Apollo command module?
Ground Truth Answers: cone-shapedconeconecone-shapedcone
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What does the acronym CSM stand for?
Ground Truth Answers: Command/Service ModuleCommand/Service Module (Command/Service ModuleCommand/Service ModuleCommand/Service Module
Prediction:
How many men would the LM take to the lunar surface and return to the CSM?
Ground Truth Answers: twotwotwo mentwo
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The Command Module (CM) was the conical crew cabin, designed to carry three astronauts from launch to lunar orbit and back to an Earth ocean landing. It was the only component of the Apollo spacecraft to survive without major configuration changes as the program evolved from the early Apollo study designs. Its exterior was covered with an ablative heat shield, and had its own reaction control system (RCS) engines to control its attitude and steer its atmospheric entry path. Parachutes were carried to slow its descent to splashdown. The module was 11.42 feet (3.48 m) tall, 12.83 feet (3.91 m) in diameter, and weighed approximately 12,250 pounds (5,560 kg).
How many people was the CM designed to carry in the end?
Ground Truth Answers: threethreethreethree astronautsthree
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Where was the CM intended to land upon re entering the Earth's atmosphere?
Ground Truth Answers: oceansplashdownoceanoceanocean
Prediction:
The outside of the CM was covered in what kind of material?
Ground Truth Answers: ablative heat shieldablative heat shieldablative heat shieldablative heat shieldablative heat shield
Prediction:
What was incorporated to help slow the CM's decent back to Earth?
Ground Truth Answers: ParachutesParachutesParachutesParachutesParachutes
Prediction:
How much did the CM weigh in kgs?
Ground Truth Answers: 5,560 kg5,5605,5605,560 kg5,560
Prediction:
A cylindrical Service Module (SM) supported the Command Module, with a service propulsion engine and an RCS with propellants, and a fuel cell power generation system with liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen reactants. A high-gain S-band antenna was used for long-distance communications on the lunar flights. On the extended lunar missions, an orbital scientific instrument package was carried. The Service Module was discarded just before re-entry. The module was 24.6 feet (7.5 m) long and 12.83 feet (3.91 m) in diameter. The initial lunar flight version weighed approximately 51,300 pounds (23,300 kg) fully fueled, while a later version designed to carry a lunar orbit scientific instrument package weighed just over 54,000 pounds (24,000 kg).
What helped support the Command Module with a propulsion engine and propellants?
Ground Truth Answers: Service Module (SM)cylindrical Service ModuleService Modulecylindrical Service ModuleService Module
Prediction:
What type of antenna was used for communication on the lunar flights?
Ground Truth Answers: high-gain S-band antennahigh-gain S-bandhigh-gain S-bandhigh-gain S-band antennaS-band
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What happened to the SM upon reentry to the atmosphere?
Ground Truth Answers: discardeddiscardeddiscardeddiscardeddiscarded
Prediction:
How much did the initial version of the SM weigh in pounds?
Ground Truth Answers: 51,300 pounds51,30051,300 pounds23,300 kg51,300
Prediction:
What was carried on extended lunar missions?
Ground Truth Answers: orbital scientific instrument packageorbital scientific instrumentorbital scientific instrument packagescientific instrument package
Prediction:
North American Aviation won the contract to build the CSM, and also the second stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle for NASA. Because the CSM design was started early before the selection of lunar orbit rendezvous, the service propulsion engine was sized to lift the CSM off of the Moon, and thus was oversized to about twice the thrust required for translunar flight. Also, there was no provision for docking with the Lunar Module. A 1964 program definition study concluded that the initial design should be continued as Block I which would be used for early testing, while Block II, the actual lunar spacecraft, would incorporate the docking equipment and take advantage of the lessons learned in Block I development.
Who was rewarded with building the CSM?
Ground Truth Answers: North American AviationNorth American AviationNorth American AviationNorth American AviationNorth American Aviation
Prediction:
How much thrust was estimated for the translunar flight?
Ground Truth Answers: twice the thrusttwice the thrust requiredtwice the thrusttwice the thrust
Prediction:
In what year was a program study done on the modules labeled as Block I and Block II?
Ground Truth Answers: 19641964196419641964
Prediction:
What was the name of the launch vehicle for NASA, which North American Aviation designed the second stage of?
Ground Truth Answers: Saturn VSaturn VSaturn VSaturn V
Prediction:
The Lunar Module (LM) was designed to descend from lunar orbit to land two astronauts on the Moon and take them back to orbit to rendezvous with the Command Module. Not designed to fly through the Earth's atmosphere or return to Earth, its fuselage was designed totally without aerodynamic considerations, and was of an extremely lightweight construction. It consisted of separate descent and ascent stages, each with its own engine. The descent stage contained storage for the descent propellant, surface stay consumables, and surface exploration equipment. The ascent stage contained the crew cabin, ascent propellant, and a reaction control system. The initial LM model weighed approximately 33,300 pounds (15,100 kg), and allowed surface stays up to around 34 hours. An Extended Lunar Module weighed over 36,200 pounds (16,400 kg), and allowed surface stays of over 3 days.
How many astronauts was the LM intended to take from orbit of the moon to the surface of the moon?
Ground Truth Answers: twotwotwotwo astronautstwo
Prediction:
Was the LM intended to return to Earth at all?
Ground Truth Answers: NotCommand ModuleNottake them back to orbit to rendezvous with the Command ModuleNot designed to fly through the Earth's atmosphere or return to Earth
Prediction:
The initial LM weighed how much in kgs?
Ground Truth Answers: 15,100 kg(15,10015,10015,100 kg15,100
Prediction:
For about how long would the extended LM allow a surface stay on the moon?
Ground Truth Answers: 3 days3 days.over 3 daysover 3 days3 days
Prediction:
Before the Apollo program began, Wernher von Braun and his team of rocket engineers had started work on plans for very large launch vehicles, the Saturn series, and the even larger Nova series. In the midst of these plans, von Braun was transferred from the Army to NASA, and made Director of the Marshall Space Flight Center. The initial direct ascent plan to send the three-man Apollo Command/Service Module directly to the lunar surface, on top of a large descent rocket stage, would require a Nova-class launcher, with a lunar payload capability of over 180,000 pounds (82,000 kg). The June 11, 1962, decision to use lunar orbit rendezvous enabled the Saturn V to replace the Nova, and the MSFC proceeded to develop the Saturn rocket family for Apollo.
Who had worked on the Saturn series even before the Apollo program began officially?
Ground Truth Answers: Wernher von BraunWernher von BraunWernher von BraunWernher von BraunWernher von Braun
Prediction:
From where was von Braun transferred to go to NASA?
Ground Truth Answers: ArmyArmyArmyArmyArmy
Prediction:
When was the decision made to replace the Nova rockets with the Saturn V?
Ground Truth Answers: June 11, 19621962June 11, 1962June 11, 1962June 11, 1962
Prediction:
The first four Saturn I test flights were launched from LC-34, with only live first stages, carrying dummy upper stages filled with water. The first flight with a live S-IV was launched from LC-37. This was followed by five launches of boilerplate CSMs (designated AS-101 through AS-105) into orbit in 1964 and 1965. The last three of these further supported the Apollo program by also carrying Pegasus satellites, which verified the safety of the translunar environment by measuring the frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts.
What did the initial first stages of the Saturn I tests carry?
Ground Truth Answers: dummy upper stages filled with waterdummy upper stagesdummy upper stagesdummy upper stages filled with waterdummy upper stages filled with water.
Prediction:
When did the launches of boilerplate CSMs occur in orbit?
Ground Truth Answers: 1964 and 196519641964 and 19651964 and 19651964 and 1965
Prediction:
What did the last few of the boilerplate CSM launches carry with them?
Ground Truth Answers: Pegasus satellitesPegasus satellites,Pegasus satellitesPegasus satellitesPegasus satellites
Prediction:
What did Pegasus satellites measure to propose the safety of the environment in space and on the moon?
Ground Truth Answers: frequency and severity of micrometeorite impactstranslunar environment by measuring the frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts.micrometeorite impactssafety of the translunar environmentmicrometeorite impacts.
Prediction:
The Saturn IB was an upgraded version of the Saturn I. The S-IB first stage increased the thrust to 1,600,000 pounds-force (7,120 kN), and the second stage replaced the S-IV with the S-IVB-200, powered by a single J-2 engine burning liquid hydrogen fuel with LOX, to produce 200,000 lbf (890 kN) of thrust. A restartable version of the S-IVB was used as the third stage of the Saturn V. The Saturn IB could send over 40,000 pounds (18,100 kg) into low Earth orbit, sufficient for a partially fueled CSM or the LM. Saturn IB launch vehicles and flights were designated with an AS-200 series number, "AS" indicating "Apollo Saturn" and the "2" indicating the second member of the Saturn rocket family.
What was the name of the upgraded Saturn I called?
Ground Truth Answers: Saturn IBS-IBSaturn IBSaturn IBSaturn IB
Prediction:
How much did the second stage increase thrust by with the integration of the S-IVB-200?
Ground Truth Answers: 200,000 lbf200,000 lbf200,000 lbf200,000 lbf (890 kN) of thrust200,000 lbf
Prediction:
The S-IVB-200 was used in what stage of the Saturn V?
Ground Truth Answers: third stagethirdthird stagesecond stage
Prediction:
How much weight could the Saturn IB send into space with this amount of thrust?
Ground Truth Answers: 40,000 pounds40,000 pounds40,000 pounds40,000 pounds (18,100 kg)over 40,000 pounds
Prediction:
The three-stage Saturn V was designed to send a fully fueled CSM and LM to the Moon. It was 33 feet (10.1 m) in diameter and stood 363 feet (110.6 m) tall with its 96,800-pound (43,900 kg) lunar payload. Its capability grew to 103,600 pounds (47,000 kg) for the later advanced lunar landings. The S-IC first stage burned RP-1/LOX for a rated thrust of 7,500,000 pounds-force (33,400 kN), which was upgraded to 7,610,000 pounds-force (33,900 kN). The second and third stages burned liquid hydrogen, and the third stage was a modified version of the S-IVB, with thrust increased to 230,000 lbf (1,020 kN) and capability to restart the engine for translunar injection after reaching a parking orbit.
What was intended to take a CSM and LM, fully fueled, to the moon?
Ground Truth Answers: three-stage Saturn VSaturn VSaturn VSaturn VSaturn V
Prediction:
What was the diameter of the Saturn V in feet?
Ground Truth Answers: 33 feet333333
Prediction:
How many stages did the Saturn V end up having?
Ground Truth Answers: threethirdthreethree-stagethree
Prediction:
What did the second stage in the Saturn V end up doing?
Ground Truth Answers: burned liquid hydrogenburned liquid hydrogenburned liquid hydrogenburned liquid hydrogenburned liquid hydrogen
Prediction:
The Apollo astronauts were chosen from the Project Mercury and Gemini veterans, plus from two later astronaut groups. All missions were commanded by Gemini or Mercury veterans. Crews on all development flights (except the Earth orbit CSM development flights) through the first two landings on Apollo 11 and Apollo 12, included at least two (sometimes three) Gemini veterans. Dr. Harrison Schmitt, a geologist, was the first NASA scientist astronaut to fly in space, and landed on the Moon on the last mission, Apollo 17. Schmitt participated in the lunar geology training of all of the Apollo landing crews.
From what project groups were the Apollo astronauts selected?
Ground Truth Answers: Mercury and GeminiMercuryMercury and GeminiProject Mercury and GeminiMercury and Gemini
Prediction:
How many Apollo missions were manned by the previous Mercury and Gemini veterans?
Ground Truth Answers: All missions17All missionsAll
Prediction:
Who was the first NASA scientist in space?
Ground Truth Answers: Dr. Harrison SchmittHarrison SchmittHarrison SchmittHarrison SchmittHarrison Schmitt
Prediction:
Which mission did Schmitt finally land on the moon?
Ground Truth Answers: Apollo 1717Apollo 17Apollo 17Apollo 17
Prediction:
Apollo 17 was significant for what reason?
Ground Truth Answers: last missionlast missionfirst NASA scientist astronaut to fly in spacelast mission,
Prediction:
NASA awarded all 32 of these astronauts its highest honor, the Distinguished Service Medal, given for "distinguished service, ability, or courage", and personal "contribution representing substantial progress to the NASA mission". The medals were awarded posthumously to Grissom, White, and Chaffee in 1969, then to the crews of all missions from Apollo 8 onward. The crew that flew the first Earth orbital test mission Apollo 7, Walter M. Schirra, Donn Eisele, and Walter Cunningham, were awarded the lesser NASA Exceptional Service Medal, because of discipline problems with the Flight Director's orders during their flight. The NASA Administrator in October, 2008, decided to award them the Distinguished Service Medals, by this time posthumously to Schirra and Eisele.
How many astronauts visited space on missions and were rewarded for their efforts?
Ground Truth Answers: 3232323232
Prediction:
What type of medal did NASA give the astronauts who visited space and the moon?
Ground Truth Answers: Distinguished Service MedalDistinguished Service MedalDistinguished Service MedalDistinguished Service MedalDistinguished Service Medal,
Prediction:
In what year were the Distinguished Service Medals awarded to Grissom, White, and Chaffee?
Ground Truth Answers: 19691969196919691969
Prediction:
What happened during the Apollo 7 test mission to elicit them a lesser version of the DSM?
Ground Truth Answers: discipline problemsdiscipline problemsdiscipline problemsdiscipline problems
Prediction:
From what mission and onward were the DSMs awarded?
Ground Truth Answers: Apollo 8Apollo 8Apollo 7Apollo 8Apollo 8
Prediction:
Two Block I CSMs were launched from LC-34 on suborbital flights in 1966 with the Saturn IB. The first, AS-201 launched on February 26, reached an altitude of 265.7 nautical miles (492.1 km) and splashed down 4,577 nautical miles (8,477 km) downrange in the Atlantic ocean. The second, AS-202 on August 25, reached 617.1 nautical miles (1,142.9 km) altitude and was recovered 13,900 nautical miles (25,700 km) downrange in the Pacific ocean. These flights validated the Service Module engine and the Command Module heat shield.
In what year were two Block I CSMs launched?
Ground Truth Answers: 19661966196619661966
Prediction:
How high in miles did the first block, AS-201, reach when launched?
Ground Truth Answers: 265.7 nautical miles265.7492.1 km265.7
Prediction:
How far did the second block, AS-202, travel downrange in km?
Ground Truth Answers: 25,700 km617.11,142.98,477 km(25,700 km
Prediction:
What did these flights test on the CM?
Ground Truth Answers: heat shieldvalidated the Service Module engine and the Command Module heat shield.heat shieldService Module engine and the Command Module heat shieldheat shield.
Prediction:
After an unmanned LM test flight AS-206, a crew would fly the first Block II CSM and LM in a dual mission known as AS-207/208, or AS-278 (each spacecraft would be launched on a separate Saturn IB.) The Block II crew positions were titled Commander (CDR) Command Module Pilot (CMP) and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP). The astronauts would begin wearing a new Apollo spacesuit, designed to accommodate lunar extravehicular activity (EVA). The traditional visor helmet was replaced with a clear "fishbowl" type for greater visibility, and the lunar surface EVA suit would include a water-cooled undergarment.
How many people were on the test flight of the AS-206?
Ground Truth Answers: unmannedunmannedunmannedunmanned
Prediction:
What were the astronauts wearing during the dual mission AS-278?
Ground Truth Answers: new Apollo spacesuitnew Apollo spacesuitnew Apollo spacesuit, designed to accommodate lunar extravehicular activitynew Apollo spacesuitnew Apollo spacesuit
Prediction:
What was originally on the spacesuits prior to the clear "fishbowl" helmet?
Ground Truth Answers: traditional visor helmetvisor helmetvisor helmetvisor helmetvisor helmet
Prediction:
What type of undergarment, if any, was included into the Apollo spacesuit?
Ground Truth Answers: a water-cooled undergarmentwater-cooled undergarment.water-cooledwater-cooled undergarmentwater-cooled undergarment.
Prediction:
What did the LMP acronym stand for regarding the Block II launch positions?
Ground Truth Answers: Lunar Module PilotLunar Module PilotLunar Module PilotLunar Module PilotLunar Module Pilot
Prediction:
Deke Slayton, the grounded Mercury astronaut who became Director of Flight Crew Operations for the Gemini and Apollo programs, selected the first Apollo crew in January 1966, with Grissom as Command Pilot, White as Senior Pilot, and rookie Donn F. Eisele as Pilot. But Eisele dislocated his shoulder twice aboard the KC135 weightlessness training aircraft, and had to undergo surgery on January 27. Slayton replaced him with Chaffee. NASA announced the final crew selection for AS-204 on March 21, 1966, with the backup crew consisting of Gemini veterans James McDivitt and David Scott, with rookie Russell L. "Rusty" Schweickart. Mercury/Gemini veteran Wally Schirra, Eisele, and rookie Walter Cunningham were announced on September 29 as the prime crew for AS-205.
Who selected the first Apollo crew?
Ground Truth Answers: Deke SlaytonDeke Slayton,Deke SlaytonDeke SlaytonDeke Slayton
Prediction:
For which project did Deke Slayton work with before becoming Director of Flight Crew Operations?
Ground Truth Answers: MercuryEiseleMercuryMercury astronautMercury
Prediction:
What year did Slayton select the first Apollo crew?
Ground Truth Answers: 196619661966January 19661966
Prediction:
Who was the original pilot for the first Apollo mission?
Ground Truth Answers: Donn F. EiseleSlaytonDonn F. EiseleGrissomEisele
Prediction:
What crew did Eisele eventually get relocated to after having surgery and not making the first mission?
Ground Truth Answers: AS-205Chaffeeprimeprime crewAS-205
Prediction:
In December 1966, the AS-205 mission was canceled, since the validation of the CSM would be accomplished on the 14-day first flight, and AS-205 would have been devoted to space experiments and contribute no new engineering knowledge about the spacecraft. Its Saturn IB was allocated to the dual mission, now redesignated AS-205/208 or AS-258, planned for August 1967. McDivitt, Scott and Schweickart were promoted to the prime AS-258 crew, and Schirra, Eisele and Cunningham were reassigned as the Apollo 1 backup crew.
What happened to the AS-205 mission originally?
Ground Truth Answers: canceledcanceledcanceledcanceledcanceled
Prediction:
In what month and year was the AS-258 scheduled to launch?
Ground Truth Answers: August 1967August 1967August 19671967
Prediction:
What was the dual mission AS-258 a combination of?
Ground Truth Answers: AS-205/208AS-205/208AS-205/208AS-205/208AS-205/208
Prediction:
Where were Schirra, Eisele and Cunningham relocated to after different astronauts were selected for the AS-258 mission?
Ground Truth Answers: Apollo 1 backup crewpromotedApollo 1 backup crewApollo 1 backup crewApollo 1 backup crew.
Prediction:
The problems with North American were severe enough in late 1965 to cause Manned Space Flight Administrator George Mueller to appoint program director Samuel Phillips to head a "tiger team" to investigate North American's problems and identify corrections. Phillips documented his findings in a December 19 letter to NAA president Lee Atwood, with a strongly worded letter by Mueller, and also gave a presentation of the results to Mueller and Deputy Administrator Robert Seamans. Meanwhile, Grumman was also encountering problems with the Lunar Module, eliminating hopes it would be ready for manned flight in 1967, not long after the first manned CSM flights.
Who was appointed to head a team to find the problems North America had regarding manned space flight?
Ground Truth Answers: Samuel PhillipsMuellerSamuel PhillipsSamuel PhillipsSamuel Phillips
Prediction:
What was the nickname given to the team Samuel Phillips was appointed to?
Ground Truth Answers: "tiger team"tigertiger teamtiger team"tiger team"
Prediction:
What year was the first manned flight with the Lunar Module scheduled?
Ground Truth Answers: 19671965196719671967
Prediction:
Who appointed Samuel Phillips to man the tiger team to find answers?
Ground Truth Answers: George MuellerSeamansGeorge MuellerGeorge MuellerMueller
Prediction:
Grissom, White, and Chaffee decided to name their flight Apollo 1 as a motivational focus on the first manned flight. They trained and conducted tests of their spacecraft at North American, and in the altitude chamber at the Kennedy Space Center. A "plugs-out" test was planned for January, which would simulate a launch countdown on LC-34 with the spacecraft transferring from pad-supplied to internal power. If successful, this would be followed by a more rigorous countdown simulation test closer to the February 21 launch, with both spacecraft and launch vehicle fueled.
Where did Apollo 1's crew conduct tests at Kennedy Space Center?
Ground Truth Answers: altitude chamberaltitude chamberaltitude chamberaltitude chamber
Prediction:
Who was the main crew of Apollo 1, of which they named themselves?
Ground Truth Answers: Grissom, White, and ChaffeeApollo 1Grissom, White, and ChaffeeGrissom, White, and Chaffee
Prediction:
What was a plugs-out test done to simulate on the LC-34?
Ground Truth Answers: launch countdownsimulate a launch countdown onsimulate a launch countdownsimulate a launch countdownlaunch countdown
Prediction:
What other location did Apollo 1 test at besides Kennedy Space Center?
Ground Truth Answers: North AmericanNorth AmericanNorth AmericanNorth American
Prediction:
The plugs-out test began on the morning of January 27, 1967, and immediately was plagued with problems. First the crew noticed a strange odor in their spacesuits, which delayed the sealing of the hatch. Then, communications problems frustrated the astronauts and forced a hold in the simulated countdown. During this hold, an electrical fire began in the cabin, and spread quickly in the high pressure, 100% oxygen atmosphere. Pressure rose high enough from the fire that the cabin burst and the fire erupted onto the pad area, frustrating attempts to rescue the crew. The astronauts were asphyxiated before the hatch could be opened.
What was the first problem astronauts encountered during the plugs-out test?
Ground Truth Answers: strange odor in their spacesuitsodorstrange odor in their spacesuitsstrange odorstrange odor in their spacesuits
Prediction:
When did the very first plugs-out test occur?
Ground Truth Answers: January 27, 19671967January 27, 1967January 27, 1967January 27, 1967
Prediction:
What happened during the plugs-out test during the delay for the spacesuit odor?
Ground Truth Answers: electrical fireectrical firedelayed the sealing of the hatchelectrical firecommunications problems
Prediction:
What happened to the crew onboard during the plugs-out test?
Ground Truth Answers: asphyxiatedasphyxiatedasphyxiatedasphyxiated
Prediction:
What type of atmosphere helped fuel the fire throughout the cabin?
Ground Truth Answers: 100% oxygenelectrical100% oxygenoxygen atmosphere100% oxygen
Prediction:
NASA immediately convened an accident review board, overseen by both houses of Congress. While the determination of responsibility for the accident was complex, the review board concluded that "deficiencies existed in Command Module design, workmanship and quality control." At the insistence of NASA Administrator Webb, North American removed Harrison Storms as Command Module program manager. Webb also reassigned Apollo Spacecraft Program Office (ASPO) Manager Joseph Francis Shea, replacing him with George Low.
Who kept tabs on the accident review board that NASA created?
Ground Truth Answers: both houses of CongressCongressboth houses of Congressboth houses of Congressboth houses of Congress.
Prediction:
What was found to be at fault for the fire in the cabin on Apollo 1 regarding the CM design?
Ground Truth Answers: deficienciesworkmanship and quality controldeficiencies existed in Command Module design, workmanship and quality control"deficiencies existed in Command Module design, workmanship and quality control."
Prediction:
Who ended up replacing Joseph Francis Shea as ASPO Manager?
Ground Truth Answers: George LowLowGeorge LowGeorge LowGeorge Low.
Prediction:
How soon after the cabin fire incident did NASA create its accident review board?
Ground Truth Answers: immediatelyimmediatelyimmediatelyimmediately
Prediction:
To remedy the causes of the fire, changes were made in the Block II spacecraft and operational procedures, the most important of which were use of a nitrogen/oxygen mixture instead of pure oxygen before and during launch, and removal of flammable cabin and space suit materials. The Block II design already called for replacement of the Block I plug-type hatch cover with a quick-release, outward opening door. NASA discontinued the manned Block I program, using the Block I spacecraft only for unmanned Saturn V flights. Crew members would also exclusively wear modified, fire-resistant Block II space suits, and would be designated by the Block II titles, regardless of whether a LM was present on the flight or not.
What type of mixture was created to replace the pure oxygen atmosphere inside the cabin?
Ground Truth Answers: nitrogen/oxygen mixturenitrogen/oxygennitrogen/oxygennitrogen/oxygen mixturenitrogen/oxygen
Prediction:
What type of materials inside the cabin were removed to help prevent more fire hazards in the future?
Ground Truth Answers: flammable cabin and space suit materialsflammable cabinflammableflammable cabin and space suit materialsflammable cabin and space suit materials.
Prediction:
The door on the Block II design was eventually replaced with what kind of model?
Ground Truth Answers: quick-release, outward opening doorBlock I plug-type hatch coverquick-releasequick-release, outward opening doorquick-release, outward opening door
Prediction:
What eventually happened to the Block I program after the incident?
Ground Truth Answers: discontinueddiscontinuedunmanned Saturn V flightsdiscontinueddiscontinued
Prediction:
Crew members were required to wear what type of space suit during testing after the incident?
Ground Truth Answers: fire-resistant Block IICrew membersfire-resistant Block IIfire-resistantmodified, fire-resistant Block II space suits,
Prediction:
In September 1967, Mueller approved a sequence of mission types which had to be successfully accomplished in order to achieve the manned lunar landing. Each step had to be successfully accomplished before the next ones could be performed, and it was unknown how many tries of each mission would be necessary; therefore letters were used instead of numbers. The A missions were unmanned Saturn V validation; B was unmanned LM validation using the Saturn IB; C was manned CSM Earth orbit validation using the Saturn IB; D was the first manned CSM/LM flight (this replaced AS-258, using a single Saturn V launch); E would be a higher Earth orbit CSM/LM flight; F would be the first lunar mission, testing the LM in lunar orbit but without landing (a "dress rehearsal"); and G would be the first manned landing. The list of types covered follow-on lunar exploration to include H lunar landings, I for lunar orbital survey missions, and J for extended-stay lunar landings.
What type of missions were approved by Mueller after the incident?
Ground Truth Answers: sequencemanned lunar landing.had to be successfully accomplishedsequence of mission typessequence
Prediction:
What had to happen to each mission before they would continue on to the next mission?
Ground Truth Answers: successfulsuccessfully accomplishedsuccessfully accomplishedsuccessfully accomplished
Prediction:
Since NASA didn't know how many attempts each test would end up requiring, what did they use instead of numbers for the trials?
Ground Truth Answers: letterslettersletters were used instead of numbersletters
Prediction:
The delay in the CSM caused by the fire enabled NASA to catch up on man-rating the LM and Saturn V. Apollo 4 (AS-501) was the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V, carrying a Block I CSM on November 9, 1967. The capability of the Command Module's heat shield to survive a trans-lunar reentry was demonstrated by using the Service Module engine to ram it into the atmosphere at higher than the usual Earth-orbital reentry speed. This was followed on April 4, 1968, by Apollo 6 (AS-502) which carried a CSM and a LM Test Article as ballast. The intent of this mission was to achieve trans-lunar injection, followed closely by a simulated direct-return abort, using the Service Module engine to achieve another high-speed reentry. The Saturn V experienced pogo oscillation, a problem caused by non-steady engine combustion, which damaged fuel lines in the second and third stages. Two S-II engines shut down prematurely, but the remaining engines were able to compensate. The damage to the third stage engine was more severe, preventing it from restarting for trans-lunar injection. Mission controllers were able to use the Service Module engine to essentially repeat the flight profile of Apollo 4. Based on the good performance of Apollo 6 and identification of satisfactory fixes to the Apollo 6 problems, NASA declared the Saturn V ready to fly men, cancelling a third unmanned test.
What was the technical name of the first unmanned Saturn V flight, Apollo 4?
Ground Truth Answers: AS-501AS-501AS-501AS-501AS-501
Prediction:
What was one thing that was specifically tested on the Apollo 4 test launch regarding the CM?
Ground Truth Answers: heat shieldService Module engineheat shieldcapability of the Command Module's heat shield to survive a trans-lunar reentrycapability of the Command Module's heat shield to survive a trans-lunar reentry
Prediction:
When was Apollo 6, or AS-502, tested?
Ground Truth Answers: April 4, 19681968April 4, 1968April 4, 1968April 4, 1968
Prediction:
What was cancelled by NASA after the Apollo 6 testing, after deeming the Saturn V ready to hold men?
Ground Truth Answers: third unmanned testApollo 6third unmanned testcancelling a third unmanned testthird unmanned test.
Prediction:
Apollo 5 (AS-204) was the first unmanned test flight of LM in Earth orbit, launched from pad 37 on January 22, 1968, by the Saturn IB that would have been used for Apollo 1. The LM engines were successfully test-fired and restarted, despite a computer programming error which cut short the first descent stage firing. The ascent engine was fired in abort mode, known as a "fire-in-the-hole" test, where it was lit simultaneously with jettison of the descent stage. Although Grumman wanted a second unmanned test, George Low decided the next LM flight would be manned.
Which Apollo was the first testing of the LM, unmanned, in Earth's orbit?
Ground Truth Answers: Apollo 5Apollo 5Apollo 5Apollo 5Apollo 5
Prediction:
From what pad was Apollo 5 launched from?
Ground Truth Answers: pad 373737pad 37pad 37
Prediction:
Who initially wanted more unmanned testing done regarding the LM?
Ground Truth Answers: GrummanLowGrummanGrummanGrumman
Prediction:
Was the testing of the LM during Apollo 5 a failure or a success?
Ground Truth Answers: successsuccessLM engines were successfully test-fired and restartedsuccessfully
Prediction:
What was the nickname for the test where, during abort mode, the ascent engine was started and fired?
Ground Truth Answers: "fire-in-the-hole"fire-in-the-holefire-in-the-holefire-in-the-hole"fire-in-the-hole"
Prediction:
Apollo 8 was planned to be the D mission in December 1968, crewed by McDivitt, Scott and Schweickart, launched on a Saturn V instead of two Saturn IBs. In the summer it had become clear that the LM would not be ready in time. Rather than waste the Saturn V on another simple Earth-orbiting mission, ASPO Manager George Low suggested the bold step of sending Apollo 8 to orbit the Moon instead, deferring the D mission to the next mission in March 1969, and eliminating the E mission. This would keep the program on track. The Soviet Union had sent animals around the Moon on September 15, 1968, aboard Zond 5, and it was believed they might soon repeat the feat with human cosmonauts. The decision was not announced publicly until successful completion of Apollo 7. Gemini veterans Frank Borman and James Lovell, and rookie William Anders captured the world's attention by making 10 lunar orbits in 20 hours, transmitting television pictures of the lunar surface on Christmas Eve, and returning safely to Earth.
What type of Saturn was originally going to be used for Apollo 8?
Ground Truth Answers: two Saturn IBsVtwo Saturn IBsSaturn Vtwo Saturn IBs
Prediction:
What spacecraft did the Soviets use to send animals to space and around the moon's orbit?
Ground Truth Answers: Zond 5Zond 5Zond 5Zond 5Zond 5
Prediction:
On what day were images of the moon's surface transmitted to Earth via television images?
Ground Truth Answers: Christmas EveChristmas EveChristmas EveChristmas Eve
Prediction:
What did Low suggest using Apollo 8 for instead of simply orbiting the Earth's surface?
Ground Truth Answers: orbit the Moonorbit the Moonto orbit the Moonorbit the Moonorbit the Moon
Prediction:
What did the Soviets intend to use in spacecraft after the success of Zond 5?
Ground Truth Answers: human cosmonautshuman cosmonautshuman cosmonautshuman cosmonauts
Prediction:
The G mission was achieved on Apollo 11 in July 1969 by an all-Gemini veteran crew consisting of Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin. Armstrong and Aldrin performed the first landing at the Sea of Tranquility at 20:17:40 UTC on July 20, 1969. They spent a total of 21 hours, 36 minutes on the surface, and spent 2 hours, 31 minutes outside the spacecraft, walking on the surface, taking photographs, collecting material samples, and deploying automated scientific instruments, while continuously sending black-and-white television back to Earth. The astronauts returned safely on July 24.
From what project did the Apollo 11 crew consist entirely of?
Ground Truth Answers: Geminiall-Gemini veteranGeminiall-Gemini veteran crewGemini
Prediction:
In what month and year did the Apollo 11 mission occur?
Ground Truth Answers: July 1969JulyJuly 1969July 20, 1969July 1969
Prediction:
What did the astronauts on the moon send back to Earth live via signals?
Ground Truth Answers: black-and-white televisionautomated scientific instrumentsblack-and-white televisionblack-and-white televisionblack-and-white television
Prediction:
Who were the astronauts aboard the Apollo 11 mission?
Ground Truth Answers: Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz AldrinNeil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz AldrinNeil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz AldrinNeil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz AldrinNeil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin.
Prediction:
What day did the Apollo 11 crew return to Earth?
Ground Truth Answers: July 24July 24.July 24July 24July 24
Prediction:
In November 1969, Gemini veteran Charles "Pete" Conrad and rookie Alan L. Bean made a precision landing on Apollo 12 within walking distance of the Surveyor 3 unmanned lunar probe, which had landed in April 1967 on the Ocean of Storms. The Command Module Pilot was Gemini veteran Richard F. Gordon, Jr. Conrad and Bean carried the first lunar surface color television camera, but it was damaged when accidentally pointed into the Sun. They made two EVAs totaling 7 hours and 45 minutes. On one, they walked to the Surveyor, photographed it, and removed some parts which they returned to Earth.
Charles Conrad and Alan Bean were on what spacecraft to the moon?
Ground Truth Answers: Apollo 12Apollo 12Apollo 12Apollo 12Apollo 12
Prediction:
Which lunar probe was near the Apollo 12 crew's landing site?
Ground Truth Answers: Surveyor 3Surveyor 3Surveyor 3Surveyor 3Surveyor 3
Prediction:
What did the crew of Apollo 12 do with parts of the Surveyor they landed near after photographing them?
Ground Truth Answers: returned to Earthcolor television camerareturned to Earthremoved some partsreturned to Earth.
Prediction:
What damaged the color TV camera that Apollo 12 had taken into space?
Ground Truth Answers: the SunSunthe Sunthe Sunpointed into the Sun.
Prediction:
The contracted batch of 15 Saturn Vs were enough for lunar landing missions through Apollo 20. NASA publicized a preliminary list of eight more planned landing sites, with plans to increase the mass of the CSM and LM for the last five missions, along with the payload capacity of the Saturn V. These final missions would combine the I and J types in the 1967 list, allowing the CMP to operate a package of lunar orbital sensors and cameras while his companions were on the surface, and allowing them to stay on the Moon for over three days. These missions would also carry the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) increasing the exploration area and allowing televised liftoff of the LM. Also, the Block II spacesuit was revised for the extended missions to allow greater flexibility and visibility for driving the LRV.
What would the latter Apollo missions carry to the moon to increase exploration?
Ground Truth Answers: Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV)payload capacityLunar Roving Vehiclelunar orbital sensors and camerasLunar Roving Vehicle
Prediction:
What was redesigned to allow better maneuverability in the LRV?
Ground Truth Answers: Block II spacesuitBlock II spacesuitthe mass of the CSM and LMBlock II spacesuit
Prediction:
How many more landing sites for the Apollo missions did NASA have planned?
Ground Truth Answers: eightfivefiveeighteight
Prediction:
How long would the astronauts be project to be able to stay on the moon for in the latter missions?
Ground Truth Answers: over three daysthree days.over three daysover three daysover three days
Prediction:
What would have to be increased regarding the LM and CSM for the last five missions?
Ground Truth Answers: massexploration areamassmassmass
Prediction:
The success of the first two landings allowed the remaining missions to be crewed with a single veteran as Commander, with two rookies. Apollo 13 launched Lovell, Jack Swigert, and Fred Haise in April 1970, headed for the Fra Mauro formation. But two days out, a liquid oxygen tank exploded, disabling the Service Module and forcing the crew to use the LM as a "life boat" to return to Earth. Another NASA review board was convened to determine the cause, which turned out to be a combination of damage of the tank in the factory, and a subcontractor not making a tank component according to updated design specifications. Apollo was grounded again, for the remainder of 1970 while the oxygen tank was redesigned and an extra one was added.
What happened to the Apollo 13 crew to force them to use the LM as a "life boat" as it had been designed?
Ground Truth Answers: liquid oxygen tank explodedliquid oxygen tank exploded,liquid oxygen tank explodedliquid oxygen tank explodedliquid oxygen tank exploded, disabling the Service Module
Prediction:
Along with one veteran, what other two types of crew could be included in lieu of veterans after the successful landings of Apollo 11 and 12?
Ground Truth Answers: rookiesJack Swigert, and Fred Haisetwo rookiesrookies
Prediction:
What happened to the Apollo program in for the rest of 1970 after the incident regarding Apollo 13?
Ground Truth Answers: groundedoxygen tank was redesignedgroundedApollo was groundedgrounded
Prediction:
What was redesigned during the Apollo program being grounded during 1970?
Ground Truth Answers: oxygen tankoxygen tankoxygen tankoxygen tankoxygen tank
Prediction:
What month and year was Apollo 13 launched?
Ground Truth Answers: April 1970AprilApril 1970April 1970April 1970,
Prediction:
About the time of the first landing in 1969, it was decided to use an existing Saturn V to launch the Skylab orbital laboratory pre-built on the ground, replacing the original plan to construct it in orbit from several Saturn IB launches; this eliminated Apollo 20. NASA's yearly budget also began to shrink in light of the successful landing, and NASA also had to make funds available for the development of the upcoming Space Shuttle. By 1971, the decision was made to also cancel missions 18 and 19. The two unused Saturn Vs became museum exhibits at the John F. Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island, Florida, George C. Marshall Space Center in Huntsville, Alabama, Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas.
What Apollo mission was first cancelled due to not being needed to build the Skylab in space, as it was pre-built on the ground?
Ground Truth Answers: Apollo 20Saturn V toApollo 20Apollo 20Apollo 20.
Prediction:
What happened to NASA's budget after the first successful moon landing?
Ground Truth Answers: began to shrinkNASA also had to make funds availablebegan to shrinkbegan to shrinkshrink
Prediction:
After Apollo missions 18 and 19 were cancelled, what happened to the Saturn Vs that were never used?
Ground Truth Answers: museum exhibitsmuseum exhibitsmuseum exhibitsmuseum exhibitsmuseum exhibits
Prediction:
What year was the decision made to cancel Apollo missions 18 and 19?
Ground Truth Answers: 19711971197119711971
Prediction:
The rocks collected from the Moon are extremely old compared to rocks found on Earth, as measured by radiometric dating techniques. They range in age from about 3.2 billion years for the basaltic samples derived from the lunar maria, to about 4.6 billion years for samples derived from the highlands crust. As such, they represent samples from a very early period in the development of the Solar System, that are largely absent on Earth. One important rock found during the Apollo Program is dubbed the Genesis Rock, retrieved by astronauts David Scott and James Irwin during the Apollo 15 mission. This anorthosite rock is composed almost exclusively of the calcium-rich feldspar mineral anorthite, and is believed to be representative of the highland crust. A geochemical component called KREEP was discovered, which has no known terrestrial counterpart. KREEP and the anorthositic samples have been used to infer that the outer portion of the Moon was once completely molten (see lunar magma ocean).
How did the rocks on the moon compare to those on Earth?
Ground Truth Answers: extremely oldoldextremely oldextremely oldold
Prediction:
How old were some of the oldest rock samples found on the moon?
Ground Truth Answers: 4.6 billion years4.6 billion years.2 billion years for the basaltic samples derived from the lunar maria, to about 4.6 billion years for samples derived from the highlands crust4.6 billion
Prediction:
What new component was found in certain rocks from the moon?
Ground Truth Answers: KREEPcalcium-rich feldspar mineral anorthite,anorthitefeldspar mineral anorthiteKREEP
Prediction:
What was the name of the rock found during the Apollo 15 mission that KREEP was discovered in?
Ground Truth Answers: Genesis RockGenesisGenesis RockGenesis Rockanorthosite
Prediction:
Almost all the rocks show evidence of impact process effects. Many samples appear to be pitted with micrometeoroid impact craters, which is never seen on Earth rocks, due to the thick atmosphere. Many show signs of being subjected to high pressure shock waves that are generated during impact events. Some of the returned samples are of impact melt (materials melted near an impact crater.) All samples returned from the Moon are highly brecciated as a result of being subjected to multiple impact events.
As the moon has no atmosphere, what is prevalant in many moon rock samples brought back from Apollo missions?
Ground Truth Answers: micrometeoroid impact cratersmicrometeoroid impact cratersmicrometeoroid impact cratersmicrometeoroid impact cratersmicrometeoroid impact craters
Prediction:
What do a great majority of rocks sampled from the moon show?
Ground Truth Answers: impact process effectsmicrometeoroid impact cratershigh pressure shock wavessubjected to high pressure shock wavesevidence of impact process effects
Prediction:
What is impact melt that some samples of moon rocks show?
Ground Truth Answers: materials melted near an impact crater.materials melted near an impact cratermaterials melted near an impact cratermaterials melted near an impact cratermaterials melted near an impact crater.
Prediction:
In 2009, NASA held a symposium on project costs which presented an estimate of the Apollo program costs in 2005 dollars as roughly $170 billion. This included all research and development costs; the procurement of 15 Saturn V rockets, 16 Command/Service Modules, 12 Lunar Modules, plus program support and management costs; construction expenses for facilities and their upgrading, and costs for flight operations. This was based on a Congressional Budget Office report, A Budgetary Analysis of NASA's New Vision for Space, September 2004. The Space Review estimated in 2010 the cost of Apollo from 1959 to 1973 as $20.4 billion, or $109 billion in 2010 dollars.
How much was NASA's procured spending on the Apollo project estimated to be at in 2005 after inflation?
Ground Truth Answers: $170 billion170 billion170 billion$170 billionroughly $170 billion.
Prediction:
How many Saturn V rockets were produced by NASA during the Apollo project?
Ground Truth Answers: 15151515 Saturn V rockets15
Prediction:
How much was the Apollo project estimated to have cost from 1959 to 1973, the length of the program?
Ground Truth Answers: $20.4 billion20.4 billion,20.4 billion$20.4 billion$20.4 billion
Prediction:
Looking beyond the manned lunar landings, NASA investigated several post-lunar applications for Apollo hardware. The Apollo Extension Series (Apollo X,) proposed up to 30 flights to Earth orbit, using the space in the Spacecraft Lunar Module Adapter (SLA) to house a small orbital laboratory (workshop). Astronauts would continue to use the CSM as a ferry to the station. This study was followed by design of a larger orbital workshop to be built in orbit from an empty S-IVB Saturn upper stage, and grew into the Apollo Applications Program (AAP). The workshop was to be supplemented by Apollo Telescope Missions, which would replace the LM's descent stage equipment and engine with a solar telescope observatory. The most ambitious plan called for using an empty S-IVB as an interplanetary spacecraft for a Venus fly-by mission.
What did NASA name the series seeking up to 30 more flights to Earth's orbit?
Ground Truth Answers: Apollo XApollo Extension SeriesApollo Extension SeriesApollo XApollo Extension Series
Prediction:
What did the acronym AAP stand for?
Ground Truth Answers: Apollo Applications ProgramApollo Applications ProgramApollo Applications ProgramApollo Applications ProgramApollo Applications Program
Prediction:
What planet was named for a fly-by mission by an empty S-IVB?
Ground Truth Answers: VenusVenusVenusVenus
Prediction:
The S-IVB orbital workshop was the only one of these plans to make it off the drawing board. Dubbed Skylab, it was constructed complete on the ground rather than in space, and launched in 1973 using the two lower stages of a Saturn V. It was equipped with an Apollo Telescope Mount, the solar telescope that would have been used on the Apollo Telescope Missions. Skylab's last crew departed the station on February 8, 1974, and the station itself re-entered the atmosphere in 1979, by which time it had become the oldest operational Apollo-Saturn component.
When was the Skylab launched?
Ground Truth Answers: 19731973197319731973
Prediction:
Was the Skylab assembled on Earth's surface or in space?
Ground Truth Answers: on the groundon the groundconstructed complete on the groundon the ground
Prediction:
When was Skylab's last crew on the station before it re-entered Earth's atmosphere?
Ground Truth Answers: February 8, 1974February 8, 1974,February 8, 1974February 8, 1974February 8, 1974
Prediction:
The Skylab had what type of equipment onboard that was supposed to be used in a different mission?
Ground Truth Answers: Apollo Telescope MountApollo Telescope Mountsolar telescopeApollo Telescope MountApollo Telescope Mount
Prediction:
In 2008, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's SELENE probe observed evidence of the halo surrounding the Apollo 15 Lunar Module blast crater while orbiting above the lunar surface. In 2009, NASA's robotic Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, while orbiting 50 kilometers (31 mi) above the Moon, began photographing the remnants of the Apollo program left on the lunar surface, and photographed each site where manned Apollo flights landed. All of the U. S. flags left on the Moon during the Apollo missions were found to still be standing, with the exception of the one left during the Apollo 11 mission, which was blown over during that mission's lift-off from the lunar surface and return to the mission Command Module in lunar orbit; the degree to which these flags retain their original colors remains unknown.
Which NASA orbiter photographed evidence of each site on the moon that a manned Apollo mission landing occurred?
Ground Truth Answers: Lunar Reconnaissance OrbiterJapan Aerospace Exploration Agency's SELENEReconnaissance Orbiterrobotic Lunar Reconnaissance OrbiterLunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
Prediction:
The flags on the moon left by the U.S. manned Apollo missions are all still standing save for which mission's flag?
Ground Truth Answers: Apollo 11Apollo 11Apollo 11Apollo 11
Prediction:
Do the U.S. flags on the moon still have their original coloring or were they faded due to the Sun?
Ground Truth Answers: unknownretain their original colorsunknowndegree to which these flags retain their original colors remains unknownunknown
Prediction:
The crew of Apollo 8 sent the first live televised pictures of the Earth and the Moon back to Earth, and read from the creation story in the Book of Genesis, on Christmas Eve, 1968. An estimated one-quarter of the population of the world saw—either live or delayed—the Christmas Eve transmission during the ninth orbit of the Moon. The mission and Christmas provided an inspiring end to 1968, which had been a troubled year for the US, marked by Vietnam War protests, race riots, and the assassinations of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., and Senator Robert F. Kennedy.
What crew sent the first ever live images of the Earth and Moon to earth?
Ground Truth Answers: Apollo 8Apollo 8Apollo 8Apollo 8Apollo 8
Prediction:
From what Bible book did the crew of Apollo 8 read from during this stream of images?
Ground Truth Answers: Book of GenesisGenesisGenesisBook of GenesisGenesis
Prediction:
How much of the population of Earth ended up seeing the images of the Earth and the Moon?
Ground Truth Answers: one-quarterone-quarterone-quarterone-quarter of the populationone-quarter
Prediction:
After an eventful and tiring year for the world during 1968, what type of ending to the year did the images from space provide?
Ground Truth Answers: inspiring endinspiringinspiringinspiring endinspiring
Prediction:
The Moon landing data was recorded by a special Apollo TV camera which recorded in a format incompatible with broadcast TV. This resulted in lunar footage that had to be converted for the live television broadcast and stored on magnetic telemetry tapes. During the following years, a magnetic tape shortage prompted NASA to remove massive numbers of magnetic tapes from the National Archives and Records Administration to be recorded over with newer satellite data. Stan Lebar, who led the team that designed and built the lunar television camera at Westinghouse Electric Corporation, also worked with Nafzger to try to locate the missing tapes.
What type of camera was used to record the Moon landing?
Ground Truth Answers: special Apollo TV cameraApollo TV cameraApollo TVApollo TV cameraApollo TV camera
Prediction:
Was this footage compatible or incompatible with live broadcast TV formats?
Ground Truth Answers: incompatiblehad to be convertedincompatibleformat incompatible with broadcast TVincompatible
Prediction:
What happened to prompt NASA to record over archived magnetic tapes?
Ground Truth Answers: magnetic tape shortageremove massive numbers of magnetic tapes from the National Archives and Records Administration to be recorded overmagnetic tape shortagemagnetic tape shortagemagnetic tape shortage
Prediction:
What did NASA record over the older archived tapes?
Ground Truth Answers: newer satellite datathe National Archives and Records Administrationnewer satellite datasatellite datasatellite data
Prediction:
Who worked later on to find these missing magnetic tapes that had data stored on them?
Ground Truth Answers: Stan LebarNafzgerStan LebarStan LebarStan Lebar
Prediction:
With a budget of $230,000, the surviving original lunar broadcast data from Apollo 11 was compiled by Nafzger and assigned to Lowry Digital for restoration. The video was processed to remove random noise and camera shake without destroying historical legitimacy. The images were from tapes in Australia, the CBS News archive, and kinescope recordings made at Johnson Space Center. The restored video, remaining in black and white, contains conservative digital enhancements and did not include sound quality improvements.
Who compiled the original surviving Apollo 11 landing data?
Ground Truth Answers: NafzgerNafzgerNafzgerNafzgerNafzger
Prediction:
Were the tapes able to be restored and processed without destroying historical legitimacy or did some aspects of the tapes lose legitimacy?
Ground Truth Answers: without destroying historical legitimacyLowry Digital fwithout destroying historical legitimacyprocessed to remove random noise and camera shake without destroying historical legitimacywithout destroying historical legitimacy
Prediction:
What types of recordings at Johnson Space Center were used to help restore the original tapes?
Ground Truth Answers: kinescope recordingskinescopekinescope recordingskinescope
Prediction:
Which company was tasked with trying to restore the original tapes?
Ground Truth Answers: Lowry DigitalCBSLowry DigitalLowry DigitalLowry Digital
Prediction:
Were the restored tapes able to have color added to them to enhance the picture or did they remain black and white?
Ground Truth Answers: black and whiteblack and white,black and whiteremaining in black and whiteremaining in black and white,
Prediction: