Starting in the late 1950s, American computer scientist Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching with the goal to provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the RAND Corporation, funded by the US Department of Defense. This concept contrasted and contradicted the theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth, largely fortified by the development of telecommunications in the Bell System. The new concept found little resonance among network implementers until the independent work of Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) (NPL) in the late 1960s. Davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in Europe in the decade following, including the incorporation of the concept in the early ARPANET in the United States.
What did Paul Baran develop
Ground Truth Answers: Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switchingthe concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block SwitchingDistributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
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What did Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching do
Ground Truth Answers: provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messagesprovide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messagesfault-tolerant, efficient routing method
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What did this concept contradict
Ground Truth Answers: This concept contrasted and contradicted the theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidththeretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidthprinciples of pre-allocation of network bandwidth
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What is Donald Davies credited with
Ground Truth Answers: Davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in Europecoining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networkscoining the modern name packet switching
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What did Paul Baran develop in the late 1950's
Ground Truth Answers: the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switchingthe concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block SwitchingDistributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
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What was the goal of the system
Ground Truth Answers: to provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messagesprovide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages
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Who is credited with the modern name for this system
Ground Truth Answers: Davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in EuropeDonald DaviesDonald Davies
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Packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm, circuit switching, a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes. In cases of billable services, such as cellular communication services, circuit switching is characterized by a fee per unit of connection time, even when no data is transferred, while packet switching may be characterized by a fee per unit of information transmitted, such as characters, packets, or messages.
Packet Switching contrast with what other principal
Ground Truth Answers: circuit switchingcircuit switchingcircuit switching
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What is circuit switching characterized by
Ground Truth Answers: circuit switching is characterized by a fee per unit of connection timea method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication sessionfee per unit of connection time
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How is packet switching charecterized
Ground Truth Answers: by a fee per unit of information transmitteda fee per unit of information transmittedfee per unit of information transmitted
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What does Packet switching contrast with
Ground Truth Answers: circuit switchingcircuit switchingcircuit switching
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How is circuit switching allocated
Ground Truth Answers: a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidthpre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication sessionpre-allocates
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How is circuit switching charecterized
Ground Truth Answers: by a fee per unit of connection time, even when no data is transferreda fee per unit of connection timefee per unit of connection time
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How is packet switching characterized
Ground Truth Answers: by a fee per unit of information transmitted, such as characters, packets, or messagesa fee per unit of information transmittedfee per unit of information transmitted
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Packet mode communication may be implemented with or without intermediate forwarding nodes (packet switches or routers). Packets are normally forwarded by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing, traffic shaping, or for differentiated or guaranteed quality of service, such as weighted fair queuing or leaky bucket. In case of a shared physical medium (such as radio or 10BASE5), the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme.
How is packet mode communication implemented
Ground Truth Answers: with or without intermediate forwarding nodeswith or without intermediate forwarding nodeswith or without intermediate forwarding nodes
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How are packets normally forwarded
Ground Truth Answers: asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuingasynchronously using first-in, first-out bufferingintermediate network nodes
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In cases of shared physical medium how are they delivered
Ground Truth Answers: the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access schemeaccording to a multiple access schememultiple access scheme
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How is packet mode communication implemented
Ground Truth Answers: with or without intermediate forwarding nodeswith or without intermediate forwarding nodeswith or without intermediate forwarding nodes
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How are packets normally forwarded
Ground Truth Answers: by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuingintermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out bufferingasynchronously
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In cases with shared medium how is it delivered
Ground Truth Answers: the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access schemeaccording to a multiple access schememultiple access scheme
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Baran developed the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching during his research at the RAND Corporation for the US Air Force into survivable communications networks, first presented to the Air Force in the summer of 1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626 in 1962, and finally in report RM 3420 in 1964. Report P-2626 described a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network. The work focuses on three key ideas: use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks, later called packets, and delivery of these messages by store and forward switching.
What did Baran develop during research at RAND
Ground Truth Answers: the concept of distributed adaptive message block switchingthe concept of distributed adaptive message block switchingconcept of distributed adaptive message block switching
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What was developed for the Air Force
Ground Truth Answers: survivable communications networksthe concept of distributed adaptive message block switchingsurvivable communications networks
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What 3 things does the Air Force work key on
Ground Truth Answers: use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocksideas
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How are Air force messages delivered
Ground Truth Answers: delivery of these messages by store and forward switchingdecentralized network with multiple paths between any two pointsstore and forward switching
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What was report P-2626
Ground Truth Answers: a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications networka general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications networkbriefing B-265
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What delivery message was used
Ground Truth Answers: by store and forward switchingpacketsstore and forward switching
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What concept was developed by Baran while researching at RAND
Ground Truth Answers: distributed adaptive message block switchingdistributed adaptive message block switchingdistributed adaptive message block switching
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What things did the network concentrate on
Ground Truth Answers: use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks, later called packetslarge-scale, distributed, survivable communications networkmultiple paths between any two points
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Starting in 1965, Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory, UK, independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran. He called it packet switching, a more accessible name than Baran's, and proposed to build a nationwide network in the UK. He gave a talk on the proposal in 1966, after which a person from the Ministry of Defence (MoD) told him about Baran's work. A member of Davies' team (Roger Scantlebury) met Lawrence Roberts at the 1967 ACM Symposium on Operating System Principles and suggested it for use in the ARPANET.
What did Donald Davies Develop
Ground Truth Answers: independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baranthe same message routing methodology as developed by Baranmessage routing methodology
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What did Davies call his system
Ground Truth Answers: packet switchingpacket switchingpacket switching
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What did Davies want to build
Ground Truth Answers: proposed to build a nationwide network in the UKa nationwide networknationwide network
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What use was suggested for the system
Ground Truth Answers: use in the ARPANETARPANETARPANET
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Who developed the same technology as Baran
Ground Truth Answers: Donald DaviesDonald DaviesDonald Davies
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What did Davies call the System
Ground Truth Answers: packet switchingpacket switchingpacket switching
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What was suggested at the Symposium in 1967
Ground Truth Answers: suggested it for use in the ARPANETuse in the ARPANETuse in the ARPANET
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In connectionless mode each packet includes complete addressing information. The packets are routed individually, sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order delivery. Each packet is labeled with a destination address, source address, and port numbers. It may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packet. This precludes the need for a dedicated path to help the packet find its way to its destination, but means that much more information is needed in the packet header, which is therefore larger, and this information needs to be looked up in power-hungry content-addressable memory. Each packet is dispatched and may go via different routes; potentially, the system has to do as much work for every packet as the connection-oriented system has to do in connection set-up, but with less information as to the application's requirements. At the destination, the original message/data is reassembled in the correct order, based on the packet sequence number. Thus a virtual connection, also known as a virtual circuit or byte stream is provided to the end-user by a transport layer protocol, although intermediate network nodes only provides a connectionless network layer service.
What does each packet includ in connectionless mode
Ground Truth Answers: each packet includes complete addressing informationcomplete addressing informationcomplete addressing information
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How are the packets routed
Ground Truth Answers: individually, sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order deliveryindividuallyindividually
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What is included with each packet label
Ground Truth Answers: Each packet is labeled with a destination address, source address, and port numbers. It may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packetdestination address, source address, and port numbersdestination address, source address, and port numbers
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What happens to the packet at the destination
Ground Truth Answers: the original message/data is reassembled in the correct order, based on the packet sequence numberthe original message/data is reassembled in the correct orderreassembled
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Connection-oriented transmission requires a setup phase in each involved node before any packet is transferred to establish the parameters of communication. The packets include a connection identifier rather than address information and are negotiated between endpoints so that they are delivered in order and with error checking. Address information is only transferred to each node during the connection set-up phase, when the route to the destination is discovered and an entry is added to the switching table in each network node through which the connection passes. The signaling protocols used allow the application to specify its requirements and discover link parameters. Acceptable values for service parameters may be negotiated. Routing a packet requires the node to look up the connection id in a table. The packet header can be small, as it only needs to contain this code and any information, such as length, timestamp, or sequence number, which is different for different packets.
Is the packet header long
Ground Truth Answers: The packet header can be small, as it only needs to contain this code and any information, such as length, timestamp, or sequence numberThe packet header can be smallsmall
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Why is the node requiered to look up
Ground Truth Answers: Routing a packet requires the node to look up the connection id in a tablethe connection id in a tableconnection id
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What is a connection identifier
Ground Truth Answers: a connection identifier rather than address information and are negotiated between endpoints so that they are delivered in order and with error checkingnegotiated between endpoints
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What does connection orientation require
Ground Truth Answers: a setup phase in each involved node before any packet is transferred to establish the parameters of communicationa setup phase in each involved nodesetup phase
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Both X.25 and Frame Relay provide connection-oriented operations. But X.25 does it at the network layer of the OSI Model. Frame Relay does it at level two, the data link layer. Another major difference between X.25 and Frame Relay is that X.25 requires a handshake between the communicating parties before any user packets are transmitted. Frame Relay does not define any such handshakes. X.25 does not define any operations inside the packet network. It only operates at the user-network-interface (UNI). Thus, the network provider is free to use any procedure it wishes inside the network. X.25 does specify some limited re-transmission procedures at the UNI, and its link layer protocol (LAPB) provides conventional HDLC-type link management procedures. Frame Relay is a modified version of ISDN's layer two protocol, LAPD and LAPB. As such, its integrity operations pertain only between nodes on a link, not end-to-end. Any retransmissions must be carried out by higher layer protocols. The X.25 UNI protocol is part of the X.25 protocol suite, which consists of the lower three layers of the OSI Model. It was widely used at the UNI for packet switching networks during the 1980s and early 1990s, to provide a standardized interface into and out of packet networks. Some implementations used X.25 within the network as well, but its connection-oriented features made this setup cumbersome and inefficient. Frame relay operates principally at layer two of the OSI Model. However, its address field (the Data Link Connection ID, or DLCI) can be used at the OSI network layer, with a minimum set of procedures. Thus, it rids itself of many X.25 layer 3 encumbrances, but still has the DLCI as an ID beyond a node-to-node layer two link protocol. The simplicity of Frame Relay makes it faster and more efficient than X.25. Because Frame relay is a data link layer protocol, like X.25 it does not define internal network routing operations. For X.25 its packet IDs---the virtual circuit and virtual channel numbers have to be correlated to network addresses. The same is true for Frame Relays DLCI. How this is done is up to the network provider. Frame Relay, by virtue of having no network layer procedures is connection-oriented at layer two, by using the HDLC/LAPD/LAPB Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode (SABM). X.25 connections are typically established for each communication session, but it does have a feature allowing a limited amount of traffic to be passed across the UNI without the connection-oriented handshake. For a while, Frame Relay was used to interconnect LANs across wide area networks. However, X.25 and well as Frame Relay have been supplanted by the Internet Protocol (IP) at the network layer, and the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and or versions of Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) at layer two. A typical configuration is to run IP over ATM or a version of MPLS. <Uyless Black, X.25 and Related Protocols, IEEE Computer Society, 1991> <Uyless Black, Frame Relay Networks, McGraw-Hill, 1998> <Uyless Black, MPLS and Label Switching Networks, Prentice Hall, 2001> < Uyless Black, ATM, Volume I, Prentice Hall, 1995>
WHat do x.25 and Frame Relay both require
Ground Truth Answers: connection-oriented operations. But X.25 does it at the network layer of the OSI Model. Frame Relay does it at level two, the data link layera handshake between the communicating parties before any user packets are transmittedconnection-oriented operations
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What supplanted Frame Relay and X.25
Ground Truth Answers: supplanted by the Internet Protocol (IP) at the network layer, and the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and or versions of Multi-Protocol Label SwitchingInternet Protocol (IP)Internet Protocol
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What were X.25 and Frame relay used for
Ground Truth Answers: Frame Relay was used to interconnect LANs across wide area networks. However, X.25 and well as Frame Relay have been supplantedprovide connection-oriented operationsstandardized interface
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What is a typical configuration
Ground Truth Answers: A typical configuration is to run IP over ATM or a version of MPLSrun IP over ATM or a version of MPLSrun IP over ATM or a version of MPLS
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ARPANET and SITA HLN became operational in 1969. Before the introduction of X.25 in 1973, about twenty different network technologies had been developed. Two fundamental differences involved the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core. In the datagram system, the hosts have the responsibility to ensure orderly delivery of packets. The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is an example of a datagram protocol. In the virtual call system, the network guarantees sequenced delivery of data to the host. This results in a simpler host interface with less functionality than in the datagram model. The X.25 protocol suite uses this network type.
WHen did ARPNET and SITA become operational
Ground Truth Answers: 196919691969
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2 differences betwen X.25 and ARPNET CITA technologies
Ground Truth Answers: Two fundamental differences involved the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network corethe division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core.division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core
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WHat does UserDatagram Protocol gaurentee
Ground Truth Answers: In the virtual call system, the network guarantees sequenced delivery of data to the hostsequenced delivery of data to the hostsequenced delivery of data
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X.25 uses what type network type
Ground Truth Answers: User Datagram Protocolthe datagram modelUDP
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AppleTalk was a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by Apple Inc. in 1985 for Apple Macintosh computers. It was the primary protocol used by Apple devices through the 1980s and 90s. AppleTalk included features that allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server. The AppleTalk system automatically assigned addresses, updated the distributed namespace, and configured any required inter-network routing. It was a plug-n-play system.
What was Apple Talk
Ground Truth Answers: a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by Apple Inc. in 1985a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by Apple Incproprietary suite of networking protocols
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WHat were features of Apple Talk
Ground Truth Answers: that allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or serverallowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or serverallowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server
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What did the Apple system assign automatically
Ground Truth Answers: automatically assigned addresses, updated the distributed namespace, and configured any required inter-network routingaddressesaddresses
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This type of system is known as
Ground Truth Answers: a plug-n-play systemplug-n-playplug-n-play
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The CYCLADES packet switching network was a French research network designed and directed by Louis Pouzin. First demonstrated in 1973, it was developed to explore alternatives to the early ARPANET design and to support network research generally. It was the first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself, using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms. Concepts of this network influenced later ARPANET architecture.
What network was designed by the french
Ground Truth Answers: CYCLADES packet switching networkCYCLADESCYCLADES
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What was a first for this network
Ground Truth Answers: to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itselfthe first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of datahosts responsible for reliable delivery of data
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How was this possible
Ground Truth Answers: using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanismsusing unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanismsunreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms
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This network influenced later models of
Ground Truth Answers: later ARPANET architectureARPANETARPANET
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DECnet is a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation, originally released in 1975 in order to connect two PDP-11 minicomputers. It evolved into one of the first peer-to-peer network architectures, thus transforming DEC into a networking powerhouse in the 1980s. Initially built with three layers, it later (1982) evolved into a seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol. The DECnet protocols were designed entirely by Digital Equipment Corporation. However, DECnet Phase II (and later) were open standards with published specifications, and several implementations were developed outside DEC, including one for Linux.
What is DECnet
Ground Truth Answers: a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporationa suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporationsuite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation
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What did DECnet originally do
Ground Truth Answers: connect two PDP-11 minicomputersconnect two PDP-11 minicomputersconnect two PDP-11 minicomputers
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DEC originally had 3 layers but evolved into how many layers
Ground Truth Answers: Initially built with three layers, it later (1982) evolved into a seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocolsevenseven
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What did DECnet phase 2 become
Ground Truth Answers: were open standards with published specifications, and several implementations were developed outside DEC, including one for LinuxLinuxopen standards
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In 1965, at the instigation of Warner Sinback, a data network based on this voice-phone network was designed to connect GE's four computer sales and service centers (Schenectady, Phoenix, Chicago, and Phoenix) to facilitate a computer time-sharing service, apparently the world's first commercial online service. (In addition to selling GE computers, the centers were computer service bureaus, offering batch processing services. They lost money from the beginning, and Sinback, a high-level marketing manager, was given the job of turning the business around. He decided that a time-sharing system, based on Kemney's work at Dartmouth—which used a computer on loan from GE—could be profitable. Warner was right.)
What was Warner Sinback
Ground Truth Answers: a data network based on this voice-phone network was designed to connect GE's four computer sales and service centersa data networka data network
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The 4 sales and service centers are viewed as
Ground Truth Answers: the world's first commercial online servicethe world's first commercial online serviceworld's first commercial online service
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Were the centers profitable
Ground Truth Answers: They lost money from the beginning, and Sinback, a high-level marketing manager, was given the job of turning the business aroundThey lost moneylost money
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What did Warner Sinback decide
Ground Truth Answers: that a time-sharing system, based on Kemney's work at Dartmouth—which used a computer on loan from GE—could be profitablea time-sharing system, based on Kemney's work at Dartmouth—which used a computer on loan from GE—could be profitablecould be profitable
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Merit Network, Inc., an independent non-profit 501(c)(3) corporation governed by Michigan's public universities, was formed in 1966 as the Michigan Educational Research Information Triad to explore computer networking between three of Michigan's public universities as a means to help the state's educational and economic development. With initial support from the State of Michigan and the National Science Foundation (NSF), the packet-switched network was first demonstrated in December 1971 when an interactive host to host connection was made between the IBM mainframe computer systems at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and Wayne State University in Detroit. In October 1972 connections to the CDC mainframe at Michigan State University in East Lansing completed the triad. Over the next several years in addition to host to host interactive connections the network was enhanced to support terminal to host connections, host to host batch connections (remote job submission, remote printing, batch file transfer), interactive file transfer, gateways to the Tymnet and Telenet public data networks, X.25 host attachments, gateways to X.25 data networks, Ethernet attached hosts, and eventually TCP/IP and additional public universities in Michigan join the network. All of this set the stage for Merit's role in the NSFNET project starting in the mid-1980s.
WHy was the Merit network formed in Michigan
Ground Truth Answers: as a means to help the state's educational and economic developmentto explore computer networking between three of Michigan's public universitiesexplore computer networking
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What completed the triad
Ground Truth Answers: an interactive host to host connection was made between the IBM mainframe computer systems at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and Wayne Statethe CDC mainframe at Michigan State University in East Lansing1972 connections
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What set the stage for Merits role in NSFNET
Ground Truth Answers: Ethernet attached hosts, and eventually TCP/IP and additional public universities in Michigan join the networkthe network was enhancedTCP/IP
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Telenet was the first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States. It was founded by former ARPA IPTO director Larry Roberts as a means of making ARPANET technology public. He had tried to interest AT&T in buying the technology, but the monopoly's reaction was that this was incompatible with their future. Bolt, Beranack and Newman (BBN) provided the financing. It initially used ARPANET technology but changed the host interface to X.25 and the terminal interface to X.29. Telenet designed these protocols and helped standardize them in the CCITT. Telenet was incorporated in 1973 and started operations in 1975. It went public in 1979 and was then sold to GTE.
What was telenet
Ground Truth Answers: the first FCC-licensed public data network in the United Statesthe first FCC-licensed public data network in the United Statesfirst FCC-licensed public data network
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Who founded Telnet
Ground Truth Answers: Larry RobertsARPA IPTO director Larry RobertsLarry Roberts
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Purpose of Telnet
Ground Truth Answers: making ARPANET technology publica means of making ARPANET technology publicmaking ARPANET technology public
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Telnet Used what Interface technology
Ground Truth Answers: host interface to X.25 and the terminal interface to X.29X.25ARPANET
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Telnet was sold to
Ground Truth Answers: Telenet was incorporated in 1973 and started operations in 1975. It went public in 1979 and was then sold to GTEGTEGTE
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Tymnet was an international data communications network headquartered in San Jose, CA that utilized virtual call packet switched technology and used X.25, SNA/SDLC, BSC and ASCII interfaces to connect host computers (servers)at thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies. Users typically connected via dial-up connections or dedicated async connections. The business consisted of a large public network that supported dial-up users and a private network business that allowed government agencies and large companies (mostly banks and airlines) to build their own dedicated networks. The private networks were often connected via gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private network. Tymnet was also connected to dozens of other public networks in the U.S. and internationally via X.25/X.75 gateways. (Interesting note: Tymnet was not named after Mr. Tyme. Another employee suggested the name.)
What was Tymnet
Ground Truth Answers: an international data communications network headquartered in San Jose, CAan international data communications networkinternational data communications network
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What did Tymnet connect
Ground Truth Answers: connect host computers (servers)at thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencieshost computers (servers)at thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencieshost computers
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How did user of Tymnet connect
Ground Truth Answers: connected via dial-up connections or dedicated async connectionsdial-up connections or dedicated async connectionsdial-up
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The business allowed for private companies to do what
Ground Truth Answers: government agencies and large companies (mostly banks and airlines) to build their own dedicated networksbuild their own dedicated networksbuild their own dedicated networks
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Gateways allowed private companies to do what
Ground Truth Answers: private networks were often connected via gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private networkreach locations not on the private networkreach locations not on the private network
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There were two kinds of X.25 networks. Some such as DATAPAC and TRANSPAC were initially implemented with an X.25 external interface. Some older networks such as TELENET and TYMNET were modified to provide a X.25 host interface in addition to older host connection schemes. DATAPAC was developed by Bell Northern Research which was a joint venture of Bell Canada (a common carrier) and Northern Telecom (a telecommunications equipment supplier). Northern Telecom sold several DATAPAC clones to foreign PTTs including the Deutsche Bundespost. X.75 and X.121 allowed the interconnection of national X.25 networks. A user or host could call a host on a foreign network by including the DNIC of the remote network as part of the destination address.[citation needed]
How many types of X.25 networks were there originally
Ground Truth Answers: There were two kinds of X.25 networks. Some such as DATAPAC and TRANSPACtwotwo
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Who developed DATAPAC
Ground Truth Answers: DATAPAC was developed by Bell Northern ResearchBell Northern ResearchBell Northern Research
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WHat did foreign clones of DATAPAC allow for
Ground Truth Answers: A user or host could call a host on a foreign network by including the DNIC of the remote network as part of the destination addressthe interconnection of national X.25 networksinterconnection of national X.25 networks
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AUSTPAC was an Australian public X.25 network operated by Telstra. Started by Telecom Australia in the early 1980s, AUSTPAC was Australia's first public packet-switched data network, supporting applications such as on-line betting, financial applications — the Australian Tax Office made use of AUSTPAC — and remote terminal access to academic institutions, who maintained their connections to AUSTPAC up until the mid-late 1990s in some cases. Access can be via a dial-up terminal to a PAD, or, by linking a permanent X.25 node to the network.[citation needed]
What was AUSTPAC
Ground Truth Answers: AUSTPAC was an Australian public X.25 network operated by Telstraan Australian public X.25 network operated by Telstraan Australian public X.25 network
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What did AUSTPAC support
Ground Truth Answers: supporting applications such as on-line betting, financial applicationsapplications such as on-line betting, financial applicationsapplications such as on-line betting, financial applications
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How are AUSTPAC connections made
Ground Truth Answers: Access can be via a dial-up terminal to a PAD, or, by linking a permanent X.25 node to the networkdial-up terminal to a PAD, or, by linking a permanent X.25 nodedial-up terminal
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Datanet 1 was the public switched data network operated by the Dutch PTT Telecom (now known as KPN). Strictly speaking Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines (using the X.121 DNIC 2041), the name also referred to the public PAD service Telepad (using the DNIC 2049). And because the main Videotex service used the network and modified PAD devices as infrastructure the name Datanet 1 was used for these services as well. Although this use of the name was incorrect all these services were managed by the same people within one department of KPN contributed to the confusion.
What was DATANET 1
Ground Truth Answers: was the public switched data network operated by the Dutch PTT Telecomthe public switched data network operated by the Dutch PTT Telecompublic switched data network
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Strictly speaking who was included in DATANET 1
Ground Truth Answers: Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased linesthe networkthe network and the connected users
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Who else did DATNET 1 refer to
Ground Truth Answers: public PAD service Telepad (using the DNIC 2049the public PAD service Telepadpublic PAD service Telepad
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Was the Use of the DATANET 1 name correct
Ground Truth Answers: use of the name was incorrect all these services were managed by the same people within one department of KPN contributed to the confusionthe name was incorrectDutch PTT Telecom
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The Computer Science Network (CSNET) was a computer network funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) that began operation in 1981. Its purpose was to extend networking benefits, for computer science departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to ARPANET, due to funding or authorization limitations. It played a significant role in spreading awareness of, and access to, national networking and was a major milestone on the path to development of the global Internet.
What is CSNET
Ground Truth Answers: The Computer Science Networka computer network funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF)Computer Science Network
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What was the purpose of CSNET
Ground Truth Answers: to extend networking benefits, for computer science departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to ARPANETto extend networking benefitsextend networking benefits
Prediction:
Funding limitations allowed CSNET to be what
Ground Truth Answers: role in spreading awareness of, and access to, national networking and was a major milestone on the path to development of the global Internetnot be directly connected to ARPANETnot be directly connected to ARPANET
Prediction:
Internet2 is a not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and government. The Internet2 community, in partnership with Qwest, built the first Internet2 Network, called Abilene, in 1998 and was a prime investor in the National LambdaRail (NLR) project. In 2006, Internet2 announced a partnership with Level 3 Communications to launch a brand new nationwide network, boosting its capacity from 10 Gbit/s to 100 Gbit/s. In October, 2007, Internet2 officially retired Abilene and now refers to its new, higher capacity network as the Internet2 Network.
what is Internet2
Ground Truth Answers: a not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and governmenta not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and governmentnot-for-profit United States computer networking consortium
Prediction:
Who did internet2 partner with
Ground Truth Answers: The Internet2 community, in partnership with QwestQwestQwest
Prediction:
What was the first internet2 network named
Ground Truth Answers: AbileneAbileneAbilene
Prediction:
Who did internet2 partner with
Ground Truth Answers: a partnership with Level 3 Communications to launch a brand new nationwide networkLevel 3 CommunicationsQwest
Prediction:
ableine was retired and the new platform is called
Ground Truth Answers: Internet2 officially retired Abilene and now refers to its new, higher capacity network as the Internet2 NetworkInternet2 NetworkInternet2 Network
Prediction:
The National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) was a program of coordinated, evolving projects sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) beginning in 1985 to promote advanced research and education networking in the United States. NSFNET was also the name given to several nationwide backbone networks operating at speeds of 56 kbit/s, 1.5 Mbit/s (T1), and 45 Mbit/s (T3) that were constructed to support NSF's networking initiatives from 1985-1995. Initially created to link researchers to the nation's NSF-funded supercomputing centers, through further public funding and private industry partnerships it developed into a major part of the Internet backbone.
What is NSFNET
Ground Truth Answers: The National Science Foundation NetworkNational Science Foundation NetworkNational Science Foundation Network
Prediction:
What did NSFNET promote
Ground Truth Answers: advanced research and education networking in the United Statesadvanced research and education networkingadvanced research and education networking
Prediction:
What did NSFNET eventually provide
Ground Truth Answers: it developed into a major part of the Internet backbonea major part of the Internet backbonemajor part of the Internet backbone
Prediction:
The Very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) came on line in April 1995 as part of a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored project to provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States. The network was engineered and operated by MCI Telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the NSF. By 1998, the vBNS had grown to connect more than 100 universities and research and engineering institutions via 12 national points of presence with DS-3 (45 Mbit/s), OC-3c (155 Mbit/s), and OC-12c (622 Mbit/s) links on an all OC-12c backbone, a substantial engineering feat for that time. The vBNS installed one of the first ever production OC-48c (2.5 Gbit/s) IP links in February 1999 and went on to upgrade the entire backbone to OC-48c.
what does vBNS stand for
Ground Truth Answers: The Very high-speed Backbone Network ServiceVery high-speed Backbone Network ServiceVery high-speed Backbone Network Service
Prediction:
What did vBNS do
Ground Truth Answers: provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United Statesprovide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United Stateshigh-speed interconnection
Prediction:
Who operated the vBSN network
Ground Truth Answers: The network was engineered and operated by MCI Telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the NSFMCI TelecommunicationsNational Science Foundation
Prediction:
By 199 how many universities were connected
Ground Truth Answers: By 1998, the vBNS had grown to connect more than 100 universities and research and engineering institutions via 12 national points of presence with DS-3more than 100 universities100
Prediction:
What did the network install in 1999
Ground Truth Answers: vBNS installed one of the first ever production OC-48c (2.5 Gbit/s) IP links in February 1999 and went on to upgrade the entire backbone to OC-48cone of the first ever production OC-48c (2.5 Gbit/s) IP linksOC-48c
Prediction: