The word pharmacy is derived from its root word pharma which was a term used since the 15th–17th centuries. However, the original Greek roots from pharmakos imply sorcery or even poison. In addition to pharma responsibilities, the pharma offered general medical advice and a range of services that are now performed solely by other specialist practitioners, such as surgery and midwifery. The pharma (as it was referred to) often operated through a retail shop which, in addition to ingredients for medicines, sold tobacco and patent medicines. Often the place that did this was called an apothecary and several languages have this as the dominant term, though their practices are more akin to a modern pharmacy, in English the term apothecary would today be seen as outdated or only approproriate if herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent. The pharmas also used many other herbs not listed. The Greek word Pharmakeia (Greek: φαρμακεία) derives from pharmakon (φάρμακον), meaning "drug", "medicine" (or "poison").[n 1]
What word is the word pharmacy taken from?
Ground Truth Answers: its root word pharmapharmapharmapharma
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What goods were sold in a pharma?
Ground Truth Answers: ingredients for medicines, sold tobacco and patent medicinesingredients for medicines, sold tobacco and patent medicinesingredients for medicines, sold tobacco and patent medicinesmedicines
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What did the Greek root pharmakos imply?
Ground Truth Answers: sorcery or even poisonsorcery or even poisonsorcerysorcery
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How would the word apothecary be viewed by contemporary English speakers?
Ground Truth Answers: outdated or only approproriate if herbal remedies were on offer to a large extentoutdatedoutdatedoutdated
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What else was used by pharmas?
Ground Truth Answers: many other herbs not listedmany other herbsother herbs not listedother herbs
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Pharmacists are healthcare professionals with specialised education and training who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines. Pharmacists may also be small-business proprietors, owning the pharmacy in which they practice. Since pharmacists know about the mode of action of a particular drug, and its metabolism and physiological effects on the human body in great detail, they play an important role in optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual.
What type of professionals are pharmacists?
Ground Truth Answers: healthcare professionalshealthcarehealthcare professionals with specialised education
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What types of health outcomes do pharmacists aim for with their patients?
Ground Truth Answers: optimal health outcomesoptimaloptimal health outcomes
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What type of treatment are pharmacists important for?
Ground Truth Answers: optimisation of a drug treatment for an individualoptimisation of a drug treatmentoptimisation of a drug treatment for an individual
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What other role do many pharmacists play?
Ground Truth Answers: small-business proprietorssmall-business proprietorssmall-business proprietors
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What types of preparation do pharmacists have?
Ground Truth Answers: specialised education and trainingspecialised education and trainingspecialised education and training
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A Pharmacy Technician in the UK is considered a health care professional and often does not work under the direct supervision of a pharmacist (if employed in a hospital pharmacy) but instead is supervised and managed by other senior pharmacy technicians. In the UK the role of a PhT has grown and responsibility has been passed on to them to manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice allowing pharmacists the time to specialise in their expert field as medication consultants spending more time working with patients and in research. A pharmacy technician once qualified has to register as a professional on the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) register. The GPhC is the governing body for pharmacy health care professionals and this is who regulates the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians.
Who oversees a Pharmacy Technician in the UK?
Ground Truth Answers: other senior pharmacy technicianssenior pharmacy techniciansother senior pharmacy technicians
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With what body must a pharmacy technician register?
Ground Truth Answers: the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) registerGeneral Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC)General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) register
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What is a main duty of the GPhC?
Ground Truth Answers: regulates the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy techniciansgoverning body for pharmacy health care professionalsregulates the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians
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What type of professional is a Pharmacy Technician considered to be?
Ground Truth Answers: health care professionalpharmacy health carehealth care professional
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What types of responsibilities might a pharmacy technician have?
Ground Truth Answers: manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practicemanage the pharmacy department and specialised areasmanage the pharmacy department
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In Ancient Greece, Diocles of Carystus (4th century BC) was one of several men studying the medicinal properties of plants. He wrote several treatises on the topic. The Greek physician Pedanius Dioscorides is famous for writing a five volume book in his native Greek Περί ύλης ιατρικής in the 1st century AD. The Latin translation De Materia Medica (Concerning medical substances) was used a basis for many medieval texts, and was built upon by many middle eastern scientists during the Islamic Golden Age. The title coined the term materia medica.
What is Pedanius Dioscorides known for?
Ground Truth Answers: writing a five volume book in his native Greekwriting a five volume bookfive volume book in his native Greek
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What is the name of the Latin translation of Dioscorides' book?
Ground Truth Answers: De Materia MedicaDe Materia MedicaDe Materia Medica
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What term resulted from Dioscorides' book?
Ground Truth Answers: materia medicamateria medicamateria medica
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Who was a man studying medicinal applicants of plants in Ancient Greece?
Ground Truth Answers: Diocles of CarystusDiocles of CarystusDiocles of Carystus
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Who added to Dioscorides' book in the Islamic Golden Age?
Ground Truth Answers: many middle eastern scientistsmiddle eastern scientistsmany middle eastern scientists
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In Japan, at the end of the Asuka period (538–710) and the early Nara period (710–794), the men who fulfilled roles similar to those of modern pharmacists were highly respected. The place of pharmacists in society was expressly defined in the Taihō Code (701) and re-stated in the Yōrō Code (718). Ranked positions in the pre-Heian Imperial court were established; and this organizational structure remained largely intact until the Meiji Restoration (1868). In this highly stable hierarchy, the pharmacists—and even pharmacist assistants—were assigned status superior to all others in health-related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists. In the Imperial household, the pharmacist was even ranked above the two personal physicians of the Emperor.
How were the men who did tasks like those of today's pharmacists viewed in Japan in the Asuka and Nara periods?
Ground Truth Answers: highly respectedhighly respectedhighly respected
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In which two codes were the roles of pharmacists codified?
Ground Truth Answers: the Taihō Code (701) and re-stated in the Yōrō Code (718)Taihō Code (701) and re-stated in the Yōrō CodeTaihō Code (701) and re-stated in the Yōrō Code
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What put a hierarchical structure in place?
Ground Truth Answers: the pre-Heian Imperial courtTaihō Codepre-Heian Imperial court
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What stature did pharmacists have in the pre-Heian Imperial court?
Ground Truth Answers: status superior to all others in health-related fields such as physicians and acupuncturistsRanked positionsstatus superior to all others in health-related fields
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Where did the pharmacist stand in relation to the Emperor's personal physicians?
Ground Truth Answers: ranked aboveranked aboveranked above the two personal physicians of the Emperor
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The advances made in the Middle East in botany and chemistry led medicine in medieval Islam substantially to develop pharmacology. Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes) (865–915), for instance, acted to promote the medical uses of chemical compounds. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) (936–1013) pioneered the preparation of medicines by sublimation and distillation. His Liber servitoris is of particular interest, as it provides the reader with recipes and explains how to prepare the `simples’ from which were compounded the complex drugs then generally used. Sabur Ibn Sahl (d 869), was, however, the first physician to initiate pharmacopoedia, describing a large variety of drugs and remedies for ailments. Al-Biruni (973–1050) wrote one of the most valuable Islamic works on pharmacology, entitled Kitab al-Saydalah (The Book of Drugs), in which he detailed the properties of drugs and outlined the role of pharmacy and the functions and duties of the pharmacist. Avicenna, too, described no less than 700 preparations, their properties, modes of action, and their indications. He devoted in fact a whole volume to simple drugs in The Canon of Medicine. Of great impact were also the works by al-Maridini of Baghdad and Cairo, and Ibn al-Wafid (1008–1074), both of which were printed in Latin more than fifty times, appearing as De Medicinis universalibus et particularibus by 'Mesue' the younger, and the Medicamentis simplicibus by 'Abenguefit'. Peter of Abano (1250–1316) translated and added a supplement to the work of al-Maridini under the title De Veneris. Al-Muwaffaq’s contributions in the field are also pioneering. Living in the 10th century, he wrote The foundations of the true properties of Remedies, amongst others describing arsenious oxide, and being acquainted with silicic acid. He made clear distinction between sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate, and drew attention to the poisonous nature of copper compounds, especially copper vitriol, and also lead compounds. He also describes the distillation of sea-water for drinking.[verification needed]
Developments in which scientists influenced the creation of pharmacology in medieval Islam?
Ground Truth Answers: botany and chemistrybotany and chemistryadvances made in the Middle East in botany and chemistry
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Who was influential in promoting the use of chemical compounds as medicines?
Ground Truth Answers: Muhammad ibn Zakarīya RāziMuhammad ibn Zakarīya RāziMuhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi
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Who authored the Liber servitoris?
Ground Truth Answers: Abu al-Qasim al-ZahrawiAbu al-Qasim al-ZahrawiAbu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
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Who wrote about the distillation of drinking water from sea water?
Ground Truth Answers: Al-MuwaffaqAl-MuwaffaqAl-Muwaffaq
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Which two compounds did Al-Muwaffaq differentiate between?
Ground Truth Answers: sodium carbonate and potassium carbonatesodium carbonate and potassium carbonatesodium carbonate and potassium carbonate
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In Europe there are old pharmacies still operating in Dubrovnik, Croatia, located inside the Franciscan monastery, opened in 1317; and in the Town Hall Square of Tallinn, Estonia, dating from at least 1422. The oldest is claimed to have been set up in 1221 in the Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence, Italy, which now houses a perfume museum. The medieval Esteve Pharmacy, located in Llívia, a Catalan enclave close to Puigcerdà, also now a museum, dates back to the 15th century, keeping albarellos from the 16th and 17th centuries, old prescription books and antique drugs.
How far does one pharmacy in Croatia date back to?
Ground Truth Answers: 131713171317
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Where is the oldest pharmacy stated to be located?
Ground Truth Answers: Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence, ItalyChurch of Santa Maria Novella in Florence, ItalyFlorence, Italy
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What is the medieval Esteve Pharmacy used as at present?
Ground Truth Answers: museuma museummuseum
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What sorts of items are displayed in the Esteve Pharmacy museum?
Ground Truth Answers: albarellos from the 16th and 17th centuries, old prescription books and antique drugsalbarellos from the 16th and 17th centuries, old prescription books and antique drugsold prescription books and antique drugs
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In what year is the oldest pharmacy said to have been established?
Ground Truth Answers: 122112211221
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In most countries, the dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation; with requirements for storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, etc., specified in legislation. Where it was once the case that pharmacists stayed within the dispensary compounding/dispensing medications, there has been an increasing trend towards the use of trained pharmacy technicians while the pharmacist spends more time communicating with patients. Pharmacy technicians are now more dependent upon automation to assist them in their new role dealing with patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues.
What is the dispensary subject to in a majority of countries?
Ground Truth Answers: pharmacy legislationpharmacy legislationpharmacy legislation
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What responsibilities were pharmacy technicians formerly limited to?
Ground Truth Answers: within the dispensary compounding/dispensing medicationscommunicating with patientscompounding/dispensing medications
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What do pharmacy technicians depend on more and more?
Ground Truth Answers: automationautomationautomation
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What are new responsibilities pharmacy technicians now deal with?
Ground Truth Answers: patients' prescriptions and patient safety issuespatients' prescriptions and patient safety issuesdealing with patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues
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What does pharmacy legislation mandate?
Ground Truth Answers: storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, etc.storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, etc.storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment
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Because of the complexity of medications including specific indications, effectiveness of treatment regimens, safety of medications (i.e., drug interactions) and patient compliance issues (in the hospital and at home) many pharmacists practicing in hospitals gain more education and training after pharmacy school through a pharmacy practice residency and sometimes followed by another residency in a specific area. Those pharmacists are often referred to as clinical pharmacists and they often specialize in various disciplines of pharmacy. For example, there are pharmacists who specialize in hematology/oncology, HIV/AIDS, infectious disease, critical care, emergency medicine, toxicology, nuclear pharmacy, pain management, psychiatry, anti-coagulation clinics, herbal medicine, neurology/epilepsy management, pediatrics, neonatal pharmacists and more.
Where do pharmacists acquire more preparation following pharmacy school?
Ground Truth Answers: a pharmacy practice residencypharmacy practice residencypharmacy practice residency
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What do clinical pharmacists specialize in?
Ground Truth Answers: various disciplines of pharmacyvarious disciplines of pharmacyvarious disciplines of pharmacy
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What is one issue that adds to the complexity of a pharmacist's job?
Ground Truth Answers: effectiveness of treatment regimenseffectiveness of treatment regimenseffectiveness of treatment regimens
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Which pharmacists are likely to seek additional education following pharmacy school?
Ground Truth Answers: pharmacists practicing in hospitalspharmacists practicing in hospitalsclinical pharmacists
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Hospital pharmacies can often be found within the premises of the hospital. Hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications, including more specialized medications, than would be feasible in the community setting. Most hospital medications are unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine. Hospital pharmacists and trained pharmacy technicians compound sterile products for patients including total parenteral nutrition (TPN), and other medications given intravenously. This is a complex process that requires adequate training of personnel, quality assurance of products, and adequate facilities. Several hospital pharmacies have decided to outsource high risk preparations and some other compounding functions to companies who specialize in compounding. The high cost of medications and drug-related technology, combined with the potential impact of medications and pharmacy services on patient-care outcomes and patient safety, make it imperative that hospital pharmacies perform at the highest level possible.
Where are many hospital pharmacies located?
Ground Truth Answers: within the premises of the hospitalpremises of the hospitalwithin the premises of the hospital
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In what form are most hospital medications?
Ground Truth Answers: unit-dose, or a single dose of medicineunit-doseunit-dose, or a single dose of medicine
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What types of pharmacy functions have begun to be outsourced?
Ground Truth Answers: high risk preparations and some other compounding functionshigh risk preparations and some other compounding functionshigh risk preparations and some other compounding functions
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What is one factor that increases the importance of the pharmacy performing at a high level?
Ground Truth Answers: The high cost of medications and drug-related technologyhigh cost of medicationshigh cost of medications and drug-related technology
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What are some advantages of hospital pharmacies?
Ground Truth Answers: Hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications, including more specialized medicationsmore specialized medicationsstock a larger range of medications, including more specialized medications
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Pharmacists provide direct patient care services that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention. Clinical pharmacists care for patients in all health care settings, but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics. Clinical pharmacists often collaborate with physicians and other healthcare professionals to improve pharmaceutical care. Clinical pharmacists are now an integral part of the interdisciplinary approach to patient care. They often participate in patient care rounds drug product selection.
What do the services given by pharmacists provide?
Ground Truth Answers: optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease preventionoptimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease preventiondirect patient care services that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention
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What is the origin of clinical pharmacy?
Ground Truth Answers: inside hospitals and clinicsinside hospitals and clinicsthe clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics
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Who do clinical pharmacists work with much of the time?
Ground Truth Answers: physicians and other healthcare professionalsphysiciansphysicians and other healthcare professionals
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What do clinical pharmacists often participate in?
Ground Truth Answers: patient care rounds drug product selectioninterdisciplinary approachpatient care rounds drug product selection
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Where do clinical pharmacists work with patients?
Ground Truth Answers: all health care settingsdrug product selectionall health care settings
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The clinical pharmacist's role involves creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems, identifying goals of therapy, and reviewing all prescribed medications prior to dispensing and administration to the patient. The review process often involves an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy (e.g., drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy) and its efficacy. The pharmacist must also monitor for potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, and assess patient drug allergies while designing and initiating a drug therapy plan.
What is one example of what a clinical pharmacist's duties entail?
Ground Truth Answers: creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problemsidentifying goals of therapycreating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems
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What is involved in a review of prescribed medications?
Ground Truth Answers: an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapyan evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapyevaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy
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What are the components of drug therapy?
Ground Truth Answers: drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapydrug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapydrug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy
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What are some other factors a pharmacist must monitor?
Ground Truth Answers: potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactionspotential drug interactionspotential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, and assess patient drug allergies
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In the U.S. federal health care system (including the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH) ambulatory care pharmacists are given full independent prescribing authority. In some states such North Carolina and New Mexico these pharmacist clinicians are given collaborative prescriptive and diagnostic authority. In 2011 the board of Pharmaceutical Specialties approved ambulatory care pharmacy practice as a separate board certification. The official designation for pharmacists who pass the ambulatory care pharmacy specialty certification exam will be Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist and these pharmacists will carry the initials BCACP.
What type of authority are ambulatory care pharmacists given in the U.S. federal health care system?
Ground Truth Answers: full independent prescribing authorityfull independent prescribing authorityfull independent prescribing authority
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In what states are pharmacist clinicians given prescriptive and diagnostic authority?
Ground Truth Answers: North Carolina and New MexicoNorth Carolina and New MexicoNorth Carolina and New Mexico
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When was ambulatory care pharmacy approved as its own certification?
Ground Truth Answers: 201120112011
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What will a pharmacist who passes the ambulatory pharmacist exam be called?
Ground Truth Answers: Board Certified Ambulatory Care PharmacistBoard Certified Ambulatory Care PharmacistBoard Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist
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What entities are included in the federal health care system?
Ground Truth Answers: the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIHthe VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIHVA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH
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Consultant pharmacy practice focuses more on medication regimen review (i.e. "cognitive services") than on actual dispensing of drugs. Consultant pharmacists most typically work in nursing homes, but are increasingly branching into other institutions and non-institutional settings. Traditionally consultant pharmacists were usually independent business owners, though in the United States many now work for several large pharmacy management companies (primarily Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica). This trend may be gradually reversing as consultant pharmacists begin to work directly with patients, primarily because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings. Some community pharmacies employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services.
What is consultant pharmacy mainly concerned with?
Ground Truth Answers: medication regimen reviewmedication regimen reviewmedication regimen review
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Where do a majority of consultant pharmacists tend to work?
Ground Truth Answers: nursing homesnursing homesnursing homes
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What are some large pharmacy management companies?
Ground Truth Answers: Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMericaOmnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMericaOmnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica
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What is the main reason consulting pharmacists are increasingly working directly with patients?
Ground Truth Answers: because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settingsmany elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settingsmany elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings
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What do some community pharmacies do?
Ground Truth Answers: employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting servicesemploy consultant pharmacistsemploy consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services
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Since about the year 2000, a growing number of Internet pharmacies have been established worldwide. Many of these pharmacies are similar to community pharmacies, and in fact, many of them are actually operated by brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door. The primary difference is the method by which the medications are requested and received. Some customers consider this to be more convenient and private method rather than traveling to a community drugstore where another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take. Internet pharmacies (also known as online pharmacies) are also recommended to some patients by their physicians if they are homebound.
When did internet pharmacies begin to come into being?
Ground Truth Answers: about the year 200020002000
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Who often operates internet pharmacies?
Ground Truth Answers: brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their doorbrick-and-mortar community pharmaciesbrick-and-mortar community pharmacies
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What are internet pharmacies also called?
Ground Truth Answers: online pharmaciesonline pharmaciesonline pharmacies
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What is one reason a patient might choose an internet pharmacy?
Ground Truth Answers: another customer might overhear about the drugs that they takehomeboundmore convenient and private method
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What is the main difference between online pharmacies and community pharmacies?
Ground Truth Answers: the method by which the medications are requested and receivedmethod by which the medications are requested and receivedthe method by which the medications are requested and received
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While most Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription, some Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription. Many customers order drugs from such pharmacies to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe. However, this practice has been criticized as potentially dangerous, especially by those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication. There also have been reports of such pharmacies dispensing substandard products.
Why might customers order from internet pharmacies?
Ground Truth Answers: to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribeavoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctoravoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe
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Who has criticized ordering from online pharmacies that don't require prescriptions?
Ground Truth Answers: those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication.by those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medicationthose who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication
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What is a criticism of online pharmacies that issue drugs without a prescription?
Ground Truth Answers: dispensing substandard productspotentially dangerousreports of such pharmacies dispensing substandard products
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What practice do some internet pharmacies engage in?
Ground Truth Answers: sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescriptionsell prescription drugs without requiring a prescriptionsome Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription
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What do most online pharmacies do?
Ground Truth Answers: sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescriptionsell prescription drugssell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription
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Of particular concern with Internet pharmacies is the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances (e.g., Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone) via the Internet without a prescription issued by a doctor/practitioner who has an established doctor-patient relationship. There are many instances where a practitioner issues a prescription, brokered by an Internet server, for a controlled substance to a "patient" s/he has never met.[citation needed] In the United States, in order for a prescription for a controlled substance to be valid, it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship. The filling pharmacy has a corresponding responsibility to ensure that the prescription is valid. Often, individual state laws outline what defines a valid patient-doctor relationship.
What is one problem with internet pharmacies?
Ground Truth Answers: the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substancesease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substancesthe ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances
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What conditions must be met for a prescription for a controlled substance to be valid?
Ground Truth Answers: it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationshipit must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationshipit must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship
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What is one problem with internet pharmacies?
Ground Truth Answers: the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substancesease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substancesthe ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances
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What conditions must be met to prescribe a controlled substance?
Ground Truth Answers: it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationshipit must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationshipit must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship
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What is the obligation of a pharmacy filling a prescription?
Ground Truth Answers: to ensure that the prescription is validensure that the prescription is validThe filling pharmacy has a corresponding responsibility to ensure that the prescription is valid
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Who defines what constitutes a patient-doctor relationship?
Ground Truth Answers: individual state lawsindividual state lawsOften, individual state laws outline what defines a valid patient-doctor relationship
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What is an example of a controlled substance?
Ground Truth Answers: Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodoneVicodinVicodin
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In the United States, there has been a push to legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries, in order to reduce consumer costs. While in most cases importation of prescription medications violates Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations and federal laws, enforcement is generally targeted at international drug suppliers, rather than consumers. There is no known case of any U.S. citizens buying Canadian drugs for personal use with a prescription, who has ever been charged by authorities.
What is a reason for the movement to legalize importing medicines from other countries?
Ground Truth Answers: to reduce consumer costsreduce consumer costsin order to reduce consumer costs
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What is one country that has been suggested for importation of medicines?
Ground Truth Answers: CanadaCanadaCanada
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Who are FDA laws against importing medications aimed at?
Ground Truth Answers: international drug suppliers, rather than consumersinternational drug suppliersinternational drug suppliers
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Has there ever been anyone charged with importing drugs from Canada for personal medicinal use?
Ground Truth Answers: There is no known caseno known caseno
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What is there a push for in the U.S. to reduce consumer drug costs?
Ground Truth Answers: to legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countrieslegalize importation of medicationslegalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries
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Pharmacy informatics is the combination of pharmacy practice science and applied information science. Pharmacy informaticists work in many practice areas of pharmacy, however, they may also work in information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies. As a practice area and specialist domain, pharmacy informatics is growing quickly to meet the needs of major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals. Pharmacists in this area are trained to participate in medication management system development, deployment and optimization.
What two things does pharmacy informatics bring together?
Ground Truth Answers: pharmacy practice science and applied information sciencepharmacy practice science and applied information sciencepharmacy practice science and applied information science
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What fields may pharmacy informatics also work in?
Ground Truth Answers: information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companiesinformation technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companiesinformation technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies
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Whose needs will the growth in pharmacy informatics meet?
Ground Truth Answers: major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goalsmajor national and international patient information projectsmajor national and international patient information projects
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What areas are pharmacy informatics prepared to work in?
Ground Truth Answers: medication management system development, deployment and optimizationmedication management system development, deployment and optimizationmedication management system development, deployment and optimization
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How fast is pharmacy informatics growing?
Ground Truth Answers: quicklygrowing quicklyquickly
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Specialty pharmacies supply high cost injectable, oral, infused, or inhaled medications that are used for chronic and complex disease states such as cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Unlike a traditional community pharmacy where prescriptions for any common medication can be brought in and filled, specialty pharmacies carry novel medications that need to be properly stored, administered, carefully monitored, and clinically managed. In addition to supplying these drugs, specialty pharmacies also provide lab monitoring, adherence counseling, and assist patients with cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs. It is currently the fastest growing sector of the pharmaceutical industry with 19 of 28 newly FDA approved medications in 2013 being specialty drugs.
What is the fastest growing area in the pharmaceutical industry?
Ground Truth Answers: specialty pharmaciesspecialty pharmaciesspecialty pharmacies
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How many drugs approved by the FDA in 2013 were specialty drugs?
Ground Truth Answers: 191919 of 28 newly FDA approved medications
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What types of diseases are specialty drugs often used against?
Ground Truth Answers: cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritischronic and complex disease stateschronic and complex disease states such as cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis
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What types of medications do specialty pharmacies stock?
Ground Truth Answers: novel medications that need to be properly stored, administered, carefully monitored, and clinically managednovel medicationsnovel medications that need to be properly stored, administered, carefully monitored, and clinically managed
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Besides drugs, what else do specialty pharmacies provide?
Ground Truth Answers: lab monitoring, adherence counseling, and assist patients with cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugslab monitoring, adherence counseling, and assist patients with cost-containment strategieslab monitoring, adherence counseling, and assist patients with cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs
Prediction:
In most jurisdictions (such as the United States), pharmacists are regulated separately from physicians. These jurisdictions also usually specify that only pharmacists may supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public, and that pharmacists cannot form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payments. However, the American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics provides that physicians may dispense drugs within their office practices as long as there is no patient exploitation and patients have the right to a written prescription that can be filled elsewhere. 7 to 10 percent of American physicians practices reportedly dispense drugs on their own.
How are pharmacists regulated in most jurisdictions?
Ground Truth Answers: separately from physiciansseparately from physiciansseparately from physicians
Prediction:
Who do most jurisdictions say can give scheduled drugs to the public?
Ground Truth Answers: only pharmacistsonly pharmacistsonly pharmacists may supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public
Prediction:
What body has stated that physicians can also dispense drugs under specific conditions?
Ground Truth Answers: the American Medical Association (AMA)American Medical AssociationAmerican Medical Association (AMA)
Prediction:
What is the estimate of how many physicians give out drugs on their own?
Ground Truth Answers: 7 to 10 percent7 to 10 percent7 to 10 percent of American physicians
Prediction:
What are pharmacists forbidden to do?
Ground Truth Answers: form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" paymentsform business partnerships with physicianspharmacists cannot form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payments
Prediction:
In some rural areas in the United Kingdom, there are dispensing physicians who are allowed to both prescribe and dispense prescription-only medicines to their patients from within their practices. The law requires that the GP practice be located in a designated rural area and that there is also a specified, minimum distance (currently 1.6 kilometres) between a patient's home and the nearest retail pharmacy. This law also exists in Austria for general physicians if the nearest pharmacy is more than 4 kilometers away, or where none is registered in the city.
What is another country that permits physicians to give out drugs from within their practice?
Ground Truth Answers: AustriaAustriaAustria
Prediction:
Where are some physicians permitted to prescribe and give out medications within their practices?
Ground Truth Answers: In some rural areas in the United Kingdomrural areas in the United Kingdomprescribe and dispense prescription-only medicines to their patients from within their practices
Prediction:
What is the minimum distance between a patient's home and the nearest pharmacy that allows a physician to give out medication?
Ground Truth Answers: 1.6 kilometres1.6 kilometres1.6 kilometres
Prediction:
What is the minimum distance between a patient's home and the nearest pharmacy that allows a physician in Austria to give out medicine?
Ground Truth Answers: more than 4 kilometers4 kilometersmore than 4 kilometers
Prediction:
The reason for the majority rule is the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers. Otherwise, the physician has a financial self-interest in "diagnosing" as many conditions as possible, and in exaggerating their seriousness, because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient. Such self-interest directly conflicts with the patient's interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects. This system reflects much similarity to the checks and balances system of the U.S. and many other governments.[citation needed]
Why is majority rule used?
Ground Truth Answers: the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powershigh risk of a conflict of interesthigh risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers
Prediction:
Why might a physician diagnose a large number of conditions?
Ground Truth Answers: because he or she can then sell more medications to the patientsell more medications to the patientsell more medications to the patient
Prediction:
What do rules about conflict of interest involving doctors diagnosing patients resemble?
Ground Truth Answers: the checks and balances system of the U.S. and many other governments.checks and balances system of the U.S. and many other governmentssimilarity to the checks and balances system of the U.S. and many other governments
Prediction:
How else might a physician take advantage of self-interest?
Ground Truth Answers: exaggerating their seriousnessavoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effectsbecause he or she can then sell more medications to the patient
Prediction:
Where might the doctor's self-interest be at odds with the patient's self-interest?
Ground Truth Answers: in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effectsobtaining cost-effective medicationthe physician has a financial self-interest in "diagnosing" as many conditions as possible
Prediction:
In the coming decades, pharmacists are expected to become more integral within the health care system. Rather than simply dispensing medication, pharmacists are increasingly expected to be compensated for their patient care skills. In particular, Medication Therapy Management (MTM) includes the clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients. Such services include the thorough analysis of all medication (prescription, non-prescription, and herbals) currently being taken by an individual. The result is a reconciliation of medication and patient education resulting in increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system.
What will be the importance of the pharmacist in coming decades?
Ground Truth Answers: expected to become more integral within the health care systempatient care skillspharmacists are expected to become more integral within the health care system
Prediction:
What responsibilities are pharmacists believed to be taking on more in the future?
Ground Truth Answers: increasingly expected to be compensated for their patient care skillspatient care skillspharmacists are increasingly expected to be compensated for their patient care skills
Prediction:
What is included in Medication Therapy Management?
Ground Truth Answers: clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patientsclinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patientsthe clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients
Prediction:
What are examples of clinical services that pharmacists can provide?
Ground Truth Answers: thorough analysis of all medication (prescription, non-prescription, and herbals) currently being taken by an individualthorough analysis of all medication (prescription, non-prescription, and herbals) currently being taken by an individual.the thorough analysis of all medication (prescription, non-prescription, and herbals) currently being taken by an individual
Prediction:
What are outcomes expected with Medication Therapy Management?
Ground Truth Answers: a reconciliation of medication and patient education resulting in increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care systemincreased patient health outcomes and decreased costsa reconciliation of medication and patient education resulting in increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system
Prediction:
This shift has already commenced in some countries; for instance, pharmacists in Australia receive remuneration from the Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews. In Canada, pharmacists in certain provinces have limited prescribing rights (as in Alberta and British Columbia) or are remunerated by their provincial government for expanded services such as medications reviews (Medschecks in Ontario). In the United Kingdom, pharmacists who undertake additional training are obtaining prescribing rights and this is because of pharmacy education. They are also being paid for by the government for medicine use reviews. In Scotland the pharmacist can write prescriptions for Scottish registered patients of their regular medications, for the majority of drugs, except for controlled drugs, when the patient is unable to see their doctor, as could happen if they are away from home or the doctor is unavailable. In the United States, pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy has had an evolving influence on the practice of pharmacy. Moreover, the Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.) degree is now required before entering practice and some pharmacists now complete one or two years of residency or fellowship training following graduation. In addition, consultant pharmacists, who traditionally operated primarily in nursing homes are now expanding into direct consultation with patients, under the banner of "senior care pharmacy."
Which provinces in Canada limit the rights of pharmacists in prescribing?
Ground Truth Answers: Alberta and British ColumbiaAlberta and British ColumbiaAlberta and British Columbia
Prediction:
Who pays Australian pharmacists for doing Home Medicines Reviews?
Ground Truth Answers: the Australian GovernmentAustralian Governmentthe Australian Government
Prediction:
What are pharmacists in the United Kingdom being increasingly paid for?
Ground Truth Answers: medicine use reviewsmedicine use reviewsmedicine use reviews
Prediction:
What fields have increased in influence on pharmacy in the United States?
Ground Truth Answers: pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacypharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacypharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy
Prediction:
What degree is now mandatory in the U.S. in order to be a licensed pharmacist?
Ground Truth Answers: Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.)Doctor of Pharmacythe Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.) degree
Prediction:
The two symbols most commonly associated with pharmacy in English-speaking countries are the mortar and pestle and the ℞ (recipere) character, which is often written as "Rx" in typed text. The show globe was also used until the early 20th century. Pharmacy organizations often use other symbols, such as the Bowl of Hygieia which is often used in the Netherlands, conical measures, and caduceuses in their logos. Other symbols are common in different countries: the green Greek cross in France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India, the increasingly rare Gaper in the Netherlands, and a red stylized letter A in Germany and Austria (from Apotheke, the German word for pharmacy, from the same Greek root as the English word 'apothecary').
What are the two symbols that signify pharmacy in English-speaking countries?
Ground Truth Answers: the mortar and pestle and the ℞ (recipere) charactermortar and pestle and the ℞ (recipere) characterthe mortar and pestle and the ℞ (recipere) character
Prediction:
What symbol was employed until early in the 20th century?
Ground Truth Answers: The show globeshow globeshow globe
Prediction:
What country uses the Bowl of Hygieia as a symbol of pharmacy?
Ground Truth Answers: the Netherlandsthe Netherlandsthe Netherlands
Prediction:
What countries use a red stylized A to signify pharmacy?
Ground Truth Answers: Germany and AustriaGermany and AustriaGermany and Austria
Prediction:
Which countries use the green Greek cross as a symbol of pharmacy?
Ground Truth Answers: France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and IndiaFrance, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and IndiaFrance, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India
Prediction: