{"version": "v2.0", "data": [{"title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "When did Beyonce start becoming popular?", "id": "56be85543aeaaa14008c9063", "answers": [{"text": "in the late 1990s", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What areas did Beyonce compete in when she was growing up?", "id": "56be85543aeaaa14008c9065", "answers": [{"text": "singing and dancing", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Beyonce leave Destiny's Child and become a solo singer?", "id": "56be85543aeaaa14008c9066", "answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what city and state did Beyonce  grow up? ", "id": "56bf6b0f3aeaaa14008c9601", "answers": [{"text": "Houston, Texas", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which decade did Beyonce become famous?", "id": "56bf6b0f3aeaaa14008c9602", "answers": [{"text": "late 1990s", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what R&B group was she the lead singer?", "id": "56bf6b0f3aeaaa14008c9603", "answers": [{"text": "Destiny's Child", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What album made her a worldwide known artist?", "id": "56bf6b0f3aeaaa14008c9604", "answers": [{"text": "Dangerously in Love", "answer_start": 505}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who managed the Destiny's Child group?", "id": "56bf6b0f3aeaaa14008c9605", "answers": [{"text": "Mathew Knowles", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 rise to fame?", "id": "56d43c5f2ccc5a1400d830a9", "answers": [{"text": "late 1990s", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What role did Beyonc\u00e9 have in Destiny's Child?", "id": "56d43c5f2ccc5a1400d830aa", "answers": [{"text": "lead singer", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first album Beyonc\u00e9 released as a solo artist?", "id": "56d43c5f2ccc5a1400d830ab", "answers": [{"text": "Dangerously in Love", "answer_start": 505}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 release Dangerously in Love?", "id": "56d43c5f2ccc5a1400d830ac", "answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Grammy awards did Beyonc\u00e9 win for her first solo album?", "id": "56d43c5f2ccc5a1400d830ad", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 590}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Beyonc\u00e9's role in Destiny's Child?", "id": "56d43ce42ccc5a1400d830b4", "answers": [{"text": "lead singer", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Beyonc\u00e9's first solo album?", "id": "56d43ce42ccc5a1400d830b5", "answers": [{"text": "Dangerously in Love", "answer_start": 505}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles-Carter (/bi\u02d0\u02c8j\u0252nse\u026a/ bee-YON-say) (born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer and actress. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child, and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of R&B girl-group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. Their hiatus saw the release of Beyonc\u00e9's debut album, Dangerously in Love (2003), which established her as a solo artist worldwide, earned five Grammy Awards and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles \"Crazy in Love\" and \"Baby Boy\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "After her second solo album, what other entertainment venture did Beyonce explore?", "id": "56be86cf3aeaaa14008c9076", "answers": [{"text": "acting", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which artist did Beyonce marry?", "id": "56be86cf3aeaaa14008c9078", "answers": [{"text": "Jay Z", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To set the record for Grammys, how many did Beyonce win?", "id": "56be86cf3aeaaa14008c9079", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 565}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what movie did Beyonce receive  her first Golden Globe nomination?", "id": "56bf6e823aeaaa14008c9627", "answers": [{"text": "Dreamgirls", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Beyonce take a hiatus in her career and take control of her management?", "id": "56bf6e823aeaaa14008c9629", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 586}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which album was darker in tone from her previous work?", "id": "56bf6e823aeaaa14008c962a", "answers": [{"text": "Beyonc\u00e9", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After what movie portraying Etta James, did Beyonce create Sasha Fierce?", "id": "56bf6e823aeaaa14008c962b", "answers": [{"text": "Cadillac Records", "answer_start": 406}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Destiny's Child end their group act?", "id": "56d43da72ccc5a1400d830bd", "answers": [{"text": "June 2005", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Beyonc\u00e9's second solo album?", "id": "56d43da72ccc5a1400d830be", "answers": [{"text": "B'Day", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Beyonc\u00e9's first acting job, in 2006?", "id": "56d43da72ccc5a1400d830bf", "answers": [{"text": "Dreamgirls", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is Beyonc\u00e9 married to?", "id": "56d43da72ccc5a1400d830c0", "answers": [{"text": "Jay Z", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's alter-ego?", "id": "56d43da72ccc5a1400d830c1", "answers": [{"text": "Sasha Fierce", "answer_start": 466}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Following the disbandment of Destiny's Child in June 2005, she released her second solo album, B'Day (2006), which contained hits \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\", \"Irreplaceable\", and \"Beautiful Liar\". Beyonc\u00e9 also ventured into acting, with a Golden Globe-nominated performance in Dreamgirls (2006), and starring roles in The Pink Panther (2006) and Obsessed (2009). Her marriage to rapper Jay Z and portrayal of Etta James in Cadillac Records (2008) influenced her third album, I Am... Sasha Fierce (2008), which saw the birth of her alter-ego Sasha Fierce and earned a record-setting six Grammy Awards in 2010, including Song of the Year for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\". Beyonc\u00e9 took a hiatus from music in 2010 and took over management of her career; her fourth album 4 (2011) was subsequently mellower in tone, exploring 1970s funk, 1980s pop, and 1990s soul. Her critically acclaimed fifth studio album, Beyonc\u00e9 (2013), was distinguished from previous releases by its experimental production and exploration of darker themes."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In her music, what are some recurring elements in them?", "id": "56be88473aeaaa14008c9080", "answers": [{"text": "love, relationships, and monogamy", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Time magazine named her one of the most 100 what people of the century?", "id": "56be88473aeaaa14008c9083", "answers": [{"text": "influential", "answer_start": 935}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which magazine declared her the most dominant woman musician?", "id": "56be88473aeaaa14008c9084", "answers": [{"text": "Forbes", "answer_start": 985}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which decade did the Recording Industry Association of America recognize Beyonce as the The Top Certified Artist?", "id": "56bf725c3aeaaa14008c9643", "answers": [{"text": "2000s", "answer_start": 736}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What magazine rated Beyonce as the most powerful female musician in 2015?", "id": "56bf725c3aeaaa14008c9644", "answers": [{"text": "Forbes", "answer_start": 985}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Beyonce describe herself as a feminist?", "id": "56bf725c3aeaaa14008c9645", "answers": [{"text": "modern-day feminist", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which years did Time rate Beyonce in the 100 most influential people in the world?", "id": "56bf725c3aeaaa14008c9646", "answers": [{"text": "2013 and 2014", "answer_start": 970}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many records has Beyonce sold in her 19 year career?", "id": "56bf725c3aeaaa14008c9647", "answers": [{"text": "118 million", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many records did Beyonc\u00e9 sell as part of Destiny's Child?", "id": "56d43f7e2ccc5a1400d830c7", "answers": [{"text": "60 million", "answer_start": 445}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After leaving Destiny's Child, how many records did Beyonc\u00e9 release under her own name?", "id": "56d43f7e2ccc5a1400d830c8", "answers": [{"text": "118 million", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Grammy awards has Beyonc\u00e9 won?", "id": "56d43f7e2ccc5a1400d830c9", "answers": [{"text": "20", "answer_start": 552}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What magazine named Beyonc\u00e9 as the most powerful female musician for 2015?", "id": "56d43f7e2ccc5a1400d830cb", "answers": [{"text": "Forbes", "answer_start": 985}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A self-described \"modern-day feminist\", Beyonc\u00e9 creates songs that are often characterized by themes of love, relationships, and monogamy, as well as female sexuality and empowerment. On stage, her dynamic, highly choreographed performances have led to critics hailing her as one of the best entertainers in contemporary popular music. Throughout a career spanning 19 years, she has sold over 118 million records as a solo artist, and a further 60 million with Destiny's Child, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. She has won 20 Grammy Awards and is the most nominated woman in the award's history. The Recording Industry Association of America recognized her as the Top Certified Artist in America during the 2000s decade. In 2009, Billboard named her the Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade, the Top Female Artist of the 2000s and their Artist of the Millennium in 2011. Time listed her among the 100 most influential people in the world in 2013 and 2014. Forbes magazine also listed her as the most powerful female musician of 2015."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Beyonce's younger sibling also sang with her in what band?", "id": "56be892d3aeaaa14008c908b", "answers": [{"text": "Destiny's Child", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Beyonce get her name from?", "id": "56be892d3aeaaa14008c908c", "answers": [{"text": "her mother's maiden name", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What race was Beyonce's father?", "id": "56be892d3aeaaa14008c908d", "answers": [{"text": "African-American", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce's childhood home believed in what religion?", "id": "56be892d3aeaaa14008c908e", "answers": [{"text": "Methodist", "answer_start": 578}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce's father worked as a sales manager for what company?", "id": "56bf74d53aeaaa14008c9659", "answers": [{"text": "Xerox", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce's mother worked in what industry?", "id": "56bf74d53aeaaa14008c965a", "answers": [{"text": "hairdresser and salon owner", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What younger sister of Beyonce also appeared in Destiny's Child?", "id": "56bf74d53aeaaa14008c965b", "answers": [{"text": "Solange", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce is a descendent of what Arcadian leader?", "id": "56bf74d53aeaaa14008c965d", "answers": [{"text": "Joseph Broussard", "answer_start": 540}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company did Beyonc\u00e9's father work for when she was a child?", "id": "56d440df2ccc5a1400d830d1", "answers": [{"text": "Xerox", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9's mother own when Beyonc\u00e9 was a child?", "id": "56d440df2ccc5a1400d830d2", "answers": [{"text": "salon", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's younger sister?", "id": "56d440df2ccc5a1400d830d3", "answers": [{"text": "Solange", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonc\u00e9 is a descendant of which Acadian leader?", "id": "56d440df2ccc5a1400d830d4", "answers": [{"text": "Joseph Broussard.", "answer_start": 540}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonc\u00e9 was raised in what religion?", "id": "56d440df2ccc5a1400d830d5", "answers": [{"text": "Methodist", "answer_start": 578}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles was born in Houston, Texas, to Celestine Ann \"Tina\" Knowles (n\u00e9e Beyinc\u00e9), a hairdresser and salon owner, and Mathew Knowles, a Xerox sales manager. Beyonc\u00e9's name is a tribute to her mother's maiden name. Beyonc\u00e9's younger sister Solange is also a singer and a former member of Destiny's Child. Mathew is African-American, while Tina is of Louisiana Creole descent (with African, Native American, French, Cajun, and distant Irish and Spanish ancestry). Through her mother, Beyonc\u00e9 is a descendant of Acadian leader Joseph Broussard. She was raised in a Methodist household."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What town did Beyonce go to school in?", "id": "56be8a583aeaaa14008c9094", "answers": [{"text": "Fredericksburg", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first person to notice Beyonce's singing ability?", "id": "56be8a583aeaaa14008c9095", "answers": [{"text": "Darlette Johnson", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce moved to which town after she left her first elementary school?", "id": "56be8a583aeaaa14008c9097", "answers": [{"text": "Houston", "answer_start": 507}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of her teachers discovered Beyonce's musical talent?", "id": "56bf76ef3aeaaa14008c9664", "answers": [{"text": "dance instructor Darlette Johnson", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "I which church was Beyonce  a member and soloist  in the choir?", "id": "56bf76ef3aeaaa14008c9665", "answers": [{"text": "St. John's United Methodist Church", "answer_start": 711}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of school was Parker Elementary School?", "id": "56bf76ef3aeaaa14008c9666", "answers": [{"text": "music magnet school", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which song did Beyonce sing to win a competition at age 7?", "id": "56bf76ef3aeaaa14008c9667", "answers": [{"text": "Imagine", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city was Beyonc\u00e9's elementary school located in?", "id": "56d443ef2ccc5a1400d830db", "answers": [{"text": "Fredericksburg", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Beyonc\u00e9's first dance instructor?", "id": "56d443ef2ccc5a1400d830dc", "answers": [{"text": "Darlette Johnson", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Beyonc\u00e9 when she won a school talent show?", "id": "56d443ef2ccc5a1400d830dd", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What choir did Beyonc\u00e9 sing in for two years?", "id": "56d443ef2ccc5a1400d830df", "answers": [{"text": "St. John's United Methodist Church", "answer_start": 711}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 attended St. Mary's Elementary School in Fredericksburg, Texas, where she enrolled in dance classes. Her singing talent was discovered when dance instructor Darlette Johnson began humming a song and she finished it, able to hit the high-pitched notes. Beyonc\u00e9's interest in music and performing continued after winning a school talent show at age seven, singing John Lennon's \"Imagine\" to beat 15/16-year-olds. In fall of 1990, Beyonc\u00e9 enrolled in Parker Elementary School, a music magnet school in Houston, where she would perform with the school's choir. She also attended the High School for the Performing and Visual Arts and later Alief Elsik High School. Beyonc\u00e9 was also a member of the choir at St. John's United Methodist Church as a soloist for two years."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who decided to place Beyonce's group in Star Search the talent show?", "id": "56be8bab3aeaaa14008c909f", "answers": [{"text": "Arne Frager", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1995, who decided to manage the girls singing group?", "id": "56be8bab3aeaaa14008c90a0", "answers": [{"text": "Beyonc\u00e9's father", "answer_start": 542}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first record label to give the girls a record deal?", "id": "56be8bab3aeaaa14008c90a1", "answers": [{"text": "Elektra Records", "answer_start": 918}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who brought Beyonce to California and enter her group in Star Search?", "id": "56bf79c73aeaaa14008c966d", "answers": [{"text": "Arne Frager", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Beyonce's father quit his job to manage her group?", "id": "56bf79c73aeaaa14008c966e", "answers": [{"text": "1995", "answer_start": 537}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What large record company recorded Beyonce's group's first album?", "id": "56bf79c73aeaaa14008c966f", "answers": [{"text": "Sony Music", "answer_start": 1264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What record company first signed Beyonce's group and later cut them?", "id": "56bf79c73aeaaa14008c9670", "answers": [{"text": "Elektra Records", "answer_start": 918}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what age did Beyonce meet LaTavia Robertson?", "id": "56bf79c73aeaaa14008c9671", "answers": [{"text": "age eight", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Beyonc\u00e9 when she met LaTavia Roberson?", "id": "56d45abf2ccc5a1400d830e5", "answers": [{"text": "eight", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the first group Beyonc\u00e9 was a part of?", "id": "56d45abf2ccc5a1400d830e6", "answers": [{"text": "Girl's Tyme", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who placed Girl's Tyme in Star Search?", "id": "56d45abf2ccc5a1400d830e7", "answers": [{"text": "Arne Frager", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 begin to manage the girl group?", "id": "56d45abf2ccc5a1400d830e8", "answers": [{"text": "1995", "answer_start": 537}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who signed the girl group on October 5, 1995?", "id": "56d45abf2ccc5a1400d830e9", "answers": [{"text": "Dwayne Wiggins's Grass Roots Entertainment", "answer_start": 1126}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "At age eight, Beyonc\u00e9 and childhood friend Kelly Rowland met LaTavia Roberson while in an audition for an all-girl entertainment group. They were placed into a group with three other girls as Girl's Tyme, and rapped and danced on the talent show circuit in Houston. After seeing the group, R&B producer Arne Frager brought them to his Northern California studio and placed them in Star Search, the largest talent show on national TV at the time. Girl's Tyme failed to win, and Beyonc\u00e9 later said the song they performed was not good. In 1995 Beyonc\u00e9's father resigned from his job to manage the group. The move reduced Beyonc\u00e9's family's income by half, and her parents were forced to move into separated apartments. Mathew cut the original line-up to four and the group continued performing as an opening act for other established R&B girl groups. The girls auditioned before record labels and were finally signed to Elektra Records, moving to Atlanta Records briefly to work on their first recording, only to be cut by the company. This put further strain on the family, and Beyonc\u00e9's parents separated. On October 5, 1995, Dwayne Wiggins's Grass Roots Entertainment signed the group. In 1996, the girls began recording their debut album under an agreement with Sony Music, the Knowles family reunited, and shortly after, the group got a contract with Columbia Records."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which film featured Destiny's Child's first major single?", "id": "56be8c8a3aeaaa14008c90a9", "answers": [{"text": "Men in Black", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For which song, did Destiny's Child take home the grammy award for best R&B performance?", "id": "56be8c8a3aeaaa14008c90ab", "answers": [{"text": "\"Say My Name\"", "answer_start": 848}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Beyonce record with for the movie \"The Best Man?\"", "id": "56be8c8a3aeaaa14008c90ac", "answers": [{"text": "Marc Nelson", "answer_start": 1212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce's group changed their name to Destiny's Child in what year?", "id": "56bf7cb63aeaaa14008c9677", "answers": [{"text": "1996", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The name Destiny's Child was based on a quote in which book of the Bible?", "id": "56bf7cb63aeaaa14008c9678", "answers": [{"text": "Book of Isaiah", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Debut song, \"Killing Time\" was featured on what movie's sound track?", "id": "56bf7cb63aeaaa14008c9679", "answers": [{"text": "Men in Black", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song won Best R&B Performance in the 43 Annual Grammy Awards?", "id": "56bf7cb63aeaaa14008c967a", "answers": [{"text": "Say My Name", "answer_start": 849}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What singer did Beyonce record a song with for the movie, ''The Best Man\"?", "id": "56bf7cb63aeaaa14008c967b", "answers": [{"text": "Marc Nelson", "answer_start": 1212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Destiny's Child get their name from?", "id": "56d45fcb2ccc5a1400d830f9", "answers": [{"text": "Book of Isaiah.", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Destiny's Child song, Killing Time, was included in which film's soundtrack?", "id": "56d45fcb2ccc5a1400d830fa", "answers": [{"text": "Men in Black.", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Destiny's Child's first major song hit?", "id": "56d45fcb2ccc5a1400d830fb", "answers": [{"text": "No, No, No", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Destiny's Child release their second album?", "id": "56d45fcb2ccc5a1400d830fc", "answers": [{"text": "1999", "answer_start": 688}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 sing a duet with for \"The Best Man\" film?", "id": "56d45fcb2ccc5a1400d830fd", "answers": [{"text": "Marc Nelson", "answer_start": 1212}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The group changed their name to Destiny's Child in 1996, based upon a passage in the Book of Isaiah. In 1997, Destiny's Child released their major label debut song \"Killing Time\" on the soundtrack to the 1997 film, Men in Black. The following year, the group released their self-titled debut album, scoring their first major hit \"No, No, No\". The album established the group as a viable act in the music industry, with moderate sales and winning the group three Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards for Best R&B/Soul Album of the Year, Best R&B/Soul or Rap New Artist, and Best R&B/Soul Single for \"No, No, No\". The group released their multi-platinum second album The Writing's on the Wall in 1999. The record features some of the group's most widely known songs such as \"Bills, Bills, Bills\", the group's first number-one single, \"Jumpin' Jumpin'\" and \"Say My Name\", which became their most successful song at the time, and would remain one of their signature songs. \"Say My Name\" won the Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals and the Best R&B Song at the 43rd Annual Grammy Awards. The Writing's on the Wall sold more than eight million copies worldwide. During this time, Beyonc\u00e9 recorded a duet with Marc Nelson, an original member of Boyz II Men, on the song \"After All Is Said and Done\" for the soundtrack to the 1999 film, The Best Man."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What mental health issue did Beyonce go through?", "id": "56be8d423aeaaa14008c90b2", "answers": [{"text": "depression", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event occured after she was publicly criticized?", "id": "56be8d423aeaaa14008c90b3", "answers": [{"text": "boyfriend left her", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who supported Beyonce through her depression?", "id": "56be8d423aeaaa14008c90b6", "answers": [{"text": "her mother", "answer_start": 714}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event caused Beyonce's depression?", "id": "56bf7e603aeaaa14008c9681", "answers": [{"text": "split with Luckett and Rober", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long was Beyonce depressed?", "id": "56bf7e603aeaaa14008c9682", "answers": [{"text": "a couple of years", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who helped Beyonce fight her depression the most?", "id": "56bf7e603aeaaa14008c9685", "answers": [{"text": "her mother", "answer_start": 714}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who replaced Luckett and Roberson in Destiny's Child?", "id": "56d462f82ccc5a1400d8311f", "answers": [{"text": "Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams.", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was blamed for Luckett and Roberson leaving Destiny's Child?", "id": "56d462f82ccc5a1400d83120", "answers": [{"text": "Beyonc\u00e9", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who helped Beyonc\u00e9 overcome her depression during the years following the Destiny's Child split?", "id": "56d462f82ccc5a1400d83121", "answers": [{"text": "her mother", "answer_start": 714}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which newest member was removed from Destiny's Child?", "id": "56d462f82ccc5a1400d83123", "answers": [{"text": "Farrah Franklin", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "LeToya Luckett and Roberson became unhappy with Mathew's managing of the band and eventually were replaced by Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams. Beyonc\u00e9 experienced depression following the split with Luckett and Roberson after being publicly blamed by the media, critics, and blogs for its cause. Her long-standing boyfriend left her at this time. The depression was so severe it lasted for a couple of years, during which she occasionally kept herself in her bedroom for days and refused to eat anything. Beyonc\u00e9 stated that she struggled to speak about her depression because Destiny's Child had just won their first Grammy Award and she feared no one would take her seriously. Beyonc\u00e9 would later speak of her mother as the person who helped her fight it. Franklin was dismissed, leaving just Beyonc\u00e9, Rowland, and Williams."}, {"qas": [{"question": "\"Charlie's Angels\" featured which single from the band members?", "id": "56be8e353aeaaa14008c90c6", "answers": [{"text": "Independent Women Part I", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many weeks did their single \"Independent Women Part I\" stay on top?", "id": "56be8e353aeaaa14008c90c7", "answers": [{"text": "eleven", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what network, did Beyonce land a major movie role in?", "id": "56be8e353aeaaa14008c90c8", "answers": [{"text": "MTV", "answer_start": 348}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Their third album, Survivor, sold how many during its first week?", "id": "56be8e353aeaaa14008c90c9", "answers": [{"text": "663,000 copies", "answer_start": 793}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What French composer wrote the original opera ''Carmen'' in the 19th century?", "id": "56bf89cfa10cfb1400551162", "answers": [{"text": "Georges Bizet", "answer_start": 557}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What album caused a lawsuit to be filed in 2001?", "id": "56bf89cfa10cfb1400551163", "answers": [{"text": "Survivor", "answer_start": 593}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Independent Women Part I was on which 2000 film's soundtrack?", "id": "56d4831f2ccc5a1400d83154", "answers": [{"text": "Charlie's Angels.", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which film did Beyonc\u00e9 star in 2001 with Mekhi Phifer?", "id": "56d4831f2ccc5a1400d83155", "answers": [{"text": "Carmen: A Hip Hopera", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Destiny Child's third album?", "id": "56d4831f2ccc5a1400d83156", "answers": [{"text": "Survivor", "answer_start": 593}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who filed a lawsuit over Survivor?", "id": "56d4831f2ccc5a1400d83157", "answers": [{"text": "Luckett and Roberson", "answer_start": 628}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Destiny's Child announce their hiatus?", "id": "56d4831f2ccc5a1400d83158", "answers": [{"text": "October 2001", "answer_start": 1070}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The remaining band members recorded \"Independent Women Part I\", which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2000 film, Charlie's Angels. It became their best-charting single, topping the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart for eleven consecutive weeks. In early 2001, while Destiny's Child was completing their third album, Beyonc\u00e9 landed a major role in the MTV made-for-television film, Carmen: A Hip Hopera, starring alongside American actor Mekhi Phifer. Set in Philadelphia, the film is a modern interpretation of the 19th century opera Carmen by French composer Georges Bizet. When the third album Survivor was released in May 2001, Luckett and Roberson filed a lawsuit claiming that the songs were aimed at them. The album debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 663,000 copies sold. The album spawned other number-one hits, \"Bootylicious\" and the title track, \"Survivor\", the latter of which earned the group a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. After releasing their holiday album 8 Days of Christmas in October 2001, the group announced a hiatus to further pursue solo careers."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Beyonce star with in the movie, \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\"?", "id": "56be8fdf3aeaaa14008c90da", "answers": [{"text": "Mike Myers", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which three countries did Beyonce's song \"Work It Out\" achieve top ten status?", "id": "56be8fdf3aeaaa14008c90db", "answers": [{"text": "UK, Norway, and Belgium", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce starred with Cuba Gooding Jr. in which film?", "id": "56be8fdf3aeaaa14008c90dc", "answers": [{"text": "The Fighting Temptations", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Beyonce record the lead single with in the movie \"The Fighting Temptations\"?", "id": "56be8fdf3aeaaa14008c90dd", "answers": [{"text": "Missy Elliott", "answer_start": 705}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which other song from the soundtrack did better in the charts?", "id": "56be8fdf3aeaaa14008c90de", "answers": [{"text": "Summertime", "answer_start": 834}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What film did Beyonce appear in with Mike Myers?", "id": "56bf8c8aa10cfb140055116b", "answers": [{"text": "Austin Powers in Goldmember", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What large amount did the movie \"Goldmember\" gross?", "id": "56bf8c8aa10cfb140055116c", "answers": [{"text": "73 million", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What genre of movie did Beyonce star in with Cuba Gooding, Jr?", "id": "56bf8c8aa10cfb140055116d", "answers": [{"text": "musical comedy", "answer_start": 416}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song was the lead single from the film's sound track?", "id": "56bf8c8aa10cfb140055116e", "answers": [{"text": "Fighting Temptations", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the critics view the movie, ''The Fighting Temptations''?", "id": "56bf8c8aa10cfb140055116f", "answers": [{"text": "mixed reviews", "answer_start": 545}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What film did Beyonc\u00e9 star in with Mike Myers in 2002?", "id": "56d484312ccc5a1400d8315e", "answers": [{"text": "Austin Powers in Goldmember", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Beyonc\u00e9's character called in Austin Powers in Goldmember?", "id": "56d484312ccc5a1400d8315f", "answers": [{"text": "Foxxy Cleopatra", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which song did Beyonc\u00e9 release as the lead single for Austin Powers in Goldmember's soundtrack?", "id": "56d484312ccc5a1400d83160", "answers": [{"text": "Work It Out", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What musical comedy did Beyonc\u00e9 star in along with Cuba Gooding, Jr. in 2003?", "id": "56d484312ccc5a1400d83161", "answers": [{"text": "The Fighting Temptations", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song did Beyonc\u00e9 release as the lead single from The Fighting Tempations?", "id": "56d484312ccc5a1400d83162", "answers": [{"text": "Fighting Temptations", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In July 2002, Beyonc\u00e9 continued her acting career playing Foxxy Cleopatra alongside Mike Myers in the comedy film, Austin Powers in Goldmember, which spent its first weekend atop the US box office and grossed $73 million. Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Work It Out\" as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten in the UK, Norway, and Belgium. In 2003, Beyonc\u00e9 starred opposite Cuba Gooding, Jr., in the musical comedy The Fighting Temptations as Lilly, a single mother whom Gooding's character falls in love with. The film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $30 million in the U.S. Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Fighting Temptation\" as the lead single from the film's soundtrack album, with Missy Elliott, MC Lyte, and Free which was also used to promote the film. Another of Beyonc\u00e9's contributions to the soundtrack, \"Summertime\", fared better on the US charts."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the highest Beyonce's first solo recording achieved in the Billboard Hot 100?", "id": "56be90ee3aeaaa14008c90e4", "answers": [{"text": "number four", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce's first album by herself was called what?", "id": "56be90ee3aeaaa14008c90e5", "answers": [{"text": "Dangerously in Love", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many has \"Dangerously in Love\" sould worldwide since its debut?", "id": "56be90ee3aeaaa14008c90e6", "answers": [{"text": "11 million", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce's first number one song was which song?", "id": "56be90ee3aeaaa14008c90e7", "answers": [{"text": "Crazy in Love", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many top five singles came from her first album?", "id": "56be90ee3aeaaa14008c90e8", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce's first solo album in the U.S. with what artist in the lead single?", "id": "56bf8fc1a10cfb1400551175", "answers": [{"text": "Jay Z", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What solo album did Beyonce release in 2003?", "id": "56bf8fc1a10cfb1400551176", "answers": [{"text": "Dangerously in Love", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " The album, Dangerously in Love  achieved what spot on the Billboard Top 100 chart?", "id": "56bf8fc1a10cfb1400551177", "answers": [{"text": "number four", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "\"The Closer I get to You\" was recorded with which artist?", "id": "56bf8fc1a10cfb1400551178", "answers": [{"text": "Luther Vandross", "answer_start": 1042}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which artist was associated with Beyonc\u00e9's premiere solo recording?", "id": "56d4b9702ccc5a1400d83172", "answers": [{"text": "Jay Z", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 release her first solo album?", "id": "56d4b9702ccc5a1400d83173", "answers": [{"text": "June 24, 2003", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the lead single on Beyonc\u00e9's first album?", "id": "56d4b9702ccc5a1400d83174", "answers": [{"text": "Crazy in Love", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who helped Beyonc\u00e9 earn a Grammy award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group at the 46th annual Grammy Awards?", "id": "56d4b9702ccc5a1400d83175", "answers": [{"text": "Luther Vandross.", "answer_start": 1042}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many awards did Beyonc\u00e9 win at the 46th Grammy's Awards?", "id": "56d4b9702ccc5a1400d83176", "answers": [{"text": "five.", "answer_start": 696}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beyonc\u00e9's first solo recording was a feature on Jay Z's \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" that was released in October 2002, peaking at number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. Her first solo album Dangerously in Love was released on June 24, 2003, after Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland had released their solo efforts. The album sold 317,000 copies in its first week, debuted atop the Billboard 200, and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide. The album's lead single, \"Crazy in Love\", featuring Jay Z, became Beyonc\u00e9's first number-one single as a solo artist in the US. The single \"Baby Boy\" also reached number one, and singles, \"Me, Myself and I\" and \"Naughty Girl\", both reached the top-five. The album earned Beyonc\u00e9 a then record-tying five awards at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards; Best Contemporary R&B Album, Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for \"Dangerously in Love 2\", Best R&B Song and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for \"Crazy in Love\", and Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for \"The Closer I Get to You\" with Luther Vandross."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Destiny's Child's final album was named what?", "id": "56be91b23aeaaa14008c90f0", "answers": [{"text": "Destiny Fulfilled", "answer_start": 513}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Destiny's Child got a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in what year?", "id": "56be91b23aeaaa14008c90f2", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 1212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Beyonce embark on her Dangerously in Love tour of Europe?", "id": "56bf91c6a10cfb140055117f", "answers": [{"text": "November 2003", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the final album of Destiny's Child?", "id": "56bf91c6a10cfb1400551181", "answers": [{"text": "Destiny Fulfilled", "answer_start": 664}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "It was announced that Destiny's Child would  disban in what European city?", "id": "56bf91c6a10cfb1400551182", "answers": [{"text": "Barcelona", "answer_start": 935}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Destiny's Child get their star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame?", "id": "56bf91c6a10cfb1400551183", "answers": [{"text": "March 2006", "answer_start": 1206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Beyonc\u00e9's European start that started in November 2003?", "id": "56d4baf92ccc5a1400d8317c", "answers": [{"text": "Dangerously in Love Tour", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 tour with for the Verizon Lades First Tour?", "id": "56d4baf92ccc5a1400d8317d", "answers": [{"text": "Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What major event did Beyonc\u00e9 perform at on February 1, 2004?", "id": "56d4baf92ccc5a1400d8317e", "answers": [{"text": "Super Bowl XXXVIII", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the final studio album from Destiny's Child?", "id": "56d4baf92ccc5a1400d8317f", "answers": [{"text": "Destiny Fulfilled.", "answer_start": 848}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In November 2003, she embarked on the Dangerously in Love Tour in Europe and later toured alongside Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys for the Verizon Ladies First Tour in North America. On February 1, 2004, Beyonc\u00e9 performed the American national anthem at Super Bowl XXXVIII, at the Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas. After the release of Dangerously in Love, Beyonc\u00e9 had planned to produce a follow-up album using several of the left-over tracks. However, this was put on hold so she could concentrate on recording Destiny Fulfilled, the final studio album by Destiny's Child. Released on November 15, 2004, in the US and peaking at number two on the Billboard 200, Destiny Fulfilled included the singles \"Lose My Breath\" and \"Soldier\", which reached the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Destiny's Child embarked on a worldwide concert tour, Destiny Fulfilled... and Lovin' It and during the last stop of their European tour, in Barcelona on June 11, 2005, Rowland announced that Destiny's Child would disband following the North American leg of the tour. The group released their first compilation album Number 1's on October 25, 2005, in the US and accepted a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in March 2006."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many albums did Beyonce sell in the first week when she released her second album?", "id": "56be932e3aeaaa14008c90f9", "answers": [{"text": "541,000", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The lead single from the album was which song?", "id": "56be932e3aeaaa14008c90fa", "answers": [{"text": "D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many countries did her song \"Irreplaceable\" get number one status in?", "id": "56be932e3aeaaa14008c90fb", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many singles did her second album produce?", "id": "56be932e3aeaaa14008c90fc", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What birthday did Beyonce's album B'Day celebrate?", "id": "56bf940da10cfb1400551189", "answers": [{"text": "twenty-fifth birthday", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What artist did Beyonce duet with in the single, \"Deja Vu''?", "id": "56bf940da10cfb140055118a", "answers": [{"text": "Jay Z", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How high did ''Deja Vu'' climb on the Billboard chart?", "id": "56bf940da10cfb140055118b", "answers": [{"text": "top five", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's second album?", "id": "56d4bc642ccc5a1400d83190", "answers": [{"text": "B'Day", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many copies did B'Day sell during the first week of its release?", "id": "56d4bc642ccc5a1400d83191", "answers": [{"text": "541,000", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who collaborated with Beyonc\u00e9 on the single, Deja Vu?", "id": "56d4bc642ccc5a1400d83192", "answers": [{"text": "Jay Z", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which single from B'Day was only released in the U.K.?", "id": "56d4bc642ccc5a1400d83193", "answers": [{"text": "Green Light", "answer_start": 635}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beyonc\u00e9's second solo album B'Day was released on September 5, 2006, in the US, to coincide with her twenty-fifth birthday. It sold 541,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the Billboard 200, becoming Beyonc\u00e9's second consecutive number-one album in the United States. The album's lead single \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\", featuring Jay Z, reached the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The second international single \"Irreplaceable\" was a commercial success worldwide, reaching number one in Australia, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States. B'Day also produced three other singles; \"Ring the Alarm\", \"Get Me Bodied\", and \"Green Light\" (released in the United Kingdom only)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What movie did Beyonce act in 2006?", "id": "56be94703aeaaa14008c9102", "answers": [{"text": "The Pink Panther", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Her second movie Beyonce did was what film?", "id": "56be94703aeaaa14008c9103", "answers": [{"text": "Dreamgirls", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The single, \"Listen\" was featured in which movie?", "id": "56be94703aeaaa14008c9104", "answers": [{"text": "Dreamgirls", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce's first world tour was when?", "id": "56be94703aeaaa14008c9105", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 550}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money did Beyonce's tour make in 2007?", "id": "56be94703aeaaa14008c9106", "answers": [{"text": "24 million", "answer_start": 671}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many millions of dollars did ''The Pink Panther'' gross world-wide?", "id": "56bf95eaa10cfb1400551194", "answers": [{"text": "158.8 million", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Beyonce call her first concert tour?", "id": "56bf95eaa10cfb1400551195", "answers": [{"text": "The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience", "answer_start": 576}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Beyonce's duet with in ''Beautiful Liar''?", "id": "56bf95eaa10cfb1400551196", "answers": [{"text": "Shakira", "answer_start": 932}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which film did Beyonc\u00e9 star with Steve Martin in?", "id": "56d4bd272ccc5a1400d831a0", "answers": [{"text": "The Pink Panther", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonc\u00e9's role in Dreamgirls was based on what pop singer?", "id": "56d4bd272ccc5a1400d831a1", "answers": [{"text": "Diana Ross.", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the lead single for the Dreamgirls soundtrack?", "id": "56d4bd272ccc5a1400d831a2", "answers": [{"text": "Listen", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Beyonc\u00e9's first international tour?", "id": "56d4bd272ccc5a1400d831a3", "answers": [{"text": "The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience", "answer_start": 576}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What pop singer did a duet with Beyonc\u00e9 on Beautiful Liar?", "id": "56d4bd272ccc5a1400d831a4", "answers": [{"text": "Shakira", "answer_start": 932}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Her first acting role of 2006 was in the comedy film The Pink Panther starring opposite Steve Martin, grossing $158.8 million at the box office worldwide. Her second film Dreamgirls, the film version of the 1981 Broadway musical loosely based on The Supremes, received acclaim from critics and grossed $154 million internationally. In it, she starred opposite Jennifer Hudson, Jamie Foxx, and Eddie Murphy playing a pop singer based on Diana Ross. To promote the film, Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Listen\" as the lead single from the soundtrack album. In April 2007, Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience, her first worldwide concert tour, visiting 97 venues and grossed over $24 million.[note 1] Beyonc\u00e9 conducted pre-concert food donation drives during six major stops in conjunction with her pastor at St. John's and America's Second Harvest. At the same time, B'Day was re-released with five additional songs, including her duet with Shakira \"Beautiful Liar\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Beyonce got married in 2008 to whom?", "id": "56be95823aeaaa14008c910c", "answers": [{"text": "Jay Z", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Her third album, \"I am...Sasha Fierce\" was released when?", "id": "56be95823aeaaa14008c910d", "answers": [{"text": "November 18, 2008", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For which decade, did Beyonce have more top ten songs than any other woman?", "id": "56be95823aeaaa14008c910e", "answers": [{"text": "2000s", "answer_start": 897}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which singer beat out Beyonce for best video performance?", "id": "56be95823aeaaa14008c910f", "answers": [{"text": "Taylor Swift", "answer_start": 1567}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2009, Beyonce started her second world tour and grossed how much money?", "id": "56be95823aeaaa14008c9110", "answers": [{"text": "119.5 million", "answer_start": 1881}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did she reveal the marriage?", "id": "56bf97aba10cfb140055119e", "answers": [{"text": "in a video montage", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Beyonce begin her second world tour?", "id": "56bf97aba10cfb140055119f", "answers": [{"text": "March 2009", "answer_start": 1744}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who beat out Beyonce for Best Female Video ?", "id": "56bf97aba10cfb14005511a0", "answers": [{"text": "Taylor Swift", "answer_start": 1567}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the second world tour make in dollars?", "id": "56bf97aba10cfb14005511a1", "answers": [{"text": "119.5 million", "answer_start": 1881}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 get married?", "id": "56d4bf242ccc5a1400d831be", "answers": [{"text": "April 4, 2008", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 marry?", "id": "56d4bf242ccc5a1400d831bf", "answers": [{"text": "Jay Z.", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is Beyonc\u00e9's alter ego?", "id": "56d4bf242ccc5a1400d831c0", "answers": [{"text": "Sasha Fierce", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The video for what song won Beyonc\u00e9 the 2009 MTV Video of the Year award?", "id": "56d4bf242ccc5a1400d831c1", "answers": [{"text": "Single Ladies", "answer_start": 605}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which prominent star felt the 2009 Female Video of the Year award should have went to Beyonc\u00e9 instead of Taylor Swift?", "id": "56d4bf242ccc5a1400d831c2", "answers": [{"text": "Kanye West", "answer_start": 1611}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On April 4, 2008, Beyonc\u00e9 married Jay Z. She publicly revealed their marriage in a video montage at the listening party for her third studio album, I Am... Sasha Fierce, in Manhattan's Sony Club on October 22, 2008. I Am... Sasha Fierce was released on November 18, 2008 in the United States. The album formally introduces Beyonc\u00e9's alter ego Sasha Fierce, conceived during the making of her 2003 single \"Crazy in Love\", selling 482,000 copies in its first week, debuting atop the Billboard 200, and giving Beyonc\u00e9 her third consecutive number-one album in the US. The album featured the number-one song \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\" and the top-five songs \"If I Were a Boy\" and \"Halo\". Achieving the accomplishment of becoming her longest-running Hot 100 single in her career, \"Halo\"'s success in the US helped Beyonc\u00e9 attain more top-ten singles on the list than any other woman during the 2000s. It also included the successful \"Sweet Dreams\", and singles \"Diva\", \"Ego\", \"Broken-Hearted Girl\" and \"Video Phone\". The music video for \"Single Ladies\" has been parodied and imitated around the world, spawning the \"first major dance craze\" of the Internet age according to the Toronto Star. The video has won several awards, including Best Video at the 2009 MTV Europe Music Awards, the 2009 Scottish MOBO Awards, and the 2009 BET Awards. At the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, the video was nominated for nine awards, ultimately winning three including Video of the Year. Its failure to win the Best Female Video category, which went to American country pop singer Taylor Swift's \"You Belong with Me\", led to Kanye West interrupting the ceremony and Beyonc\u00e9 improvising a re-presentation of Swift's award during her own acceptance speech. In March 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on the I Am... World Tour, her second headlining worldwide concert tour, consisting of 108 shows, grossing $119.5 million."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Beyonce portrayed which character in the film, Cadillac Records?", "id": "56be96653aeaaa14008c9116", "answers": [{"text": "Etta James", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce gave her entire salary from Cadillac Records to which organization?", "id": "56be96653aeaaa14008c9117", "answers": [{"text": "Phoenix House", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which song did Beyonce sing at the first couple's inaugural ball? ", "id": "56be96653aeaaa14008c9118", "answers": [{"text": "At Last", "answer_start": 582}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What genre of film was the movie, Obsessed, in which Beyonce starred in?", "id": "56be96653aeaaa14008c9119", "answers": [{"text": "thriller", "answer_start": 693}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A fight scene from the movie, Obsessed, won which award for Beyonce?", "id": "56be96653aeaaa14008c911a", "answers": [{"text": "MTV Movie Award for Best Fight", "answer_start": 1101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Beyonce donate her salary from the movie Cadillac Records?", "id": "56bf99aca10cfb14005511a7", "answers": [{"text": "Phoenix House", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What thriller film did Beyonce star in?", "id": "56bf99aca10cfb14005511a9", "answers": [{"text": "Obsessed", "answer_start": 703}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the woman she played in Obsessed?", "id": "56bf99aca10cfb14005511aa", "answers": [{"text": "Sharon Charles", "answer_start": 724}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much more that the buget did the film gross?", "id": "56bf99aca10cfb14005511ab", "answers": [{"text": "60 million", "answer_start": 940}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which singer did Beyonc\u00e9 portray in Cadillac Records?", "id": "56d4c0452ccc5a1400d831c8", "answers": [{"text": "Etta James", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which organization received Beyonc\u00e9's entire Cadillac Records salary?", "id": "56d4c0452ccc5a1400d831c9", "answers": [{"text": "Phoenix House", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Beyonc\u00e9 perform on January 20, 2009?", "id": "56d4c0452ccc5a1400d831ca", "answers": [{"text": "the First Couple's first inaugural ball.", "answer_start": 594}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which thriller film did Beyonc\u00e9 star in with Ali Larter?", "id": "56d4c0452ccc5a1400d831cb", "answers": [{"text": "Obsessed.", "answer_start": 703}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 further expanded her acting career, starring as blues singer Etta James in the 2008 musical biopic, Cadillac Records. Her performance in the film received praise from critics, and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of James, including a Satellite Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress, and a NAACP Image Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress. Beyonc\u00e9 donated her entire salary from the film to Phoenix House, an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country. On January 20, 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 performed James' \"At Last\" at the First Couple's first inaugural ball. Beyonc\u00e9 starred opposite Ali Larter and Idris Elba in the thriller, Obsessed. She played Sharon Charles, a mother and wife who learns of a woman's obsessive behavior over her husband. Although the film received negative reviews from critics, the movie did well at the US box office, grossing $68 million\u2014$60 million more than Cadillac Records\u2014on a budget of $20 million. The fight scene finale between Sharon and the character played by Ali Larter also won the 2010 MTV Movie Award for Best Fight."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many awards was Beyonce nominated for at the 52nd Grammy Awards?", "id": "56be973d3aeaaa14008c9120", "answers": [{"text": "ten", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce tied with which artist for most nominations by a female artist?", "id": "56be973d3aeaaa14008c9121", "answers": [{"text": "Lauryn Hill", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2010, Beyonce worked with which other famous singer?", "id": "56be973d3aeaaa14008c9122", "answers": [{"text": "Lady Gaga", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many number one singles did Beyonce now have after the song \"Telephone\"?", "id": "56be973d3aeaaa14008c9123", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce tied who for most number one singles by a female?", "id": "56be973d3aeaaa14008c9124", "answers": [{"text": "Mariah Carey", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce received how many nominations at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards?", "id": "56bf9b57a10cfb14005511b1", "answers": [{"text": "ten nominations", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song was the sixth first place song for Beyonce?", "id": "56bf9b57a10cfb14005511b2", "answers": [{"text": "Telephone", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who else appeared with Beyonce in Telephone?", "id": "56bf9b57a10cfb14005511b3", "answers": [{"text": "Lady Gaga", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did they tie with for six top songs?", "id": "56bf9b57a10cfb14005511b4", "answers": [{"text": "Mariah Carey", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Beyonce tie with for the most nominations in a year?", "id": "56bf9b57a10cfb14005511b5", "answers": [{"text": "Lauryn Hill", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many nominations did Beyonc\u00e9 receive at the 52nd Grammy Awards ceremony?", "id": "56d4c1452ccc5a1400d831dc", "answers": [{"text": "ten", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 tie with for the most Grammy nominations for female artists?", "id": "56d4c1452ccc5a1400d831de", "answers": [{"text": "Lauryn Hill", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonc\u00e9 was a featured artist on which singer's hit, Telephone?", "id": "56d4c1452ccc5a1400d831df", "answers": [{"text": "Lady Gaga", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 and Lady Gaga tie with for the most number one hits since 1992?", "id": "56d4c1452ccc5a1400d831e0", "answers": [{"text": "Mariah Carey", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "At the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards, Beyonc\u00e9 received ten nominations, including Album of the Year for I Am... Sasha Fierce, Record of the Year for \"Halo\", and Song of the Year for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", among others. She tied with Lauryn Hill for most Grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist. In 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 was featured on Lady Gaga's single \"Telephone\" and its music video. The song topped the US Pop Songs chart, becoming the sixth number-one for both Beyonc\u00e9 and Gaga, tying them with Mariah Carey for most number-ones since the Nielsen Top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992. \"Telephone\" received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Beyonce would take a break from music in which year?", "id": "56be97c73aeaaa14008c912a", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which year did Beyonce and her father part business ways?", "id": "56be97c73aeaaa14008c912b", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which famous landmark did Beyonce see in China?", "id": "56be97c73aeaaa14008c912e", "answers": [{"text": "the Great Wall of China", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Beyonce have her hiatus?", "id": "56bf9c70a10cfb14005511bb", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who inspired this hiatus?", "id": "56bf9c70a10cfb14005511bc", "answers": [{"text": "her mother", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did she stop using her father as a manager?", "id": "56bf9c70a10cfb14005511bd", "answers": [{"text": "During the break", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did the hiatus last?", "id": "56bf9c70a10cfb14005511bf", "answers": [{"text": "nine months", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 announce in January 2010?", "id": "56d4c1c12ccc5a1400d831e6", "answers": [{"text": "a hiatus", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who suggested the hiatus for Beyonc\u00e9?", "id": "56d4c1c12ccc5a1400d831e7", "answers": [{"text": "her mother", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 part ways with during her hiatus?", "id": "56d4c1c12ccc5a1400d831e8", "answers": [{"text": "her father", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did her hiatus last?", "id": "56d4c1c12ccc5a1400d831e9", "answers": [{"text": "nine months", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 announced a hiatus from her music career in January 2010, heeding her mother's advice, \"to live life, to be inspired by things again\". During the break she and her father parted ways as business partners. Beyonc\u00e9's musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple European cities, the Great Wall of China, the Egyptian pyramids, Australia, English music festivals and various museums and ballet performances."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In which year was reports about Beyonce performing for Muammar Gaddafi surface?", "id": "56be99b53aeaaa14008c913e", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Beyonce donate the money to earned from her shows?", "id": "56be99b53aeaaa14008c913f", "answers": [{"text": "Clinton Bush Haiti Fund", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce became the first female artist to perform solo in 20 years at which stage?", "id": "56be99b53aeaaa14008c9140", "answers": [{"text": "the 2011 Glastonbury Festival", "answer_start": 486}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which organization did Beyonce's spokespeople confirm her donations to?", "id": "56be99b53aeaaa14008c9141", "answers": [{"text": "The Huffington Post", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce was listed in 2011 as the highest paid performer per what?", "id": "56be99b53aeaaa14008c9142", "answers": [{"text": "minute", "answer_start": 596}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Hoe did everyone learn that Beyonce performed for Kaddafi?", "id": "56bf9dbda10cfb14005511c5", "answers": [{"text": "documents obtained by WikiLeaks", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did this leak happen?", "id": "56bf9dbda10cfb14005511c6", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did she tell about the donation?", "id": "56bf9dbda10cfb14005511c8", "answers": [{"text": "The Huffington Post", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Beyonce perform in 2011?", "id": "56bf9dbda10cfb14005511c9", "answers": [{"text": "Glastonbury Festival", "answer_start": 495}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 perform privately for in 2011?", "id": "56d4c2b22ccc5a1400d831f2", "answers": [{"text": "Muammar Gaddafi.", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who released the information about Beyonc\u00e9's performance for the Libyan ruler?", "id": "56d4c2b22ccc5a1400d831f3", "answers": [{"text": "WikiLeaks", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which organization did Beyonc\u00e9 donate her pay for the private performance to?", "id": "56d4c2b22ccc5a1400d831f4", "answers": [{"text": "Clinton Bush Haiti Fund.", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonc\u00e9 was the first female singer to headline what at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival?", "id": "56d4c2b22ccc5a1400d831f5", "answers": [{"text": "Pyramid stage", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2011, documents obtained by WikiLeaks revealed that Beyonc\u00e9 was one of many entertainers who performed for the family of Libyan ruler Muammar Gaddafi. Rolling Stone reported that the music industry was urging them to return the money they earned for the concerts; a spokesperson for Beyonc\u00e9 later confirmed to The Huffington Post that she donated the money to the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund. Later that year she became the first solo female artist to headline the main Pyramid stage at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival in over twenty years, and was named the highest-paid performer in the world per minute."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Beyonce's fourth album debuted in what year?", "id": "56be9add3aeaaa14008c9152", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which single had the most success from that album?", "id": "56be9add3aeaaa14008c9153", "answers": [{"text": "Love on Top", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce won an award for which activity in 2011?", "id": "56be9add3aeaaa14008c9155", "answers": [{"text": "writing", "answer_start": 617}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "in 2011, Beyonce performed for four nights where?", "id": "56be9add3aeaaa14008c9156", "answers": [{"text": "New York's Roseland Ballroom", "answer_start": 719}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Beyonce's forth album released?", "id": "56bf9f6aa10cfb14005511cf", "answers": [{"text": "June 28, 2011", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many copies did the album sell in its first week?", "id": "56bf9f6aa10cfb14005511d0", "answers": [{"text": "310,000 copies", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who awarded Beyonce and award for writing?", "id": "56bf9f6aa10cfb14005511d2", "answers": [{"text": "New York Association of Black Journalists", "answer_start": 640}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did she perform at the Roseland ballroom?", "id": "56bf9f6aa10cfb14005511d3", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's fourth studio album?", "id": "56d4c4532ccc5a1400d83204", "answers": [{"text": "4", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was 4 released?", "id": "56d4c4532ccc5a1400d83205", "answers": [{"text": "June 28, 2011", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many copies of 4 sold in the first week?", "id": "56d4c4532ccc5a1400d83206", "answers": [{"text": "310,000", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What magazine did Beyonc\u00e9 write a story for about her earlier hiatus?", "id": "56d4c4532ccc5a1400d83207", "answers": [{"text": "Essence", "answer_start": 562}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Beyonc\u00e9 perform for four nights of standing room only concerts in 2011?", "id": "56d4c4532ccc5a1400d83208", "answers": [{"text": "New York's Roseland Ballroom", "answer_start": 719}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Her fourth studio album 4 was released on June 28, 2011 in the US. 4 sold 310,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart, giving Beyonc\u00e9 her fourth consecutive number-one album in the US. The album was preceded by two of its singles \"Run the World (Girls)\" and \"Best Thing I Never Had\", which both attained moderate success. The fourth single \"Love on Top\" was a commercial success in the US. 4 also produced four other singles; \"Party\", \"Countdown\", \"I Care\" and \"End of Time\". \"Eat, Play, Love\", a cover story written by Beyonc\u00e9 for Essence that detailed her 2010 career break, won her a writing award from the New York Association of Black Journalists. In late 2011, she took the stage at New York's Roseland Ballroom for four nights of special performances: the 4 Intimate Nights with Beyonc\u00e9 concerts saw the performance of her 4 album to a standing room only."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did Beyonce have her first child?", "id": "56be9bb83aeaaa14008c915c", "answers": [{"text": "January 7, 2012", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Beyonce give birth to her first child?", "id": "56be9bb83aeaaa14008c915d", "answers": [{"text": "Lenox Hill Hospital", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce's first child is named what?", "id": "56be9bb83aeaaa14008c915e", "answers": [{"text": "Blue Ivy Carter", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Her first appearance performing since giving birth was where?", "id": "56be9bb83aeaaa14008c9160", "answers": [{"text": "Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Beyonce have her first child?", "id": "56bfa087a10cfb14005511d9", "answers": [{"text": "January 7, 2012", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the child's name?", "id": "56bfa087a10cfb14005511da", "answers": [{"text": "Blue Ivy Carter", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long was it after the birth of her child before she performed again?", "id": "56bfa087a10cfb14005511dc", "answers": [{"text": "Five months", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many nights did she perform at Atlantic City?", "id": "56bfa087a10cfb14005511dd", "answers": [{"text": "four nights", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 give birth to a daughter?", "id": "56d4c4e72ccc5a1400d83218", "answers": [{"text": "January 7, 2012", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 name her daughter?", "id": "56d4c4e72ccc5a1400d83219", "answers": [{"text": "Blue Ivy Carter", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Blue Ivy born?", "id": "56d4c4e72ccc5a1400d8321a", "answers": [{"text": "Lenox Hill Hospital in New York.", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Beyonc\u00e9's first public performance after giving birth?", "id": "56d4c4e72ccc5a1400d8321b", "answers": [{"text": "Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many nights did Beyonc\u00e9 play at the resort?", "id": "56d4c4e72ccc5a1400d8321c", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to her first child, a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York. Five months later, she performed for four nights at Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort's opening, her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Destiny's Child released a compilation album about which topic?", "id": "56be9c863aeaaa14008c9166", "answers": [{"text": "romance", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce's documentary movie was called what?", "id": "56be9c863aeaaa14008c9169", "answers": [{"text": "Life Is But a Dream", "answer_start": 689}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Beyonce sign in 2013?", "id": "56be9c863aeaaa14008c916a", "answers": [{"text": "global publishing agreement", "answer_start": 1163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Destiny's Child release its album \"Love Songs\"?", "id": "56bfa24ea10cfb14005511e3", "answers": [{"text": "January 2013", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the title of the added track in Love Songs?", "id": "56bfa24ea10cfb14005511e4", "answers": [{"text": "Nuclear", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At whose inauguration did she perform the National Anthem?", "id": "56bfa24ea10cfb14005511e5", "answers": [{"text": "President Obama", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Tweets per minute did the half time show get?", "id": "56bfa24ea10cfb14005511e7", "answers": [{"text": "268,000 tweets per minute", "answer_start": 523}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Destiny's Child release Love Songs?", "id": "56d4c6b02ccc5a1400d83222", "answers": [{"text": "January 2013", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the new track for Love Songs?", "id": "56d4c6b02ccc5a1400d83223", "answers": [{"text": "Nuclear", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 sing at President Obama's second inauguration?", "id": "56d4c6b02ccc5a1400d83224", "answers": [{"text": "the American national anthem", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event did Beyonc\u00e9 perform at one month after Obama's inauguration? ", "id": "56d4c6b02ccc5a1400d83225", "answers": [{"text": "Super Bowl XLVII halftime show", "answer_start": 362}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's documentary film?", "id": "56d4c6b02ccc5a1400d83226", "answers": [{"text": "Life Is But a Dream", "answer_start": 689}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In January 2013, Destiny's Child released Love Songs, a compilation album of the romance-themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded track, \"Nuclear\". Beyonc\u00e9 performed the American national anthem singing along with a pre-recorded track at President Obama's second inauguration in Washington, D.C. The following month, Beyonc\u00e9 performed at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show, held at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans. The performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268,000 tweets per minute. At the 55th Annual Grammy Awards, Beyonc\u00e9 won for Best Traditional R&B Performance for \"Love on Top\". Her feature-length documentary film, Life Is But a Dream, first aired on HBO on February 16, 2013. The film, which she directed and produced herself, featured footage from her childhood, her as a mother and businesswoman, recording, rehearsing for live performances, and her return to the spotlight following Blue Ivy's birth. Its DVD release in November 2013 was accompanied by footage from the Revel Presents: Beyonc\u00e9 Live concerts and a new song, \"God Made You Beautiful\". In February 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 signed a global publishing agreement with Warner/Chappell Music, which would cover her future songwriting and then-upcoming studio album."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many dates did Beyonce's \"The Mrs. Carter Show\" entail?", "id": "56be9d3d3aeaaa14008c9170", "answers": [{"text": "132", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "One of Beyonce's most successful tours yet was which one?", "id": "56be9d3d3aeaaa14008c9172", "answers": [{"text": "The Mrs. Carter Show", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce wrote which song for the movie \"Epic\"?", "id": "56be9d3d3aeaaa14008c9173", "answers": [{"text": "Rise Up", "answer_start": 560}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce voiced a character in which animated film?", "id": "56be9d3d3aeaaa14008c9174", "answers": [{"text": "Epic", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the tour begin?", "id": "56bfa3cca10cfb14005511ee", "answers": [{"text": "April 15", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of what event was Beyonce honorary chair?", "id": "56bfa3cca10cfb14005511ef", "answers": [{"text": "2013 Met Gala", "answer_start": 399}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part did she voice for the movie Epic?", "id": "56bfa3cca10cfb14005511f0", "answers": [{"text": "Queen Tara", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song did Beyonce record for the film Epic?", "id": "56bfa3cca10cfb14005511f1", "answers": [{"text": "Rise Up", "answer_start": 560}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Beyonc\u00e9's tour that she started on April 15?", "id": "56d4c75a2ccc5a1400d8322c", "answers": [{"text": "The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many dates did the Mrs. Carter Show World Tour have?", "id": "56d4c75a2ccc5a1400d8322d", "answers": [{"text": "132", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Amy Winehouse song did Beyonc\u00e9 cover and release in May 2014?", "id": "56d4c75a2ccc5a1400d8322e", "answers": [{"text": "Back to Black", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonc\u00e9 was an honorary chair of the 2013 what?", "id": "56d4c75a2ccc5a1400d8322f", "answers": [{"text": "Met Gala.", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which character in the film, Epic, was voiced by Beyonc\u00e9?", "id": "56d4c75a2ccc5a1400d83230", "answers": [{"text": "Queen Tara", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour on April 15 in Belgrade, Serbia; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to March 2014. It became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most-successful tours of all time. In May, Beyonc\u00e9's cover of Amy Winehouse's \"Back to Black\" with Andr\u00e9 3000 on The Great Gatsby soundtrack was released. She was also honorary chair of the 2013 Met Gala. Beyonc\u00e9 voiced Queen Tara in the 3D CGI animated film, Epic, released by 20th Century Fox on May 24, and recorded an original song for the film, \"Rise Up\", co-written with Sia."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Beyonce release her 5th album to a huge surprise?", "id": "56be9e453aeaaa14008c917a", "answers": [{"text": "the iTunes Store", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Beyonce get her fifth consecutive number one hit album?", "id": "56bfa5b3a10cfb14005511f7", "answers": [{"text": "December 13, 2013", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the album released? ", "id": "56bfa5b3a10cfb14005511f8", "answers": [{"text": "the iTunes Store", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who joined Beyonce on her On The Run Tour?", "id": "56bfa5b3a10cfb14005511f9", "answers": [{"text": "Jay Z", "answer_start": 810}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who reported Beyonce to e the top earning woman in music?", "id": "56bfa5b3a10cfb14005511fa", "answers": [{"text": "Forbes", "answer_start": 1344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much more were her earnings that the year before?", "id": "56bfa5b3a10cfb14005511fb", "answers": [{"text": "more than double her earnings", "answer_start": 1471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 release her fifth studio album?", "id": "56d4cde92ccc5a1400d83236", "answers": [{"text": "December 13, 2013", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many digital copies of her fifth album did Beyonc\u00e9 sell in six days?", "id": "56d4cde92ccc5a1400d83237", "answers": [{"text": "one million", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song on Beyonc\u00e9's fifth studio album featured her husband?", "id": "56d4cde92ccc5a1400d83238", "answers": [{"text": "Drunk in Love", "answer_start": 784}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the tour featuring both Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z?", "id": "56d4cde92ccc5a1400d83239", "answers": [{"text": "On the Run Tour.", "answer_start": 974}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On December 13, 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the iTunes Store without any prior announcement or promotion. The album debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart, giving Beyonc\u00e9 her fifth consecutive number-one album in the US. This made her the first woman in the chart's history to have her first five studio albums debut at number one. Beyonc\u00e9 received critical acclaim and commercial success, selling one million digital copies worldwide in six days; The New York Times noted the album's unconventional, unexpected release as significant. Musically an electro-R&B album, it concerns darker themes previously unexplored in her work, such as \"bulimia, postnatal depression [and] the fears and insecurities of marriage and motherhood\". The single \"Drunk in Love\", featuring Jay Z, peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. In April 2014, after much speculation in the weeks before, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z officially announced their On the Run Tour. It served as the couple's first co-headlining stadium tour together. On August 24, 2014, she received the Video Vanguard Award at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards. Knowles also took home three competitive awards: Best Video with a Social Message and Best Cinematography for \"Pretty Hurts\", as well as best collaboration for \"Drunk in Love\". In November, Forbes reported that Beyonc\u00e9 was the top-earning woman in music for the second year in a row\u2014earning $115 million in the year, more than double her earnings in 2013. Beyonc\u00e9 was reissued with new material in three forms: as an extended play, a box set, as well as a full platinum edition."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many awards did Beyonce take home with her at the 57th Grammy Awards?", "id": "56be9eea3aeaaa14008c9184", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which artist beat Beyonce out for Album of the year?", "id": "56be9eea3aeaaa14008c9185", "answers": [{"text": "Beck", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which magazine did Beyonce pose on the cover for in August of 2015?", "id": "56be9eea3aeaaa14008c9186", "answers": [{"text": "Vogue", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce would perform with who at Superbowl 50?", "id": "56be9eea3aeaaa14008c9187", "answers": [{"text": "Coldplay", "answer_start": 770}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce took home how many awards at the 57th Grammy Awards?", "id": "56bea1f53aeaaa14008c918e", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce lost to which artist for Album of the year?", "id": "56bea1f53aeaaa14008c918f", "answers": [{"text": "Beck", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Beyonce perform next to during Superbowl 50?", "id": "56bea1f53aeaaa14008c9191", "answers": [{"text": "Coldplay", "answer_start": 770}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If Beyonce won three Grammies in 2015, how many was she nominated for?", "id": "56bfa761a10cfb1400551201", "answers": [{"text": "six awards", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what magazine was she the cover model?", "id": "56bfa761a10cfb1400551202", "answers": [{"text": "Vogue", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who would she perform with at Superbowl 50?", "id": "56bfa761a10cfb1400551204", "answers": [{"text": "Coldplay", "answer_start": 770}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With what British band did Beyonce perform on their album?", "id": "56bfa761a10cfb1400551205", "answers": [{"text": "Coldplay", "answer_start": 770}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many awards was Beyonc\u00e9 nominated for at the 57th annual Grammys?", "id": "56d4ceac2ccc5a1400d83240", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many awards did Beyonc\u00e9 win at the 57th Annual Grammys?", "id": "56d4ceac2ccc5a1400d83241", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonc\u00e9 lost the Album of the Year award to which entertainer?", "id": "56d4ceac2ccc5a1400d83242", "answers": [{"text": "Beck", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which magazine did Beyonc\u00e9 pose for the cover, making her the first black female artist to do so?", "id": "56d4ceac2ccc5a1400d83243", "answers": [{"text": "Vogue", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Beyonce perform with at Super Bowl 50?", "id": "56d4ceac2ccc5a1400d83244", "answers": [{"text": "Coldplay", "answer_start": 770}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015, Beyonc\u00e9 was nominated for six awards, ultimately winning three: Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song for \"Drunk in Love\", and Best Surround Sound Album for Beyonc\u00e9. She was nominated for Album of the Year but the award was won by Beck for his Morning Phase album. In August, the cover of the September issue of Vogue magazine was unveiled online, Beyonc\u00e9 as the cover star, becoming the first African-American artist and third African-American woman in general to cover the September issue. She headlined the 2015 Made in America festival in early September and also the Global Citizen Festival later that month. Beyonc\u00e9 made an uncredited featured appearance on the track \"Hymn for the Weekend\" by British rock band Coldplay, on their seventh studio album A Head Full of Dreams (2015), which saw release in December. On January 7, 2016, Pepsi announced Beyonc\u00e9 would perform alongside Coldplay at Super Bowl 50 in February. Knowles has previously performed at four Super Bowl shows throughout her career, serving as the main headliner of the 47th Super Bowl halftime show in 2013."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Beyonce released the song \"Formation\" on which online music service?", "id": "56bea27b3aeaaa14008c9199", "answers": [{"text": "Tidal", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce's new single released before the super bowl was called what?", "id": "56bea27b3aeaaa14008c919a", "answers": [{"text": "Formation", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What day did Beyonce release her single, Formation?", "id": "56bfa8bba10cfb140055120b", "answers": [{"text": "February 6, 2016", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was the single released?", "id": "56bfa8bba10cfb140055120c", "answers": [{"text": "exclusively", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the streaming service?", "id": "56bfa8bba10cfb140055120d", "answers": [{"text": "Tidal", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of platform was the song released?", "id": "56bfa8bba10cfb140055120f", "answers": [{"text": "music streaming", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 release Formation?", "id": "56d4cee32ccc5a1400d8324a", "answers": [{"text": "February 6, 2016", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Beyonc\u00e9 exclusively release her single, Formation?", "id": "56d4cee32ccc5a1400d8324b", "answers": [{"text": "Tidal", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On February 6, 2016, one day before her performance at the Super Bowl, Beyonc\u00e9 released a new single exclusively on music streaming service Tidal called \"Formation\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "As of April 2014, how many albums have Jay Z and Beyonce sold together?", "id": "56bea5f23aeaaa14008c91a1", "answers": [{"text": "300 million", "answer_start": 447}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Beyonce become pregnant?", "id": "56bea5f23aeaaa14008c91a2", "answers": [{"text": "Paris", "answer_start": 825}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce described what as the \"hardest thing she had to endure\"?", "id": "56bea5f23aeaaa14008c91a3", "answers": [{"text": "miscarriage", "answer_start": 617}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Beyonce have a relationship with?", "id": "56bfaa11a10cfb1400551215", "answers": [{"text": "Jay Z", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were Beyonce and Jay Z married?", "id": "56bfaa11a10cfb1400551216", "answers": [{"text": "April 4, 2008", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Together how records have they sold ?", "id": "56bfaa11a10cfb1400551217", "answers": [{"text": "300 million", "answer_start": 447}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Beyonce deal with the miscarriage of her child?", "id": "56bfaa11a10cfb1400551218", "answers": [{"text": "wrote music", "answer_start": 736}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Beyonce when she became pregnant?", "id": "56bfaa11a10cfb1400551219", "answers": [{"text": "Paris", "answer_start": 825}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which music video did Beyonc\u00e9 star as Jay Z's girlfriend, creating speculation about their relationship?", "id": "56d4d0c32ccc5a1400d8324e", "answers": [{"text": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z married?", "id": "56d4d0c32ccc5a1400d8324f", "answers": [{"text": "April 4, 2008", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many records combined have Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z sold?", "id": "56d4d0c32ccc5a1400d83250", "answers": [{"text": "300 million", "answer_start": 447}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 describe as the saddest thing in her life?", "id": "56d4d0c32ccc5a1400d83251", "answers": [{"text": "miscarriage", "answer_start": 617}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Beyonc\u00e9 get pregnant?", "id": "56d4d0c32ccc5a1400d83252", "answers": [{"text": "Paris.", "answer_start": 912}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 is believed to have first started a relationship with Jay Z after a collaboration on \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\", which appeared on his seventh album The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse (2002). Beyonc\u00e9 appeared as Jay Z's girlfriend in the music video for the song, which would further fuel speculation of their relationship. On April 4, 2008, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z were married without publicity. As of April 2014, the couple have sold a combined 300 million records together. The couple are known for their private relationship, although they have appeared to become more relaxed in recent years. Beyonc\u00e9 suffered a miscarriage in 2010 or 2011, describing it as \"the saddest thing\" she had ever endured. She returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss. In April 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z traveled to Paris in order to shoot the album cover for her 4, and unexpectedly became pregnant in Paris."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Jay Z and Beyonce attended which event together in August of 2011?", "id": "56bea8463aeaaa14008c91a9", "answers": [{"text": "MTV Video Music Awards", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce confirmed what after performing one of her songs?", "id": "56bea8463aeaaa14008c91aa", "answers": [{"text": "her pregnancy", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people watched the 2011 MTV Music Awards?", "id": "56bea8463aeaaa14008c91ac", "answers": [{"text": "12.4 million", "answer_start": 535}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did she announce her pregnancy?", "id": "56bfab98a10cfb140055121f", "answers": [{"text": "2011 MTV Video Music Awards", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was the broadcast the most-watched in history?", "id": "56bfab98a10cfb1400551220", "answers": [{"text": "Her appearance", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What even was recorded in the Guinness World Records?", "id": "56bfab98a10cfb1400551221", "answers": [{"text": "most tweets per second", "answer_start": 616}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the most searched term in week of Aug 29, 2011?", "id": "56bfab98a10cfb1400551222", "answers": [{"text": "Beyonce pregnant", "answer_start": 719}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song did she perform at the MTV Awards?", "id": "56bfab98a10cfb1400551223", "answers": [{"text": "Love on Top", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Beyonc\u00e9 announce her pregnancy?", "id": "56d4d18d2ccc5a1400d83258", "answers": [{"text": "2011 MTV Video Music Awards", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song did Beyonc\u00e9 sing prior to announcing her pregnancy?", "id": "56d4d18d2ccc5a1400d83259", "answers": [{"text": "Love on Top", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people watched the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards?", "id": "56d4d18d2ccc5a1400d8325a", "answers": [{"text": "12.4 million", "answer_start": 535}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the most searched term on Google for the week of August 29, 2011?", "id": "56d4d18d2ccc5a1400d8325c", "answers": [{"text": "Beyonce pregnant", "answer_start": 719}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In August, the couple attended the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, at which Beyonc\u00e9 performed \"Love on Top\" and started the performance saying \"Tonight I want you to stand up on your feet, I want you to feel the love that's growing inside of me\". At the end of the performance, she dropped her microphone, unbuttoned her blazer and rubbed her stomach, confirming her pregnancy she had alluded to earlier in the evening. Her appearance helped that year's MTV Video Music Awards become the most-watched broadcast in MTV history, pulling in 12.4 million viewers; the announcement was listed in Guinness World Records for \"most tweets per second recorded for a single event\" on Twitter, receiving 8,868 tweets per second and \"Beyonce pregnant\" was the most Googled term the week of August 29, 2011."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Jay Z has a website called what?", "id": "56bea9043aeaaa14008c91b1", "answers": [{"text": "Lifeandtimes.com", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which song by Jay Z talked about the pregnancy struggles?", "id": "56bea9043aeaaa14008c91b3", "answers": [{"text": "Glory", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Beyonce's daughter?", "id": "56bfacdda10cfb1400551229", "answers": [{"text": "Blue Ivy Carter", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what hospital was the baby delivered?", "id": "56bfacdda10cfb140055122a", "answers": [{"text": "Lenox Hill Hospital", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the named of the song  dedicated to the child?", "id": "56bfacdda10cfb140055122b", "answers": [{"text": "Glory", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does B.I.C. stand for?", "id": "56bfacdda10cfb140055122c", "answers": [{"text": "Blue Ivy Carter", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was credited for her cries on the song?", "id": "56bfacdda10cfb140055122d", "answers": [{"text": "B.I.C.", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 give birth to her daughter?", "id": "56d4d2232ccc5a1400d83262", "answers": [{"text": "January 7, 2012", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z name their daughter?", "id": "56d4d2232ccc5a1400d83263", "answers": [{"text": "Blue Ivy Carter", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song did Jay Z release two days after Blue Ivy was born?", "id": "56d4d2232ccc5a1400d83264", "answers": [{"text": "Glory", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is included at the end of Glory?", "id": "56d4d2232ccc5a1400d83265", "answers": [{"text": "Blue Ivy's cries", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was Blue Ivy credited on Glory?", "id": "56d4d2232ccc5a1400d83266", "answers": [{"text": "B.I.C.", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York under heavy security. Two days later, Jay Z released \"Glory\", a song dedicated to their child, on his website Lifeandtimes.com. The song detailed the couple's pregnancy struggles, including a miscarriage Beyonc\u00e9 suffered before becoming pregnant with Blue Ivy. Blue Ivy's cries are included at the end of the song, and she was officially credited as \"B.I.C.\" on it. At two days old, she became the youngest person ever to appear on a Billboard chart when \"Glory\" debuted on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Beyonce and Jay-Z went to a rally for the acquittal of whom?", "id": "56beab283aeaaa14008c91cc", "answers": [{"text": "George Zimmerman", "answer_start": 880}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce sang which song during the 2009 presidential inauguration?", "id": "56beab283aeaaa14008c91cd", "answers": [{"text": "America the Beautiful", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Beyonce raise for Obama at the 40/40 Club?", "id": "56bfae97a10cfb1400551234", "answers": [{"text": "4 million", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did she endorse on March 26, 2013?", "id": "56bfae97a10cfb1400551235", "answers": [{"text": "same sex marriage", "answer_start": 700}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did they attend in July 2013?", "id": "56bfae97a10cfb1400551236", "answers": [{"text": "a rally", "answer_start": 840}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did she sing at the 2009 Presidential Inauguration?", "id": "56bfae97a10cfb1400551237", "answers": [{"text": "America the Beautiful", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song did Beyonc\u00e9 perform at the 2009 inauguration of Obama?", "id": "56d4d2f12ccc5a1400d8326c", "answers": [{"text": "America the Beautiful", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song did Beyonc\u00e9 perform at the first inaugural dance for the Obamas.", "id": "56d4d2f12ccc5a1400d8326d", "answers": [{"text": "At Last", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What social media platform did Beyonc\u00e9 upload a picture of her paper ballot on?", "id": "56d4d2f12ccc5a1400d8326f", "answers": [{"text": "Tumblr", "answer_start": 458}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 endorse on March 26, 2013?", "id": "56d4d2f12ccc5a1400d83270", "answers": [{"text": "same sex marriage", "answer_start": 700}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 and husband Jay Z are friends with President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama. She performed \"America the Beautiful\" at the 2009 presidential inauguration, as well as \"At Last\" during the first inaugural dance at the Neighborhood Ball two days later. Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z held a fundraiser at the latter's 40/40 Club in Manhattan for Obama's 2012 presidential campaign which raised $4 million. Beyonc\u00e9 uploaded pictures of her paper ballot on Tumblr, confirming she had voted in support for the Democratic Party and to encourage others to do so. She also performed the American national anthem at his second inauguration, singing along with a pre-recorded track. She publicly endorsed same sex marriage on March 26, 2013, after the Supreme Court debate on California's Proposition 8. In July 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z attended a rally in response to the acquittal of George Zimmerman for the shooting of Trayvon Martin."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Beyonce did an interview with which magazine and was asked about feminism?", "id": "56beabab3aeaaa14008c91db", "answers": [{"text": "Vogue", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce supported which campaign that encourages leadership in girls?", "id": "56beabab3aeaaa14008c91dc", "answers": [{"text": "Ban Bossy campaign", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Beyonce quoted as saying that she is a modern-day feminist?", "id": "56bfafdba10cfb140055123d", "answers": [{"text": "Vogue", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did she say the she is a feminist?", "id": "56bfafdba10cfb140055123e", "answers": [{"text": "April 2013", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What campaign did she contribute to?", "id": "56bfafdba10cfb140055123f", "answers": [{"text": "Ban Bossy", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song did she release in 2013 in response to a speech?", "id": "56bfafdba10cfb1400551240", "answers": [{"text": "Flawless", "answer_start": 445}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Ban Bossy encourage?", "id": "56bfafdba10cfb1400551241", "answers": [{"text": "leadership in girls", "answer_start": 586}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonc\u00e9 used words from which Nigerian author in her song, Flawless?", "id": "56d4d3b12ccc5a1400d83277", "answers": [{"text": "Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which campaign does Beyonc\u00e9 contribute to that encourages leadership in females?", "id": "56d4d3b12ccc5a1400d83278", "answers": [{"text": "Ban Bossy", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In an interview published by Vogue in April 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 was asked if she considers herself a feminist, to which she said, \"that word can be very extreme... But I guess I am a modern-day feminist. I do believe in equality\". She would later align herself more publicly with the movement, sampling \"We should all be feminists\", a speech delivered by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie at a TEDxEuston conference in April 2013, in her song \"Flawless\", released later that year. She has also contributed to the Ban Bossy campaign, which uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Beyonce signed a letter with who in 2015?", "id": "56beb0683aeaaa14008c9211", "answers": [{"text": "the ONE Campaign", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "An important UN summit took place when?", "id": "56beb0683aeaaa14008c9213", "answers": [{"text": "September 2015", "answer_start": 374}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The letter Beyonce signed focused on what issue?", "id": "56beb0683aeaaa14008c9214", "answers": [{"text": "women", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What had to be set in developing funding?", "id": "56beb0683aeaaa14008c9215", "answers": [{"text": "priorities", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Beyonce sign a letter for ONE Campaign?", "id": "56bfb10da10cfb1400551247", "answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To whom was the letter addressed?", "id": "56bfb10da10cfb1400551248", "answers": [{"text": "Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who are these women?", "id": "56bfb10da10cfb1400551249", "answers": [{"text": "head of the G7 in Germany", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When will they meet?", "id": "56bfb10da10cfb140055124b", "answers": [{"text": "September 2015", "answer_start": 374}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 sign a letter for in 2015?", "id": "56d4d5ef2ccc5a1400d83286", "answers": [{"text": "the ONE Campaign", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the letter addressed to?", "id": "56d4d5ef2ccc5a1400d83287", "answers": [{"text": "Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Angela Merkel serving as in relation to the letter?", "id": "56d4d5ef2ccc5a1400d83288", "answers": [{"text": "the head of the G7 in Germany", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the letter want the two recipients to focus on?", "id": "56d4d5ef2ccc5a1400d8328a", "answers": [{"text": "women", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2015 Beyonc\u00e9 signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively, which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main UN summit in September 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Beyonce along with Jay Z met with whom's family after their death?", "id": "56beb2a43aeaaa14008c9239", "answers": [{"text": "Freddie Gray", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce with Jay Z gave lots of money to bail who out of prison?", "id": "56beb2a43aeaaa14008c923a", "answers": [{"text": "protesters", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who's death caused this protest?", "id": "56bfb1fca10cfb1400551253", "answers": [{"text": "Freddie Gray", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much bail money did they spend?", "id": "56bfb1fca10cfb1400551254", "answers": [{"text": "thousands of dollars", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Following the death of Freddie Gray, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z, among other notable figures, met with his family. After the imprisonment of protesters of Gray's death, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z donated thousands of dollars to bail them out."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Beyonce beat out which musical artists for most paid between June 2007 and June 2008?", "id": "56beb4023aeaaa14008c9252", "answers": [{"text": "Madonna and Celine Dion", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce and Jay Z got a Guinness World record for what in 2009?", "id": "56beb4023aeaaa14008c9253", "answers": [{"text": "highest-earning power couple", "answer_start": 1013}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce became the highest-paid black musician in which year?", "id": "56beb4023aeaaa14008c9254", "answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 1460}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Up until May of 2015, how much is Beyonce's total worth?", "id": "56beb4023aeaaa14008c9255", "answers": [{"text": "250 million", "answer_start": 1880}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Between 2008 and 2009, which entertainers did Beyonce beat in earnings?", "id": "56bfb502a10cfb140055125b", "answers": [{"text": "Madonna and Celine Dion", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2012 who placed Beyonce at 16 in the Celebrity List?", "id": "56bfb502a10cfb140055125c", "answers": [{"text": "Forbes", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did she and Jay Z become the highest paid black celebrity couple?", "id": "56bfb502a10cfb140055125d", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 1112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did she earn in 2014?", "id": "56bfb502a10cfb140055125e", "answers": [{"text": "115 million", "answer_start": 1660}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Beyonce's net worth in 2015?", "id": "56bfb502a10cfb140055125f", "answers": [{"text": "250 million", "answer_start": 1880}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who began reporting Beyonc\u00e9's annual earnings, starting in 2008?", "id": "56d4d8702ccc5a1400d83294", "answers": [{"text": "Forbes", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 become the highest paid black musician, ever?", "id": "56d4d8702ccc5a1400d83296", "answers": [{"text": "April 2014.", "answer_start": 1557}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who predicted that Beyonc\u00e9 would become the highest paid black entertainer?", "id": "56d4d8702ccc5a1400d83297", "answers": [{"text": "MTV", "answer_start": 1427}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Jay Z and Beyonc\u00e9 become the first music couple worth over a billion dollars?", "id": "56d4d8702ccc5a1400d83298", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 1204}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Forbes magazine began reporting on Beyonc\u00e9's earnings in 2008, calculating that the $80 million earned between June 2007 to June 2008, for her music, tour, films and clothing line made her the world's best-paid music personality at the time, above Madonna and Celine Dion. They placed her fourth on the Celebrity 100 list in 2009 and ninth on the \"Most Powerful Women in the World\" list in 2010. The following year, Forbes placed her eighth on the \"Best-Paid Celebrities Under 30\" list, having earned $35 million in the past year for her clothing line and endorsement deals. In 2012, Forbes placed Beyonc\u00e9 at number 16 on the Celebrity 100 list, twelve places lower than three years ago yet still having earned $40 million in the past year for her album 4, clothing line and endorsement deals. In the same year, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z placed at number one on the \"World's Highest-Paid Celebrity Couples\", for collectively earning $78 million. The couple made it into the previous year's Guinness World Records as the \"highest-earning power couple\" for collectively earning $122 million in 2009. For the years 2009 to 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 earned an average of $70 million per year, and earned $40 million in 2012. In 2013, Beyonc\u00e9's endorsements of Pepsi and H&M made her and Jay Z the world's first billion dollar couple in the music industry. That year, Beyonc\u00e9 was published as the fourth most-powerful celebrity in the Forbes rankings. MTV estimated that by the end of 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 would become the highest-paid black musician in history; she succeeded to do so in April 2014. In June 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 ranked at #1 on the Forbes Celebrity 100 list, earning an estimated $115 million throughout June 2013 \u2013 June 2014. This in turn was the first time she had topped the Celebrity 100 list as well as being her highest yearly earnings to date. As of May 2015, her net worth is estimated to be $250 million."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Beyonce's range in singing is how many octaves?", "id": "56beb50f3aeaaa14008c926f", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who talked about Beyonce's tone and timbre as distinctive?", "id": "56beb50f3aeaaa14008c9270", "answers": [{"text": "Jody Rosen", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which critic called Beyonce's voice \"versatile\"?", "id": "56beb50f3aeaaa14008c9271", "answers": [{"text": "The Daily Mail", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which era was credited to have influenced Beyonce's singing style by Jody Rosen?", "id": "56beb50f3aeaaa14008c9272", "answers": [{"text": "hip hop", "answer_start": 546}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many octaves does Beyonce have?", "id": "56bfb676a10cfb1400551265", "answers": [{"text": "four octaves", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Daily Mail say about Beyonce's voice?", "id": "56bfb676a10cfb1400551266", "answers": [{"text": "versatile", "answer_start": 453}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Rosen claim influenced Beyonce's style?", "id": "56bfb676a10cfb1400551267", "answers": [{"text": "hip hop", "answer_start": 714}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do other critics claim?", "id": "56bfb676a10cfb1400551269", "answers": [{"text": "praise her range and power", "answer_start": 883}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many octaves does Beyonc\u00e9's voice span?", "id": "56d4d9392ccc5a1400d8329e", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why is Beyonc\u00e9 known as the centerpiece of Destiny's Child?", "id": "56d4d9392ccc5a1400d8329f", "answers": [{"text": "Her vocal abilities", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "New York Times' Jon Pareles calls Beyonc\u00e9's voice velvety yet what?", "id": "56d4d9392ccc5a1400d832a0", "answers": [{"text": "tart", "answer_start": 630}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Jody Rosen say influenced Beyonc\u00e9's vocal style?", "id": "56d4d9392ccc5a1400d832a1", "answers": [{"text": "the hip hop era", "answer_start": 710}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beyonc\u00e9's vocal range spans four octaves. Jody Rosen highlights her tone and timbre as particularly distinctive, describing her voice as \"one of the most compelling instruments in popular music\". While another critic says she is a \"Vocal acrobat, being able to sing long and complex melismas and vocal runs effortlessly, and in key. Her vocal abilities mean she is identified as the centerpiece of Destiny's Child. The Daily Mail calls Beyonc\u00e9's voice \"versatile\", capable of exploring power ballads, soul, rock belting, operatic flourishes, and hip hop. Jon Pareles of The New York Times commented that her voice is \"velvety yet tart, with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting\". Rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced Beyonc\u00e9's strange rhythmic vocal style, but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry, gospel and falsetto. Other critics praise her range and power, with Chris Richards of The Washington Post saying she was \"capable of punctuating any beat with goose-bump-inducing whispers or full-bore diva-roars.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Music from Beyonce is generally categorized as what genre?", "id": "56beb5b23aeaaa14008c9283", "answers": [{"text": "R&B", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides R&B, which genres does Beyonce dabble in?", "id": "56beb5b23aeaaa14008c9284", "answers": [{"text": "pop, soul and funk", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce mostly releases English songs, but what other language did she release songs?", "id": "56beb5b23aeaaa14008c9285", "answers": [{"text": "Spanish", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Spanish songs Beyonce released were for what?", "id": "56beb5b23aeaaa14008c9286", "answers": [{"text": "re-release of B'Day", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce was coached for her Spanish songs by which American?", "id": "56beb5b23aeaaa14008c9287", "answers": [{"text": "Rudy Perez", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of music does Beyonce do?", "id": "56bfb789a10cfb140055126f", "answers": [{"text": "R&B", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language does she mainly sing?", "id": "56bfb789a10cfb1400551271", "answers": [{"text": "English", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other language has she sung?", "id": "56bfb789a10cfb1400551272", "answers": [{"text": "Spanish", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What album did she re-release in Spanish?", "id": "56bfb789a10cfb1400551273", "answers": [{"text": "B'Day", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What style of music does Beyonc\u00e9 usually perform?", "id": "56d4d9a92ccc5a1400d832a6", "answers": [{"text": "R&B", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language did Beyonc\u00e9 release several songs in?", "id": "56d4d9a92ccc5a1400d832a7", "answers": [{"text": "Spanish", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who coached Beyonc\u00e9 for her Spanish recordings?", "id": "56d4d9a92ccc5a1400d832a8", "answers": [{"text": "Rudy Perez.", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What album did the Spanish songs come from?", "id": "56d4d9a92ccc5a1400d832a9", "answers": [{"text": "B'Day.", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beyonc\u00e9's music is generally R&B, but she also incorporates pop, soul and funk into her songs. 4 demonstrated Beyonc\u00e9's exploration of 90s-style R&B, as well as further use of soul and hip hop than compared to previous releases. While she almost exclusively releases English songs, Beyonc\u00e9 recorded several Spanish songs for Irreemplazable (re-recordings of songs from B'Day for a Spanish-language audience), and the re-release of B'Day. To record these, Beyonc\u00e9 was coached phonetically by American record producer Rudy Perez."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Beyonce does not create which aspect of her music?", "id": "56beb67d3aeaaa14008c929a", "answers": [{"text": "beats", "answer_start": 521}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "An example of a song aimed towards a male audience is what?", "id": "56beb67d3aeaaa14008c929b", "answers": [{"text": "Cater 2 U", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What theme was Beyonce's early music?", "id": "56bfb8dca10cfb1400551279", "answers": [{"text": "female-empowerment", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With Jay Z what were her new themes?", "id": "56bfb8dca10cfb140055127b", "answers": [{"text": "man-tending anthems", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does she get credits for in her music?", "id": "56bfb8dca10cfb140055127c", "answers": [{"text": "co-producing credits", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of production does she do?", "id": "56bfb8dca10cfb140055127d", "answers": [{"text": "melodies", "answer_start": 564}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonc\u00e9's early recordings empowered who?", "id": "56d4dd502ccc5a1400d832ae", "answers": [{"text": "Women", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to co-writing credits, Beyonc\u00e9 also got what credits for most of her albums?", "id": "56d4dd502ccc5a1400d832b0", "answers": [{"text": "co-producing", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Rather than beats, what two things does Beyonc\u00e9 usually come up with for producers?", "id": "56d4dd502ccc5a1400d832b1", "answers": [{"text": "melodies and ideas", "answer_start": 564}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "She has received co-writing credits for most of the songs recorded with Destiny's Child and her solo efforts. Her early songs were personally driven and female-empowerment themed compositions like \"Independent Women\" and \"Survivor\", but after the start of her relationship with Jay Z she transitioned to more man-tending anthems such as \"Cater 2 U\". Beyonc\u00e9 has also received co-producing credits for most of the records in which she has been involved, especially during her solo efforts. However, she does not formulate beats herself, but typically comes up with melodies and ideas during production, sharing them with producers."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Pop Songwriter of the Year award in 2001 was awarded to whom?", "id": "56beb9203aeaaa14008c92d1", "answers": [{"text": "Beyonc\u00e9", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce received the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at which event?", "id": "56beb9203aeaaa14008c92d2", "answers": [{"text": "American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce has the same number of writing credits on number one singles as whom?", "id": "56beb9203aeaaa14008c92d4", "answers": [{"text": "Diane Warren", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce joined 2 other women on what list from Billboard magazine in 2011?", "id": "56beb9203aeaaa14008c92d5", "answers": [{"text": "Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters", "answer_start": 656}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Beyonce become the first African American woman to win Pop songwriter of the year?", "id": "56bfbacaa10cfb1400551283", "answers": [{"text": "2001", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What place is she tied for in songwriting credits?", "id": "56bfbacaa10cfb1400551284", "answers": [{"text": "third", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who listed her at number 17 in their list of  Top 20 hot 100 Songwriters?", "id": "56bfbacaa10cfb1400551285", "answers": [{"text": "Billboard magazine", "answer_start": 587}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does she place in writing credits  for three number one songs?", "id": "56bfbacaa10cfb1400551287", "answers": [{"text": "third woman", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 win in 2001, making her the first black woman to do so?", "id": "56d4df312ccc5a1400d832b6", "answers": [{"text": "Pop Songwriter of the Year award", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who gave Beyonc\u00e9 the Pop Songwriter of the Year award in 2001?", "id": "56d4df312ccc5a1400d832b7", "answers": [{"text": "the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards.", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonc\u00e9 was one of how many women on Billboard magazine's 2011 \"Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters\" list.", "id": "56d4df312ccc5a1400d832b9", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What number was Beyonc\u00e9 on the Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters list?", "id": "56d4df312ccc5a1400d832ba", "answers": [{"text": "17", "answer_start": 631}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2001, she became the first African-American woman and second woman songwriter to win the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards. Beyonc\u00e9 was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs (\"Irreplaceable\", \"Grillz\" and \"Check on It\") in the same year, after Carole King in 1971 and Mariah Carey in 1991. She is tied with American songwriter Diane Warren at third with nine songwriting credits on number-one singles. (The latter wrote her 9/11-motivated song \"I Was Here\" for 4.) In May 2011, Billboard magazine listed Beyonc\u00e9 at number 17 on their list of the \"Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters\", for having co-written eight singles that hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. She was one of only three women on that list."}, {"qas": [{"question": "To whom did Beyonce credit as her major influence on her music?", "id": "56beba293aeaaa14008c92ef", "answers": [{"text": "Michael Jackson", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Beyonce when she went to her first Michael Jackson concert as a kid?", "id": "56beba293aeaaa14008c92f0", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce gave a tribute award to who in 2006?", "id": "56beba293aeaaa14008c92f1", "answers": [{"text": "Michael Jackson", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce cites Mariah Carey to making her want to start doing what?", "id": "56beba293aeaaa14008c92f2", "answers": [{"text": "vocal runs", "answer_start": 589}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who influenced Beyonce?", "id": "56bfbc17a10cfb140055128d", "answers": [{"text": "Michael Jackson", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song by Mariah Carey influenced her?", "id": "56bfbc17a10cfb1400551290", "answers": [{"text": "Vision of Love", "answer_start": 534}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is Beyonc\u00e9's biggest musical influence?", "id": "56d4dfc82ccc5a1400d832ca", "answers": [{"text": "Michael Jackson", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Beyonc\u00e9's first concert?", "id": "56d4dfc82ccc5a1400d832cb", "answers": [{"text": "Michael Jackson", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does Beyonc\u00e9 feel is an all-around entertainer?", "id": "56d4dfc82ccc5a1400d832cc", "answers": [{"text": "Diana Ross", "answer_start": 358}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does she credit for the inspiration to \"get up there and do what she did\"?", "id": "56d4dfc82ccc5a1400d832cd", "answers": [{"text": "Whitney Houston", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song caused Beyonc\u00e9 to practice runs as a child?", "id": "56d4dfc82ccc5a1400d832ce", "answers": [{"text": "Vision of Love", "answer_start": 534}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 names Michael Jackson as her major musical influence. Aged five, Beyonc\u00e9 attended her first ever concert where Jackson performed and she claims to have realised her purpose. When she presented him with a tribute award at the World Music Awards in 2006, Beyonc\u00e9 said, \"if it wasn't for Michael Jackson, I would never ever have performed.\" She admires Diana Ross as an \"all-around entertainer\" and Whitney Houston, who she said \"inspired me to get up there and do what she did.\" She credits Mariah Carey's singing and her song \"Vision of Love\" as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child. Her other musical influences include Aaliyah, Prince, Lauryn Hill, Sade Adu, Donna Summer, Mary J. Blige, Janet Jackson, Anita Baker and Rachelle Ferrell."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What themes were influenced by her acting role in Dreamgirls?", "id": "56bebba63aeaaa14008c930b", "answers": [{"text": "feminism and female empowerment", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which singer did Beyonce honor by entertaining with her song \"Deja Vu\"?", "id": "56bebba63aeaaa14008c930c", "answers": [{"text": "Josephine Baker", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who motivated Beyonce to explore other areas of music?", "id": "56bebba63aeaaa14008c930e", "answers": [{"text": "Etta James", "answer_start": 399}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What movie influenced Beyonce towards empowerment themes? ", "id": "56bfbda3a10cfb1400551297", "answers": [{"text": "Dreamgirls", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Etta James influence her?", "id": "56bfbda3a10cfb140055129a", "answers": [{"text": "boldness", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did she perform wearing Baker's hula skirt?", "id": "56bfbda3a10cfb140055129b", "answers": [{"text": "2006 Fashion Rocks concert", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What singer inspired Beyonc\u00e9's B'Day album?", "id": "56d4e0532ccc5a1400d832d4", "answers": [{"text": "Josephine Baker.", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song did Beyonc\u00e9 sing at a 2006 concert to honor Josephine Baker?", "id": "56d4e0532ccc5a1400d832d5", "answers": [{"text": "D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The feminism and female empowerment themes on Beyonc\u00e9's second solo album B'Day were inspired by her role in Dreamgirls and by singer Josephine Baker. Beyonc\u00e9 paid homage to Baker by performing \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\" at the 2006 Fashion Rocks concert wearing Baker's trademark mini-hula skirt embellished with fake bananas. Beyonc\u00e9's third solo album I Am... Sasha Fierce was inspired by Jay Z and especially by Etta James, whose \"boldness\" inspired Beyonc\u00e9 to explore other musical genres and styles. Her fourth solo album, 4, was inspired by Fela Kuti, 1990s R&B, Earth, Wind & Fire, DeBarge, Lionel Richie, Teena Marie with additional influences by The Jackson 5, New Edition, Adele, Florence and the Machine, and Prince."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Beyonce has noted which first lady with saying \"She proves you can do it all\"?", "id": "56bec1c53aeaaa14008c936b", "answers": [{"text": "Michelle Obama", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which month and year did Beyonce credit Madonna for inspiring her to take control of her career?", "id": "56bec1c53aeaaa14008c936c", "answers": [{"text": "February 2013", "answer_start": 588}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce has said that who embodies the \"definition of inspiration and a strong woman\"?", "id": "56bec1c53aeaaa14008c936d", "answers": [{"text": "Oprah Winfrey", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who personally influences Beyonce?", "id": "56bfbf2fa10cfb14005512a1", "answers": [{"text": "Michelle Obama", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Hoe does she describe Oprah Winfrey?", "id": "56bfbf2fa10cfb14005512a2", "answers": [{"text": "a strong woman", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does she describe Jean- Michel Basquiat?", "id": "56bfbf2fa10cfb14005512a3", "answers": [{"text": "lyrical and raw", "answer_start": 567}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does Madonna influence her?", "id": "56bfbf2fa10cfb14005512a4", "answers": [{"text": "to take control of her own career", "answer_start": 642}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does she describe Jay Z?", "id": "56bfbf2fa10cfb14005512a5", "answers": [{"text": "continuing inspiration", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who inspires Beyonc\u00e9 because \"she does it all?\"", "id": "56d4e0e92ccc5a1400d832da", "answers": [{"text": "First Lady Michelle Obama", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does Beyonc\u00e9 describe as the definition of inspiration?", "id": "56d4e0e92ccc5a1400d832db", "answers": [{"text": "Oprah Winfrey", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does Beyonc\u00e9 describe as lyrical and raw?", "id": "56d4e0e92ccc5a1400d832dc", "answers": [{"text": "Jean-Michel Basquiat", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who inspired Beyonc\u00e9 to take control of her career?", "id": "56d4e0e92ccc5a1400d832dd", "answers": [{"text": "Madonna", "answer_start": 621}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 has stated that she is personally inspired by US First Lady Michelle Obama, saying \"She proves you can do it all\" and she has described Oprah Winfrey as \"the definition of inspiration and a strong woman\". She has also discussed how Jay Z is a continuing inspiration to her, both with what she describes as his lyrical genius and in the obstacles he has overcome in his life. Beyonc\u00e9 has expressed admiration for the artist Jean-Michel Basquiat, posting in a letter \"what I find in the work of Jean-Michel Basquiat, I search for in every day in music... he is lyrical and raw\". In February 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 said that Madonna inspired her to take control of her own career. She commented: \"I think about Madonna and how she took all of the great things she achieved and started the label and developed other artists. But there are not enough of those women.\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Beyonce had an all-female tour band whose name was what?", "id": "56bec29b3aeaaa14008c937f", "answers": [{"text": "Suga Mama", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce had singers in the background known by the name as?", "id": "56bec29b3aeaaa14008c9380", "answers": [{"text": "The Mamas", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Mamas members included which 3 musicians?", "id": "56bec29b3aeaaa14008c9381", "answers": [{"text": "Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqu\u00e9 Riddick", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Mamas first appearance was when?", "id": "56bec29b3aeaaa14008c9382", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What band did Beyonce introduce in 2006?", "id": "56bfc0a7a10cfb14005512ab", "answers": [{"text": "Suga Mama", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song name does the band Suga Mama  and a song on the B'Day album share?", "id": "56bfc0a7a10cfb14005512ac", "answers": [{"text": "Suga Mama", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Suga Mama band make their first appearance?", "id": "56bfc0a7a10cfb14005512ad", "answers": [{"text": "2006 BET Awards", "answer_start": 347}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What band supports Beyonce in her tours?", "id": "56bfc0a7a10cfb14005512af", "answers": [{"text": "Suga Mama", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's female tour band?", "id": "56d4e17f2ccc5a1400d832e2", "answers": [{"text": "Suga Mama", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Suga Mama is also a song on which Beyonc\u00e9 album?", "id": "56d4e17f2ccc5a1400d832e3", "answers": [{"text": "B'Day", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are Beyonc\u00e9's backup singers called?", "id": "56d4e17f2ccc5a1400d832e4", "answers": [{"text": "The Mamas", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did The Mamas make their debut?", "id": "56d4e17f2ccc5a1400d832e5", "answers": [{"text": "the 2006 BET Awards", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2006, Beyonc\u00e9 introduced her all-female tour band Suga Mama (also the name of a song in B'Day) which includes bassists, drummers, guitarists, horn players, keyboardists and percussionists. Her background singers, The Mamas, consist of Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqu\u00e9 Riddick. They made their debut appearance at the 2006 BET Awards and re-appeared in the music videos for \"Irreplaceable\" and \"Green Light\". The band have supported Beyonc\u00e9 in most subsequent live performances, including her 2007 concert tour The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience, 2009\u20132010 I Am... World Tour and 2013\u20132014 The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What characteristics has Beyonce received acclaim for?", "id": "56bec3303aeaaa14008c9391", "answers": [{"text": "stage presence and voice", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which former president of Def Jam called Beyonce the greatest entertainer alive?", "id": "56bec3303aeaaa14008c9393", "answers": [{"text": "L.A. Reid", "answer_start": 445}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what does Beyonce receive praise?", "id": "56bfc281a10cfb14005512b5", "answers": [{"text": "stage presence", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who chose her as number one on his list of Best singers/ Dancers?", "id": "56bfc281a10cfb14005512b6", "answers": [{"text": "Jarett Wieselman", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How has L.A. Reid described her?", "id": "56bfc281a10cfb14005512b8", "answers": [{"text": "greatest entertainer alive", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does Alice Jones describe her?", "id": "56bfc281a10cfb14005512b9", "answers": [{"text": "she's almost too good", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has Beyonc\u00e9 at number one on her Five Best Singer/Dancers?", "id": "56d4e2142ccc5a1400d832ec", "answers": [{"text": "Jarett Wieselman", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has said that Beyonc\u00e9 is the best entertainer alive?", "id": "56d4e2142ccc5a1400d832ed", "answers": [{"text": "L.A. Reid", "answer_start": 445}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 has received praise for her stage presence and voice during live performances. Jarett Wieselman of the New York Post placed her at number one on her list of the Five Best Singer/Dancers. According to Barbara Ellen of The Guardian Beyonc\u00e9 is the most in-charge female artist she's seen onstage, while Alice Jones of The Independent wrote she \"takes her role as entertainer so seriously she's almost too good.\" The ex-President of Def Jam L.A. Reid has described Beyonc\u00e9 as the greatest entertainer alive. Jim Farber of the Daily News and Stephanie Classen of Star Phoenix both praised her strong voice and her stage presence."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Beyonce self proclaimed alter ego is named what?", "id": "56bec3ea3aeaaa14008c939f", "answers": [{"text": "Sasha Fierce", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Her alter ego was born when according to Beyonce?", "id": "56bec3ea3aeaaa14008c93a0", "answers": [{"text": "making of \"Crazy in Love\"", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Beyonce do away with Sasha Fierce?", "id": "56bec3ea3aeaaa14008c93a2", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce brought back Sasha Fierce during which event?", "id": "56bec3ea3aeaaa14008c93a3", "answers": [{"text": "Revel Presents: Beyonc\u00e9 Live", "answer_start": 712}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does she describe Sasha?", "id": "56bfc420a10cfb14005512c0", "answers": [{"text": "too aggressive, too strong", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Later what did she say about Sasha?", "id": "56bfc420a10cfb14005512c2", "answers": [{"text": "she would bring her back", "answer_start": 679}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's alter ego?", "id": "56d4e2e12ccc5a1400d832f0", "answers": [{"text": "Sasha Fierce.", "answer_start": 475}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 introduce Sasha Fierce?", "id": "56d4e2e12ccc5a1400d832f1", "answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Sasha Fierce was created during the making of what song?", "id": "56d4e2e12ccc5a1400d832f2", "answers": [{"text": "Crazy in Love", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 tell in February 2010 that Sasha Fierce was no longer needed?", "id": "56d4e2e12ccc5a1400d832f3", "answers": [{"text": "Allure magazine", "answer_start": 542}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Described as being \"sexy, seductive and provocative\" when performing on stage, Beyonc\u00e9 has said that she originally created the alter ego \"Sasha Fierce\" to keep that stage persona separate from who she really is. She described Sasha as being \"too aggressive, too strong, too sassy [and] too sexy\", stating, \"I'm not like her in real life at all.\" Sasha was conceived during the making of \"Crazy in Love\", and Beyonc\u00e9 introduced her with the release of her 2008 album I Am... Sasha Fierce. In February 2010, she announced in an interview with Allure magazine that she was comfortable enough with herself to no longer need Sasha Fierce. However, Beyonc\u00e9 announced in May 2012 that she would bring her back for her Revel Presents: Beyonc\u00e9 Live shows later that month."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Beyonce's sex appeal is characterized as what?", "id": "56bec4de3aeaaa14008c93bb", "answers": [{"text": "wide-ranging", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which music journalist described Beyonce as a \"crossover sex symbol?\"", "id": "56bec4de3aeaaa14008c93bc", "answers": [{"text": "Tour\u00e9", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which word spawned from a term used to describe Beyonce in 2006?", "id": "56bec4de3aeaaa14008c93bd", "answers": [{"text": "Bootylicious", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Bootylicious was a song from which act that Beyonce performed with?", "id": "56bec4de3aeaaa14008c93be", "answers": [{"text": "Destiny's Child", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Oxford Dictionary added which word from the 2000s dedicated to Beyonce?", "id": "56bec4de3aeaaa14008c93bf", "answers": [{"text": "Bootylicious", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What word is often used to describe Beyonce/", "id": "56bfc563a10cfb14005512ca", "answers": [{"text": "Bootylicious", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the term added to the dictionary?", "id": "56bfc563a10cfb14005512cc", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 543}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What journalist wrote that Beyonc\u00e9 was a \"sex symbol\"?", "id": "56d4e5022ccc5a1400d832fa", "answers": [{"text": "Tour\u00e9", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Because of Beyonc\u00e9's physical shape, what slang term has been used to describe her?", "id": "56d4e5022ccc5a1400d832fb", "answers": [{"text": "Bootylicious", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the slang term from a title of a Destiny's Child song that is also used to describe Beyonc\u00e9 put in the dictionary?", "id": "56d4e5022ccc5a1400d832fc", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 543}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does Beyonc\u00e9 say she likes to dress off-stage?", "id": "56d4e5022ccc5a1400d832fd", "answers": [{"text": "sexily", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 has been described as a having a wide-ranging sex appeal, with music journalist Tour\u00e9 writing that since the release of Dangerously in Love, she has \"become a crossover sex symbol\". Offstage Beyonc\u00e9 says that while she likes to dress sexily, her onstage dress \"is absolutely for the stage.\" Due to her curves and the term's catchiness, in the 2000s, the media often used the term \"Bootylicious\" (a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious) to describe Beyonc\u00e9, the term popularized by Destiny's Child's single of the same name. In 2006, it was added to the Oxford English Dictionary."}, {"qas": [{"question": "in September 2010, what career area did Beyonce start exploring?", "id": "56bec5d53aeaaa14008c93d9", "answers": [{"text": "modelling", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce's first modelling event was at where?", "id": "56bec5d53aeaaa14008c93da", "answers": [{"text": "Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "\"World's Most Beautiful woman\" was declared to Beyonce by which national magazine?", "id": "56bec5d53aeaaa14008c93db", "answers": [{"text": "People", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which month and year did GQ feature Beyonce on its cover?", "id": "56bec5d53aeaaa14008c93dc", "answers": [{"text": "January 2013", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What TV network listed Beyonce as number 1 on its 100 Sexiest Artists list?", "id": "56bec5d53aeaaa14008c93dd", "answers": [{"text": "VH1", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who called Beyonce the World's most Beautiful Woman?", "id": "56bfc6a6a10cfb14005512d3", "answers": [{"text": "People", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who called her Hottest Female Singer of all Time?", "id": "56bfc6a6a10cfb14005512d4", "answers": [{"text": "Complex", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did she appear on the cover of GQ?", "id": "56bfc6a6a10cfb14005512d5", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "VH1 listed her at what number on their 100 Sexiest Artists list?", "id": "56bfc6a6a10cfb14005512d6", "answers": [{"text": "number 1", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Beyonc\u00e9 first model for Tom Ford?", "id": "56d4e5922ccc5a1400d83302", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What magazine said Beyonc\u00e9 was the \"World's Most Beautiful Woman\"?", "id": "56d4e5922ccc5a1400d83303", "answers": [{"text": "People", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What title did Complex award Beyonc\u00e9?", "id": "56d4e5922ccc5a1400d83304", "answers": [{"text": "Hottest Female Singer of All Time", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What museum has made several models of Beyonc\u00e9 in wax?", "id": "56d4e5922ccc5a1400d83306", "answers": [{"text": "Madame Tussauds Wax Museums", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In September 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show. She was named \"World's Most Beautiful Woman\" by People and the \"Hottest Female Singer of All Time\" by Complex in 2012. In January 2013, GQ placed her on its cover, featuring her atop its \"100 Sexiest Women of the 21st Century\" list. VH1 listed her at number 1 on its 100 Sexiest Artists list. Several wax figures of Beyonc\u00e9 are found at Madame Tussauds Wax Museums in major cities around the world, including New York, Washington, D.C., Amsterdam, Bangkok, Hollywood and Sydney."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which parent of Beyonce's help co-write a book?", "id": "56bec6763aeaaa14008c93f4", "answers": [{"text": "Her mother", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which African-American woman before Beyonce had posed for SI Swimsuit issue?", "id": "56bec6763aeaaa14008c93f7", "answers": [{"text": "Tyra Banks", "answer_start": 535}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the title of Beyonce's mother's book?", "id": "56bfc87ca10cfb14005512dd", "answers": [{"text": "Destiny's Style", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was she on the Sports Illustrated cover?", "id": "56bfc87ca10cfb14005512e0", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was she the second  African American on the cover after?", "id": "56bfc87ca10cfb14005512e1", "answers": [{"text": "Tyra Banks", "answer_start": 535}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonc\u00e9 was the second African American woman featured as a swimsuit cover on the magazine, who was first?", "id": "56d4e62e2ccc5a1400d8330f", "answers": [{"text": "Tyra Banks", "answer_start": 535}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What magazine said Beyonc\u00e9 was the \"best-dressed celebrity\"?", "id": "56d4e62e2ccc5a1400d83310", "answers": [{"text": "People", "answer_start": 551}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to Italian fashion designer Roberto Cavalli, Beyonc\u00e9 uses different fashion styles to work with her music while performing. Her mother co-wrote a book, published in 2002, titled Destiny's Style an account of how fashion had an impact on the trio's success. The B'Day Anthology Video Album showed many instances of fashion-oriented footage, depicting classic to contemporary wardrobe styles. In 2007, Beyonc\u00e9 was featured on the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue, becoming the second African American woman after Tyra Banks, and People magazine recognized Beyonc\u00e9 as the best-dressed celebrity."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Beyonce has a fan base that is referred to as what?", "id": "56bec6de3aeaaa14008c9407", "answers": [{"text": "The Bey Hive", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Before the Bey Hive, fans of Beyonce were called what?", "id": "56bec6de3aeaaa14008c9408", "answers": [{"text": "The Beyontourage", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which social media company proclaimed Beyonce fans are know as the Bey Hive?", "id": "56bec6de3aeaaa14008c9409", "answers": [{"text": "Twitter", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Beyonce's fan base called?", "id": "56bfcaf0a10cfb14005512e7", "answers": [{"text": "Bey Hive", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the fans used to be called?", "id": "56bfcaf0a10cfb14005512e8", "answers": [{"text": "Beyontourage", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the latest term used to describe Beyonc\u00e9 fans?", "id": "56d4e7eb2ccc5a1400d83316", "answers": [{"text": "Bey Hive", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the former word given to Beyonc\u00e9 fans?", "id": "56d4e7eb2ccc5a1400d83317", "answers": [{"text": "Beyontourage", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What word does \"Bey Hive\" derive from?", "id": "56d4e7eb2ccc5a1400d83318", "answers": [{"text": "beehive", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Bey Hive is the name given to Beyonc\u00e9's fan base. Fans were previously titled \"The Beyontourage\", (a portmanteau of Beyonc\u00e9 and entourage). The name Bey Hive derives from the word beehive, purposely misspelled to resemble her first name, and was penned by fans after petitions on the online social networking service Twitter and online news reports during competitions."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Beyonce has a clothing line known as what?", "id": "56bec7b63aeaaa14008c9422", "answers": [{"text": "House of Der\u00e9on", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which French magazine did Beyonce show up on the cover of?", "id": "56bec7b63aeaaa14008c9423", "answers": [{"text": "L'Officiel", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce was seen wearing what on the french magazine that caused controversy?", "id": "56bec7b63aeaaa14008c9424", "answers": [{"text": "blackface and tribal makeup", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which year did PETA spark controversy with Beyonce?", "id": "56bec7b63aeaaa14008c9425", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did PETA criticize Beyonce for in 2006?", "id": "56bfcd33a10cfb14005512f1", "answers": [{"text": "for wearing and using fur", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What French Magazine cover did the media criticize?", "id": "56bfcd33a10cfb14005512f2", "answers": [{"text": "L'Officiel", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was she dressed on the cover of L'Officiel?", "id": "56bfcd33a10cfb14005512f4", "answers": [{"text": "in blackface and tribal makeup", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What French magazine did Beyonc\u00e9 appear in wearing blackface and tribal makeup?", "id": "56d4e8472ccc5a1400d8331f", "answers": [{"text": "L'Officiel", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What clothing line of Beyonc\u00e9 drew PETA criticism?", "id": "56d4e8472ccc5a1400d83320", "answers": [{"text": "House of Der\u00e9on.", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of magazine is L'Officiel?", "id": "56d4e8472ccc5a1400d83321", "answers": [{"text": "French fashion magazine", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2006, the animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), criticized Beyonc\u00e9 for wearing and using fur in her clothing line House of Der\u00e9on. In 2011, she appeared on the cover of French fashion magazine L'Officiel, in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media. A statement released from a spokesperson for the magazine said that Beyonc\u00e9's look was \"far from the glamorous Sasha Fierce\" and that it was \"a return to her African roots\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which racial community gave criticism to Beyonce?", "id": "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c943f", "answers": [{"text": "African-American", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which professor from Northeastern University wrote about how race correlates with these criticisms of Beyonce?", "id": "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9440", "answers": [{"text": "Emmett Price", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which company was accused of coloring Beyonce's hair?", "id": "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9441", "answers": [{"text": "L'Or\u00e9al", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Vogue request?", "id": "56bfcf98a10cfb14005512fd", "answers": [{"text": "natural pictures be used", "answer_start": 615}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did L'Oreal respond to accusations of changing pictures?", "id": "56bfcf98a10cfb14005512fe", "answers": [{"text": "it is categorically untrue", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to her light skin color, what else has made part of the African American community criticize Beyonc\u00e9?", "id": "56d4e8512ccc5a1400d83326", "answers": [{"text": "costuming", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2007, which music professor said he believes this criticism does involve race as well?", "id": "56d4e8512ccc5a1400d83327", "answers": [{"text": "Emmett Price", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was accused of lightening Beyonc\u00e9's skin for an advertisement?", "id": "56d4e8512ccc5a1400d83328", "answers": [{"text": "L'Or\u00e9al", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What advertisement was Beyonc\u00e9's skin supposedly lightened in?", "id": "56d4e8512ccc5a1400d83329", "answers": [{"text": "Feria hair color advertisements", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 tell in 2013 to only use natural pictures of her rather than retouched images?", "id": "56d4e8512ccc5a1400d8332a", "answers": [{"text": "H&M", "answer_start": 505}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beyonc\u00e9's lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the African-American community. Emmett Price, a professor of music at Northeastern University, wrote in 2007, that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms, saying white celebrities who dress similarly do not attract as many comments. In 2008, L'Or\u00e9al was accused of whitening her skin in their Feria hair color advertisements, responding that \"it is categorically untrue\", and in 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 herself criticized H&M for their proposed \"retouching\" of promotional images of her, and according to Vogue requested that only \"natural pictures be used\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Artist of the Decade was bestowed upon Beyonce from which magazine?", "id": "56bec94f3aeaaa14008c944f", "answers": [{"text": "The Guardian", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whats the first year that Beyonce appear on the Time 100 list?", "id": "56bec94f3aeaaa14008c9450", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 700}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce than appeared again on the Time 100 list in what year?", "id": "56bec94f3aeaaa14008c9451", "answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 1078}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Guardian name her?", "id": "56bfd14ba10cfb1400551306", "answers": [{"text": "Artist of the Decade", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Beyonce first make the Time 100 List?", "id": "56bfd14ba10cfb1400551307", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 700}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was she again on the Time 100 List and on the cover?", "id": "56bfd14ba10cfb1400551308", "answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 1078}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said that she is the reigning national voice?", "id": "56bfd14ba10cfb1400551309", "answers": [{"text": "Baz Luhrmann", "answer_start": 738}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who stated that Beyonc\u00e9 is the most important musician of the 21st century?", "id": "56d4e91b2ccc5a1400d83330", "answers": [{"text": "Jody Rosen", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which publication named Beyonc\u00e9 the Artist of the Decade?", "id": "56d4e91b2ccc5a1400d83331", "answers": [{"text": "The Guardian", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What list did Beyonc\u00e9 make in 2013?", "id": "56d4e91b2ccc5a1400d83332", "answers": [{"text": "Time 100 list", "answer_start": 723}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said Beyonc\u00e9 is the heir-apparent diva of the United States?", "id": "56d4e91b2ccc5a1400d83333", "answers": [{"text": "Baz Luhrmann", "answer_start": 738}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Beyonc\u00e9 featured both on the Time 100 list as well as the cover of the issue?", "id": "56d4e91b2ccc5a1400d83334", "answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 1078}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In The New Yorker music critic Jody Rosen described Beyonc\u00e9 as \"the most important and compelling popular musician of the twenty-first century..... the result, the logical end point, of a century-plus of pop.\" When The Guardian named her Artist of the Decade, Llewyn-Smith wrote, \"Why Beyonc\u00e9? [...] Because she made not one but two of the decade's greatest singles, with Crazy in Love and Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It), not to mention her hits with Destiny's Child; and this was the decade when singles \u2013 particularly R&B singles \u2013 regained their status as pop's favourite medium. [...] [She] and not any superannuated rock star was arguably the greatest live performer of the past 10 years.\" In 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 made the Time 100 list, Baz Luhrmann writing \"no one has that voice, no one moves the way she moves, no one can hold an audience the way she does... When Beyonc\u00e9 does an album, when Beyonc\u00e9 sings a song, when Beyonc\u00e9 does anything, it's an event, and it's broadly influential. Right now, she is the heir-apparent diva of the USA \u2014 the reigning national voice.\" In 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 was listed again on the Time 100 and also featured on the cover of the issue."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which rock band cited Beyonce on their third album?", "id": "56bec9f13aeaaa14008c9467", "answers": [{"text": "White Rabbits", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which friend learned from Beyonce while preparing for the film, \"Country Strong?\"", "id": "56bec9f13aeaaa14008c9468", "answers": [{"text": "Gwyneth Paltrow", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Nicky Minaj became a spokesperson for which brand of soda after seeing Beyonce involved with it?", "id": "56bec9f13aeaaa14008c9469", "answers": [{"text": "Pepsi", "answer_start": 562}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What influenced Nicki Minaj to join the Pepsi global campaign?", "id": "56bfd351a10cfb1400551310", "answers": [{"text": "Beyonc\u00e9's Pepsi commercial", "answer_start": 552}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which band listed Beyonce as an inspiration on their latest album?", "id": "56bfd351a10cfb1400551311", "answers": [{"text": "White Rabbits", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What about Beyonce has influenced many entertainers?", "id": "56bfd351a10cfb1400551312", "answers": [{"text": "work", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what film was Paltrow studying Beyonce ?", "id": "56bfd351a10cfb1400551313", "answers": [{"text": "Country Strong", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Indie band said Beyonc\u00e9 was an inspiration for one of hteir albums?", "id": "56d4e9d12ccc5a1400d8333a", "answers": [{"text": "White Rabbits", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the White Rabbits' album?", "id": "56d4e9d12ccc5a1400d8333b", "answers": [{"text": "Milk Famous", "answer_start": 358}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who studied Beyonc\u00e9 during live concerts for research for a film's music role?", "id": "56d4e9d12ccc5a1400d8333c", "answers": [{"text": "Gwyneth Paltrow", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the film that Gwyneth Paltrow starred in as a musician?", "id": "56d4e9d12ccc5a1400d8333d", "answers": [{"text": "Country Strong.", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonc\u00e9's Pepsi commercial inspired which star to join Pepsi's global campaign in 2012?", "id": "56d4e9d12ccc5a1400d8333e", "answers": [{"text": "Nicki Minaj", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beyonc\u00e9's work has influenced numerous artists including Adele, Ariana Grande, Lady Gaga, Bridgit Mendler, Rihanna, Kelly Rowland, Sam Smith, Meghan Trainor, Nicole Scherzinger, Rita Ora, Zendaya, Cheryl Cole, JoJo, Alexis Jordan, Jessica Sanchez, and Azealia Banks. American indie rock band White Rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album Milk Famous (2012), friend Gwyneth Paltrow studied Beyonc\u00e9 at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film Country Strong. Nicki Minaj has stated that seeing Beyonc\u00e9's Pepsi commercial influenced her decision to appear in the company's 2012 global campaign."}, {"qas": [{"question": "VH1 declared what song the \"Greatest song of the 2000s?\"", "id": "56beca973aeaaa14008c9477", "answers": [{"text": "Crazy in Love", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Grammy awards did \"Crazy in Love\" win?", "id": "56beca973aeaaa14008c9478", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many did Crazy in Love sell to become one of the greatest selling singles in history?", "id": "56beca973aeaaa14008c9479", "answers": [{"text": "8 million", "answer_start": 304}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of organism was named after Beyonce in 2012?", "id": "56beca973aeaaa14008c947a", "answers": [{"text": "fly", "answer_start": 959}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A place for Beyonce in the Rock and Roll Hall of fame was awarded when?", "id": "56beca973aeaaa14008c947b", "answers": [{"text": "July 2014", "answer_start": 1073}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of Beyonce's songs was called Greatest Song of the 2000s?", "id": "56bfd565a10cfb1400551319", "answers": [{"text": "Crazy in Love", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Grammy awards did Crazy in Love get?", "id": "56bfd565a10cfb140055131a", "answers": [{"text": "earned two Grammy Awards", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many copies did Crazy in Love sell?", "id": "56bfd565a10cfb140055131b", "answers": [{"text": "around 8 million copies", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who released the single Girls Love Beyonce?", "id": "56bfd565a10cfb140055131c", "answers": [{"text": "Drake", "answer_start": 702}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which publication considers Crazy in Love to be one of the top 500 songs of all time?", "id": "56d4eaca2ccc5a1400d83345", "answers": [{"text": "Rolling Stone", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who sang \"Girls Love Beyonc\u00e9\" in 2013?", "id": "56d4eaca2ccc5a1400d83347", "answers": [{"text": "Drake", "answer_start": 702}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Bryan Lessard name after Beyonc\u00e9?", "id": "56d4eaca2ccc5a1400d83348", "answers": [{"text": "a species of horse fly", "answer_start": 940}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Her debut single, \"Crazy in Love\" was named VH1's \"Greatest Song of the 2000s\", NME's \"Best Track of the 00s\" and \"Pop Song of the Century\", considered by Rolling Stone to be one of the 500 greatest songs of all time, earned two Grammy Awards and is one of the best-selling singles of all time at around 8 million copies. The music video for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", which achieved fame for its intricate choreography and its deployment of jazz hands, was credited by the Toronto Star as having started the \"first major dance craze of both the new millennium and the Internet\", triggering a number of parodies of the dance choreography and a legion of amateur imitators on YouTube. In 2013, Drake released a single titled \"Girls Love Beyonc\u00e9\", which featured an interpolation from Destiny Child's \"Say My Name\" and discussed his relationship with women. In January 2012, research scientist Bryan Lessard named Scaptia beyonceae, a species of horse fly found in Northern Queensland, Australia after Beyonc\u00e9 due to the fly's unique golden hairs on its abdomen. In July 2014, a Beyonc\u00e9 exhibit was introduced into the \"Legends of Rock\" section of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The black leotard from the \"Single Ladies\" video and her outfit from the Super Bowl half time performance are among several pieces housed at the museum."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many copies of her albums as Beyonce sold in the US?", "id": "56becb8d3aeaaa14008c9495", "answers": [{"text": "15 million", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Totaling worldwide, how many records as Beyonce sold?", "id": "56becb8d3aeaaa14008c9496", "answers": [{"text": "118 million", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many certifications was Beyonce awarded by the RIAA?", "id": "56becb8d3aeaaa14008c9497", "answers": [{"text": "64", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When Beyonce was with Destiny's Child, how many albums did she manage to sell?", "id": "56becb8d3aeaaa14008c9498", "answers": [{"text": "60 million", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first female to achieve the International Artist Award at the American Music Awards?", "id": "56becb8d3aeaaa14008c9499", "answers": [{"text": "Beyonc\u00e9", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many albums has Beyonce as a solo artist sold in the U.S?", "id": "56bfd6f7a10cfb1400551323", "answers": [{"text": "15 million", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many has she sold worldwide?", "id": "56bfd6f7a10cfb1400551324", "answers": [{"text": "118 million", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many records has she sold with Destiny's Child?", "id": "56bfd6f7a10cfb1400551325", "answers": [{"text": "60 million", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did she receive the Legend Award?", "id": "56bfd6f7a10cfb1400551326", "answers": [{"text": "2008 World Music Awards", "answer_start": 1052}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many music certifications has she received in the 2000s?", "id": "56bfd6f7a10cfb1400551327", "answers": [{"text": "64 certifications", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many records has Beyonc\u00e9 sold in the United States?", "id": "56d4eb762ccc5a1400d8334e", "answers": [{"text": "over 15 million", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many records has Beyonc\u00e9 sold throughout the world?", "id": "56d4eb762ccc5a1400d8334f", "answers": [{"text": "over 118 million", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who cited Beyonc\u00e9 as being the top certified artist of the 2000s?", "id": "56d4eb762ccc5a1400d83350", "answers": [{"text": "The Recording Industry Association of America", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many certifications did RIAA give Beyonc\u00e9?", "id": "56d4eb762ccc5a1400d83351", "answers": [{"text": "64", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 receive the Legend Award?", "id": "56d4eb762ccc5a1400d83352", "answers": [{"text": "the 2008 World Music Awards", "answer_start": 1048}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 has received numerous awards. As a solo artist she has sold over 15 million albums in the US, and over 118 million records worldwide (a further 60 million additionally with Destiny's Child), making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) listed Beyonc\u00e9 as the top certified artist of the 2000s, with a total of 64 certifications. Her songs \"Crazy in Love\", \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", \"Halo\", and \"Irreplaceable\" are some of the best-selling singles of all time worldwide. In 2009, The Observer named her the Artist of the Decade and Billboard named her the Top Female Artist and Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade. In 2010, Billboard named her in their \"Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years\" list at number 15. In 2012 VH1 ranked her third on their list of the \"100 Greatest Women in Music\". Beyonc\u00e9 was the first female artist to be honored with the International Artist Award at the American Music Awards. She has also received the Legend Award at the 2008 World Music Awards and the Billboard Millennium Award at the 2011 Billboard Music Awards."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many Grammys has Beyonce won total with and without Destiny's Child?", "id": "56becc903aeaaa14008c949f", "answers": [{"text": "20", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the only other woman with more Grammy awards than Beyonce?", "id": "56becc903aeaaa14008c94a0", "answers": [{"text": "Alison Krauss", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce has been awarded how many Grammy nominations?", "id": "56becc903aeaaa14008c94a1", "answers": [{"text": "52", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce holds the record for how many wins in one night by a female?", "id": "56becc903aeaaa14008c94a2", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 586}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many awards at the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards in 2006 did Beyonce bring home?", "id": "56becc903aeaaa14008c94a3", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 949}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Grammies has Beyonce won?", "id": "56bfd8bda10cfb140055132d", "answers": [{"text": "20 Grammy Awards", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Grammy nominations does Beyonce have?", "id": "56bfd8bda10cfb140055132e", "answers": [{"text": "52 nominations", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did she set the record for most Grammy awards won in one night?", "id": "56bfd8bda10cfb140055132f", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who tied her record for most Grammies won in one night in 2012?", "id": "56bfd8bda10cfb1400551330", "answers": [{"text": "Adele", "answer_start": 705}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Grammys has Beyonc\u00e9 won?", "id": "56d4ebea2ccc5a1400d83358", "answers": [{"text": "20", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Grammy nominations has Beyonc\u00e9 had?", "id": "56d4ebea2ccc5a1400d8335a", "answers": [{"text": "52", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Beyonc\u00e9 song was song of the year on 2010?", "id": "56d4ebea2ccc5a1400d8335b", "answers": [{"text": "\"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\"", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What movie had Beyonc\u00e9 nominated as Best Actress for Golden Globe Awards?", "id": "56d4ebea2ccc5a1400d8335c", "answers": [{"text": "Dreamgirls", "answer_start": 756}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 has won 20 Grammy Awards, both as a solo artist and member of Destiny's Child, making her the second most honored female artist by the Grammys, behind Alison Krauss and the most nominated woman in Grammy Award history with 52 nominations. \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\" won Song of the Year in 2010 while \"Say My Name\" and \"Crazy in Love\" had previously won Best R&B Song. Dangerously in Love, B'Day and I Am... Sasha Fierce have all won Best Contemporary R&B Album. Beyonc\u00e9 set the record for the most Grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010 when she won six awards, breaking the tie she previously held with Alicia Keys, Norah Jones, Alison Krauss, and Amy Winehouse, with Adele equaling this in 2012. Following her role in Dreamgirls she was nominated for Best Original Song for \"Listen\" and Best Actress at the Golden Globe Awards, and Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture at the NAACP Image Awards. Beyonc\u00e9 won two awards at the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 2006; Best Song for \"Listen\" and Best Original Soundtrack for Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which soda company has Beyonce partnered with since 2002?", "id": "56bed07e3aeaaa14008c94a9", "answers": [{"text": "Pepsi", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Pepsi paid Beyonce how much in 2012 for her endorsement?", "id": "56bed07e3aeaaa14008c94aa", "answers": [{"text": "50 million", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which organization wrote a letter to Beyonce after her Pepsi endorsement deal?", "id": "56bed07e3aeaaa14008c94ab", "answers": [{"text": "The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET)", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of people were positive about Beyonce's endorsement of Pepsi?", "id": "56bed07e3aeaaa14008c94ad", "answers": [{"text": "70", "answer_start": 535}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Beyonce begin doing Pepsi advetisments?", "id": "56bfda91a10cfb1400551337", "answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was in the commercial with Beyonce in 2004?", "id": "56bfda91a10cfb1400551338", "answers": [{"text": "Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did she agree to do for 50 million dollars in 2012?", "id": "56bfda91a10cfb1400551339", "answers": [{"text": "endorse Pepsi", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who sent her a letter asking that she reconsider the Pepsi deal?", "id": "56bfda91a10cfb140055133a", "answers": [{"text": "Center for Science in the Public Interest", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What soft drink company has Beyonc\u00e9 worked with since 2002?", "id": "56d4ec422ccc5a1400d83362", "answers": [{"text": "Pepsi", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Beyonc\u00e9 get for a deal with a soft drink company in 2012?", "id": "56d4ec422ccc5a1400d83363", "answers": [{"text": "$50 million", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who asked her to change her mind about the soft drink deal due to the nature of the product?", "id": "56d4ec422ccc5a1400d83364", "answers": [{"text": "The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET)", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What organization discovered that the advertisements Beyonc\u00e9 did for the soft drink company were 70% positive?", "id": "56d4ec422ccc5a1400d83365", "answers": [{"text": "NetBase", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 has worked with Pepsi since 2002, and in 2004 appeared in a Gladiator-themed commercial with Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias. In 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 signed a $50 million deal to endorse Pepsi. The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET) wrote Beyonc\u00e9 an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation. Nevertheless, NetBase found that Beyonc\u00e9's campaign was the most talked about endorsement in April 2013, with a 70 per cent positive audience response to the commercial and print ads."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Beyonce worked with who on her perfumes, True Star and True Star Gold?", "id": "56bed1243aeaaa14008c94b3", "answers": [{"text": "Tommy Hilfiger", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The world's best selling celebrity perfume line belongs to whom?", "id": "56bed1243aeaaa14008c94b4", "answers": [{"text": "Beyonc\u00e9", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce's first fragrance had what name?", "id": "56bed1243aeaaa14008c94b5", "answers": [{"text": "Heat", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition was released in what year?", "id": "56bed1243aeaaa14008c94b6", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 577}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money did The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition fragrance make?", "id": "56bed1243aeaaa14008c94b7", "answers": [{"text": "400 million", "answer_start": 750}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Beyonce's 2010  perfume called?", "id": "56bfdbf2a10cfb1400551341", "answers": [{"text": "Heat", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was her second perfume, Heat Rush, released?", "id": "56bfdbf2a10cfb1400551342", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 452}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Beyonce's third perfume named?", "id": "56bfdbf2a10cfb1400551343", "answers": [{"text": "Pulse", "answer_start": 535}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many editions of Heat have been launched?", "id": "56bfdbf2a10cfb1400551344", "answers": [{"text": "six editions", "answer_start": 654}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Emporio Armani fragrance did Beyonc\u00e9 promote in 2007?", "id": "56d4ee342ccc5a1400d8336d", "answers": [{"text": "Diamonds", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Beyonc\u00e9 introduce her first fragrance?", "id": "56d4ee342ccc5a1400d8336e", "answers": [{"text": "2010.", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Beyonc\u00e9's first fragrance called?", "id": "56d4ee342ccc5a1400d8336f", "answers": [{"text": "Heat", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many editions of Heat exist?", "id": "56d4ee342ccc5a1400d83370", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 654}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 has worked with Tommy Hilfiger for the fragrances True Star (singing a cover version of \"Wishing on a Star\") and True Star Gold; she also promoted Emporio Armani's Diamonds fragrance in 2007. Beyonc\u00e9 launched her first official fragrance, Heat in 2010. The commercial, which featured the 1956 song \"Fever\", was shown after the water shed in the United Kingdom as it begins with an image of Beyonc\u00e9 appearing to lie naked in a room. In February 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 launched her second fragrance, Heat Rush. Beyonc\u00e9's third fragrance, Pulse, was launched in September 2011. In 2013, The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition version of Heat was released. The six editions of Heat are the world's best-selling celebrity fragrance line, with sales of over $400 million."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How young was Beyonce when she acquired deals from American Express and L'Oreal?", "id": "56bed17a3aeaaa14008c94bd", "answers": [{"text": "18", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the video game that was cancelled for Beyonce?", "id": "56bed17a3aeaaa14008c94be", "answers": [{"text": "Starpower: Beyonc\u00e9", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Beyonce begin her deals with name brands?", "id": "56bfdd3fa10cfb140055134b", "answers": [{"text": "since the age of 18", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people lost jobs when Beyonce left the video game deal?", "id": "56bfdd3fa10cfb140055134d", "answers": [{"text": "70 staff", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was the suit settled?", "id": "56bfdd3fa10cfb140055134e", "answers": [{"text": "out of court", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the video game?", "id": "56bfdd3fa10cfb140055134f", "answers": [{"text": "Starpower: Beyonc\u00e9", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What video game did Beyonc\u00e9 back out of?", "id": "56d4efd92ccc5a1400d83376", "answers": [{"text": "Starpower: Beyonc\u00e9", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company was producing the video game?", "id": "56d4efd92ccc5a1400d83377", "answers": [{"text": "GateFive", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people lost their jobs over Beyonc\u00e9 backing out of the deal?", "id": "56d4efd92ccc5a1400d83378", "answers": [{"text": "70", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the disagreement settled out of court?", "id": "56d4efd92ccc5a1400d83379", "answers": [{"text": "June 2013", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The release of a video-game Starpower: Beyonc\u00e9 was cancelled after Beyonc\u00e9 pulled out of a $100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development. It was settled out of court by her lawyers in June 2013 who said that they had cancelled because GateFive had lost its financial backers. Beyonc\u00e9 also has had deals with American Express, Nintendo DS and L'Or\u00e9al since the age of 18."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Bayonce's management go into business with in 2014?", "id": "56bed22d3aeaaa14008c94c1", "answers": [{"text": "fashion retailer Topshop", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After their agreement together, Beyonce's and Topshop\" new business was called what?", "id": "56bed22d3aeaaa14008c94c2", "answers": [{"text": "Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of clothing does Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd produce?", "id": "56bed22d3aeaaa14008c94c3", "answers": [{"text": "activewear", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The company and products were set to be in stores when?", "id": "56bed22d3aeaaa14008c94c4", "answers": [{"text": "fall of 2015", "answer_start": 698}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Beyonce partner with in London?", "id": "56bfdecca10cfb1400551355", "answers": [{"text": "Topshop", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When will the new line launch?", "id": "56bfdecca10cfb1400551359", "answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 706}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's management company?", "id": "56d4f5d32ccc5a1400d83380", "answers": [{"text": "Parkwood Entertainment", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 and Parkwood Entertainment partner with in October 2014?", "id": "56d4f5d32ccc5a1400d83381", "answers": [{"text": "Topshop", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Topshop located?", "id": "56d4f5d32ccc5a1400d83382", "answers": [{"text": "London", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the new division of Topshop because of the partnership?", "id": "56d4f5d32ccc5a1400d83383", "answers": [{"text": "activewear", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In October 2014, it was announced that Beyonc\u00e9 with her management company Parkwood Entertainment would be partnering with London-based fashion retailer Topshop, in a new 50/50 split subsidiary business named Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd. The new division was created for Topshop to break into the activewear market, with an athletic, street wear brand being produced. \"Creating a partnership with Beyonc\u00e9, one of the most hard-working and talented people in the world, who spends many hours of her life dancing, rehearsing and training is a unique opportunity to develop this category\" stated Sir Philip Green on the partnership. The company and collection is set to launch and hit stores in the fall of 2015."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was it discovered Beyonce was a co-owner of the music service, Tidal?", "id": "56bed2993aeaaa14008c94c9", "answers": [{"text": "March 30, 2015", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The parent company of Tidal became under the ownership of whom in 2015?", "id": "56bed2993aeaaa14008c94cb", "answers": [{"text": "Jay Z", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was it announced that Beyonce was  a co-owner in Tidal?", "id": "56bfe0a9a10cfb140055135f", "answers": [{"text": "March 30, 2015", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of service is Tidal?", "id": "56bfe0a9a10cfb1400551361", "answers": [{"text": "music streaming service", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a criticism of other streaming services?", "id": "56bfe0a9a10cfb1400551363", "answers": [{"text": "low payout of royalties", "answer_start": 763}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What music streaming system is Beyonc\u00e9 part owner of?", "id": "56d4f63e2ccc5a1400d8338a", "answers": [{"text": "Tidal.", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the parent company of the music service Beyonc\u00e9 owns part of?", "id": "56d4f63e2ccc5a1400d8338c", "answers": [{"text": "Aspiro", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who acquired the parent company of the music service Beyonc\u00e9 owns part of?", "id": "56d4f63e2ccc5a1400d8338d", "answers": [{"text": "Jay Z", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What music service is accused of providing low royalty amounts?", "id": "56d4f63e2ccc5a1400d8338e", "answers": [{"text": "Spotify", "answer_start": 717}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On March 30, 2015, it was announced that Beyonc\u00e9 is a co-owner, with various other music artists, in the music streaming service Tidal. The service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Beyonc\u00e9's husband Jay Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015. Including Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z, sixteen artist stakeholders (such as Kanye West, Rihanna, Madonna, Chris Martin, Nicki Minaj and more) co-own Tidal, with the majority owning a 3% equity stake. The idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry, and to rival other streaming services such as Spotify, which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties. \"The challenge is to get everyone to respect music again, to recognize its value\", stated Jay-Z on the release of Tidal."}, {"qas": [{"question": "House of Dereon became known through Beyonce and which of Beyonce's relatives?", "id": "56bed32f3aeaaa14008c94cf", "answers": [{"text": "her mother", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce's grandma's name was?", "id": "56bed32f3aeaaa14008c94d0", "answers": [{"text": "Agn\u00e8z Der\u00e9on", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce's family's company name is what?", "id": "56bed32f3aeaaa14008c94d1", "answers": [{"text": "Beyond Productions", "answer_start": 408}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What types of garments are sold by Beyonce's clothing line?", "id": "56bed32f3aeaaa14008c94d2", "answers": [{"text": "sportswear, denim offerings with fur, outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear", "answer_start": 670}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two countries can you purchase Beyonce's clothing line?", "id": "56bed32f3aeaaa14008c94d3", "answers": [{"text": "US and Canada", "answer_start": 834}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who partnered with Beyonce to start the clothing line, Dereon?", "id": "56bfe2a2a10cfb1400551369", "answers": [{"text": "her mother", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Beyonce and her mother start Dereon?", "id": "56bfe2a2a10cfb140055136a", "answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the business named for in Beyonce's family?", "id": "56bfe2a2a10cfb140055136b", "answers": [{"text": "grandmother, Agn\u00e8z Der\u00e9on", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were items from the clothing line displayed?", "id": "56bfe2a2a10cfb140055136c", "answers": [{"text": "in Destiny's Child's shows and tours", "answer_start": 572}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who shares in the House of Der\u00e9on fashion line introduction with Beyonc\u00e9?", "id": "56d4f6922ccc5a1400d83394", "answers": [{"text": "her mother", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the House of Der\u00e9on junior collection?", "id": "56d4f6922ccc5a1400d83397", "answers": [{"text": "Der\u00e9on.", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother introduced House of Der\u00e9on, a contemporary women's fashion line, in 2005. The concept is inspired by three generations of women in their family, the name paying tribute to Beyonc\u00e9's grandmother, Agn\u00e8z Der\u00e9on, a respected seamstress. According to Tina, the overall style of the line best reflects her and Beyonc\u00e9's taste and style. Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother founded their family's company Beyond Productions, which provides the licensing and brand management for House of Der\u00e9on, and its junior collection, Der\u00e9on. House of Der\u00e9on pieces were exhibited in Destiny's Child's shows and tours, during their Destiny Fulfilled era. The collection features sportswear, denim offerings with fur, outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear, and are available at department and specialty stores across the US and Canada."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of accessory company did Beyonce partner with in 2005?", "id": "56bed38e3aeaaa14008c94d9", "answers": [{"text": "shoe", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2010, Beyonce released Dereon to what country?", "id": "56bed38e3aeaaa14008c94da", "answers": [{"text": "Brazil", "answer_start": 741}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Back-to-school shopping was introduced in what year of Beyonce's clothing line?", "id": "56bed38e3aeaaa14008c94db", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Beyonce's Fashion Diva  feature?", "id": "56bfe4dfa10cfb1400551374", "answers": [{"text": "House of Der\u00e9on collection", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What new idea did Beyonce and her mother launch in 2009?", "id": "56bfe4dfa10cfb1400551375", "answers": [{"text": "Sasha Fierce for Der\u00e9on", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Beyonce partner with C&A to sell fashion in Brazil?", "id": "56bfe4dfa10cfb1400551377", "answers": [{"text": "May 27, 2010", "answer_start": 638}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company did Beyonc\u00e9 get together with in 2005 to add shoes to her fashions?", "id": "56d4f6e02ccc5a1400d8339e", "answers": [{"text": "House of Brands", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the game put out by Starwave Mobile in 2008 that featured Beyonc\u00e9 fashions?", "id": "56d4f6e02ccc5a1400d8339f", "answers": [{"text": "Beyonc\u00e9 Fashion Diva", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the junior fashions launched in 2009 by Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother?", "id": "56d4f6e02ccc5a1400d833a0", "answers": [{"text": "Sasha Fierce for Der\u00e9on", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 team up with in 2010 to get her fashions into Brazil?", "id": "56d4f6e02ccc5a1400d833a1", "answers": [{"text": "C&A", "answer_start": 690}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Sasha Fierce for Der\u00e9on fashions were sold at stores that included Macy's and what other store?", "id": "56d4f6e02ccc5a1400d833a2", "answers": [{"text": "Dillard's", "answer_start": 570}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2005, Beyonc\u00e9 teamed up with House of Brands, a shoe company, to produce a range of footwear for House of Der\u00e9on. In January 2008, Starwave Mobile launched Beyonc\u00e9 Fashion Diva, a \"high-style\" mobile game with a social networking component, featuring the House of Der\u00e9on collection. In July 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother launched a new junior apparel label, Sasha Fierce for Der\u00e9on, for back-to-school selling. The collection included sportswear, outerwear, handbags, footwear, eyewear, lingerie and jewelry. It was available at department stores including Macy's and Dillard's, and specialty stores Jimmy Jazz and Against All Odds. On May 27, 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 teamed up with clothing store C&A to launch Der\u00e9on by Beyonc\u00e9 at their stores in Brazil. The collection included tailored blazers with padded shoulders, little black dresses, embroidered tops and shirts and bandage dresses."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Beyonce, during October 2014, partnered with whom to produce an outdoor line of clothing?", "id": "56bed3e63aeaaa14008c94e0", "answers": [{"text": "Topshop", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce and Topshops first products were to be sold in stores when?", "id": "56bed3e63aeaaa14008c94e1", "answers": [{"text": "autumn 2015", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the new business called?", "id": "56bfe66ea10cfb140055137e", "answers": [{"text": "Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Beyonce's percentage of ownership in the new venture?", "id": "56bfe66ea10cfb1400551380", "answers": [{"text": "50", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When will the full line appear?", "id": "56bfe66ea10cfb1400551381", "answers": [{"text": "April 2016", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company did Beyonc\u00e9 contract with to sell clothing in England?", "id": "56d4f71e2ccc5a1400d833a8", "answers": [{"text": "Topshop", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the equal partnership's fashion line between Beyonc\u00e9 and the British company to come out in 2016?", "id": "56d4f71e2ccc5a1400d833a9", "answers": [{"text": "Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of clothing does the British partnership with Beyonc\u00e9 sell?", "id": "56d4f71e2ccc5a1400d833aa", "answers": [{"text": "activewear", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In October 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 signed a deal to launch an activewear line of clothing with British fashion retailer Topshop. The 50-50 venture is called Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd and is scheduled to launch its first dance, fitness and sports ranges in autumn 2015. The line will launch in April 2016."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What national disaster caused Beyonce to create the Survivor Foundation?", "id": "56bed4553aeaaa14008c94e5", "answers": [{"text": "Hurricane Katrina", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much cash did Beyonce put into the venture, the Survivor Foundation at startup?", "id": "56bed4553aeaaa14008c94e7", "answers": [{"text": "250,000", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What hurricane years later after Katrina did the organization provide support for?", "id": "56bed4553aeaaa14008c94e8", "answers": [{"text": "Ike", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Beyonce and Rowland found in 2005?", "id": "56bfe7eaa10cfb1400551387", "answers": [{"text": "the Survivor Foundation", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Beyonce initially contribute to the foundation?", "id": "56bfe7eaa10cfb1400551389", "answers": [{"text": "$250,000", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How has this foundation changed in recent years?", "id": "56bfe7eaa10cfb140055138a", "answers": [{"text": "expanded to work with other charities", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What foundation did Beyonc\u00e9 start after Hurricane Katrina?", "id": "56d4f7a22ccc5a1400d833ae", "answers": [{"text": "Survivor Foundation", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money did Beyonc\u00e9 contribute at the beginning of her Hurricane Katrina foundation?", "id": "56d4f7a22ccc5a1400d833b0", "answers": [{"text": "$250,000.", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other hurricane did Beyonc\u00e9's foundation help with?", "id": "56d4f7a22ccc5a1400d833b1", "answers": [{"text": "Hurricane Ike", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Beyonc\u00e9 and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the Houston area, to which Beyonc\u00e9 contributed an initial $250,000. The foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city, and also provided relief following Hurricane Ike three years later."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Beyonce participate with in the Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit?", "id": "56bed4c23aeaaa14008c94ed", "answers": [{"text": "George Clooney and Wyclef Jean", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce opened a cosmetology center in what location?", "id": "56bed4c23aeaaa14008c94ee", "answers": [{"text": "Brooklyn Phoenix House", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After Osama Bin Laden's death, what single did Beyonce cover?", "id": "56bed4c23aeaaa14008c94ef", "answers": [{"text": "God Bless the USA", "answer_start": 781}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the T-shirt with Beyonce's image on it make? ", "id": "56bfeb09a10cfb1400551391", "answers": [{"text": "$1 million", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What enterprise did Beyonce and her mother start on March 5, 2010?", "id": "56bfeb09a10cfb1400551392", "answers": [{"text": "Beyonc\u00e9 Cosmetology Center at the Brooklyn Phoenix House", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What charity benefited from  the release of the song, God Bless the USA?", "id": "56bfeb09a10cfb1400551394", "answers": [{"text": "New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund", "answer_start": 849}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did she participate in with George Clooney?", "id": "56bfeb09a10cfb1400551395", "answers": [{"text": "Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two stars did Beyonc\u00e9 help with their Haiti Earthquake organization?", "id": "56d4f9112ccc5a1400d833b6", "answers": [{"text": "George Clooney and Wyclef Jean", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 open at the Brooklyn Phoenix House in 2010?", "id": "56d4f9112ccc5a1400d833b7", "answers": [{"text": "Beyonc\u00e9 Cosmetology Center", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Lee Greenwood song did Beyonc\u00e9 cover after Osama bin Laden was killed?", "id": "56d4f9112ccc5a1400d833ba", "answers": [{"text": "God Bless the USA", "answer_start": 781}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beyonc\u00e9 participated in George Clooney and Wyclef Jean's Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief telethon and was named the official face of the limited edition CFDA \"Fashion For Haiti\" T-shirt, made by Theory which raised a total of $1 million. On March 5, 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother Tina opened the Beyonc\u00e9 Cosmetology Center at the Brooklyn Phoenix House, offering a seven-month cosmetology training course for men and women. In April 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 joined forces with US First Lady Michelle Obama and the National Association of Broadcasters Education Foundation, to help boost the latter's campaign against child obesity by reworking her single \"Get Me Bodied\". Following the death of Osama bin Laden, Beyonc\u00e9 released her cover of the Lee Greenwood song \"God Bless the USA\", as a charity single to help raise funds for the New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which national event caused Beyonce to produce \"Demand a Plan?\"", "id": "56bed5983aeaaa14008c94f3", "answers": [{"text": "Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song did Beyonce contribute to the campaign?", "id": "56bed5983aeaaa14008c94f4", "answers": [{"text": "I Was Here", "answer_start": 412}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce is contributing to which food-donation campaign?", "id": "56bed5983aeaaa14008c94f5", "answers": [{"text": "Miss a Meal", "answer_start": 1553}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On June 1 , 2013 where was the concert held for \"a Chime for Change\"?", "id": "56bed5983aeaaa14008c94f6", "answers": [{"text": "London", "answer_start": 765}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyonce was speaking about whom when she said her gift was \"finding the best qualities in every human being.\"?", "id": "56bed5983aeaaa14008c94f7", "answers": [{"text": "her mother", "answer_start": 1277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Demand a Plan video campaign followed what tragic event?", "id": "56bfed855a85de14001c7864", "answers": [{"text": "Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting.", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the focus of the Gucci Chime for Change campaign?", "id": "56bfed855a85de14001c7866", "answers": [{"text": "spread female empowerment", "answer_start": 616}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What crowdfunding platform was used in the concert?", "id": "56bfed855a85de14001c7868", "answers": [{"text": "Catapult", "answer_start": 1409}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the campaign that Beyonc\u00e9 and others are involved in that deals with gun control?", "id": "56d4fa2e2ccc5a1400d833ca", "answers": [{"text": "Demand A Plan", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What school shooting prompted the creation of Demand A Plan?", "id": "56d4fa2e2ccc5a1400d833cb", "answers": [{"text": "Sandy Hook Elementary School", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song did Beyonc\u00e9 donate to the 2012 World Humanitarian Day campaign?", "id": "56d4fa2e2ccc5a1400d833cc", "answers": [{"text": "I Was Here", "answer_start": 412}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 work with in 2013 on the Chime for Change campaign?", "id": "56d4fa2e2ccc5a1400d833cd", "answers": [{"text": "Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini", "answer_start": 533}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In December, Beyonc\u00e9 along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for \"Demand A Plan\", a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 US mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws, following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. Beyonc\u00e9 became an ambassador for the 2012 World Humanitarian Day campaign donating her song \"I Was Here\" and its music video, shot in the UN, to the campaign. In 2013, it was announced that Beyonc\u00e9 would work with Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini on a Gucci \"Chime for Change\" campaign that aims to spread female empowerment. The campaign, which aired on February 28, was set to her new music. A concert for the cause took place on June 1, 2013 in London and included other acts like Ellie Goulding, Florence and the Machine, and Rita Ora. In advance of the concert, she appeared in a campaign video released on 15 May 2013, where she, along with Cameron Diaz, John Legend and Kylie Minogue, described inspiration from their mothers, while a number of other artists celebrated personal inspiration from other women, leading to a call for submission of photos of women of viewers' inspiration from which a selection was shown at the concert. Beyonc\u00e9 said about her mother Tina Knowles that her gift was \"finding the best qualities in every human being.\" With help of the crowdfunding platform Catapult, visitors of the concert could choose between several projects promoting education of women and girls. Beyonc\u00e9 is also taking part in \"Miss a Meal\", a food-donation campaign, and supporting Goodwill charity through online charity auctions at Charitybuzz that support job creation throughout Europe and the U.S."}]}, {"title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric_Chopin", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's nationalities?", "id": "56cbd2356d243a140015ed66", "answers": [{"text": "Polish and French", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what era was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric active in?", "id": "56cbd2356d243a140015ed67", "answers": [{"text": "Romantic era", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what instrument did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric write primarily for?", "id": "56cbd2356d243a140015ed68", "answers": [{"text": "solo piano", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what area was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric born in?", "id": "56cbd2356d243a140015ed69", "answers": [{"text": "Duchy of Warsaw", "answer_start": 559}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what age did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric depart from Poland?", "id": "56cbd2356d243a140015ed6a", "answers": [{"text": "20", "answer_start": 777}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Chopin born?", "id": "56ce0a3762d2951400fa69d6", "answers": [{"text": "1810", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What era was Chopin active during?", "id": "56ce0a3762d2951400fa69d7", "answers": [{"text": "Romantic era", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Chopin grow up?", "id": "56ce0a3762d2951400fa69d8", "answers": [{"text": "Warsaw", "answer_start": 568}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What instrument did he mostly compose for?", "id": "56ce0a3762d2951400fa69d9", "answers": [{"text": "solo piano", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what age did Chopin  leave Poland?", "id": "56ce0a3762d2951400fa69da", "answers": [{"text": "20", "answer_start": 777}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Chopin die?", "id": "56cf54a2aab44d1400b89006", "answers": [{"text": "17 October 1849", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Chopin's full name?", "id": "56cf54a2aab44d1400b89008", "answers": [{"text": "Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The majority of Chopin's compositions were for what instrument?", "id": "56cf54a2aab44d1400b89009", "answers": [{"text": "solo piano", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin was active during what era?", "id": "56cf54a2aab44d1400b8900a", "answers": [{"text": "Romantic era", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Chopin born?", "id": "56d1ca30e7d4791d009021a7", "answers": [{"text": "1810", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what city was Chopin born and raised?", "id": "56d1ca30e7d4791d009021a8", "answers": [{"text": "Warsaw", "answer_start": 568}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Chopin when he left Poland?", "id": "56d1ca30e7d4791d009021a9", "answers": [{"text": "20", "answer_start": 777}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what era of music did Chopin compose?", "id": "56d1ca30e7d4791d009021aa", "answers": [{"text": "Romantic", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Chopin die?", "id": "56d1ca30e7d4791d009021ab", "answers": [{"text": "1849", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Fran\u00e7ois Chopin (/\u02c8\u0283o\u028ap\u00e6n/; French pronunciation: \u200b[f\u0281e.de.\u0281ik f\u0281\u0251\u0303.swa \u0283\u0254.p\u025b\u0303]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 \u2013 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose \"poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation.\" Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising."}, {"qas": [{"question": "At what age did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric move to Paris?", "id": "56cbd2f96d243a140015ed70", "answers": [{"text": "21", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many public performances was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric estimated to have given during the remainder of his life?", "id": "56cbd2f96d243a140015ed71", "answers": [{"text": "30", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric obtain citizenship in France?", "id": "56cbd2f96d243a140015ed72", "answers": [{"text": "1835", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what area had Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's most productive period of composition taken place?", "id": "56cbd2f96d243a140015ed73", "answers": [{"text": "Majorca", "answer_start": 626}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's most likely cause of death?", "id": "56cbd2f96d243a140015ed74", "answers": [{"text": "tuberculosis", "answer_start": 939}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did he end up living when he was 21?", "id": "56ce0d8662d2951400fa69e8", "answers": [{"text": "Paris", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many public shows did he perform during the last years of his life?", "id": "56ce0d8662d2951400fa69e9", "answers": [{"text": "30", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other composer did Chopin develop a friendship with?", "id": "56ce0d8662d2951400fa69ea", "answers": [{"text": "Franz Liszt", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did he gain citizenship in France?", "id": "56ce0d8662d2951400fa69eb", "answers": [{"text": "1835", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the woman he had a relationship with from 1837-847?", "id": "56ce0d8662d2951400fa69ec", "answers": [{"text": "Maria Wodzi\u0144ska", "answer_start": 481}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what age did Chopin move to Paris?", "id": "56cf5734aab44d1400b89079", "answers": [{"text": "21", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During the last 18 years he lived about how many times did Chopin perform in public?", "id": "56cf5734aab44d1400b8907a", "answers": [{"text": "30", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Chopin become a citizen of France?", "id": "56cf5734aab44d1400b8907c", "answers": [{"text": "1835", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the last years of his life who was the person that supported him financially?", "id": "56cf5734aab44d1400b8907d", "answers": [{"text": "Jane Stirling", "answer_start": 773}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Chopin become a French citizen?", "id": "56d1cd98e7d4791d009021e6", "answers": [{"text": "1835", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who gave Chopin money in the last years of his life?", "id": "56d1cd98e7d4791d009021e7", "answers": [{"text": "Jane Stirling", "answer_start": 773}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the likely cause of death for Chopin?", "id": "56d1cd98e7d4791d009021e8", "answers": [{"text": "tuberculosis", "answer_start": 939}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "At the age of 21 he settled in Paris. Thereafter, during the last 18 years of his life, he gave only some 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon. He supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano, for which he was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired by many of his musical contemporaries, including Robert Schumann. In 1835 he obtained French citizenship. After a failed engagement to Maria Wodzi\u0144ska, from 1837 to 1847 he maintained an often troubled relationship with the French writer George Sand. A brief and unhappy visit to Majorca with Sand in 1838\u201339 was one of his most productive periods of composition. In his last years, he was financially supported by his admirer Jane Stirling, who also arranged for him to visit Scotland in 1848. Through most of his life, Chopin suffered from poor health. He died in Paris in 1849, probably of tuberculosis."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What instrument did every composition by Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric include?", "id": "56cbd4c56d243a140015ed7a", "answers": [{"text": "piano", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What concept was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric credited with creating?", "id": "56cbd4c56d243a140015ed7b", "answers": [{"text": "instrumental ballade", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose music did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric admire the most and thus provide influence on his work?", "id": "56cbd4c56d243a140015ed7c", "answers": [{"text": "J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert", "answer_start": 620}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What features marked Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's performance style and made them unique?", "id": "56cbd4c56d243a140015ed7d", "answers": [{"text": "nuance and sensitivity", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What establishments did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric frequently visit in Paris that influenced his career?", "id": "56cbd4c56d243a140015ed7e", "answers": [{"text": "Paris salons", "answer_start": 705}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which instrument do every one of his compositions include?", "id": "56ce0f42aab44d1400b8841e", "answers": [{"text": "piano", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What concept did Chopin create?", "id": "56ce0f42aab44d1400b8841f", "answers": [{"text": "instrumental ballade", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are two things Chopin's performances were known for?", "id": "56ce0f42aab44d1400b88420", "answers": [{"text": "nuance and sensitivity", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What three composers influenced Chopin's work?", "id": "56ce0f42aab44d1400b88421", "answers": [{"text": "J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert", "answer_start": 620}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin wrote some music to lyrics, what language were the lyrics?", "id": "56ce0f42aab44d1400b88422", "answers": [{"text": "Polish", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What instrument is involved in all of Chopin's work?", "id": "56cf582eaab44d1400b8909b", "answers": [{"text": "piano", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin composed several songs to lyrics of what language?", "id": "56cf582eaab44d1400b8909c", "answers": [{"text": "Polish", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin's performances were known for what?", "id": "56cf582eaab44d1400b8909d", "answers": [{"text": "nuance and sensitivity", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What three composers did Chopin take inspiration from?", "id": "56cf582eaab44d1400b8909e", "answers": [{"text": "J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert", "answer_start": 620}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What instrument was all of Chopin's compositions written for?", "id": "56d1cf80e7d4791d00902211", "answers": [{"text": "piano", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language were some songs written in that Chopin wrote music for?", "id": "56d1cf80e7d4791d00902212", "answers": [{"text": "Polish", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of what venue was Chopin an often invited guest?", "id": "56d1cf80e7d4791d00902215", "answers": [{"text": "Paris salons", "answer_start": 705}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "All of Chopin's compositions include the piano. Most are for solo piano, though he also wrote two piano concertos, a few chamber pieces, and some songs to Polish lyrics. His keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity. Chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade. His major piano works also include mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, \u00e9tudes, impromptus, scherzos, preludes and sonatas, some published only after his death. Influences on his compositional style include Polish folk music, the classical tradition of J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert, the music of all of whom he admired, as well as the Paris salons where he was a frequent guest. His innovations in style, musical form, and harmony, and his association of music with nationalism, were influential throughout and after the late Romantic period."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the degree of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's association with political insurrection?", "id": "56cbd8c66d243a140015ed85", "answers": [{"text": "indirect", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What parts of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's personal life influenced his legacy as a leading symbol of the era?", "id": "56cbd8c66d243a140015ed86", "answers": [{"text": "his love life and his early death", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which era was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric leave a legacy of as a leading symbol?", "id": "56cbd8c66d243a140015ed87", "answers": [{"text": "Romantic era", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what forms of media has Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric been the subject of?", "id": "56cbd8c66d243a140015ed88", "answers": [{"text": "films and biographies", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Chopin create the majority of his compositions?", "id": "56ce1138aab44d1400b88428", "answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin is a native of what country?", "id": "56ce1138aab44d1400b88429", "answers": [{"text": "Poland", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "He had a non-direct association with what?", "id": "56ce1138aab44d1400b8842a", "answers": [{"text": "political insurrection", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin is closely associated with what era?", "id": "56ce1138aab44d1400b8842b", "answers": [{"text": "Romantic era", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Chopin create most of his works?", "id": "56cf5a5aaab44d1400b890dd", "answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin was indirectly related to what?", "id": "56cf5a5aaab44d1400b890de", "answers": [{"text": "political insurrection", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin is considered a prominent symbol of what?", "id": "56cf5a5aaab44d1400b890df", "answers": [{"text": "Romantic era", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In his native Poland, in France, where he composed most of his works, and beyond, Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death have made him, in the public consciousness, a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what village was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric born in?", "id": "56cbda8d6d243a140015ed8e", "answers": [{"text": "\u017belazowa Wola", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric born on?", "id": "56cbda8d6d243a140015ed8f", "answers": [{"text": "22 February 1810", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Despite the birthdate given by parish baptismal, what date is given by the composer and his family instead?", "id": "56cbda8d6d243a140015ed90", "answers": [{"text": "1 March", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the latin form of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's full name?", "id": "56cbda8d6d243a140015ed91", "answers": [{"text": "Fridericus Franciscus", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many miles was the village Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric born in located to the west of Warsaw?", "id": "56cbda8d6d243a140015ed92", "answers": [{"text": "29", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Chopin born?", "id": "56ce1225aab44d1400b88430", "answers": [{"text": "\u017belazowa Wola", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was responsible for the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw?", "id": "56ce1225aab44d1400b88431", "answers": [{"text": "Napoleon", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was his birthday recorded as being?", "id": "56ce1225aab44d1400b88432", "answers": [{"text": "22 February 1810", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What birth date is now considered as his actual birthday?", "id": "56ce1225aab44d1400b88433", "answers": [{"text": "1 March", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin's given names in Latin are what?", "id": "56ce1225aab44d1400b88434", "answers": [{"text": "Fridericus Franciscus", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Duchy of Warsaw was created by whom?", "id": "56cf5b40aab44d1400b890fe", "answers": [{"text": "Napoleon", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin's birth is recorded as when?", "id": "56cf5b40aab44d1400b890ff", "answers": [{"text": "22 February 1810", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What birth date is now considered correct for Chopin?", "id": "56cf5b40aab44d1400b89100", "answers": [{"text": "1 March", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Latin form of Chopin's name?", "id": "56cf5b40aab44d1400b89101", "answers": [{"text": "Fridericus Franciscus", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin was actually born outside of Warsaw at what location?", "id": "56d1d330e7d4791d0090224d", "answers": [{"text": "\u017belazowa Wola", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What famous French leader had established the Polish state at this time?", "id": "56d1d330e7d4791d0090224e", "answers": [{"text": "Napoleon", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Fryderyk Chopin was born in \u017belazowa Wola, 46 kilometres (29 miles) west of Warsaw, in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form Fridericus Franciscus (in Polish, he was Fryderyk Franciszek). However, the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March,[n 2] which is now generally accepted as the correct date."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's father marry in 1806?", "id": "56cbdbf36d243a140015ed99", "answers": [{"text": "Justyna Krzy\u017canowska", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric baptised?", "id": "56cbdbf36d243a140015ed9a", "answers": [{"text": "23 April 1810", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's father, Nicolas, insist on using in the household?", "id": "56cbdbf36d243a140015ed9c", "answers": [{"text": "Polish", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the given name of Chopin's father?", "id": "56cf5bfcaab44d1400b89111", "answers": [{"text": "Nicolas", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Chopin's father from?", "id": "56cf5bfcaab44d1400b89112", "answers": [{"text": "Lorraine", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin's father married who?", "id": "56cf5bfcaab44d1400b89113", "answers": [{"text": "Justyna Krzy\u017canowska", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of Chopin's godfather?", "id": "56cf5bfcaab44d1400b89114", "answers": [{"text": "Fryderyk Skarbek", "answer_start": 468}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of Chopin's eldest sister?", "id": "56cf5bfcaab44d1400b89115", "answers": [{"text": "Ludwika", "answer_start": 590}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Chopin's father's first name?", "id": "56d1d3fee7d4791d00902263", "answers": [{"text": "Nicolas", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From where id Chopin's father emigrate from?", "id": "56d1d3fee7d4791d00902264", "answers": [{"text": "Lorraine", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Chopin's older sister's name?", "id": "56d1d3fee7d4791d00902266", "answers": [{"text": "Ludwika", "answer_start": 590}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Fryderyk's father, Nicolas Chopin, was a Frenchman from Lorraine who had emigrated to Poland in 1787 at the age of sixteen. Nicolas tutored children of the Polish aristocracy, and in 1806 married Justyna Krzy\u017canowska, a poor relative of the Skarbeks, one of the families for whom he worked. Fryderyk was baptized on Easter Sunday, 23 April 1810, in the same church where his parents had married, in Broch\u00f3w. His eighteen-year-old godfather, for whom he was named, was Fryderyk Skarbek, a pupil of Nicolas Chopin. Fryderyk was the couple's second child and only son; he had an elder sister, Ludwika (1807\u201355), and two younger sisters, Izabela (1811\u201381) and Emilia (1812\u201327). Nicolas was devoted to his adopted homeland, and insisted on the use of the Polish language in the household."}, {"qas": [{"question": "During what month did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric move to Warsaw with his family?", "id": "56cbdcd16d243a140015eda2", "answers": [{"text": "October", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's father teach after they had moved to Warsaw?", "id": "56cbdcd16d243a140015eda3", "answers": [{"text": "French", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric live with his family while they were in Warsaw?", "id": "56cbdcd16d243a140015eda4", "answers": [{"text": "the Palace grounds", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two instruments did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's father play during this time?", "id": "56cbdcd16d243a140015eda5", "answers": [{"text": "flute and violin", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric prone to during early childhood as a result of his slight build?", "id": "56cbdcd16d243a140015eda6", "answers": [{"text": "illnesses", "answer_start": 445}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Chopin's family move to Warsaw?", "id": "56cf5e35aab44d1400b89147", "answers": [{"text": "October 1810", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Chopin's father get a teaching position?", "id": "56cf5e35aab44d1400b89148", "answers": [{"text": "Warsaw Lyceum", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What instruments did Chopin's father play?", "id": "56cf5e35aab44d1400b89149", "answers": [{"text": "flute and violin", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What instrument did Chopin's mother teach?", "id": "56cf5e35aab44d1400b8914a", "answers": [{"text": "piano", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Chopin when his family moved to Warsaw?", "id": "56d1d4d3e7d4791d00902275", "answers": [{"text": "six months", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language did Chopin's father teach?", "id": "56d1d4d3e7d4791d00902276", "answers": [{"text": "French", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two instruments did Chopin's father play?", "id": "56d1d4d3e7d4791d00902277", "answers": [{"text": "flute and violin", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What instrument did Chopin's mother teach at the boarding house?", "id": "56d1d4d3e7d4791d00902278", "answers": [{"text": "piano", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Chopin live with his family in Warsaw?", "id": "56d1d4d3e7d4791d00902279", "answers": [{"text": "Saxon Palace.", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The father played the flute and violin; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of slight build, and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's first professional teacher in music?", "id": "56cbdea66d243a140015edac", "answers": [{"text": "Wojciech \u017bywny", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which sister did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric play duets with sometimes while being tutored at this time?", "id": "56cbdea66d243a140015edad", "answers": [{"text": "Ludwika", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what age did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric start giving public concerts?", "id": "56cbdea66d243a140015edae", "answers": [{"text": "7", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric compose during the year of 1817?", "id": "56cbdea66d243a140015edaf", "answers": [{"text": "two polonaises", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the earliest surviving musical notation composed by Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?", "id": "56cbdea66d243a140015edb0", "answers": [{"text": "a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821", "answer_start": 465}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Chopin's initial piano teacher?", "id": "56cf609aaab44d1400b89185", "answers": [{"text": "Wojciech \u017bywny", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of his sisters did Chopin sometimes duet with?", "id": "56cf609aaab44d1400b89186", "answers": [{"text": "Ludwika", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what age did Chopin start playing publicly?", "id": "56cf609aaab44d1400b89187", "answers": [{"text": "7", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Chopin compose his first work?", "id": "56cf609aaab44d1400b89188", "answers": [{"text": "1817", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what years did Chopin receive instruction from  \u017bywny?", "id": "56cf609aaab44d1400b89189", "answers": [{"text": "1816 to 1821", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of Chopin's first music teacher that was not an amateur musician?", "id": "56d20a6ae7d4791d00902618", "answers": [{"text": "Wojciech \u017bywny", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of Chopin's sisters would play music with him?", "id": "56d20a6ae7d4791d00902619", "answers": [{"text": "Ludwika", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Chopin when he began to perform for the public?", "id": "56d20a6ae7d4791d0090261a", "answers": [{"text": "7", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Chopin's earliest piece of music, that there is a record of, dedicated to?", "id": "56d20a6ae7d4791d0090261b", "answers": [{"text": "Wojciech \u017bywny", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother, but his first professional music tutor, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech \u017bywny. His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from \u017bywny, and occasionally played duets with her brother. It quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy. By the age of seven Fryderyk had begun giving public concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, in G minor and B-flat major. His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to \u017bywny, is his earliest surviving musical manuscript."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was the Saxon Palace taken by the Russian governor for use regarding the military?", "id": "56cbdfbf6d243a140015edb6", "answers": [{"text": "1817", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What establishment today contains what was known as the Warsaw Lyceum during that time?", "id": "56cbdfbf6d243a140015edb7", "answers": [{"text": "Warsaw University", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What building was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's new home adjacent to?", "id": "56cbdfbf6d243a140015edb8", "answers": [{"text": "Kazimierz Palace", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What palace was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric sometimes invited to as a companion of the ruler's son?", "id": "56cbdfbf6d243a140015edb9", "answers": [{"text": "Belweder Palace", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What short poem spoke of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's popularity as a child?", "id": "56cbdfbf6d243a140015edba", "answers": [{"text": "Nasze Przebiegi", "answer_start": 566}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Saxon Palace was taken over for military use in what year?", "id": "56cf61d3aab44d1400b891a3", "answers": [{"text": "1817", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Warsaw Lyceum was moved to where?", "id": "56cf61d3aab44d1400b891a4", "answers": [{"text": "Kazimierz Palace", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As a child Chopin was invited to play with the son of whom?", "id": "56cf61d3aab44d1400b891a5", "answers": [{"text": "Grand Duke Constantine", "answer_start": 428}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Chopin create for Grand Duke Constantine?", "id": "56cf61d3aab44d1400b891a6", "answers": [{"text": "a march", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In one of his works who affirmed the popularity of Chopin as a child?", "id": "56cf61d3aab44d1400b891a7", "answers": [{"text": "Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the place Chopin was invited to as a friend of ruler's son?", "id": "56d20bf6e7d4791d00902622", "answers": [{"text": "Belweder Palace", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the title and name of the ruler whose son Chopin was friends with?", "id": "56d20bf6e7d4791d00902623", "answers": [{"text": "Grand Duke Constantine", "answer_start": 428}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of musical piece did Chopin compose for his friend's ruling father?", "id": "56d20bf6e7d4791d00902624", "answers": [{"text": "a march", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote in 1818 about the popularity of Chopin?", "id": "56d20bf6e7d4791d00902625", "answers": [{"text": "Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor for military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorate of Warsaw University). Fryderyk and his family moved to a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace. During this period, Fryderyk was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of Russian Poland, Grand Duke Constantine; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in his dramatic eclogue, \"Nasze Przebiegi\" (\"Our Discourses\", 1818), attested to \"little Chopin's\" popularity."}, {"qas": [{"question": "During what years did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric visit the Warsaw Lyceum for lessons?", "id": "56cbe1996d243a140015edc0", "answers": [{"text": "1823 to 1826", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric a student of involving music theory starting in 1826?", "id": "56cbe1996d243a140015edc1", "answers": [{"text": "J\u00f3zef Elsner", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the mechanical organ Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric performed on during 1825?", "id": "56cbe1996d243a140015edc2", "answers": [{"text": "eolomelodicon", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which tsar did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric perform for due to his success in previous concerts?", "id": "56cbe1996d243a140015edc3", "answers": [{"text": "Alexander I", "answer_start": 725}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's first performance that earned international esteem?", "id": "56cbe1996d243a140015edc4", "answers": [{"text": "10 June 1825", "answer_start": 848}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who taught Chopin to play the organ?", "id": "56cf63b4aab44d1400b891bd", "answers": [{"text": "Wilhelm W\u00fcrfel", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin had three years of lessons with whom?", "id": "56cf63b4aab44d1400b891be", "answers": [{"text": "J\u00f3zef Elsner", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What instrument did Chopin play in front of Tsar Alexander I?", "id": "56cf63b4aab44d1400b891bf", "answers": [{"text": "eolomelodicon", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What gift did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin?", "id": "56cf63b4aab44d1400b891c0", "answers": [{"text": "diamond ring", "answer_start": 793}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first of Chopin's works to gain international renown? ", "id": "56cf63b4aab44d1400b891c1", "answers": [{"text": "Rondo Op. 1", "answer_start": 883}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who gave Chopin instruction on how to play the organ?", "id": "56d22055e7d4791d00902683", "answers": [{"text": "Wilhelm W\u00fcrfel", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the teacher of Chopin's three year course that began in the fall of 1826?", "id": "56d22055e7d4791d00902684", "answers": [{"text": "J\u00f3zef Elsner", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is th ename of the mechanical organ Chopin played in 1825?", "id": "56d22055e7d4791d00902685", "answers": [{"text": "eolomelodicon", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin?", "id": "56d22055e7d4791d00902686", "answers": [{"text": "a diamond ring.", "answer_start": 791}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the title of his first commercially successful work?", "id": "56d22055e7d4791d00902687", "answers": [{"text": "Rondo Op. 1.", "answer_start": 883}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "From September 1823 to 1826 Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm W\u00fcrfel during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer J\u00f3zef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass and composition.[n 3] Throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons in Warsaw. He was engaged by the inventors of a mechanical organ, the \"eolomelodicon\", and on this instrument in May 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by Moscheles. The success of this concert led to an invitation to give a similar recital on the instrument before Tsar Alexander I, who was visiting Warsaw; the Tsar presented him with a diamond ring. At a subsequent eolomelodicon concert on 10 June 1825, Chopin performed his Rondo Op. 1. This was the first of his works to be commercially published and earned him his first mention in the foreign press, when the Leipzig Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung praised his \"wealth of musical ideas\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric a guest of during his visit of Szafarnia in 1824 and 1825?", "id": "56cbe2fd6d243a140015edcb", "answers": [{"text": "Dominik Dziewanowski", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which village did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric first experience rural Polish folk music?", "id": "56cbe2fd6d243a140015edcc", "answers": [{"text": "Szafarnia", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To whom did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric write letters to during his stay in Szafarnia?", "id": "56cbe2fd6d243a140015edcd", "answers": [{"text": "his family", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric write parodies of in his letters?", "id": "56cbe2fd6d243a140015edce", "answers": [{"text": "Warsaw newspapers", "answer_start": 428}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During his vacation in 1824 and 1825 who did Chopin spend his vacation with?", "id": "56cf64e34df3c31400b0d6f9", "answers": [{"text": "Dominik Dziewanowski", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of music did Chopin discover for the first time while staying in Szafarnia?", "id": "56cf64e34df3c31400b0d6fa", "answers": [{"text": "Polish rural folk music", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the person who hosted Chopin as a guest when he discovered Polish rural folk music?", "id": "56d2211ae7d4791d00902693", "answers": [{"text": "Dominik Dziewanowski", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the title chopin gave of some spoof letters he wrote?", "id": "56d2211ae7d4791d00902694", "answers": [{"text": "The Szafarnia Courier", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Chopin spend his vacation in 1824 and 1825?", "id": "56d2211ae7d4791d00902695", "answers": [{"text": "Szafarnia", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During 1824\u201328 Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locales.[n 4] In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolmate. Here for the first time he encountered Polish rural folk music. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title \"The Szafarnia Courier\"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's literary gift."}, {"qas": [{"question": "During what year did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's youngest sister, Emilia, pass away?", "id": "56cbe5df6d243a140015edd4", "answers": [{"text": "1827", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What street did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's family move to after the death of his youngest sister?", "id": "56cbe5df6d243a140015edd5", "answers": [{"text": "Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric leave Warsaw after moving with his family to the south annex of Krasi\u0144ski Palace?", "id": "56cbe5df6d243a140015edd6", "answers": [{"text": "1830", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Chopin's family business become in the 20th century?", "id": "56cbe5df6d243a140015edd7", "answers": [{"text": "a museum", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which artist created the first known portrait of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?", "id": "56cbe5df6d243a140015edd8", "answers": [{"text": "Ambro\u017cy Mieroszewski", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Chopin's sister Emilia die?", "id": "56cf66734df3c31400b0d713", "answers": [{"text": "1827", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Chopin leave Warsaw?", "id": "56cf66734df3c31400b0d714", "answers": [{"text": "1830", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Chopin family's business?", "id": "56cf66734df3c31400b0d715", "answers": [{"text": "boarding house for male students", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What artist painted the Chopin family?", "id": "56cf66734df3c31400b0d717", "answers": [{"text": "Ambro\u017cy Mieroszewski", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who in Chopin's family died shortly before they moved in 1827?", "id": "56d3123b59d6e41400146204", "answers": [{"text": "sister Emilia", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Chopin leave Warsaw?", "id": "56d3123b59d6e41400146205", "answers": [{"text": "1830", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Chopin boarding house called in English?", "id": "56d3123b59d6e41400146206", "answers": [{"text": "Chopin Family Parlour", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What artist made portraits of the Chopin family in 1829?", "id": "56d3123b59d6e41400146207", "answers": [{"text": "Ambro\u017cy Mieroszewski", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Was the Chopin family boarding house for male or female students?", "id": "56d3123b59d6e41400146208", "answers": [{"text": "male", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1827, soon after the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family moved from the Warsaw University building, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace, to lodgings just across the street from the university, in the south annex of the Krasi\u0144ski Palace on Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie,[n 5] where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830.[n 6] Here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students; the Chopin Family Parlour (Salonik Chopin\u00f3w) became a museum in the 20th century. In 1829 the artist Ambro\u017cy Mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of Chopin family members, including the first known portrait of the composer.[n 7]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Of the individuals that became intimate with Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric during their stay at the family apartments, which two became part of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's social environment in Paris?", "id": "56cbe9436d243a140015eddf", "answers": [{"text": "Jan Matuszy\u0144ski and Julian Fontana", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which singer was cited specifically as someone Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric was attracted to?", "id": "56cbe9436d243a140015ede0", "answers": [{"text": "Konstancja G\u0142adkowska", "answer_start": 392}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What four boys from his family's boarding house became friends with Chopin?", "id": "56cf67c74df3c31400b0d72d", "answers": [{"text": "Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Bia\u0142ob\u0142ocki, Jan Matuszy\u0144ski and Julian Fontana", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which singer did Chopin become fascinated with?", "id": "56cf67c74df3c31400b0d72e", "answers": [{"text": "Konstancja G\u0142adkowska", "answer_start": 392}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of Chopin's works was unknowingly dedicated to Gladkowska?", "id": "56cf67c74df3c31400b0d72f", "answers": [{"text": "Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor)", "answer_start": 633}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Chopin receive his last Conservatory report?", "id": "56cf67c74df3c31400b0d730", "answers": [{"text": "July 1829", "answer_start": 799}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two of Chopin's friends became part of his Paris milieu?", "id": "56d313b559d6e4140014620e", "answers": [{"text": "Jan Matuszy\u0144ski and Julian Fontana", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the singing student Chopin was attracted to?", "id": "56d313b559d6e4140014620f", "answers": [{"text": "Konstancja G\u0142adkowska", "answer_start": 392}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To whom did Chopin reveal in letters which parts of his work were about the singing student he was infatuated with?", "id": "56d313b559d6e41400146210", "answers": [{"text": "Tytus Woyciechowski", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What musical piece had a Larghetto dedicated to the female singing student Chopin was infatuated with?", "id": "56d313b559d6e41400146211", "answers": [{"text": "Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor)", "answer_start": 633}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many boarders of his family's boarding house became intimate friends with Chopin?", "id": "56d313b559d6e41400146212", "answers": [{"text": "Four", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Four boarders at his parents' apartments became Chopin's intimates: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Bia\u0142ob\u0142ocki, Jan Matuszy\u0144ski and Julian Fontana; the latter two would become part of his Paris milieu. He was friendly with members of Warsaw's young artistic and intellectual world, including Fontana, J\u00f3zef Bohdan Zaleski and Stefan Witwicki. He was also attracted to the singing student Konstancja G\u0142adkowska. In letters to Woyciechowski, he indicated which of his works, and even which of their passages, were influenced by his fascination with her; his letter of 15 May 1830 revealed that the slow movement (Larghetto) of his Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor) was secretly dedicated to her \u2013 \"It should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime \u2013 by moonlight.\" His final Conservatory report (July 1829) read: \"Chopin F., third-year student, exceptional talent, musical genius.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric visit Berlin with in September 1828?", "id": "56cbeb396d243a140015ede8", "answers": [{"text": "Feliks Jarocki", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which opera director did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric see works of during his stay in Berlin?", "id": "56cbeb396d243a140015ede9", "answers": [{"text": "Gaspare Spontini", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric a guest of during his stay in Berlin in 1829?", "id": "56cbeb396d243a140015edeb", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Antoni Radziwi\u0142\u0142", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What piece did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric create specifically for the prince and the prince's daughter, Wanda?", "id": "56cbeb396d243a140015edec", "answers": [{"text": "Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3", "answer_start": 479}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Chopin visit Berlin?", "id": "56cf69144df3c31400b0d745", "answers": [{"text": "September 1828", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With whom did Chopin go to Berlin?", "id": "56cf69144df3c31400b0d746", "answers": [{"text": "Feliks Jarocki", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "While in Berlin he saw the operatic work of who?", "id": "56cf69144df3c31400b0d747", "answers": [{"text": "Gaspare Spontini", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1829 on a trip back to Berlin Chopin was a guest of who?", "id": "56cf69144df3c31400b0d748", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Antoni Radziwi\u0142\u0142", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What piece did Chopin create for Prince Antoni?", "id": "56cf69144df3c31400b0d749", "answers": [{"text": "Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3", "answer_start": 479}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Chopin visit Berlin while still a student?", "id": "56d3148359d6e41400146218", "answers": [{"text": "1828", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Chopin go to Berlin with?", "id": "56d3148359d6e41400146219", "answers": [{"text": "Feliks Jarocki", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the person who Chopin went with to Berlin do for his work?", "id": "56d3148359d6e4140014621a", "answers": [{"text": "zoologist", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who directed the operas they enjoyed in Berlin?", "id": "56d3148359d6e4140014621b", "answers": [{"text": "Gaspare Spontini", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Chopin return to Berlin?", "id": "56d3148359d6e4140014621c", "answers": [{"text": "1829", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwi\u0142\u0142, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen\u2014himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist. For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric compose after hearing Niccol\u00f2 Paganini perform on the violin?", "id": "56cbedde6d243a140015edf2", "answers": [{"text": "Souvenir de Paganini", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what month did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric make his first appearance in Vienna?", "id": "56cbedde6d243a140015edf4", "answers": [{"text": "August", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many piano concerts did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric perform in Vienna during this time?", "id": "56cbedde6d243a140015edf5", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric give his first performance of Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21?", "id": "56cbedde6d243a140015edf6", "answers": [{"text": "17 March 1830", "answer_start": 871}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Chopin compose after hearing Niccolo Paganini?", "id": "56cf6af94df3c31400b0d761", "answers": [{"text": "Souvenir de Paganini", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Chopin debut after completing his studies?", "id": "56cf6af94df3c31400b0d762", "answers": [{"text": "Vienna", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What piece did Chopin debut after returning to Warsaw?", "id": "56cf6af94df3c31400b0d763", "answers": [{"text": "Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21", "answer_start": 828}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Chopin return to Warsaw?", "id": "56cf6af94df3c31400b0d764", "answers": [{"text": "September 1829", "answer_start": 789}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did some critics say that Chopin was too delicate?", "id": "56cf6af94df3c31400b0d765", "answers": [{"text": "accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists", "answer_start": 547}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Chopin hear play violin in 1829 that prompted him to write a composisition?", "id": "56d315d159d6e41400146222", "answers": [{"text": "Niccol\u00f2 Paganini", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Chopin make his debut after completing his education?", "id": "56d315d159d6e41400146223", "answers": [{"text": "Vienna", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many public performances did Chopin do where he made his debut after completing his education?", "id": "56d315d159d6e41400146224", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many weeks after completing school was it before Chopin made his public debut?", "id": "56d315d159d6e41400146225", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccol\u00f2 Paganini play the violin, and composed a set of variations, Souvenir de Paganini. It may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first \u00c9tudes, (1829\u201332), exploring the capacities of his own instrument. On 11 August, three weeks after completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory, he made his debut in Vienna. He gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews\u2014in addition to some commenting (in Chopin's own words) that he was \"too delicate for those accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists\". In one of these concerts, he premiered his Variations on L\u00e0 ci darem la mano, Op. 2 (variations on an aria from Mozart's opera Don Giovanni) for piano and orchestra. He returned to Warsaw in September 1829, where he premiered his Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21 on 17 March 1830."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what date did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric begin his journey into Western Europe?", "id": "56cbef3a6d243a140015edfc", "answers": [{"text": "2 November 1830", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which country did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric go to first after setting out for Western Europe?", "id": "56cbef3a6d243a140015edfd", "answers": [{"text": "Austria", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did his companion Woyciechowski depart to Poland to enlist for the uprising in Warsaw?", "id": "56cbef3a6d243a140015edfe", "answers": [{"text": "1830", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What historian commented that the events involving Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's friend in Poland contributed to his maturing?", "id": "56cbef3a6d243a140015ee00", "answers": [{"text": "Zdzis\u0142aw Jachimecki", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said that Chopin set out \"into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever?\"", "id": "56cf6ca44df3c31400b0d777", "answers": [{"text": "Zdzis\u0142aw Jachimecki", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Chopin leave for Austria with?", "id": "56cf6ca44df3c31400b0d778", "answers": [{"text": "Woyciechowski", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Chopin intend to go after Austria?", "id": "56cf6ca44df3c31400b0d779", "answers": [{"text": "Italy", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Woyciechowski left Chopin to enlist in what?", "id": "56cf6ca44df3c31400b0d77a", "answers": [{"text": "the November 1830 Uprising", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What geographicla region was opened for Chopin due to his composing and performances?", "id": "56d3171959d6e4140014622c", "answers": [{"text": "western Europe", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When Chopin started to take his music to the world, what is the last name of the person who went with him to Austria?", "id": "56d3171959d6e4140014622d", "answers": [{"text": "Woyciechowski", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the uprising begin in Warsaw?", "id": "56d3171959d6e4140014622e", "answers": [{"text": "1830", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the words Chopin wrote to a friend when he was alone and homesick?", "id": "56d3171959d6e4140014622f", "answers": [{"text": "\"I curse the moment of my departure.\"", "answer_start": 500}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Chopin learn that the uprising in Warsaw was crushed?", "id": "56d3171959d6e41400146230", "answers": [{"text": "1831", "answer_start": 556}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chopin's successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western Europe for him, and on 2 November 1830, he set out, in the words of Zdzis\u0142aw Jachimecki, \"into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever.\" With Woyciechowski, he headed for Austria, intending to go on to Italy. Later that month, in Warsaw, the November 1830 Uprising broke out, and Woyciechowski returned to Poland to enlist. Chopin, now alone in Vienna, was nostalgic for his homeland, and wrote to a friend, \"I curse the moment of my departure.\" When in September 1831 he learned, while travelling from Vienna to Paris, that the uprising had been crushed, he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal: \"Oh God! ... You are there, and yet you do not take vengeance!\" Jachimecki ascribes to these events the composer's maturing \"into an inspired national bard who intuited the past, present and future of his native Poland.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What event was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric a part of when he arrived in Paris during the later part of September in 1831?", "id": "56cbf12a6d243a140015ee06", "answers": [{"text": "the Polish Great Emigration", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What version of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's birth name did he begin using after arriving in France?", "id": "56cbf12a6d243a140015ee07", "answers": [{"text": "French", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric officially acquire French citizenship?", "id": "56cbf12a6d243a140015ee08", "answers": [{"text": "1835", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the two kinds of relationships stated as Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric having with his fellow Poland natives in exile?", "id": "56cbf12a6d243a140015ee09", "answers": [{"text": "friends and confidants", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What nationality is stated as the one Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric felt most identified by?", "id": "56cbf12a6d243a140015ee0a", "answers": [{"text": "Polish", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Chopin reach Paris?", "id": "56cf6d3e4df3c31400b0d781", "answers": [{"text": "September 1831", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By not going back to Poland Chopin became part of what?", "id": "56cf6d3e4df3c31400b0d782", "answers": [{"text": "Polish Great Emigration", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Chopin become a French citizen?", "id": "56cf6d3e4df3c31400b0d783", "answers": [{"text": "1835", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of Chopin's biographer?", "id": "56cf6d3e4df3c31400b0d784", "answers": [{"text": "Adam Zamoyski", "answer_start": 451}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After 1831, what country did Chopin never return to?", "id": "56d318f359d6e41400146236", "answers": [{"text": "Poland", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country's passport did he have from 1835?", "id": "56d318f359d6e41400146237", "answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language was Chopin never completely at ease speaking?", "id": "56d318f359d6e41400146238", "answers": [{"text": "French", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What biographer of Chopin wrote that Chopin never considered himself French?", "id": "56d318f359d6e41400146239", "answers": [{"text": "Adam Zamoyski", "answer_start": 451}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Due to the numbers of expatriates of Poland after the uprising, what did it become to be known as?", "id": "56d318f359d6e4140014623a", "answers": [{"text": "Polish Great Emigration", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration. In France he used the French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship in 1835, he travelled on a French passport. However, Chopin remained close to his fellow Poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking French. Chopin's biographer Adam Zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be French, despite his father's French origins, and always saw himself as a Pole."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what city did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric achieve celebrity status?", "id": "56cbf37e6d243a140015ee10", "answers": [{"text": "Paris", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the principal of the Polish Literary Society that Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric became acquainted with?", "id": "56cbf37e6d243a140015ee12", "answers": [{"text": "Adam Mickiewicz", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric create from verses of the poet Adam Mickiewicz?", "id": "56cbf37e6d243a140015ee13", "answers": [{"text": "songs", "answer_start": 458}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What poet did Chopin use verses from for songs?", "id": "56cf6e0d4df3c31400b0d789", "answers": [{"text": "Adam Mickiewicz", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What people did Chopin meet while in Paris?", "id": "56cf6e0d4df3c31400b0d78a", "answers": [{"text": "Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the poet Chopin became acquainted with in Paris?", "id": "56d319d459d6e41400146240", "answers": [{"text": "Adam Mickiewicz", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What position did the poet who Chopin knew in Paris hold?", "id": "56d319d459d6e41400146241", "answers": [{"text": "principal of the Polish Literary Society", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny. Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal of the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he set as songs."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which friend of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric failed to achieve success in England?", "id": "56cbf5106d243a140015ee18", "answers": [{"text": "Julian Fontana", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's trusted adviser while in Paris?", "id": "56cbf5106d243a140015ee19", "answers": [{"text": "Albert Grzyma\u0142a", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What familial role was Albert Grzyma\u0142a compared to in regards to Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?", "id": "56cbf5106d243a140015ee1a", "answers": [{"text": "elder brother", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is stated as a jack of all trades in service to Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?", "id": "56cbf5106d243a140015ee1b", "answers": [{"text": "Julian Fontana", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What nationality were the two friends who served as a pivotal influence in Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's life while in Paris?", "id": "56cbf5106d243a140015ee1c", "answers": [{"text": "Polish", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Julian Fontana tried to find his way where before moving to Paris?", "id": "56cf6f874df3c31400b0d796", "answers": [{"text": "England", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Julian Fontana fail to get established?", "id": "56d31b3759d6e41400146244", "answers": [{"text": "England", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Chopin know that became rich in Paris?", "id": "56d31b3759d6e41400146245", "answers": [{"text": "Albert Grzyma\u0142a", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which friend of Chopin became like an older brother to him?", "id": "56d31b3759d6e41400146246", "answers": [{"text": "Albert Grzyma\u0142a", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which friend took on the role of several jobs to help Chopin including copyist?", "id": "56d31b3759d6e41400146247", "answers": [{"text": "Julian Fontana", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were Chopin and Fontana students together?", "id": "56d31b3759d6e41400146248", "answers": [{"text": "Warsaw Conservatory", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin's life there. His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana, had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England; Albert Grzyma\u0142a, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure, often acted as Chopin's adviser and \"gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [his] life.\" Fontana was to become, in the words of Micha\u0142owski and Samson, Chopin's \"general factotum and copyist\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who gave Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric his first significant public approval in regards to his compositions?", "id": "56cbf7d16d243a140015ee22", "answers": [{"text": "Robert Schumann", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric give his first performance at the Salle Pleyel?", "id": "56cbf7d16d243a140015ee23", "answers": [{"text": "26 February 1832", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is stated as a hindrance for Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's ability to perform in large concert spaces?", "id": "56cbf7d16d243a140015ee24", "answers": [{"text": "intimate keyboard technique", "answer_start": 683}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric rely upon financially before earning a great income from his works?", "id": "56cbf7d16d243a140015ee25", "answers": [{"text": "his father", "answer_start": 1166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From whom did Chopin receive his first big endorsement?", "id": "56cf70c74df3c31400b0d799", "answers": [{"text": "Robert Schumann", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Chopin debut at Salle Pleyel ?", "id": "56cf70c74df3c31400b0d79a", "answers": [{"text": "26 February 1832", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What affluent family did Chopin gain a patronage from?", "id": "56cf70c74df3c31400b0d79c", "answers": [{"text": "Rothschild", "answer_start": 802}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Chopin receive his first major endorsement from Robert Schumann?", "id": "56d31bfb59d6e4140014624e", "answers": [{"text": "1831", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Chopin realize was not ideal for larger spaces after his first successful concert in Paris?", "id": "56d31bfb59d6e41400146250", "answers": [{"text": "keyboard technique", "answer_start": 692}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Once Chopin stopped performing concerts, how did he earn his income?", "id": "56d31bfb59d6e41400146252", "answers": [{"text": "publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students", "answer_start": 1244}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "At the end of 1831, Chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when Robert Schumann, reviewing the Op. 2 Variations in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (his first published article on music), declared: \"Hats off, gentlemen! A genius.\" On 26 February 1832 Chopin gave a debut Paris concert at the Salle Pleyel which drew universal admiration. The critic Fran\u00e7ois-Joseph F\u00e9tis wrote in the Revue et gazette musicale: \"Here is a young man who ... taking no model, has found, if not a complete renewal of piano music, ... an abundance of original ideas of a kind to be found nowhere else ...\" After this concert, Chopin realized that his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces. Later that year he was introduced to the wealthy Rothschild banking family, whose patronage also opened doors for him to other private salons (social gatherings of the aristocracy and artistic and literary elite). By the end of 1832 Chopin had established himself among the Parisian musical elite, and had earned the respect of his peers such as Hiller, Liszt, and Berlioz. He no longer depended financially upon his father, and in the winter of 1832 he began earning a handsome income from publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over Europe. This freed him from the strains of public concert-giving, which he disliked."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's favorite environment to perform in?", "id": "56cbfa0e6d243a140015ee2d", "answers": [{"text": "his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What instrument did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric play in a performance on 23 March 1833?", "id": "56cbfa0e6d243a140015ee2e", "answers": [{"text": "pianos", "answer_start": 738}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin gave a yearly performance where?", "id": "56cf75794df3c31400b0d7d1", "answers": [{"text": "Salle Pleyel", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin worked with Liszt on what piece?", "id": "56cf75794df3c31400b0d7d2", "answers": [{"text": "Hexameron", "answer_start": 1080}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1833 with whom with Chopin work to get his music published?", "id": "56cf75794df3c31400b0d7d3", "answers": [{"text": "Maurice Schlesinger", "answer_start": 1234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of Chopin's pupil who performed with him?", "id": "56cf75794df3c31400b0d7d4", "answers": [{"text": "Adolphe Gutmann", "answer_start": 850}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Chopin prefer to play for people?", "id": "56d31dcb59d6e41400146259", "answers": [{"text": "apartment", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On March 23, 1833, who headlined and performed with Chopin at a concert?", "id": "56d31dcb59d6e4140014625b", "answers": [{"text": "Liszt and Hiller", "answer_start": 707}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Chopin contract with for publishing his music?", "id": "56d31dcb59d6e4140014625c", "answers": [{"text": "Maurice Schlesinger", "answer_start": 1234}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chopin seldom performed publicly in Paris. In later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated three hundred. He played more frequently at salons, but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends. The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that \"As a pianist Chopin was unique in acquiring a reputation of the highest order on the basis of a minimum of public appearances\u2014few more than thirty in the course of his lifetime.\" The list of musicians who took part in some of his concerts provides an indication of the richness of Parisian artistic life during this period. Examples include a concert on 23 March 1833, in which Chopin, Liszt and Hiller performed (on pianos) a concerto by J.S. Bach for three keyboards; and, on 3 March 1838, a concert in which Chopin, his pupil Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, and Alkan's teacher Joseph Zimmermann performed Alkan's arrangement, for eight hands, of two movements from Beethoven's 7th symphony. Chopin was also involved in the composition of Liszt's Hexameron; he wrote the sixth (and final) variation on Bellini's theme. Chopin's music soon found success with publishers, and in 1833 he contracted with Maurice Schlesinger, who arranged for it to be published not only in France but, through his family connections, also in Germany and England."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric meet in the spring of 1834 at the Lower Rhenish Music Festival?", "id": "56cbfbdd6d243a140015ee36", "answers": [{"text": "Felix Mendelssohn", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two activities did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric do while visiting for a day in D\u00fcsseldorf with Mendelssohn and Hiller?", "id": "56cbfbdd6d243a140015ee37", "answers": [{"text": "playing and discussing music", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the director of the Academy of Art that Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric met while in D\u00fcsseldorf?", "id": "56cbfbdd6d243a140015ee38", "answers": [{"text": "Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow", "answer_start": 377}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's parents located at when he saw them for the final time in 1835?", "id": "56cbfbdd6d243a140015ee39", "answers": [{"text": "Carlsbad", "answer_start": 540}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Chopin meet Felix Mendelssohn?", "id": "56cf7b8a4df3c31400b0d81f", "answers": [{"text": "the Lower Rhenish Music Festival", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Chopin attend the Lower Rhenish Music Festival with?", "id": "56cf7b8a4df3c31400b0d820", "answers": [{"text": "Hiller", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1835 where did Chopin and his parents visit?", "id": "56cf7b8a4df3c31400b0d821", "answers": [{"text": "Carlsbad", "answer_start": 540}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Chopin propose marriage to Maria Wodzi\u0144ski?", "id": "56cf7b8a4df3c31400b0d822", "answers": [{"text": "July 1836", "answer_start": 1268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Maria's mother?", "id": "56cf7b8a4df3c31400b0d823", "answers": [{"text": "Countess Wodzi\u0144ska", "answer_start": 1405}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Chopin meet at a music festival early in 1834?", "id": "56d31f8a59d6e41400146262", "answers": [{"text": "Felix Mendelssohn", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Chopin and Hiller go with the person Chopin met in the spring of 1834?", "id": "56d31f8a59d6e41400146263", "answers": [{"text": "D\u00fcsseldorf", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow position?", "id": "56d31f8a59d6e41400146264", "answers": [{"text": "director of the Academy of Art", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first name of the girl Chopin proposed to?", "id": "56d31f8a59d6e41400146266", "answers": [{"text": "Maria", "answer_start": 749}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the spring of 1834, Chopin attended the Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, and it was there that Chopin met Felix Mendelssohn. After the festival, the three visited D\u00fcsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had been appointed musical director. They spent what Mendelssohn described as \"a very agreeable day\", playing and discussing music at his piano, and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, director of the Academy of Art, and some of his eminent pupils such as Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn. In 1835 Chopin went to Carlsbad, where he spent time with his parents; it was the last time he would see them. On his way back to Paris, he met old friends from Warsaw, the Wodzi\u0144skis. He had made the acquaintance of their daughter Maria in Poland five years earlier, when she was eleven. This meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in Dresden, when he had previously intended to return to Paris via Leipzig. The sixteen-year-old girl's portrait of the composer is considered, along with Delacroix's, as among Chopin's best likenesses. In October he finally reached Leipzig, where he met Schumann, Clara Wieck and Felix Mendelssohn, who organised for him a performance of his own oratorio St. Paul, and who considered him \"a perfect musician\". In July 1836 Chopin travelled to Marienbad and Dresden to be with the Wodzi\u0144ski family, and in September he proposed to Maria, whose mother Countess Wodzi\u0144ska approved in principle. Chopin went on to Leipzig, where he presented Schumann with his G minor Ballade. At the end of 1836 he sent Maria an album in which his sister Ludwika had inscribed seven of his songs, and his 1835 Nocturne in C-sharp minor, Op. 27, No. 1. The anodyne thanks he received from Maria proved to be the last letter he was to have from her."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the recipient of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's letter he wrote on 12 December 1831?", "id": "56cbfcda6d243a140015ee40", "answers": [{"text": "Woyciechowski", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the three names stated in Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's letter that he had shown interest and curiosity in?", "id": "56cbfcda6d243a140015ee41", "answers": [{"text": "Herz, Liszt, Hiller", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is stated as being in attendance of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's first performance at the Salle Pleyel on 26 February 1832?", "id": "56cbfcda6d243a140015ee42", "answers": [{"text": "Liszt", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the date that LIszt first saw Chopin perform?", "id": "56cf75c64df3c31400b0d7d9", "answers": [{"text": "26 February 1832", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which friend received the letter in which Chopin referenced Liszt?", "id": "56d3202159d6e4140014626d", "answers": [{"text": "Woyciechowski", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Chopin's first concert in Paris held?", "id": "56d3202159d6e4140014626f", "answers": [{"text": "the Salle Pleyel", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although it is not known exactly when Chopin first met Liszt after arriving in Paris, on 12 December 1831 he mentioned in a letter to his friend Woyciechowski that \"I have met Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc.\u2014also Kalkbrenner. You would not believe how curious I was about Herz, Liszt, Hiller, etc.\" Liszt was in attendance at Chopin's Parisian debut on 26 February 1832 at the Salle Pleyel, which led him to remark: \"The most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to our enthusiasm in the presence of this talented musician, who revealed a new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy innovation in the form of his art.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What address did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric live at during his stay in Paris?", "id": "56cbff116d243a140015ee46", "answers": [{"text": "38 Rue de la Chauss\u00e9e-d'Antin", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How far down the road did Liszt live from Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric during this time?", "id": "56cbff116d243a140015ee47", "answers": [{"text": "a few blocks", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many times did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric and Liszt collaborate in performances during the years of 1833 to 1841?", "id": "56cbff116d243a140015ee48", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For whose benefit was the first of these concerts performed for on 2 April 1833?", "id": "56cbff116d243a140015ee49", "answers": [{"text": "Harriet Smithson", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At which two establishments was the last of these performances conducted at on 25 and 26 April 1841?", "id": "56cbff116d243a140015ee4a", "answers": [{"text": "Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory", "answer_start": 709}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the first time Liszt and Chopin performed together?", "id": "56cf7c234df3c31400b0d832", "answers": [{"text": "2 April 1833", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the charity that Liszt and Chopin last performed for?", "id": "56cf7c234df3c31400b0d834", "answers": [{"text": "the Beethoven Memorial in Bonn", "answer_start": 665}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Liszt and Chopin last perform together?", "id": "56cf7c234df3c31400b0d835", "answers": [{"text": "Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory", "answer_start": 709}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When Liszt lived close to Chopin, where did he call home?", "id": "56d320bf59d6e41400146274", "answers": [{"text": "the H\u00f4tel de France on the Rue Lafitte", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many times did Chopin and Liszy perform together in public?", "id": "56d320bf59d6e41400146276", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the first concert of Chopin and Liszt benefit?", "id": "56d320bf59d6e41400146277", "answers": [{"text": "Harriet Smithson", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The two became friends, and for many years lived in close proximity in Paris, Chopin at 38 Rue de la Chauss\u00e9e-d'Antin, and Liszt at the H\u00f4tel de France on the Rue Lafitte, a few blocks away. They performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841. The first, on 2 April 1833, was at a benefit concert organized by Hector Berlioz for his bankrupt Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson, during which they played George Onslow's Sonata in F minor for piano duet. Later joint appearances included a benefit concert for the Benevolent Association of Polish Ladies in Paris. Their last appearance together in public was for a charity concert conducted for the Beethoven Memorial in Bonn, held at the Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory on 25 and 26 April 1841."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What term describes the qualities of the relationship between Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric and Liszt?", "id": "56cc02376d243a140015ee50", "answers": [{"text": "love-hate relationship", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What three qualities of Liszt are stated to have captivated Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?", "id": "56cc02376d243a140015ee51", "answers": [{"text": "theatricality, showmanship and success", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric receive from Liszt when the latter performed a nocturne with certain embellishments added?", "id": "56cc02376d243a140015ee52", "answers": [{"text": "an apology", "answer_start": 805}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric introduce Liszt as in when referring to him in his letters up to 1848?", "id": "56cc02376d243a140015ee53", "answers": [{"text": "my friend Liszt", "answer_start": 983}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What piece did Chopin dedicate to Liszt?", "id": "56cfdb3e234ae51400d9bf7d", "answers": [{"text": "Op. 10 \u00c9tudes", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Liszt's mistress?", "id": "56cfdb3e234ae51400d9bf7f", "answers": [{"text": "Marie d'Agoult", "answer_start": 1168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Chopin dedicate the Op. 10 \u00c9tudes to?", "id": "56d3227259d6e4140014627e", "answers": [{"text": "Liszt", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who apologized to Chopin for adding embellishments to a musical piece he perforemed that was written by Chopin?", "id": "56d3227259d6e4140014627f", "answers": [{"text": "Liszt", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Liszt's mistress?", "id": "56d3227259d6e41400146280", "answers": [{"text": "Marie d'Agoult", "answer_start": 1168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Chopin write to displaying his desire to take away a performers ability to play his music?", "id": "56d3227259d6e41400146281", "answers": [{"text": "Hiller", "answer_start": 499}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the man who biogrpahers think Chopin was concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with?", "id": "56d3227259d6e41400146282", "answers": [{"text": "George Sand", "answer_start": 1302}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other, their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love-hate relationship. Harold C. Schonberg believes that Chopin displayed a \"tinge of jealousy and spite\" towards Liszt's virtuosity on the piano, and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with Liszt's theatricality, showmanship and success. Liszt was the dedicatee of Chopin's Op. 10 \u00c9tudes, and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to Hiller, \"I should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies.\" However, Chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when Liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments, at which Chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all, forcing an apology. Most biographers of Chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other, although in his letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as \"my friend Liszt\". Some commentators point to events in the two men's romantic lives which led to a rift between them; there are claims that Liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin, while others believe that Chopin had become concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with George Sand."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the host of the gathering where Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric was introduced to George Sand?", "id": "56cc06496d243a140015ee5a", "answers": [{"text": "Marie d'Agoult", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric label the place in which he placed Maria and her mother's letters about the unlikely marriage?", "id": "56cc06496d243a140015ee5d", "answers": [{"text": "My tragedy", "answer_start": 713}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did George Sand write to when admitting having a strong affection for Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?", "id": "56cc06496d243a140015ee5e", "answers": [{"text": "Grzyma\u0142a", "answer_start": 747}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the author Chopin met at a gathering put on by Marie d'Agoult?", "id": "56cfdc7f234ae51400d9bf8b", "answers": [{"text": "George Sand", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was a possible reason for Chopin's failed engagement to Maria Wodzi\u0144ska?", "id": "56cfdc7f234ae51400d9bf8e", "answers": [{"text": "his poor health", "answer_start": 503}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Chopin write on the box of letters from Maria and her mother?", "id": "56cfdc7f234ae51400d9bf8f", "answers": [{"text": "My tragedy", "answer_start": 713}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who hosted the party whre Chopin met George Sand?", "id": "56d3234159d6e41400146288", "answers": [{"text": "Marie d'Agoult", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Maria Wodzi\u0144ska's mother tell Chopin that he likely would not marry her daughter?", "id": "56d3234159d6e41400146289", "answers": [{"text": "1837", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Chopin write on the package that contained letters from Maria and her mother?", "id": "56d3234159d6e4140014628b", "answers": [{"text": "My tragedy", "answer_start": 713}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Sand confide to in a letter about her feelings for Chopin in June, 1838?", "id": "56d3234159d6e4140014628c", "answers": [{"text": "Grzyma\u0142a", "answer_start": 747}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1836, at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult, Chopin met the French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin). Short (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker, she initially repelled Chopin, who remarked, \"What an unattractive person la Sand is. Is she really a woman?\" However, by early 1837 Maria Wodzi\u0144ska's mother had made it clear to Chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed. It is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d'Agoult and Sand. Chopin finally placed the letters from Maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote, in Polish, \"My tragedy\". Sand, in a letter to Grzyma\u0142a of June 1838, admitted strong feelings for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with Chopin; she asked Grzyma\u0142a to assess Chopin's relationship with Maria Wodzi\u0144ska, without realising that the affair, at least from Maria's side, was over."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What city did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric visit in June 1837?", "id": "56cc07886d243a140015ee64", "answers": [{"text": "London", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event occurred on Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's return to Paris?", "id": "56cc07886d243a140015ee65", "answers": [{"text": "his association with Sand began in earnest", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many years older was George Sand compared to Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?", "id": "56cc07886d243a140015ee66", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What adjective is used to describe Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric and Sand's time together during the winter of 1838?", "id": "56cc07886d243a140015ee67", "answers": [{"text": "miserable", "answer_start": 660}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric and Sand venture to after Majorca became unlivable when it was discovered they were not married?", "id": "56cc07886d243a140015ee68", "answers": [{"text": "Valldemossa", "answer_start": 1194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With whom did Chopin go to London with in 1837?", "id": "56cfdd64234ae51400d9bf97", "answers": [{"text": "Camille Pleyel", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was James Broadwood's occupation?", "id": "56cfdd64234ae51400d9bf98", "answers": [{"text": "piano maker", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much older was George Sands than Chopin?", "id": "56cfdd64234ae51400d9bf99", "answers": [{"text": "six years", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During Sands and Chopin's visit to Majorca who were they fleeing?", "id": "56cfdd64234ae51400d9bf9a", "answers": [{"text": "F\u00e9licien Mallefille", "answer_start": 932}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After it became known that Sands and Chopin were unmarried where did they end up taking up shelter?", "id": "56cfdd64234ae51400d9bf9b", "answers": [{"text": "a former Carthusian monastery", "answer_start": 1161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Chopin and Sand become lovers?", "id": "56d323fb59d6e41400146292", "answers": [{"text": "June 1838", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Chopin and Sand go between November 1838 and February 1839?", "id": "56d323fb59d6e41400146293", "answers": [{"text": "Majorca", "answer_start": 680}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who joined Chopin and Sand on their trip to Majorca?", "id": "56d323fb59d6e41400146294", "answers": [{"text": "Sand's two children", "answer_start": 748}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "One of the reasons Chopin and Sand went to Majorca was to escape the threats of who?", "id": "56d323fb59d6e41400146295", "answers": [{"text": "F\u00e9licien Mallefille.", "answer_start": 932}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Chopin and Sand stay in Valldemossa?", "id": "56d323fb59d6e41400146296", "answers": [{"text": "a former Carthusian monastery", "answer_start": 1161}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In June 1837 Chopin visited London incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer Camille Pleyel where he played at a musical soir\u00e9e at the house of English piano maker James Broadwood. On his return to Paris, his association with Sand began in earnest, and by the end of June 1838 they had become lovers. Sand, who was six years older than the composer, and who had had a series of lovers, wrote at this time: \"I must say I was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me ... I have still not recovered from my astonishment, and if I were a proud person I should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away ...\" The two spent a miserable winter on Majorca (8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839), where, together with Sand's two children, they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of Chopin and that of Sand's 15-year-old son Maurice, and also to escape the threats of Sand's former lover F\u00e9licien Mallefille. After discovering that the couple were not married, the deeply traditional Catholic people of Majorca became inhospitable, making accommodation difficult to find. This compelled the group to take lodgings in a former Carthusian monastery in Valldemossa, which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many doctors saw Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric by the 3rd of December?", "id": "56cc08eb6d243a140015ee6e", "answers": [{"text": "Three", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric have trouble playing as a result of his growing illness?", "id": "56cc08eb6d243a140015ee6f", "answers": [{"text": "piano", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What condition did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric describe the piano that arrived to him through many dangerous obstacles?", "id": "56cc08eb6d243a140015ee70", "answers": [{"text": "best possible condition", "answer_start": 475}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many doctors visited Chopin?", "id": "56cfddc4234ae51400d9bfa1", "answers": [{"text": "3", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What month did Chopin's piano arrive?", "id": "56cfddc4234ae51400d9bfa2", "answers": [{"text": "December", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Chopin compalin about?", "id": "56d347fb59d6e4140014629c", "answers": [{"text": "his bad health", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Chopin have a hard time getting delivered to Majorca?", "id": "56d347fb59d6e4140014629d", "answers": [{"text": "his Pleyel piano", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What month did Chopin's Pleyel piano arrive in Majorca?", "id": "56d347fb59d6e4140014629f", "answers": [{"text": "December", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Chopin send his Preludes to?", "id": "56d347fb59d6e414001462a0", "answers": [{"text": "Pleyel", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 3 December, Chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca: \"Three doctors have visited me ... The first said I was dead; the second said I was dying; and the third said I was about to die.\" He also had problems having his Pleyel piano sent to him. It finally arrived from Paris in December. Chopin wrote to Pleyel in January 1839: \"I am sending you my Preludes [(Op. 28)]. I finished them on your little piano, which arrived in the best possible condition in spite of the sea, the bad weather and the Palma customs.\" Chopin was also able to undertake work on his Ballade No. 2, Op. 38; two Polonaises, Op. 40; and the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is stated as having a negative effect on Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's health during this productive time?", "id": "56cc0d816d243a140015ee78", "answers": [{"text": "bad weather", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What culture of French people did Sand sell the piano to?", "id": "56cc0d816d243a140015ee79", "answers": [{"text": "Canuts", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city did the group travel to in order to help Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric recover?", "id": "56cc0d816d243a140015ee7a", "answers": [{"text": "Marseilles", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Sand's estate located where they stayed for the summers until 1846?", "id": "56cc0d816d243a140015ee7b", "answers": [{"text": "Nohant", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric and Sand move to in 1842 in buildings next to each other?", "id": "56cc0d816d243a140015ee7c", "answers": [{"text": "Square d'Orl\u00e9ans", "answer_start": 726}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Sand sell Chopin's piano to?", "id": "56cfde92234ae51400d9bfb7", "answers": [{"text": "the Canuts", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the group travel to after Barcelona?", "id": "56cfde92234ae51400d9bfb8", "answers": [{"text": "Marseilles", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Sand's home?", "id": "56cfde92234ae51400d9bfb9", "answers": [{"text": "Nohant", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After returning to Paris where was Chopin's apartment?", "id": "56cfde92234ae51400d9bfba", "answers": [{"text": "5 rue Tronchet", "answer_start": 536}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1842 where did Chopin and Sand move?", "id": "56cfde92234ae51400d9bfbb", "answers": [{"text": "Square d'Orl\u00e9ans", "answer_start": 726}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What had a negative effect on Chopin's health?", "id": "56d34c7c59d6e414001462a6", "answers": [{"text": "the bad weather", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Sand sell the piano to?", "id": "56d34c7c59d6e414001462a7", "answers": [{"text": "the Canuts.", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did they travel after leaving Barcelona?", "id": "56d34c7c59d6e414001462a8", "answers": [{"text": "Marseilles", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Chopin and Sand move to in 1842?", "id": "56d34c7c59d6e414001462a9", "answers": [{"text": "Square d'Orl\u00e9ans", "answer_start": 726}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did they spend most summers until 1846?", "id": "56d34c7c59d6e414001462aa", "answers": [{"text": "Nohant", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although this period had been productive, the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on Chopin's health that Sand determined to leave the island. To avoid further customs duties, Sand sold the piano to a local French couple, the Canuts.[n 8] The group traveled first to Barcelona, then to Marseilles, where they stayed for a few months while Chopin convalesced. In May 1839 they headed for the summer to Sand's estate at Nohant, where they spent most summers until 1846. In autumn they returned to Paris, where Chopin's apartment at 5 rue Tronchet was close to Sand's rented accommodation at the rue Pigalle. He frequently visited Sand in the evenings, but both retained some independence. In 1842 he and Sand moved to the Square d'Orl\u00e9ans, living in adjacent buildings."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What event were Chopin and Sand at on 26 July 1840?", "id": "56cc0f056d243a140015ee83", "answers": [{"text": "Berlioz's Grande symphonie fun\u00e8bre et triomphale", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What anniversary was the July Revolution that Sand and Chopin were present at a dress rehearsal for?", "id": "56cc0f056d243a140015ee84", "answers": [{"text": "tenth", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At whose funeral did Chopin play in 1839?", "id": "56cfdf00234ae51400d9bfc7", "answers": [{"text": "Adolphe Nourrit", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What instrument did Chopin play at  Adolphe Nourrit's funeral?", "id": "56cfdf00234ae51400d9bfc8", "answers": [{"text": "organ", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What piece did Chopin play at  Adolphe Nourrit's funeral?", "id": "56cfdf00234ae51400d9bfc9", "answers": [{"text": "Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin attended the funeral of who in 1839?", "id": "56d34dea59d6e414001462b0", "answers": [{"text": "Adolphe Nourrit", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Chopin play at the funeral?", "id": "56d34dea59d6e414001462b1", "answers": [{"text": "Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne.", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the dress rehearsal for?", "id": "56d34dea59d6e414001462b3", "answers": [{"text": "Berlioz's Grande symphonie fun\u00e8bre et triomphale", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "It was in commemoration of the tenth anniversary of what?", "id": "56d34dea59d6e414001462b4", "answers": [{"text": "the July Revolution.", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "At the funeral of the tenor Adolphe Nourrit in Paris in 1839, Chopin made a rare appearance at the organ, playing a transcription of Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne. On 26 July 1840 Chopin and Sand were present at the dress rehearsal of Berlioz's Grande symphonie fun\u00e8bre et triomphale, composed to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the July Revolution. Chopin was reportedly unimpressed with the composition."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the example given of a work produced by Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric during calm summers at Nohant?", "id": "56cc100b6d243a140015ee8a", "answers": [{"text": "Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of the two people that visited Chopin were tutored by him on piano?", "id": "56cc100b6d243a140015ee8c", "answers": [{"text": "Pauline Viardot", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did Delacroix write a letter based on his visit at Nohant?", "id": "56cc100b6d243a140015ee8d", "answers": [{"text": "7 June 1842", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Chopin help Pauline Viardot with?", "id": "56cfdf7b234ae51400d9bfd6", "answers": [{"text": "piano technique and composition", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were two visitors to Chopin while in Nohant?", "id": "56d34ffe59d6e414001462bb", "answers": [{"text": "Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two things did Chopin advise Viardot on?", "id": "56d34ffe59d6e414001462bc", "answers": [{"text": "piano technique and composition.", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote a letter on June 7, 1842 about a stay in Nohant?", "id": "56d34ffe59d6e414001462bd", "answers": [{"text": "Delacroix", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the summers at Nohant, particularly in the years 1839\u201343, Chopin found quiet, productive days during which he composed many works, including his Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53. Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, whom Chopin had advised on piano technique and composition. Delacroix gives an account of staying at Nohant in a letter of 7 June 1842:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "In which year did Chopin begin experiencing a serious decline in health?", "id": "56cc12376d243a140015ee92", "answers": [{"text": "1842", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To whom did Chopin write a letter on 21 February 1842 about his agonizing pain?", "id": "56cc12376d243a140015ee93", "answers": [{"text": "Grzyma\u0142a", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What performance was Chopin forced to decline due to his increasing ill health?", "id": "56cc12376d243a140015ee94", "answers": [{"text": "Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at Erard's", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What instrument did Chopin play for Charles Hall\u00e9 when the latter visited him?", "id": "56cc12376d243a140015ee95", "answers": [{"text": "piano", "answer_start": 591}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has current day research suggested that Chopin was suffering from alongside his other illnesses?", "id": "56cc12376d243a140015ee96", "answers": [{"text": "temporal lobe epilepsy", "answer_start": 786}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Starting in what year did Chopin start showing evidence of very bad health?", "id": "56cfe09e234ae51400d9bfd9", "answers": [{"text": "1842", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What second performance did Chopin have to decline to play?", "id": "56cfe09e234ae51400d9bfda", "answers": [{"text": "Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What specific illness does modern evidence point to Chopin having?", "id": "56cfe09e234ae51400d9bfdb", "answers": [{"text": "temporal lobe epilepsy", "answer_start": 786}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Chopin show signs of serious illness?", "id": "56d3536159d6e414001462c2", "answers": [{"text": "From 1842 onwards", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin wrote in 1842 that he had to lie in bed all day because what ached so much?", "id": "56d3536159d6e414001462c3", "answers": [{"text": "mouth and tonsils", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin had to decline who's invitation in 1843 to particpate in a performance at Erard's?", "id": "56d3536159d6e414001462c4", "answers": [{"text": "Alkan", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who visited Chopin in 1844 and wrote about his inability to move?", "id": "56d3536159d6e414001462c5", "answers": [{"text": "Charles Hall\u00e9", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Modern medicine indicates Chopin may have suffered from what condition?", "id": "56d3536159d6e414001462c6", "answers": [{"text": "temporal lobe epilepsy.", "answer_start": 786}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "From 1842 onwards, Chopin showed signs of serious illness. After a solo recital in Paris on 21 February 1842, he wrote to Grzyma\u0142a: \"I have to lie in bed all day long, my mouth and tonsils are aching so much.\" He was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from Alkan to participate in a repeat performance of the Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at Erard's on 1 March 1843. Late in 1844, Charles Hall\u00e9 visited Chopin and found him \"hardly able to move, bent like a half-opened penknife and evidently in great pain\", although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor. Chopin's health continued to deteriorate, particularly from this time onwards. Modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses, he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of Sand's daughter's fiance that contributed to deteriorating the relationship between Sand and Chopin?", "id": "56cc13956d243a140015ee9c", "answers": [{"text": "Auguste Cl\u00e9singer", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the interest Sand had that Chopin showed apathy towards?", "id": "56cc13956d243a140015ee9d", "answers": [{"text": "radical political pursuits", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Sand begin referring to Chopin as as his illness got worse?", "id": "56cc13956d243a140015ee9e", "answers": [{"text": "third child", "answer_start": 535}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Sand's novel she published in reference to her situation with Chopin?", "id": "56cc13956d243a140015ee9f", "answers": [{"text": "Lucrezia Floriani", "answer_start": 731}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Chopin and Sand ultimately bring their relationship to a close?", "id": "56cc13956d243a140015eea0", "answers": [{"text": "1847", "answer_start": 701}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Chopin's relationship with Sand start to deteriorate?", "id": "56cfe169234ae51400d9bfeb", "answers": [{"text": "1846", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whom did Sand's daughter Solange become engaged to?", "id": "56cfe169234ae51400d9bfec", "answers": [{"text": "Auguste Cl\u00e9singer", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What novel did Sand write in 1847?", "id": "56cfe169234ae51400d9bfed", "answers": [{"text": "Lucrezia Floriani", "answer_start": 731}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the fortune hunter engaged to Sand's daughter?", "id": "56d354c659d6e414001462cd", "answers": [{"text": "Auguste Cl\u00e9singer.", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What role did Sand take on as her relationship with Chopin progressed?", "id": "56d354c659d6e414001462ce", "answers": [{"text": "nurse", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Sand's book where the main characters can be interpreted as Sand and Chopin?", "id": "56d354c659d6e414001462cf", "answers": [{"text": "Lucrezia Floriani", "answer_start": 731}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Chopin end his relationship with Sand?", "id": "56d354c659d6e414001462d0", "answers": [{"text": "1847", "answer_start": 701}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chopin's relations with Sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter Solange and Solange's fianc\u00e9, the young fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Cl\u00e9singer. The composer frequently took Solange's side in quarrels with her mother; he also faced jealousy from Sand's son Maurice. Chopin was utterly indifferent to Sand's radical political pursuits, while Sand looked on his society friends with disdain. As the composer's illness progressed, Sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to Chopin, whom she called her \"third child\". In letters to third parties, she vented her impatience, referring to him as a \"child,\" a \"little angel\", a \"sufferer\" and a \"beloved little corpse.\" In 1847 Sand published her novel Lucrezia Floriani, whose main characters\u2014a rich actress and a prince in weak health\u2014could be interpreted as Sand and Chopin; the story was uncomplimentary to Chopin, who could not have missed the allusions as he helped Sand correct the printer's galleys. In 1847 he did not visit Nohant, and he quietly ended their ten-year relationship following an angry correspondence which, in Sand's words, made \"a strange conclusion to nine years of exclusive friendship.\" The two would never meet again."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the single piece of work he wrote in 1844?", "id": "56cc15956d243a140015eea8", "answers": [{"text": "Op. 58 sonata", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can be said of these works compared to his work in other years even though the quantity was less?", "id": "56cc15956d243a140015eea9", "answers": [{"text": "more refined than many of his earlier compositions", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many pieces did Chopin write in 1841?", "id": "56cfe1d7234ae51400d9bff7", "answers": [{"text": "a dozen", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many pieces did Chopin compose in 1842?", "id": "56cfe1d7234ae51400d9bff8", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What piece did Chopin compose in 1844?", "id": "56cfe1d7234ae51400d9bff9", "answers": [{"text": "Op. 58 sonata", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many works did Chopin write in 1842?", "id": "56d3af3e2ccc5a1400d82e41", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many works did Chopin write in 1843?", "id": "56d3af3e2ccc5a1400d82e42", "answers": [{"text": "six shorter pieces", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many works did Chopin write in 1845?", "id": "56d3af3e2ccc5a1400d82e44", "answers": [{"text": "three mazurkas", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chopin's output as a composer throughout this period declined in quantity year by year. Whereas in 1841 he had written a dozen works, only six were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843. In 1844 he wrote only the Op. 58 sonata. 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions, Zamoyski opines that \"his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish, both emotional and intellectual.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what month and year did Chopin give his final performance?", "id": "56cc16bb6d243a140015eeb1", "answers": [{"text": "February 1848", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With whom did Chopin perform his final concert?", "id": "56cc16bb6d243a140015eeb2", "answers": [{"text": "Auguste Franchomme", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Chopin last perform?", "id": "56cfe20f234ae51400d9c003", "answers": [{"text": "February 1848", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Chopin last perform with?", "id": "56cfe20f234ae51400d9c004", "answers": [{"text": "Auguste Franchomme", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Plitical strife, popularity decline, instability of era and fewer students caused Chopin to what?", "id": "56d3ae792ccc5a1400d82e3a", "answers": [{"text": "struggle financially.", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Chopin have at his last Parisian concert in 1848?", "id": "56d3ae792ccc5a1400d82e3b", "answers": [{"text": "Auguste Franchomme", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What instrument did Auguste Franchomme play?", "id": "56d3ae792ccc5a1400d82e3c", "answers": [{"text": "Cello", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane, as did the number of his pupils, and this, together with the political strife and instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially. In February 1848, with the cellist Auguste Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of the Cello Sonata Op. 65."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What television station made a documentary on Chopin?", "id": "56cea7efaab44d1400b888f5", "answers": [{"text": "BBC", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two people created a documentary on Chopin for Italian tv?", "id": "56cea7efaab44d1400b888f6", "answers": [{"text": "Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the title of the documentary the BBC released?", "id": "56cea7efaab44d1400b888f7", "answers": [{"text": "The Women Behind The Music", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What television station released a documentary on Chopin?", "id": "56cf4d7eaab44d1400b88f80", "answers": [{"text": "BBC", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the documentary released by the BBC?", "id": "56cf4d7eaab44d1400b88f81", "answers": [{"text": "Chopin \u2013 The Women Behind The Music", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the names of the two people that created a documentary for Italian tele vision?", "id": "56cf4d7eaab44d1400b88f82", "answers": [{"text": "Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did a work for Italian television about Chopin's life?", "id": "56d3ad7a2ccc5a1400d82e2f", "answers": [{"text": "Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chopin's life was covered in a BBC TV documentary Chopin \u2013 The Women Behind The Music (2010), and in a 2010 documentary realised by Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda for Italian television."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the 1945 movie released about Chopin?", "id": "56cf4e5faab44d1400b88f90", "answers": [{"text": "A Song to Remember", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the actor who received and Oscar nomination for his role as Chopin?", "id": "56cf4e5faab44d1400b88f91", "answers": [{"text": "Cornel Wilde", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was  La valse de l'adieu released?", "id": "56cf4e5faab44d1400b88f92", "answers": [{"text": "1928", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who starred as Chopin in Impromptu?", "id": "56cf4e5faab44d1400b88f93", "answers": [{"text": "Hugh Grant", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopins relations with whom have been fictionalized in movies?", "id": "56cf4e5faab44d1400b88f94", "answers": [{"text": "George Sand", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What 1945 film was a fictionalized accounting of the relationship between Chopin and Sand?", "id": "56d3ad1d2ccc5a1400d82e24", "answers": [{"text": "A Song to Remember", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who portrayed Chopin in A Song to Remember?", "id": "56d3ad1d2ccc5a1400d82e25", "answers": [{"text": "Cornel Wilde", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who portrayed Chopin in the 1928 film, La valse de l'adieu?", "id": "56d3ad1d2ccc5a1400d82e27", "answers": [{"text": "Pierre Blanchar", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who portrayed Chopin in the 1991 film, Impromptu?", "id": "56d3ad1d2ccc5a1400d82e28", "answers": [{"text": "Hugh Grant", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chopin's life and his relations with George Sand have been fictionalized in numerous films. The 1945 biographical film A Song to Remember earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer. Other film treatments have included: La valse de l'adieu (France, 1928) by Henry Roussel, with Pierre Blanchar as Chopin; Impromptu (1991), starring Hugh Grant as Chopin; La note bleue (1991); and Chopin: Desire for Love (2002)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life?", "id": "56cf4ee2aab44d1400b88fac", "answers": [{"text": "1901", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life created?", "id": "56cf4ee2aab44d1400b88fad", "answers": [{"text": "Milan", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is responsible for the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life?", "id": "56cf4ee2aab44d1400b88fae", "answers": [{"text": "Giacomo Orefice", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is thought to be the first fictionalized work about Chopin?", "id": "56d3ac8e2ccc5a1400d82e1a", "answers": [{"text": "Chopin", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What style is the fictionalized \"Chopin\" in?", "id": "56d3ac8e2ccc5a1400d82e1b", "answers": [{"text": "opera", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote the fictionalized \"Chopin?\"", "id": "56d3ac8e2ccc5a1400d82e1c", "answers": [{"text": "Giacomo Orefice", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the fictionalized \"Chopin\" produced?", "id": "56d3ac8e2ccc5a1400d82e1d", "answers": [{"text": "1901.", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the fictionalized \"Chopin\" produced?", "id": "56d3ac8e2ccc5a1400d82e1e", "answers": [{"text": "Milan", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of Chopin's life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events. Chopin was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in 1901. All the music is derived from that of Chopin."}, {"qas": [{"question": "An 1830 sonnet was written about Chopin by what man?", "id": "56cf50b2aab44d1400b88fbd", "answers": [{"text": "Leon Ulrich", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Aside from George Sands what two French authors have written about Chopin?", "id": "56cf50b2aab44d1400b88fbe", "answers": [{"text": "Marcel Proust and Andr\u00e9 Gide", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Leon Ulrich wrote about Chopin in what format?", "id": "56cf50b2aab44d1400b88fbf", "answers": [{"text": "sonnet", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the earliest sighting of Chopin in Polish Literature?", "id": "56d3abf72ccc5a1400d82e02", "answers": [{"text": "sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Ulrich do his sonnet on Chopin?", "id": "56d3abf72ccc5a1400d82e03", "answers": [{"text": "1830", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to Polish and French, what other language has numerous biogrpahies of Chopin?", "id": "56d3abf72ccc5a1400d82e04", "answers": [{"text": "English", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chopin has figured extensively in Polish literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and Andr\u00e9 Gide; and he has also featured in works of Gottfried Benn and Boris Pasternak. There are numerous biographies of Chopin in English (see bibliography for some of these)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The Warsaw Chopin Society holds the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin how often?", "id": "56cf5187aab44d1400b88fc4", "answers": [{"text": "every five years.", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the event that The Warsaw Chopin Society holds?", "id": "56cf5187aab44d1400b88fc5", "answers": [{"text": "Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On Chopin's 200th anniversary critics of what publication made recommendations on recordings of Chopin's work?", "id": "56cf5187aab44d1400b88fc6", "answers": [{"text": "The New York Times", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who organizes the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings?", "id": "56d3ab7e2ccc5a1400d82dfc", "answers": [{"text": "The Warsaw Chopin Society", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How often is the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings held?", "id": "56d3ab7e2ccc5a1400d82dfd", "answers": [{"text": "every five years.", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Upon Chopin's bicentenary, who recommended a list of who should perform Chopin?", "id": "56d3ab7e2ccc5a1400d82dfe", "answers": [{"text": "The New York Times", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Numerous recordings of Chopin's works are available. On the occasion of the composer's bicentenary, the critics of The New York Times recommended performances by the following contemporary pianists (among many others): Martha Argerich, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Emanuel Ax, Evgeny Kissin, Murray Perahia, Maurizio Pollini and Krystian Zimerman. The Warsaw Chopin Society organizes the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings, held every five years."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year was the earliest Chopin recording created?", "id": "56cf5284aab44d1400b88fca", "answers": [{"text": "1895", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the title of the earliest known recording of Chopin's work?", "id": "56cf5284aab44d1400b88fcb", "answers": [{"text": "Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who played the earlier known recording of Chopin's work?", "id": "56cf5284aab44d1400b88fcc", "answers": [{"text": "Paul Pabst", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has stated that every pianist in the recording era has used Chopin's music?", "id": "56d3aab62ccc5a1400d82dea", "answers": [{"text": "The British Library", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Pabst record his Chopin performance?", "id": "56d3aab62ccc5a1400d82dec", "answers": [{"text": "1895", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has given a discography of pianists' representation of Chopin's pedagogic style?", "id": "56d3aab62ccc5a1400d82ded", "answers": [{"text": "Methuen-Campbell", "answer_start": 586}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The British Library notes that \"Chopin's works have been recorded by all the great pianists of the recording era.\" The earliest recording was an 1895 performance by Paul Pabst of the Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2. The British Library site makes available a number of historic recordings, including some by Alfred Cortot, Ignaz Friedman, Vladimir Horowitz, Benno Moiseiwitsch, Paderewski, Arthur Rubinstein, Xaver Scharwenka and many others. A select discography of recordings of Chopin works by pianists representing the various pedagogic traditions stemming from Chopin is given by Methuen-Campbell in his work tracing the lineage and character of those traditions."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the oldest music essay competition?", "id": "56cf5376aab44d1400b88fd8", "answers": [{"text": "International Chopin Piano Competition", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the International Chopin Piano Competition founded?", "id": "56cf5376aab44d1400b88fd9", "answers": [{"text": "1927", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the International Chopin Piano Competition held?", "id": "56cf5376aab44d1400b88fda", "answers": [{"text": "Warsaw", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How often is the International Chopin Piano Competition held?", "id": "56cf5376aab44d1400b88fdb", "answers": [{"text": "every five years", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland includes approximately how many recordings of Chopin's work from Youtube?", "id": "56cf5376aab44d1400b88fdc", "answers": [{"text": "1,500", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the world's oldest monographic music competition?", "id": "56d3aa352ccc5a1400d82de2", "answers": [{"text": "the International Chopin Piano Competition", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the International Chopin Piano Competition established?", "id": "56d3aa352ccc5a1400d82de3", "answers": [{"text": "1927", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "There are over 80 societies throughout the world that have been established because of Chopin and his music according to who?", "id": "56d3aa352ccc5a1400d82de4", "answers": [{"text": "The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many known works of Chopin's music were on YouTube up to the beginning of 2014?", "id": "56d3aa352ccc5a1400d82de5", "answers": [{"text": "nearly 1,500", "answer_start": 408}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chopin's music remains very popular and is regularly performed, recorded and broadcast worldwide. The world's oldest monographic music competition, the International Chopin Piano Competition, founded in 1927, is held every five years in Warsaw. The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland lists on its website over eighty societies world-wide devoted to the composer and his music. The Institute site also lists nearly 1,500 performances of Chopin works on YouTube as of January 2014."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the ballet that included Chopin's work?", "id": "56cf5433aab44d1400b88fee", "answers": [{"text": "Chopiniana", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who choreographed a ballet which included Chopin's work?", "id": "56cf5433aab44d1400b88fef", "answers": [{"text": "Michel Fokine", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopiniana later went by a different name, what is that name?", "id": "56cf5433aab44d1400b88ff0", "answers": [{"text": "Les Sylphides", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who orchestrated Chopiniana?", "id": "56cf5433aab44d1400b88ff1", "answers": [{"text": "Alexander Glazunov", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the Chopiniana released?", "id": "56cf5433aab44d1400b88ff2", "answers": [{"text": "1909", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which 1909 ballet used Chopin's music?", "id": "56d3a9bb2ccc5a1400d82dda", "answers": [{"text": "Chopiniana", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who choreographed Chopiniana?", "id": "56d3a9bb2ccc5a1400d82ddb", "answers": [{"text": "Michel Fokine", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who orchestrated Chopiniana?", "id": "56d3a9bb2ccc5a1400d82ddc", "answers": [{"text": "Alexander Glazunov.", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Sergei Diaghilev obtained additional orchestrations for subsequent productions, using which title?", "id": "56d3a9bb2ccc5a1400d82ddd", "answers": [{"text": "Les Sylphides.", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet Chopiniana, choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations\u2014from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin\u2014for later productions, which used the title Les Sylphides."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Chopin head to during the Revolution of 1848?", "id": "56cfe4a4234ae51400d9c015", "answers": [{"text": "London", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who provided the majority of funds for his concert tour in London?", "id": "56cfe4a4234ae51400d9c016", "answers": [{"text": "Jane Stirling", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Chopin go in the spring of 1848?", "id": "56d3711659d6e414001463ce", "answers": [{"text": "London", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two people suggested the 1848 tour?", "id": "56d3711659d6e414001463cf", "answers": [{"text": "Jane Stirling and her elder sister", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who paid for most of the 1848 music tour of Chopin?", "id": "56d3711659d6e414001463d0", "answers": [{"text": "Jane Stirling", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was happening in April 1848 in Paris?", "id": "56d3711659d6e414001463d1", "answers": [{"text": "Revolution", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Jane Stirling's national heritage?", "id": "56d3711659d6e414001463d2", "answers": [{"text": "Scottish", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In April, during the Revolution of 1848 in Paris, he left for London, where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses. This tour was suggested to him by his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister. Stirling also made all the logistical arrangements and provided much of the necessary funding."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Chopin stay while in London?", "id": "56cfe6cf234ae51400d9c03b", "answers": [{"text": "Dover Street", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company provided Chopin with a piano while in London?", "id": "56cfe6cf234ae51400d9c03c", "answers": [{"text": "Broadwood", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Chopin's initial performance?", "id": "56cfe6cf234ae51400d9c03d", "answers": [{"text": "Stafford House", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two notable guests were present during his premiere performance at Stafford House?", "id": "56cfe6cf234ae51400d9c03e", "answers": [{"text": "Queen Victoria and Prince Albert", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What date did he perform with Viardot?", "id": "56cfe6cf234ae51400d9c03f", "answers": [{"text": "7 July", "answer_start": 647}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What steet did Chopin stay on in London?", "id": "56d372e959d6e41400146401", "answers": [{"text": "Dover Street", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Broadway provide for Chopin?", "id": "56d372e959d6e41400146402", "answers": [{"text": "a grand piano.", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two dignitaries where at his first performance in London?", "id": "56d372e959d6e41400146403", "answers": [{"text": "Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to hearing him play, what else did people seek from Chopin in London?", "id": "56d372e959d6e41400146404", "answers": [{"text": "piano lessons", "answer_start": 463}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who sang chopin arrangements on July 7 of the year Chopin was in London?", "id": "56d372e959d6e41400146405", "answers": [{"text": "Viardot", "answer_start": 682}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In London Chopin took lodgings at Dover Street, where the firm of Broadwood provided him with a grand piano. At his first engagement, on 15 May at Stafford House, the audience included Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The Prince, who was himself a talented musician, moved close to the keyboard to view Chopin's technique. Broadwood also arranged concerts for him; among those attending were Thackeray and the singer Jenny Lind. Chopin was also sought after for piano lessons, for which he charged the high fee of one guinea (\u00a31.05 in present British currency) per hour, and for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas. At a concert on 7 July he shared the platform with Viardot, who sang arrangements of some of his mazurkas to Spanish texts."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Jane Stirling invite Chopin?", "id": "56cfe792234ae51400d9c05b", "answers": [{"text": "Scotland", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What doctor was with Chopin when he wrote out his will?", "id": "56cfe792234ae51400d9c05c", "answers": [{"text": "Adam \u0141yszczy\u0144ski", "answer_start": 777}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Chopin invited to in late summer?", "id": "56d3740c59d6e41400146423", "answers": [{"text": "Scotland", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city did Chopin perform at on September 27?", "id": "56d3740c59d6e41400146426", "answers": [{"text": "Glasgow", "answer_start": 554}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Chopin write while staying with Doctor Adam \u0141yszczy\u0144ski?", "id": "56d3740c59d6e41400146427", "answers": [{"text": "will", "answer_start": 817}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In late summer he was invited by Jane Stirling to visit Scotland, where he stayed at Calder House near Edinburgh and at Johnstone Castle in Renfrewshire, both owned by members of Stirling's family. She clearly had a notion of going beyond mere friendship, and Chopin was obliged to make it clear to her that this could not be so. He wrote at this time to Grzyma\u0142a \"My Scottish ladies are kind, but such bores\", and responding to a rumour about his involvement, answered that he was \"closer to the grave than the nuptial bed.\" He gave a public concert in Glasgow on 27 September, and another in Edinburgh, at the Hopetoun Rooms on Queen Street (now Erskine House) on 4 October. In late October 1848, while staying at 10 Warriston Crescent in Edinburgh with the Polish physician Adam \u0141yszczy\u0144ski, he wrote out his last will and testament\u2014\"a kind of disposition to be made of my stuff in the future, if I should drop dead somewhere\", he wrote to Grzyma\u0142a."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did Chopin last appear in public?", "id": "56cfe7f4234ae51400d9c05f", "answers": [{"text": "16 November 1848", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Chopin's last public performance?", "id": "56cfe7f4234ae51400d9c060", "answers": [{"text": "Guildhall", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were the beneficiaries of his last public concert?", "id": "56d375b859d6e41400146468", "answers": [{"text": "Polish refugees.", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the diagnosis of Chopin's health condition at this time?", "id": "56d375b859d6e41400146469", "answers": [{"text": "terminal", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Chopin's last public performance?", "id": "56d375b859d6e4140014646b", "answers": [{"text": "London's Guildhall", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at London's Guildhall on 16 November 1848, when, in a final patriotic gesture, he played for the benefit of Polish refugees. By this time he was very seriously ill, weighing under 99 pounds (i.e. less than 45 kg), and his doctors were aware that his sickness was at a terminal stage."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Chopin play for while she sang?", "id": "56cfe87e234ae51400d9c06d", "answers": [{"text": "Delfina Potocka", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1849 where did Chopin live?", "id": "56cfe87e234ae51400d9c06e", "answers": [{"text": "Chaillot", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was anonymously paying for Chopin's apartment?", "id": "56cfe87e234ae51400d9c06f", "answers": [{"text": "Princess Obreskoff", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Chopin return to Paris?", "id": "56d381b459d6e41400146591", "answers": [{"text": "November", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin accompanied which singer for friends?", "id": "56d381b459d6e41400146592", "answers": [{"text": "Delfina Potocka", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did his friends found Chopin an apartment in 1849?", "id": "56d381b459d6e41400146593", "answers": [{"text": "Chaillot", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who paid for Chopin's apartment in Chaillot?", "id": "56d381b459d6e41400146594", "answers": [{"text": "Princess Obreskoff.", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Jenny Lind visit Chopin?", "id": "56d381b459d6e41400146595", "answers": [{"text": "June 1849", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "At the end of November, Chopin returned to Paris. He passed the winter in unremitting illness, but gave occasional lessons and was visited by friends, including Delacroix and Franchomme. Occasionally he played, or accompanied the singing of Delfina Potocka, for his friends. During the summer of 1849, his friends found him an apartment in Chaillot, out of the centre of the city, for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer, Princess Obreskoff. Here in June 1849 he was visited by Jenny Lind."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did his sister come to stay with Chopin?", "id": "56cfe911234ae51400d9c085", "answers": [{"text": "June 1849", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In September 1849 where did Chopin take up residence?", "id": "56cfe911234ae51400d9c086", "answers": [{"text": "Place Vend\u00f4me 12", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which family member came to Paris in June 1849?", "id": "56d3823659d6e414001465b6", "answers": [{"text": "his sister", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who accompanied Chopin's sister to Paris?", "id": "56d3823659d6e414001465b7", "answers": [{"text": "her husband and daughter", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who gave Chopin a loan in September for an apartment?", "id": "56d3823659d6e414001465b8", "answers": [{"text": "Jane Stirling", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Parisian ladies consider proper etiquette when in Chopin's room?", "id": "56d3823659d6e414001465b9", "answers": [{"text": "to faint", "answer_start": 493}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "With his health further deteriorating, Chopin desired to have a family member with him. In June 1849 his sister Ludwika came to Paris with her husband and daughter, and in September, supported by a loan from Jane Stirling, he took an apartment at Place Vend\u00f4me 12. After 15 October, when his condition took a marked turn for the worse, only a handful of his closest friends remained with him, although Viardot remarked sardonically that \"all the grand Parisian ladies considered it de rigueur to faint in his room.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Why did Chopin request being cut open after his death?", "id": "56cfe9df234ae51400d9c0a1", "answers": [{"text": "fear of being buried alive", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Chopin reply to the doctor when asked is he was suffering?", "id": "56cfe9df234ae51400d9c0a3", "answers": [{"text": "\"No longer\"", "answer_start": 492}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who made Chopin's death mask?", "id": "56cfe9df234ae51400d9c0a4", "answers": [{"text": "Cl\u00e9singer", "answer_start": 781}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Chopin want his body opened when he died?", "id": "56d38a4a59d6e414001466bb", "answers": [{"text": "fear of being buried alive", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Solange's husband make hours after Chopin's death along with his death mask?", "id": "56d38a4a59d6e414001466bf", "answers": [{"text": "a cast of his left hand.", "answer_start": 820}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some of his friends provided music at his request; among them, Potocka sang and Franchomme played the cello. Chopin requested that his body be opened after death (for fear of being buried alive) and his heart returned to Warsaw where it rests at the Church of the Holy Cross. He also bequeathed his unfinished notes on a piano tuition method, Projet de m\u00e9thode, to Alkan for completion. On 17 October, after midnight, the physician leaned over him and asked whether he was suffering greatly. \"No longer\", he replied. He died a few minutes before two o'clock in the morning. Those present at the deathbed appear to have included his sister Ludwika, Princess Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, and his close friend Thomas Albrecht. Later that morning, Solange's husband Cl\u00e9singer made Chopin's death mask and a cast of his left hand."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is listed as Chopin's official cause of death?", "id": "56cfeaa3234ae51400d9c0b3", "answers": [{"text": "tuberculosis", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Chopin's doctor?", "id": "56cfeaa3234ae51400d9c0b4", "answers": [{"text": "Jean Cruveilhier", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has the Polish government not allowed to find true cause of death?", "id": "56cfeaa3234ae51400d9c0b5", "answers": [{"text": "DNA testing", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the cause of death on Chopin's death certificate?", "id": "56d38ac959d6e414001466cf", "answers": [{"text": "tuberculosis", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Chopin's physician?", "id": "56d38ac959d6e414001466d0", "answers": [{"text": "Jean Cruveilhier", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other possiblities for Chopin's death include cirrhosis, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, and what?", "id": "56d38ac959d6e414001466d1", "answers": [{"text": "cystic fibrosis", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has denied testing Chopin's DNA to determine the actual cause of death?", "id": "56d38ac959d6e414001466d2", "answers": [{"text": "the Polish government.", "answer_start": 518}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chopin's disease and the cause of his death have since been a matter of discussion. His death certificate gave the cause as tuberculosis, and his physician, Jean Cruveilhier, was then the leading French authority on this disease. Other possibilities have been advanced including cystic fibrosis, cirrhosis and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. However, the attribution of tuberculosis as principal cause of death has not been disproved. Permission for DNA testing, which could put the matter to rest, has been denied by the Polish government."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where was Chopin's funeral held?", "id": "56cfeae2234ae51400d9c0b9", "answers": [{"text": "Church of the Madeleine", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long was Chopin's funeral delayed?", "id": "56cfeae2234ae51400d9c0ba", "answers": [{"text": "two weeks", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people arrived for Chopin's funeral?", "id": "56cfeae2234ae51400d9c0bb", "answers": [{"text": "Over 3,000", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Chopin's funeral held?", "id": "56d38ba459d6e414001466e7", "answers": [{"text": "the Church of the Madeleine in Paris", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long was Chopin's funeral delayed?", "id": "56d38ba459d6e414001466e8", "answers": [{"text": "two weeks", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people arrived without an invitation?", "id": "56d38ba459d6e414001466eb", "answers": [{"text": "Over 3,000", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The funeral, held at the Church of the Madeleine in Paris, was delayed almost two weeks, until 30 October. Entrance was restricted to ticket holders as many people were expected to attend. Over 3,000 people arrived without invitations, from as far as London, Berlin and Vienna, and were excluded."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What song was sung at Chopin's funeral?", "id": "56cfeb52234ae51400d9c0bf", "answers": [{"text": "Mozart's Requiem", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the organist at Chopin's funeral?", "id": "56cfeb52234ae51400d9c0c0", "answers": [{"text": "Louis Lef\u00e9bure-W\u00e9ly", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led Chopin's funeral procession?", "id": "56cfeb52234ae51400d9c0c1", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Adam Czartoryski", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was played at his graveside?", "id": "56cfeb52234ae51400d9c0c2", "answers": [{"text": "Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2", "answer_start": 537}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Mozart song was sung at Chopin's funeral?", "id": "56d38c2b59d6e41400146703", "answers": [{"text": "Mozart's Requiem", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the organist for Chopin's funeral?", "id": "56d38c2b59d6e41400146704", "answers": [{"text": "Louis Lef\u00e9bure-W\u00e9ly", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which cemetery was Chopin buried in?", "id": "56d38c2b59d6e41400146705", "answers": [{"text": "P\u00e8re Lachaise Cemetery", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the funeral procession?", "id": "56d38c2b59d6e41400146706", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Adam Czartoryski", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was played at Chopin's graveside?", "id": "56d38c2b59d6e41400146707", "answers": [{"text": "the Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2", "answer_start": 533}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Mozart's Requiem was sung at the funeral; the soloists were the soprano Jeanne-Anais Castellan, the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, the tenor Alexis Dupont, and the bass Luigi Lablache; Chopin's Preludes No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor were also played. The organist at the funeral was Louis Lef\u00e9bure-W\u00e9ly. The funeral procession to P\u00e8re Lachaise Cemetery, which included Chopin's sister Ludwika, was led by the aged Prince Adam Czartoryski. The pallbearers included Delacroix, Franchomme, and Camille Pleyel. At the graveside, the Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2 was played, in Reber's instrumentation."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who sculpted Chopin's tombstone?", "id": "56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0cd", "answers": [{"text": "Cl\u00e9singer", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the muse carved on Chopin's tombstone?", "id": "56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0ce", "answers": [{"text": "Euterpe", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Chopin's funeral cost?", "id": "56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0cf", "answers": [{"text": "5,000 francs", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who paid for Chopin's funeral?", "id": "56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0d0", "answers": [{"text": "Jane Stirling", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin's sister Ludwika took his heart back to Warsaw preserved in what?", "id": "56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0d1", "answers": [{"text": "alcohol", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who designed Chopin's tombstone?", "id": "56d38cc659d6e4140014672b", "answers": [{"text": "Cl\u00e9singer.", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Chopin's funeral and monument cost?", "id": "56d38cc659d6e4140014672c", "answers": [{"text": "5,000 francs", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who paid for Chopin's funeral?", "id": "56d38cc659d6e4140014672d", "answers": [{"text": "Jane Stirling", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who took Chopin's heart to Poland?", "id": "56d38cc659d6e4140014672e", "answers": [{"text": "sister", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who ended up with the 200 letters from Sand to Chopin?", "id": "56d38cc659d6e4140014672f", "answers": [{"text": "Sand", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chopin's tombstone, featuring the muse of music, Euterpe, weeping over a broken lyre, was designed and sculpted by Cl\u00e9singer. The expenses of the funeral and monument, amounting to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw. Ludwika took Chopin's heart in an urn, preserved in alcohol, back to Poland in 1850.[n 9] She also took a collection of two hundred letters from Sand to Chopin; after 1851 these were returned to Sand, who seems to have destroyed them."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many of Chopin's works still exist?", "id": "56cfec7b234ae51400d9c0d7", "answers": [{"text": "Over 230", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "All of his pieces include what instrument?", "id": "56cfec7b234ae51400d9c0d8", "answers": [{"text": "piano", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Chopin pieces are known to have survived?", "id": "56d38cfe59d6e4140014673b", "answers": [{"text": "Over 230", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Only a few of Chopin's pieces involve more than the piano, including piano concertos, songs and what?", "id": "56d38cfe59d6e4140014673c", "answers": [{"text": "chamber music.", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Over 230 works of Chopin survive; some compositions from early childhood have been lost. All his known works involve the piano, and only a few range beyond solo piano music, as either piano concertos, songs or chamber music."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Whose piano method did Chopin teach his students?", "id": "56cfed0f234ae51400d9c0db", "answers": [{"text": "Clementi", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose piano method did Chopin use with his students?", "id": "56d38d6559d6e4140014674f", "answers": [{"text": "Clementi", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Chopin say were the two most important composers in his own music influences?", "id": "56d38d6559d6e41400146750", "answers": [{"text": "Bach and Mozart", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin looked to Beethoven, Mozart, Clementi and who for his own music education?", "id": "56d38d6559d6e41400146751", "answers": [{"text": "Haydn", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chopin was educated in the tradition of Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart and Clementi; he used Clementi's piano method with his own students. He was also influenced by Hummel's development of virtuoso, yet Mozartian, piano technique. He cited Bach and Mozart as the two most important composers in shaping his musical outlook. Chopin's early works are in the style of the \"brilliant\" keyboard pieces of his era as exemplified by the works of Ignaz Moscheles, Friedrich Kalkbrenner, and others. Less direct in the earlier period are the influences of Polish folk music and of Italian opera. Much of what became his typical style of ornamentation (for example, his fioriture) is taken from singing. His melodic lines were increasingly reminiscent of the modes and features of the music of his native country, such as drones."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who is credited with creating the nocturne?", "id": "56cfed8a234ae51400d9c0e1", "answers": [{"text": "John Field", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin was the first person to create what as singular concert pieces?", "id": "56cfed8a234ae51400d9c0e2", "answers": [{"text": "ballades and scherzi", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What new genre di John Field invent?", "id": "56d38fa059d6e41400146771", "answers": [{"text": "nocturne", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin was first in writing what for concerts?", "id": "56d38fa059d6e41400146772", "answers": [{"text": "ballades and scherzi", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What musical concept did Chopin exploit?", "id": "56d38fa059d6e41400146773", "answers": [{"text": "concert \u00e9tude", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What three other musicians were developing the new genre?", "id": "56d38fa059d6e41400146774", "answers": [{"text": "Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne, invented by the Irish composer John Field, to a deeper level of sophistication. He was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces. He essentially established a new genre with his own set of free-standing preludes (Op. 28, published 1839). He exploited the poetic potential of the concept of the concert \u00e9tude, already being developed in the 1820s and 1830s by Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles, in his two sets of studies (Op. 10 published in 1833, Op. 25 in 1837)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many polonaises were published while Chopin lived?", "id": "56cfee5d234ae51400d9c0f7", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 363}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many polonaises were published after Chopin died?", "id": "56cfee5d234ae51400d9c0f8", "answers": [{"text": "nine", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin was credited for making what more internationally known?", "id": "56cfee5d234ae51400d9c0f9", "answers": [{"text": "mazurkas", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is different about Chopin's waltzes versus a ballroom waltz?", "id": "56cfee5d234ae51400d9c0fa", "answers": [{"text": "faster tempos", "answer_start": 660}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Chopin add to the modern dance of his era?", "id": "56d390b559d6e41400146789", "answers": [{"text": "greater range of melody and expression.", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin's Polish dance music was developed for what type of hall?", "id": "56d390b559d6e4140014678a", "answers": [{"text": "concert hall", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Chopin responsible for making popular with Euorpeans?", "id": "56d390b559d6e4140014678b", "answers": [{"text": "the mazurka", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Chopin polonaises were published after his death?", "id": "56d390b559d6e4140014678c", "answers": [{"text": "nine", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What dance music of Chopin was written more for recitals than ballrooms?", "id": "56d390b559d6e4140014678d", "answers": [{"text": "waltzes", "answer_start": 545}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. Chopin's mazurkas, while originating in the traditional Polish dance (the mazurek), differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall; \"it was Chopin who put the mazurka on the European musical map.\" The series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime (another nine were published posthumously), beginning with the Op. 26 pair (published 1836), set a new standard for music in the form. His waltzes were also written specifically for the salon recital rather than the ballroom and are frequently at rather faster tempos than their dance-floor equivalents."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is another title Op. 10, No. 12 has garnered? ", "id": "56cfef3c234ae51400d9c10d", "answers": [{"text": "the Revolutionary \u00c9tude", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the only piece Chopin gave an actual title to?", "id": "56cfef3c234ae51400d9c10e", "answers": [{"text": "Funeral March", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Funeral March was written as part of what piece?", "id": "56cfef3c234ae51400d9c10f", "answers": [{"text": "Sonata No. 2", "answer_start": 623}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many instrumental works did Chopin give a descriptive name to?", "id": "56d3913859d6e41400146793", "answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 650}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What descriptive name was Op. 10, No. 12 given?", "id": "56d3913859d6e41400146795", "answers": [{"text": "Revolutionary \u00c9tude", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What descriptive name was Op. 64, No. 1 given?", "id": "56d3913859d6e41400146796", "answers": [{"text": "Minute Waltz", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some of Chopin's well-known pieces have acquired descriptive titles, such as the Revolutionary \u00c9tude (Op. 10, No. 12), and the Minute Waltz (Op. 64, No. 1). However, with the exception of his Funeral March, the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number, leaving all potential extramusical associations to the listener; the names by which many of his pieces are known were invented by others. There is no evidence to suggest that the Revolutionary \u00c9tude was written with the failed Polish uprising against Russia in mind; it merely appeared at that time. The Funeral March, the third movement of his Sonata No. 2 (Op. 35), the one case where he did give a title, was written before the rest of the sonata, but no specific event or death is known to have inspired it."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the last number Chopin gave to an opus?", "id": "56cff00f234ae51400d9c113", "answers": [{"text": "65", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Chopin's musical executor?", "id": "56cff00f234ae51400d9c115", "answers": [{"text": "Julian Fontana", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many unfinished pieces did Julian Fontana make into eight more opus numbers?", "id": "56cff00f234ae51400d9c116", "answers": [{"text": "23", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Op. 74 is made up of how many Polish songs?", "id": "56cff00f234ae51400d9c117", "answers": [{"text": "17", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the last opus number that Chopin used?", "id": "56d3929359d6e4140014679d", "answers": [{"text": "65", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who grouped 23 unpublished pieces and published them as Opp. 66-73 in 1855?", "id": "56d3929359d6e4140014679f", "answers": [{"text": "Julian Fontana", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Op. 74 published?", "id": "56d3929359d6e414001467a1", "answers": [{"text": "1857", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The last opus number that Chopin himself used was 65, allocated to the Cello Sonata in G minor. He expressed a deathbed wish that all his unpublished manuscripts be destroyed. At the request of the composer's mother and sisters, however, his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and grouped them into eight further opus numbers (Opp. 66\u201373), published in 1855. In 1857, 17 Polish songs that Chopin wrote at various stages of his life were collected and published as Op. 74, though their order within the opus did not reflect the order of composition."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The Kobyla\u0144ska Catalogue was named for who?", "id": "56cff0c3234ae51400d9c123", "answers": [{"text": "Krystyna Kobyla\u0144ska", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Pieces published after what year stopped receiving opus numbers?", "id": "56cff0c3234ae51400d9c124", "answers": [{"text": "1857", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What have pieces published after 1857 been given rather than opus numbers?", "id": "56d3946659d6e414001467af", "answers": [{"text": "alternative catalogue designations", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the current musicologist reference for Chopin's pieces?", "id": "56d3946659d6e414001467b0", "answers": [{"text": "the Kobyla\u0144ska Catalogue", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the shortened reference for the Kobyla\u0144ska Catalogue?", "id": "56d3946659d6e414001467b1", "answers": [{"text": "KK", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who compiled the Kobyla\u0144ska Catalogue?", "id": "56d3946659d6e414001467b2", "answers": [{"text": "Krystyna Kobyla\u0144ska.", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers. The present standard musicological reference for Chopin's works is the Kobyla\u0144ska Catalogue (usually represented by the initials 'KK'), named for its compiler, the Polish musicologist Krystyna Kobyla\u0144ska."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who released the first collection of Chopin's works?", "id": "56cff179234ae51400d9c131", "answers": [{"text": "Breitkopf & H\u00e4rtel", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who edited the Polish \"National Edition\" of Chopin's works?", "id": "56cff179234ae51400d9c133", "answers": [{"text": "Jan Ekier", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel were what to Chopin?", "id": "56d3971459d6e414001467cd", "answers": [{"text": "original publishers", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Chopin's work start t oshow up?", "id": "56d3971459d6e414001467ce", "answers": [{"text": "popular 19th-century piano anthologies.", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name under scholarly publications of Chopin's work form 1937 to 1966?", "id": "56d3971459d6e414001467cf", "answers": [{"text": "Paderewski", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who edited the Polish National Edition?", "id": "56d3971459d6e414001467d0", "answers": [{"text": "Jan Ekier", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chopin's original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel. His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies. The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & H\u00e4rtel (1878\u20131902). Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin's works are the version under the name of Paderewski published between 1937 and 1966 and the more recent Polish \"National Edition\", edited by Jan Ekier, both of which contain detailed explanations and discussions regarding choices and sources."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is central to Chopin's process?", "id": "56cff256234ae51400d9c145", "answers": [{"text": "Improvisation", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Rosen suggests that a central part of Chopin's uniqueness is how he handles what?", "id": "56cff256234ae51400d9c146", "answers": [{"text": "the four-bar phrase", "answer_start": 879}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is central to Chopin's creativeness?", "id": "56d398a859d6e414001467e5", "answers": [{"text": "Improvisation", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote that \"improvisation is designed for an audience\"?", "id": "56d398a859d6e414001467e6", "answers": [{"text": "Nicholas Temperley", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Rosen suggest was important about chopin's personality?", "id": "56d398a859d6e414001467e7", "answers": [{"text": "his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit.", "answer_start": 854}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Improvisation stands at the centre of Chopin's creative processes. However, this does not imply impulsive rambling: Nicholas Temperley writes that \"improvisation is designed for an audience, and its starting-point is that audience's expectations, which include the current conventions of musical form.\" The works for piano and orchestra, including the two concertos, are held by Temperley to be \"merely vehicles for brilliant piano playing ... formally longwinded and extremely conservative\". After the piano concertos (which are both early, dating from 1830), Chopin made no attempts at large-scale multi-movement forms, save for his late sonatas for piano and for cello; \"instead he achieved near-perfection in pieces of simple general design but subtle and complex cell-structure.\" Rosen suggests that an important aspect of Chopin's individuality is his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What piece does J. Barrie Jones pinpoint as a great example of Chopin's palette?", "id": "56cff2e0234ae51400d9c14b", "answers": [{"text": "the Barcarolle Op. 60", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does J. Barrie Jones feel stands supreme of Chopin's concert pieces?", "id": "56d3997e59d6e414001467ed", "answers": [{"text": "the four ballades and four scherzos", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What form does Temperley feel that Chopin's ballades and scherzos are based on?", "id": "56d3997e59d6e414001467ef", "answers": [{"text": "departure and return", "answer_start": 426}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "J. Barrie Jones suggests that \"amongst the works that Chopin intended for concert use, the four ballades and four scherzos stand supreme\", and adds that \"the Barcarolle Op. 60 stands apart as an example of Chopin's rich harmonic palette coupled with an Italianate warmth of melody.\" Temperley opines that these works, which contain \"immense variety of mood, thematic material and structural detail\", are based on an extended \"departure and return\" form; \"the more the middle section is extended, and the further it departs in key, mood and theme, from the opening idea, the more important and dramatic is the reprise when it at last comes.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Chopin's mazurkas contain more of what than his other compositions? ", "id": "56cff351234ae51400d9c14d", "answers": [{"text": "folk features", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What form are Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes in?", "id": "56d39a6a59d6e414001467f3", "answers": [{"text": "straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda.", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of Chopin's works shows more folk aspects?", "id": "56d39a6a59d6e414001467f4", "answers": [{"text": "mazurkas", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of bass do Chopin's mazurkas exhibit?", "id": "56d39a6a59d6e414001467f5", "answers": [{"text": "drone bass", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Chopin's Op. 63 No. 3 have that is rare?", "id": "56d39a6a59d6e414001467f6", "answers": [{"text": "a canon at one beat's distance", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda. The mazurkas often show more folk features than many of his other works, sometimes including modal scales and harmonies and the use of drone basses. However, some also show unusual sophistication, for example Op. 63 No. 3, which includes a canon at one beat's distance, a great rarity in music."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What time are Chopin's polonaises written in?", "id": "56cff390234ae51400d9c151", "answers": [{"text": "triple time", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin's ability to create an advanced polonasises surpassed even two of his teachers, Zywny and who?", "id": "56d39abf59d6e414001467fd", "answers": [{"text": "Elsner", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin's polonaise often have what kind of rhythm in their melodies?", "id": "56d39abf59d6e414001467fe", "answers": [{"text": "martial", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin's polonaises needed what kind of playing technique?", "id": "56d39abf59d6e414001467ff", "answers": [{"text": "formidable", "answer_start": 345}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chopin's polonaises show a marked advance on those of his Polish predecessors in the form (who included his teachers Zywny and Elsner). As with the traditional polonaise, Chopin's works are in triple time and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies, accompaniments and cadences. Unlike most of their precursors, they also require a formidable playing technique."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many nocturnes did Chopin compose?", "id": "56cff3f4234ae51400d9c153", "answers": [{"text": "21", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is it about the middle of Chopin's nocturnes that increases their drama?", "id": "56cff3f4234ae51400d9c154", "answers": [{"text": "agitated expression", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin's nocturnes were more structured than who?", "id": "56d39bdf59d6e41400146807", "answers": [{"text": "Field", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Chopin meet Field?", "id": "56d39bdf59d6e41400146808", "answers": [{"text": "1833", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which type of Chopin's compositons were difficult for perfomers due to their middle sections?", "id": "56d39bdf59d6e41400146809", "answers": [{"text": "nocturnes", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The 21 nocturnes are more structured, and of greater emotional depth, than those of Field (whom Chopin met in 1833). Many of the Chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression (and often making very difficult demands on the performer) which heightens their dramatic character."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What pieces of his did Chopin use to teach his technique?", "id": "56cff427234ae51400d9c157", "answers": [{"text": "\u00e9tudes", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What form are most of Chopin's \u00e9tudes in?", "id": "56d39c5359d6e4140014680d", "answers": [{"text": "straightforward ternary", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin often taught his piano technique using what form of music he wrote?", "id": "56d39c5359d6e4140014680e", "answers": [{"text": "\u00e9tudes", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chopin's \u00e9tudes are largely in straightforward ternary form. He used them to teach his own technique of piano playing\u2014for instance playing double thirds (Op. 25, No. 6), playing in octaves (Op. 25, No. 10), and playing repeated notes (Op. 10, No.  7)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What piece of Bach's did Chopin take inspiration for his preludes?", "id": "56cff49a234ae51400d9c161", "answers": [{"text": "The Well-Tempered Clavier", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who suggested that Chopin's preludes were not intended to be played as a group?", "id": "56cff49a234ae51400d9c162", "answers": [{"text": "Kenneth Hamilton", "answer_start": 588}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was described as \"the beginning of studies\" by Schumann?", "id": "56d39cea59d6e41400146811", "answers": [{"text": "The preludes", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What inspired Chopin for his preludes?", "id": "56d39cea59d6e41400146812", "answers": [{"text": "J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Kenneth Hamilton suggests that the preludes may not have been meant as a group but rather as what?", "id": "56d39cea59d6e41400146813", "answers": [{"text": "generic preludes to others of his pieces", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did a recording where \u00c9tude Op. 10 No. 5. follows relude Op. 28 No. 7?", "id": "56d39cea59d6e41400146814", "answers": [{"text": "Ferruccio Busoni", "answer_start": 643}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The preludes, many of which are very brief (some consisting of simple statements and developments of a single theme or figure), were described by Schumann as \"the beginnings of studies\". Inspired by J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier, Chopin's preludes move up the circle of fifths (rather than Bach's chromatic scale sequence) to create a prelude in each major and minor tonality. The preludes were perhaps not intended to be played as a group, and may even have been used by him and later pianists as generic preludes to others of his pieces, or even to music by other composers, as Kenneth Hamilton suggests: he has noted a recording by Ferruccio Busoni of 1922, in which the Prelude Op. 28 No. 7 is followed by the \u00c9tude Op. 10 No. 5."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many movements are No. 2, Op. 35 and No. 3, Op 58 in?", "id": "56cff536234ae51400d9c165", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two people claimed that Op 58 was \"worthy of Brahms\"?", "id": "56cff536234ae51400d9c166", "answers": [{"text": "Kornel Micha\u0142owski and Jim Samson", "answer_start": 693}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many movements are in No. 2, Op. 35 and No. 3, Op 58?", "id": "56d39ed559d6e41400146825", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which movement was found lacking in musicality by Schumann?", "id": "56d39ed559d6e41400146826", "answers": [{"text": "The last movement", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to music historians, which sonata is similar to German tradition and worthy of Brahms?", "id": "56d39ed559d6e41400146827", "answers": [{"text": "Op. 58", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The two mature piano sonatas (No. 2, Op. 35, written in 1839 and No. 3, Op. 58, written in 1844) are in four movements. In Op. 35, Chopin was able to combine within a formal large musical structure many elements of his virtuosic piano technique\u2014\"a kind of dialogue between the public pianism of the brilliant style and the German sonata principle\". The last movement, a brief (75-bar) perpetuum mobile in which the hands play in unmodified octave unison throughout, was found shocking and unmusical by contemporaries, including Schumann. The Op. 58 sonata is closer to the German tradition, including many passages of complex counterpoint, \"worthy of Brahms\" according to the music historians Kornel Micha\u0142owski and Jim Samson."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Chopin's chord progressions are similar in style to what other composer?", "id": "56cff5a8234ae51400d9c173", "answers": [{"text": "Claude Debussy", "answer_start": 512}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What likely arose due to Chopin's technique with keyboards?", "id": "56d39fa059d6e41400146831", "answers": [{"text": "harmonic innovations", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote about Chopin's \"novel harmonic effects\"?", "id": "56d39fa059d6e41400146832", "answers": [{"text": "Temperley", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chopin's harmonic innovations may have arisen partly from his keyboard improvisation technique. Temperley says that in his works \"novel harmonic effects frequently result from the combination of ordinary appoggiaturas or passing notes with melodic figures of accompaniment\", and cadences are delayed by the use of chords outside the home key (neapolitan sixths and diminished sevenths), or by sudden shifts to remote keys. Chord progressions sometimes anticipate the shifting tonality of later composers such as Claude Debussy, as does Chopin's use of modal harmony."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was Chopin's style based upon?", "id": "56cff635234ae51400d9c184", "answers": [{"text": "independent finger technique", "answer_start": 523}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote about a Chopin 1841 recital?", "id": "56d3a0d159d6e41400146835", "answers": [{"text": "L\u00e9on Escudier", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What writing of Chopin talks about everything about piano playing has to do with proper fingering?", "id": "56d3a0d159d6e41400146837", "answers": [{"text": "his Projet de m\u00e9thode", "answer_start": 556}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1841, L\u00e9on Escudier wrote of a recital given by Chopin that year, \"One may say that Chopin is the creator of a school of piano and a school of composition. In truth, nothing equals the lightness, the sweetness with which the composer preludes on the piano; moreover nothing may be compared to his works full of originality, distinction and grace.\" Chopin refused to conform to a standard method of playing and believed that there was no set technique for playing well. His style was based extensively on his use of very independent finger technique. In his Projet de m\u00e9thode he wrote: \"Everything is a matter of knowing good fingering ... we need no less to use the rest of the hand, the wrist, the forearm and the upper arm.\" He further stated: \"One needs only to study a certain position of the hand in relation to the keys to obtain with ease the most beautiful quality of sound, to know how to play short notes and long notes, and [to attain] unlimited dexterity.\" The consequences of this approach to technique in Chopin's music include the frequent use of the entire range of the keyboard, passages in double octaves and other chord groupings, swiftly repeated notes, the use of grace notes, and the use of contrasting rhythms (four against three, for example) between the hands."}, {"qas": [{"question": "According to J. Barrie Jones who was the only true successor to Chopin?", "id": "56cff6f3234ae51400d9c191", "answers": [{"text": "Karol Szymanowski", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Many people were considered influenced by Chopin's what?", "id": "56cff6f3234ae51400d9c192", "answers": [{"text": "national modes and idioms", "answer_start": 392}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Alexander Scriabin's teacher?", "id": "56cff6f3234ae51400d9c193", "answers": [{"text": "Nikolai Zverev", "answer_start": 584}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Chopin's worthy successor according to Jones?", "id": "56d3a9282ccc5a1400d82dc8", "answers": [{"text": "Karol Szymanowski", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was devoted to the music of Chopin?", "id": "56d3a9282ccc5a1400d82dc9", "answers": [{"text": "Alexander Scriabin", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Alexander Scriabin's teacher?", "id": "56d3a9282ccc5a1400d82dca", "answers": [{"text": "Nikolai Zverev", "answer_start": 584}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as Moritz Moszkowski, but, in the opinion of J. Barrie Jones, his \"one worthy successor\" among his compatriots was Karol Szymanowski (1882\u20131937). Edvard Grieg, Anton\u00edn Dvo\u0159\u00e1k, Isaac Alb\u00e9niz, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff, among others, are regarded by critics as having been influenced by Chopin's use of national modes and idioms. Alexander Scriabin was devoted to the music of Chopin, and his early published works include nineteen mazurkas, as well as numerous \u00e9tudes and preludes; his teacher Nikolai Zverev drilled him in Chopin's works to improve his virtuosity as a performer. In the 20th century, composers who paid homage to (or in some cases parodied) the music of Chopin included George Crumb, Bohuslav Martin\u016f, Darius Milhaud, Igor Stravinsky and Heitor Villa-Lobos."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who wrote that the current large concert style conflicts with Chopin's preference of intimate performances?", "id": "56cff817234ae51400d9c1a3", "answers": [{"text": "Jonathan Bellman", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Chopin tend to avoid?", "id": "56cff817234ae51400d9c1a4", "answers": [{"text": "rigid procedures", "answer_start": 500}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has been falsely credited to Chopin?", "id": "56cff817234ae51400d9c1a5", "answers": [{"text": "\"always crescendo to a high note\"", "answer_start": 566}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Chopin tell a student is given up in concerts?", "id": "56d3a1e959d6e41400146841", "answers": [{"text": "hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote about Chopin's \"chromatic embroidery\"?", "id": "56d3a1e959d6e41400146842", "answers": [{"text": "Berlioz", "answer_start": 699}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote that Chopin's music, when played by him, became a \"colorful wreath of flowers\"?", "id": "56d3a1e959d6e41400146843", "answers": [{"text": "Hiller", "answer_start": 944}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Jonathan Bellman writes that modern concert performance style\u2014set in the \"conservatory\" tradition of late 19th- and 20th-century music schools, and suitable for large auditoria or recordings\u2014militates against what is known of Chopin's more intimate performance technique. The composer himself said to a pupil that \"concerts are never real music, you have to give up the idea of hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art.\" Contemporary accounts indicate that in performance, Chopin avoided rigid procedures sometimes incorrectly attributed to him, such as \"always crescendo to a high note\", but that he was concerned with expressive phrasing, rhythmic consistency and sensitive colouring. Berlioz wrote in 1853 that Chopin \"has created a kind of chromatic embroidery ... whose effect is so strange and piquant as to be impossible to describe ... virtually nobody but Chopin himself can play this music and give it this unusual turn\". Hiller wrote that \"What in the hands of others was elegant embellishment, in his hands became a colourful wreath of flowers.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Chopin's compositions are often played with what?", "id": "56cff885234ae51400d9c1b3", "answers": [{"text": "rubato", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does rubato mean?", "id": "56cff885234ae51400d9c1b4", "answers": [{"text": "the practice in performance of disregarding strict time", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Chopin's music where strict timing is disregarded, what is it called?", "id": "56d3a2cd59d6e41400146849", "answers": [{"text": "rubato", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of Chopin's music had the most disregard for strict timing according to Charles Rosen?", "id": "56d3a2cd59d6e4140014684a", "answers": [{"text": "mazurkas", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chopin's music is frequently played with rubato, \"the practice in performance of disregarding strict time, 'robbing' some note-values for expressive effect\". There are differing opinions as to how much, and what type, of rubato is appropriate for his works. Charles Rosen comments that \"most of the written-out indications of rubato in Chopin are to be found in his mazurkas ... It is probable that Chopin used the older form of rubato so important to Mozart ... [where] the melody note in the right hand is delayed until after the note in the bass ... An allied form of this rubato is the arpeggiation of the chords thereby delaying the melody note; according to Chopin's pupil, Karol Mikuli, Chopin was firmly opposed to this practice.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "According to who did Chopin demand strictly sticking with rhythm?", "id": "56cff905234ae51400d9c1b7", "answers": [{"text": "Friederike M\u00fcller", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which student said Chopin made sure his students knew his legato, cantabile style of playing?", "id": "56d3a32259d6e4140014684f", "answers": [{"text": "Friederike M\u00fcller", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to Friederike M\u00fcller, Chopin insisted his students have the strictest adherence to what?", "id": "56d3a32259d6e41400146851", "answers": [{"text": "rhythm.", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Friederike M\u00fcller, a pupil of Chopin, wrote: \"[His] playing was always noble and beautiful; his tones sang, whether in full forte or softest piano. He took infinite pains to teach his pupils this legato, cantabile style of playing. His most severe criticism was 'He\u2014or she\u2014does not know how to join two notes together.' He also demanded the strictest adherence to rhythm. He hated all lingering and dragging, misplaced rubatos, as well as exaggerated ritardandos ... and it is precisely in this respect that people make such terrible errors in playing his works.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Chopin was noted as introducing music to what?", "id": "56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1cf", "answers": [{"text": "sense of nationalism", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Schumann review Chopin's piano concertos?", "id": "56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1d0", "answers": [{"text": "1836", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In his review Schumann made note of Chopin's emotions for what?", "id": "56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1d1", "answers": [{"text": "Poland", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Schumann say the Poles were in mourning?", "id": "56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1d2", "answers": [{"text": "the failure of the November 1830", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A biography on Chopin released under Franz Liszt's name was likely written by who?", "id": "56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1d3", "answers": [{"text": "Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein", "answer_start": 730}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chopin was able to bring about a new sense of nationalism with his music because of his mazurkas and what?", "id": "56d3a3df59d6e4140014685f", "answers": [{"text": "polonaises", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote a glowing review of Chopin's love for his country through his music in 1836?", "id": "56d3a3df59d6e41400146860", "answers": [{"text": "Schumann", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Schumann described Chopin's music as cannons buried in what?", "id": "56d3a3df59d6e41400146861", "answers": [{"text": "flowers", "answer_start": 623}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Though Franz Liszt is credited with Chopin's 1863 biography, who probably actually wrote it?", "id": "56d3a3df59d6e41400146862", "answers": [{"text": "Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein", "answer_start": 730}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "With his mazurkas and polonaises, Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism. Schumann, in his 1836 review of the piano concertos, highlighted the composer's strong feelings for his native Poland, writing that \"Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the November 1830 rising], their appeal to us artists is even stronger ... If the mighty autocrat in the north [i.e. Nicholas I of Russia] could know that in Chopin's works, in the simple strains of his mazurkas, there lurks a dangerous enemy, he would place a ban on his music. Chopin's works are cannon buried in flowers!\" The biography of Chopin published in 1863 under the name of Franz Liszt (but probably written by Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein) claims that Chopin \"must be ranked first among the first musicians ... individualizing in themselves the poetic sense of an entire nation.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who said that Chopin's familiarity with Polish music was more \"urbanised\"  than true folk music?", "id": "56cffb2b234ae51400d9c1e1", "answers": [{"text": "Barbara Milewski", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "George Golos references what two musicians when claiming Chopin's nationalism was overrated? ", "id": "56cffb2b234ae51400d9c1e2", "answers": [{"text": "Micha\u0142 Kleofas Ogi\u0144ski and Franciszek Lessel", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said Chopin's works were modeled after Bach, Beethoven, Schubert and Field?", "id": "56d3a46a59d6e41400146869", "answers": [{"text": "Richard Taruskin", "answer_start": 543}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some modern commentators have argued against exaggerating Chopin's primacy as a \"nationalist\" or \"patriotic\" composer. George Golos refers to earlier \"nationalist\" composers in Central Europe, including Poland's Micha\u0142 Kleofas Ogi\u0144ski and Franciszek Lessel, who utilised polonaise and mazurka forms. Barbara Milewski suggests that Chopin's experience of Polish music came more from \"urbanised\" Warsaw versions than from folk music, and that attempts (by Jachimecki and others) to demonstrate genuine folk music in his works are without basis. Richard Taruskin impugns Schumann's attitude toward Chopin's works as patronizing and comments that Chopin \"felt his Polish patriotism deeply and sincerely\" but consciously modelled his works on the tradition of Bach, Beethoven, Schubert and Field."}, {"qas": [{"question": "William Atwood suggested that Chopin's music wasn't purposely patriotic but what?", "id": "56cffba5234ae51400d9c1f1", "answers": [{"text": "intuitive", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A modern commentator, William Atwood, feels Poles not only sought solace in Chopin's music but also found them a source of strength as they continued to fight for what?", "id": "56d3a51459d6e41400146877", "answers": [{"text": "freedom", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were Poles scattered to?", "id": "56d3a51459d6e41400146878", "answers": [{"text": "Europe and the New World", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A reconciliation of these views is suggested by William Atwood: \"Undoubtedly [Chopin's] use of traditional musical forms like the polonaise and mazurka roused nationalistic sentiments and a sense of cohesiveness amongst those Poles scattered across Europe and the New World ... While some sought solace in [them], others found them a source of strength in their continuing struggle for freedom. Although Chopin's music undoubtedly came to him intuitively rather than through any conscious patriotic design, it served all the same to symbolize the will of the Polish people ...\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Arthur Hutchings stated that Chopin's lack of what made him special?", "id": "56cffc2b234ae51400d9c1ff", "answers": [{"text": "Byronic flamboyance", "answer_start": 716}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were two of Chopin's contemporaries?", "id": "56cffc2b234ae51400d9c200", "answers": [{"text": "Liszt and Henri Herz", "answer_start": 838}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What place was considered lucky for Chopin to have arrived at considering how much he charged for piano lessons?", "id": "56d3a65259d6e41400146888", "answers": [{"text": "Paris", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said Chopin was unlike his romantic contemporaries Liszt and Henri Herz?", "id": "56d3a65259d6e4140014688a", "answers": [{"text": "Arthur Hutchings", "answer_start": 670}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Jones comments that \"Chopin's unique position as a composer, despite the fact that virtually everything he wrote was for the piano, has rarely been questioned.\" He also notes that Chopin was fortunate to arrive in Paris in 1831\u2014\"the artistic environment, the publishers who were willing to print his music, the wealthy and aristocratic who paid what Chopin asked for their lessons\"\u2014and these factors, as well as his musical genius, also fuelled his contemporary and later reputation. While his illness and his love-affairs conform to some of the stereotypes of romanticism, the rarity of his public recitals (as opposed to performances at fashionable Paris soir\u00e9es) led Arthur Hutchings to suggest that \"his lack of Byronic flamboyance [and] his aristocratic reclusiveness make him exceptional\" among his romantic contemporaries, such as Liszt and Henri Herz."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what suite did Schumann name a work for Chopin?", "id": "56cffcf3234ae51400d9c20d", "answers": [{"text": "Carnaval", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What piece of Chopin's work was dedicated to Schumann? ", "id": "56cffcf3234ae51400d9c20e", "answers": [{"text": "Ballade No. 2 in F major", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of Chopin's Polish songs did Liszt transliterate for piano?", "id": "56cffcf3234ae51400d9c20f", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With who did Chopin feel comfortable speaking of folk music with?", "id": "56cffcf3234ae51400d9c210", "answers": [{"text": "Alkan", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was recognized about Chopin from his musical peers?", "id": "56d3a74159d6e414001468a1", "answers": [{"text": "qualities as a pianist and composer", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Schumann suite contained the name of a piece Schumann named for Chopin?", "id": "56d3a74159d6e414001468a2", "answers": [{"text": "Carnaval", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What piece did Chopin dedicate to Schumann?", "id": "56d3a74159d6e414001468a3", "answers": [{"text": "Ballade No. 2 in F major", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other musician shows to have elements of Chopin in his work?", "id": "56d3a74159d6e414001468a4", "answers": [{"text": "Liszt", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chopin's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians. Schumann named a piece for him in his suite Carnaval, and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann. Elements of Chopin's music can be traced in many of Liszt's later works. Liszt later transcribed for piano six of Chopin's Polish songs. A less fraught friendship was with Alkan, with whom he discussed elements of folk music, and who was deeply affected by Chopin's death."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who dedicated his 1915 piano \u00c9tudes to Chopin?", "id": "56cffdaa234ae51400d9c226", "answers": [{"text": "Debussy", "answer_start": 392}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what publisher to Debussy edit Chopin's music for?", "id": "56cffdaa234ae51400d9c227", "answers": [{"text": "Jacques Durand", "answer_start": 612}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was a student of Chopin's former students and actually recorded some Chopin music?", "id": "56d3a85259d6e414001468aa", "answers": [{"text": "Raoul Koczalski", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What music did Debussy play a lot at the Paris Conservatoire?", "id": "56d3a85259d6e414001468ac", "answers": [{"text": "Chopin's", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821\u20131897) and Georges Mathias, were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students, some of whom (such as Raoul Koczalski) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include Louis Moreau Gottschalk, \u00c9douard Wolff (1816\u20131880) and Pierre Zimmermann. Debussy dedicated his own 1915 piano \u00c9tudes to the memory of Chopin; he frequently played Chopin's music during his studies at the Paris Conservatoire, and undertook the editing of Chopin's piano music for the publisher Jacques Durand."}]}, {"title": "Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Who were Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain?", "id": "56cc239e6d243a140015eeb7", "answers": [{"text": "Mainland Chinese scholars", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The exact nature of relations between Tibet and the Ming dynasty of China (1368\u20131644) is unclear. Analysis of the relationship is further complicated by modern political conflicts and the application of Westphalian sovereignty to a time when the concept did not exist. Some Mainland Chinese scholars, such as Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain, assert that the Ming dynasty had unquestioned sovereignty over Tibet, pointing to the Ming court's issuing of various titles to Tibetan leaders, Tibetans' full acceptance of these titles, and a renewal process for successors of these titles that involved traveling to the Ming capital. Scholars within China also argue that Tibet has been an integral part of China since the 13th century and that it was thus a part of the Ming Empire. But most scholars outside China, such as Turrell V. Wylie, Melvin C. Goldstein, and Helmut Hoffman, say that the relationship was one of suzerainty, that Ming titles were only nominal, that Tibet remained an independent region outside Ming control, and that it simply paid tribute until the Jiajing Emperor (1521\u20131566), who ceased relations with Tibet."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What important trade did the Ming Dynasty have with Tibet?", "id": "56cc27346d243a140015eeba", "answers": [{"text": "horse trade", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what years did the Mongol leader Kublai Khan rule?", "id": "56cc27346d243a140015eebb", "answers": [{"text": "1402\u20131424", "answer_start": 739}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Yongle Emperor try to build a religious alliance with?", "id": "56cc27346d243a140015eebc", "answers": [{"text": "Deshin Shekpa", "answer_start": 821}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Deshin Shekpa was the head of what school?", "id": "56cc27346d243a140015eebd", "answers": [{"text": "the Karma Kagyu school", "answer_start": 863}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Tibetan leaders had a diplomacy with what neighboring state?", "id": "56cc27346d243a140015eebe", "answers": [{"text": "Nepal", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the importance of the horse trade with Tibet. Others argue that the significant religious nature of the relationship of the Ming court with Tibetan lamas is underrepresented in modern scholarship. In hopes of reviving the unique relationship of the earlier Mongol leader Kublai Khan (r. 1260\u20131294) and his spiritual superior Drog\u00f6n Ch\u00f6gyal Phagpa (1235\u20131280) of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402\u20131424) made a concerted effort to build a secular and religious alliance with Deshin Shekpa (1384\u20131415), the Karmapa of the Karma Kagyu school. However, the Yongle Emperor's attempts were unsuccessful."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did the Tibetans use against Ming forays?", "id": "56cc306b6d243a140015eec5", "answers": [{"text": "armed resistance", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were the armed protectors for the Gelug Dalai Lama?", "id": "56cc306b6d243a140015eec6", "answers": [{"text": "the Mongols", "answer_start": 503}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which regime did G\u00fcshi Khan help establish? ", "id": "56cc306b6d243a140015eec7", "answers": [{"text": "the Ganden Phodrang", "answer_start": 727}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Mongol-Tibetan alliance started?", "id": "56cc306b6d243a140015eec8", "answers": [{"text": "1578", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in Tibet during the 14th century, but did not garrison permanent troops there. At times the Tibetans also used armed resistance against Ming forays. The Wanli Emperor (r. 1572\u20131620) made attempts to reestablish Sino-Tibetan relations after the Mongol-Tibetan alliance initiated in 1578, which affected the foreign policy of the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644\u20131912) of China in their support for the Dalai Lama of the Gelug school. By the late 16th century, the Mongols were successful armed protectors of the Gelug Dalai Lama, after increasing their presence in the Amdo region. This culminated in G\u00fcshi Khan's (1582\u20131655) conquest of Tibet from 1637\u20131642 and the establishment of the Ganden Phodrang regime by the 5th Dalai Lama with his help."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what century did the Tibetan Empire fall?", "id": "56cc36926d243a140015eece", "answers": [{"text": "the 9th century", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who signed multiple peace treaties with the Tang? ", "id": "56cc36926d243a140015eecf", "answers": [{"text": "The Yarlung rulers of Tibet", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did one of the treaties between the Tang and Tibet help fix?", "id": "56cc36926d243a140015eed0", "answers": [{"text": "the borders between Tibet and China", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Tangs biggest rival?", "id": "56cc36926d243a140015eed1", "answers": [{"text": "Tibet", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Tang and Tibet sign a treaty to fix the borders?", "id": "56cc36926d243a140015eed2", "answers": [{"text": "821", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Tibet was once a strong power contemporaneous with Tang China (618\u2013907). Until the Tibetan Empire's collapse in the 9th century, it was the Tang's major rival in dominating Inner Asia. The Yarlung rulers of Tibet also signed various peace treaties with the Tang, culminating in a treaty in 821 that fixed the borders between Tibet and China."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China take place?", "id": "56cc3ad16d243a140015eed8", "answers": [{"text": "907\u2013960", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Song dynasty take place?", "id": "56cc3ad16d243a140015eed9", "answers": [{"text": "960\u20131279", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What dynasty was concerned with countering northern enemy states?", "id": "56cc3ad16d243a140015eeda", "answers": [{"text": "Song dynasty", "answer_start": 304}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who ruled the Liao dynasty?", "id": "56cc3ad16d243a140015eedb", "answers": [{"text": "the Khitan", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who ruled the  Jin dynasty?", "id": "56cc3ad16d243a140015eedc", "answers": [{"text": "Jurchen", "answer_start": 448}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China (907\u2013960), while the fractured political realm of China saw no threat in a Tibet which was in just as much political disarray, there was little in the way of Sino-Tibetan relations. Few documents involving Sino-Tibetan contacts survive from the Song dynasty (960\u20131279). The Song were far more concerned with countering northern enemy states of the Khitan-ruled Liao dynasty (907\u20131125) and Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty (1115\u20131234)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which ruler took Western Xia under their control?", "id": "56cc41416d243a140015eee2", "answers": [{"text": "Genghis Khan", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Genghis Khan's successor? ", "id": "56cc41416d243a140015eee4", "answers": [{"text": "\u00d6gedei Khan", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What years did \u00d6gedei Khan rule?", "id": "56cc41416d243a140015eee5", "answers": [{"text": "1229\u20131241", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who invaded Tibet? ", "id": "56cc41416d243a140015eee6", "answers": [{"text": "\u00d6gedei Khan", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1207, the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan (r. 1206\u20131227) conquered and subjugated the ethnic Tangut state of the Western Xia (1038\u20131227). In the same year, he established diplomatic relations with Tibet by sending envoys there. The conquest of the Western Xia alarmed Tibetan rulers, who decided to pay tribute to the Mongols. However, when they ceased to pay tribute after Genghis Khan's death, his successor \u00d6gedei Khan (r. 1229\u20131241) launched an invasion into Tibet."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the Mongol prince?", "id": "56cc44b76d243a140015eeec", "answers": [{"text": "Godan", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism?", "id": "56cc44b76d243a140015eeed", "answers": [{"text": "Sakya Pandita", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the regent of the Mongol Empire?", "id": "56cc44b76d243a140015eeee", "answers": [{"text": "T\u00f6regene Khatun", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what years was T\u00f6regene Khatun the regent of the Mongol Empire?", "id": "56cc44b76d243a140015eeef", "answers": [{"text": "1241\u20131246", "answer_start": 399}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Mongol prince Godan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, raided as far as Lhasa. During his attack in 1240, Prince Godan summoned Sakya Pandita (1182\u20131251), leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, to his court in what is now Gansu in Western China. With Sakya Pandita's submission to Godan in 1247, Tibet was officially incorporated into the Mongol Empire during the regency of T\u00f6regene Khatun (1241\u20131246). Michael C. van Walt van Praag writes that Godan granted Sakya Pandita temporal authority over a still politically fragmented Tibet, stating that \"this investiture had little real impact\" but it was significant in that it established the unique \"Priest-Patron\" relationship between the Mongols and the Sakya lamas."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many states were ruled by myriarchies?", "id": "56cc50756d243a140015eef6", "answers": [{"text": "thirteen", "answer_start": 815}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What title did prince Kublai rule as from 1260 to 1294?", "id": "56cc50756d243a140015eef7", "answers": [{"text": "Khagan", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the superior of prince Kublai?", "id": "56cc50756d243a140015eef8", "answers": [{"text": "\u00d6gedei Khan", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who became the second Karmapa Lama?", "id": "56cc50756d243a140015eef9", "answers": [{"text": "Karma Pakshi", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With whom did Kublai Khan have a unique relationship with? ", "id": "56cc50756d243a140015eefa", "answers": [{"text": "the Phagpa lama", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Starting in 1236, the Mongol prince Kublai, who later ruled as Khagan from 1260\u20131294, was granted a large appanage in North China by his superior, \u00d6gedei Khan. Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama (1203\u20131283)\u2014the head lama of the Karma Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism\u2014rejected Kublai's invitation, so instead Kublai invited Drog\u00f6n Ch\u00f6gyal Phagpa (1235\u20131280), successor and nephew of Sakya Pandita, who came to his court in 1253. Kublai instituted a unique relationship with the Phagpa lama, which recognized Kublai as a superior sovereign in political affairs and the Phagpa lama as the senior instructor to Kublai in religious affairs. Kublai also made Drog\u00f6n Ch\u00f6gyal Phagpa the director of the government agency known as the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs and the ruling priest-king of Tibet, which comprised thirteen different states ruled by myriarchies."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did Kublai Khan conquer the song dynasty?  ", "id": "56cc52186d243a140015ef00", "answers": [{"text": "1279", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Yuan dynasty rule?", "id": "56cc52186d243a140015ef01", "answers": [{"text": "1271\u20131368", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which dynasty ruled all of china? ", "id": "56cc52186d243a140015ef02", "answers": [{"text": "the Yuan dynasty", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Khubilai claim for a while?", "id": "56cc52186d243a140015ef03", "answers": [{"text": "universal rule", "answer_start": 765}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Khubilai seek support as Emperor?", "id": "56cc52186d243a140015ef04", "answers": [{"text": "China", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271\u20131368). Van Praag writes that this conquest \"marked the end of independent China,\" which was then incorporated into the Yuan dynasty that ruled China, Tibet, Mongolia, Korea, parts of Siberia and Upper Burma. Morris Rossabi, a professor of Asian history at Queens College, City University of New York, writes that \"Khubilai wished to be perceived both as the legitimate Khan of Khans of the Mongols and as the Emperor of China. Though he had, by the early 1260s, become closely identified with China, he still, for a time, claimed universal rule\", and yet \"despite his successes in China and Korea, Khubilai was unable to have himself accepted as the Great Khan\". Thus, with such limited acceptance of his position as Great Khan, Kublai Khan increasingly became identified with China and sought support as Emperor of China."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year was the Sakya viceregal regime eradicated? ", "id": "56cc59cd6d243a140015ef34", "answers": [{"text": "1358", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who placed the Sakya viceregal regime position of authority?", "id": "56cc59cd6d243a140015ef35", "answers": [{"text": "the Mongols in Tibet", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who eradicated the Sakya viceregal regime? ", "id": "56cc59cd6d243a140015ef36", "answers": [{"text": "the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which dynasty became ruler of Tibet?  ", "id": "56cc59cd6d243a140015ef37", "answers": [{"text": "the Phagmodrupa Dynasty", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1358, the Sakya viceregal regime installed by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown in a rebellion by the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302\u20131364). The Mongol Yuan court was forced to accept him as the new viceroy, and Changchub Gyaltsen and his successors, the Phagmodrupa Dynasty, gained de facto rule over Tibet."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who created the Ming Dynasty? ", "id": "56cc5e026d243a140015ef3c", "answers": [{"text": "Zhu Yuanzhang", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who caused the Yuan dynasty to fall?", "id": "56cc5e026d243a140015ef3d", "answers": [{"text": "the Red Turban Rebellion", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who ruled as the the Hongwu Emperor?", "id": "56cc5e026d243a140015ef3e", "answers": [{"text": "Zhu Yuanzhang", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What years did Zhu Yuanzhang rule as the Hongwu Emperor?", "id": "56cc5e026d243a140015ef3f", "answers": [{"text": "1368\u20131398", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Hongwu Emperor send convoys to?", "id": "56cc5e026d243a140015ef40", "answers": [{"text": "Yuan officeholders", "answer_start": 617}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty, ruling as the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368\u20131398). It is not clear how much the early Ming court understood the civil war going on in Tibet between rival religious sects, but the first emperor was anxious to avoid the same trouble that Tibet had caused for the Tang dynasty. Instead of recognizing the Phagmodru ruler, the Hongwu Emperor sided with the Karmapa of the nearer Kham region and southeastern Tibet, sending envoys out in the winter of 1372\u20131373 to ask the Yuan officeholders to renew their titles for the new Ming court."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the fourth Karmapa Lama?", "id": "56cc5fd66d243a140015ef50", "answers": [{"text": "Rolpe Dorje", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who rejected an invitation by the Hongwu Emperor?", "id": "56cc5fd66d243a140015ef52", "answers": [{"text": "Rolpe Dorje", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the the Hongwu Emperor want to continue to promote?", "id": "56cc5fd66d243a140015ef53", "answers": [{"text": "the Buddhist link between Tibet and China", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Rolpe Dorje send as envoys to court in Nanjing?", "id": "56cc5fd66d243a140015ef54", "answers": [{"text": "disciples", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As evident in his imperial edicts, the Hongwu Emperor was well aware of the Buddhist link between Tibet and China and wanted to foster it. Rolpe Dorje, 4th Karmapa Lama (1340\u20131383) rejected the Hongwu Emperor's invitation, although he did send some disciples as envoys to the court in Nanjing. The Hongwu Emperor also entrusted his guru Zongluo, one of many Buddhist monks at court, to head a religious mission into Tibet in 1378\u20131382 in order to obtain Buddhist texts."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who created a law that did not allow Han Chinese to learn the beliefs of Tibetan Buddhism?", "id": "56cccb3c62d2951400fa64be", "answers": [{"text": "Ming government", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What years did the Yongle Emperor reign? ", "id": "56cccb3c62d2951400fa64bf", "answers": [{"text": "1402\u20131424", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who worked towards obtaining a extension of relations with Tibet?", "id": "56cccb3c62d2951400fa64c0", "answers": [{"text": "the Yongle Emperor", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "However, the early Ming government enacted a law, later rescinded, which forbade Han Chinese to learn the tenets of Tibetan Buddhism. There is little detailed evidence of Chinese\u2014especially lay Chinese\u2014studying Tibetan Buddhism until the Republican era (1912\u20131949). Despite these missions on behalf of the Hongwu Emperor, Morris Rossabi writes that the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402\u20131424) \"was the first Ming ruler actively to seek an extension of relations with Tibet.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What years did the Qing dynasty rule?", "id": "56ccd5bc62d2951400fa64c6", "answers": [{"text": "1644\u20131912", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what year was the history of Ming produced? ", "id": "56ccd5bc62d2951400fa64c7", "answers": [{"text": "1739", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Ming dynasty create?", "id": "56ccd5bc62d2951400fa64c8", "answers": [{"text": "\u00c9-L\u00ec-S\u012b Army-Civilian Marshal Office", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Qianhu offices were there?", "id": "56ccd5bc62d2951400fa64c9", "answers": [{"text": "seventeen Qianhu offices", "answer_start": 638}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "where was the \u00c9-L\u00ec-S\u012b Army-Civilian Marshal Office established?", "id": "56ccd5bc62d2951400fa64ca", "answers": [{"text": "western Tibet", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to the official Twenty-Four Histories, the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644\u20131912), the Ming dynasty established the \"\u00c9-L\u00ec-S\u012b Army-Civilian Marshal Office\" (Chinese: \u4fc4\u529b\u601d\u8ecd\u6c11\u5143\u5e25\u5e9c) in western Tibet and installed the \"\u00dc-Tsang Itinerant High Commandery\" and \"Amdo-Kham Itinerant High Commandery\" to administer Kham. The Mingshi states that administrative offices were set up under these high commanderies, including one Itinerant Commandery, three Pacification Commissioner's Offices, six Expedition Commissioner's Offices, four Wanhu offices (myriarchies, in command of 10,000 households each) and seventeen Qianhu offices (chiliarchies, each in command of 1,000 households)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many princes of Dharma were assigned by the Ming court?", "id": "56ccd9b562d2951400fa64d0", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who established the Tibetan law code?", "id": "56ccd9b562d2951400fa64d2", "answers": [{"text": "Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen", "answer_start": 522}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Phagmodru ruler?", "id": "56ccd9b562d2951400fa64d3", "answers": [{"text": "Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen", "answer_start": 522}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Ming court appointed three Princes of Dharma (\u6cd5\u738b) and five Princes (\u738b), and granted many other titles, such as Grand State Tutors (\u5927\u570b\u5e2b) and State Tutors (\u570b\u5e2b), to the important schools of Tibetan Buddhism, including the Karma Kagyu, Sakya, and Gelug. According to Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain, leading officials of these organs were all appointed by the central government and were subject to the rule of law. Yet Van Praag describes the distinct and long-lasting Tibetan law code established by the Phagmodru ruler Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen as one of many reforms to revive old Imperial Tibetan traditions."}, {"qas": [{"question": "who was a professor of the University of Washington?", "id": "56ccde7862d2951400fa64d8", "answers": [{"text": "Turrell V. Wylie", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who had a large amount of contacts with china during Yuan?", "id": "56ccde7862d2951400fa64d9", "answers": [{"text": "Tibet", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who believed that Tibet barely had any diplomatic relations with the Ming?", "id": "56ccde7862d2951400fa64da", "answers": [{"text": "Morris Rossabi", "answer_start": 757}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The late Turrell V. Wylie, a former professor of the University of Washington, and Li Tieh-tseng argue that the reliability of the heavily censored History of Ming as a credible source on Sino-Tibetan relations is questionable, in the light of modern scholarship. Other historians also assert that these Ming titles were nominal and did not actually confer the authority that the earlier Yuan titles had. Van Praag writes that the \"numerous economically motivated Tibetan missions to the Ming Court are referred to as 'tributary missions' in the Ming Shih.\" Van Praag writes that these \"tributary missions\" were simply prompted by China's need for horses from Tibet, since a viable horse market in Mongol lands was closed as a result of incessant conflict. Morris Rossabi also writes that \"Tibet, which had extensive contacts with China during the Yuan, scarcely had diplomatic relations with the Ming.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who supported van Praag's beliefs? ", "id": "56ccea7c62d2951400fa64de", "answers": [{"text": "historian Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did not agree with van Praag and Shakabpa?", "id": "56ccea7c62d2951400fa64df", "answers": [{"text": "Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Historians disagree on what the relationship was between the Ming court and Tibet and whether or not Ming China had sovereignty over Tibet. Van Praag writes that Chinese court historians viewed Tibet as an independent foreign tributary and had little interest in Tibet besides a lama-patron relationship. The historian Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa supports van Praag's position. However, Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain state that these assertions by van Praag and Shakabpa are \"fallacies\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who believed that the Ming court had full sovereignty over Tibet?", "id": "56ccea7f62d2951400fa64e2", "answers": [{"text": "Wang and Nyima", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Wang and Nyima believe that the Mongol Prince Punala went to Nanjing?", "id": "56ccea7f62d2951400fa64e3", "answers": [{"text": "1371", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the lamas called themselves?", "id": "56ccea7f62d2951400fa64e5", "answers": [{"text": "princes", "answer_start": 691}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What edicts did the Ming issue?", "id": "56ccea7f62d2951400fa64e6", "answers": [{"text": "imperial edicts", "answer_start": 805}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Wang and Nyima argue that the Ming emperor sent edicts to Tibet twice in the second year of the Ming dynasty, and demonstrated that he viewed Tibet as a significant region to pacify by urging various Tibetan tribes to submit to the authority of the Ming court. They note that at the same time, the Mongol Prince Punala, who had inherited his position as ruler of areas of Tibet, went to Nanjing in 1371 to pay tribute and show his allegiance to the Ming court, bringing with him the seal of authority issued by the Yuan court. They also state that since successors of lamas granted the title of \"prince\" had to travel to the Ming court to renew this title, and since lamas called themselves princes, the Ming court therefore had \"full sovereignty over Tibet.\" They state that the Ming dynasty, by issuing imperial edicts to invite ex-Yuan officials to the court for official positions in the early years of its founding, won submission from ex-Yuan religious and administrative leaders in the Tibetan areas, and thereby incorporated Tibetan areas into the rule of the Ming court. Thus, they conclude, the Ming court won the power to rule Tibetan areas formerly under the rule of the Yuan dynasty."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who wrote the book The Story of Tibet?", "id": "56cceda862d2951400fa64ec", "answers": [{"text": "Journalist and author Thomas Laird", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who colonized India and New Zealand?", "id": "56cceda862d2951400fa64ed", "answers": [{"text": "the British", "answer_start": 608}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who's viewpoint does Thomas Laird believe Wang and Nyima present?", "id": "56cceda862d2951400fa64ee", "answers": [{"text": "the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Journalist and author Thomas Laird, in his book The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, writes that Wang and Nyima present the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China in their Historical Status of China's Tibet, and fail to realize that China was \"absorbed into a larger, non-Chinese political unit\" during the Mongol Yuan dynasty, which Wang and Nyima paint as a characteristic Chinese dynasty succeeded by the Ming. Laird asserts that the ruling Mongol khans never administered Tibet as part of China and instead ruled them as separate territories, comparing the Mongols with the British who colonized India and New Zealand, yet stating this does not make India part of New Zealand as a consequence. Of later Mongol and Tibetan accounts interpreting the Mongol conquest of Tibet, Laird asserts that \"they, like all non-Chinese historical narratives, never portray the Mongol subjugation of Tibet as a Chinese one.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "How did the The Columbia Encyclopedia describe the Yuan dynasty?", "id": "56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f2", "answers": [{"text": "A Mongol dynasty of China", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the Encyclopedia Americana describe the Yuan Dynasty?", "id": "56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f3", "answers": [{"text": "the line of Mongol rulers in China", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Thomas Laird dismiss the Yuan dynasty as?", "id": "56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f4", "answers": [{"text": "a non-Chinese polity", "answer_start": 846}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote the book Khubilai Khan?", "id": "56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f5", "answers": [{"text": "Rossabi", "answer_start": 1168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the yuan dynasty start and end?", "id": "56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f6", "answers": [{"text": "1271 to 1368", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Columbia Encyclopedia distinguishes between the Yuan dynasty and the other Mongol Empire khanates of Ilkhanate, Chagatai Khanate and the Golden Horde. It describes the Yuan dynasty as \"A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368, and a division of the great empire conquered by the Mongols. Founded by Kublai Khan, who adopted the Chinese dynastic name of Y\u00fcan in 1271.\" The Encyclopedia Americana describes the Yuan dynasty as \"the line of Mongol rulers in China\" and adds that the Mongols \"proclaimed a Chinese-style Y\u00fcan dynasty at Khanbaliq (Beijing).\" The Metropolitan Museum of Art writes that the Mongol rulers of the Yuan dynasty \"adopted Chinese political and cultural models; ruling from their capitals in Dadu, they assumed the role of Chinese emperors,\" although Tibetologist Thomas Laird dismissed the Yuan dynasty as a non-Chinese polity and plays down its Chinese characteristics. The Metropolitan Museum of Art also noted that in spite of the gradual assimilation of Yuan monarchs, the Mongol rulers largely ignored the literati and imposed harsh policies discriminating against southern Chinese. In his Kublai Khan: His Life and Times, Rossabi explains that Kublai \"created government institutions that either resembled or were the same as the traditional Chinese ones\", and he \"wished to signal to the Chinese that he intended to adopt the trappings and style of a Chinese ruler\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan reign?", "id": "56ccf53362d2951400fa64fd", "answers": [{"text": "1311\u20131320", "answer_start": 447}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During the Yuan what existed between China and Tibet? ", "id": "56ccf53362d2951400fa64ff", "answers": [{"text": "a licensed border market", "answer_start": 1450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was granted higher status than the Han Chinese majority?", "id": "56ccf53362d2951400fa6500", "answers": [{"text": "the Mongols and other ethnicities", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Nevertheless, the ethno-geographic caste hierarchy favoring the Mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the Han Chinese majority. Although Han Chinese who were recruited as advisers were often actually more influential than high officials, their status was not as well defined. Kublai also abolished the imperial examinations of China's civil service legacy, which was not reinstated until Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan's reign (1311\u20131320). Rossabi writes that Kublai recognized that in order to rule China, \"he had to employ Chinese advisors and officials, yet he could not rely totally on Chinese advisers because he had to maintain a delicate balancing act between ruling the sedentary civilization of China and preserving the cultural identity and values of the Mongols.\" And \"in governing China, he was concerned with the interests of his Chinese subjects, but also with exploiting the resources of the empire for his own aggrandizement. His motivations and objectives alternated from one to the other throughout his reign,\" according to Rossabi. Van Praag writes in The Status of Tibet that the Tibetans and Mongols, on the other hand, upheld a dual system of rule and an interdependent relationship that legitimated the succession of Mongol khans as universal Buddhist rulers, or chakravartin. Van Praag writes that \"Tibet remained a unique part of the Empire and was never fully integrated into it,\" citing examples such as a licensed border market that existed between China and Tibet during the Yuan."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who abolished the policy council?", "id": "56ccf96562d2951400fa6506", "answers": [{"text": "the Ming", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Tibetan leader  Choskunskyabs  appointed as? ", "id": "56ccf96562d2951400fa6507", "answers": [{"text": "the General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office", "answer_start": 798}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who governed most areas of Tibet?", "id": "56ccf96562d2951400fa6509", "answers": [{"text": "Ming dynasty's \u00dc-Tsang Commanding Office", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China is that the Ming implemented a policy of managing Tibet according to conventions and customs, granting titles and setting up administrative organs over Tibet. The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic states that the Ming dynasty's \u00dc-Tsang Commanding Office governed most areas of Tibet. It also states that while the Ming abolished the policy council set up by the Mongol Yuan to manage local affairs in Tibet and the Mongol system of Imperial Tutors to govern religious affairs, the Ming adopted a policy of bestowing titles upon religious leaders who had submitted to the Ming dynasty. For example, an edict of the Hongwu Emperor in 1373 appointed the Tibetan leader Choskunskyabs as the General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office, stating:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where is the China Tibetology Research Center located?", "id": "56cd480b62d2951400fa650e", "answers": [{"text": "Beijing", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Director of the History Studies Institute?", "id": "56cd480b62d2951400fa650f", "answers": [{"text": "Chen Qingying", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many households were the offices of Qianhu in charge of?", "id": "56cd480b62d2951400fa6510", "answers": [{"text": "1,000 households", "answer_start": 690}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many households were the offices of Wanhu in charge of?", "id": "56cd480b62d2951400fa6511", "answers": [{"text": "10,000 households", "answer_start": 744}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chen Qingying, Professor of History and Director of the History Studies Institute under the China Tibetology Research Center in Beijing, writes that the Ming court conferred new official positions on ex-Yuan Tibetan leaders of the Phachu Kargyu and granted them lower-ranking positions. Of the county (zong or dzong) leaders of Neiwo Zong and Renbam Zong, Chen states that when \"the Emperor learned the actual situation of the Phachu Kargyu, the Ming court then appointed the main Zong leaders to be senior officers of the Senior Command of Dbus and Gtsang.\" The official posts that the Ming court established in Tibet, such as senior and junior commanders, offices of Qianhu (in charge of 1,000 households), and offices of Wanhu (in charge of 10,000 households), were all hereditary positions according to Chen, but he asserts that \"the succession of some important posts still had to be approved by the emperor,\" while old imperial mandates had to be returned to the Ming court for renewal."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the Tibetologist?", "id": "56cd4a5162d2951400fa6516", "answers": [{"text": "John Powers", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Ming emperors send invitations to?", "id": "56cd4a5162d2951400fa6517", "answers": [{"text": "ruling lamas", "answer_start": 416}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When the lamas received an invite from the emperors, who did they send instead? ", "id": "56cd4a5162d2951400fa6518", "answers": [{"text": "subordinates", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to Tibetologist John Powers, Tibetan sources counter this narrative of titles granted by the Chinese to Tibetans with various titles which the Tibetans gave to the Chinese emperors and their officials. Tribute missions from Tibetan monasteries to the Chinese court brought back not only titles, but large, commercially valuable gifts which could subsequently be sold. The Ming emperors sent invitations to ruling lamas, but the lamas sent subordinates rather than coming themselves, and no Tibetan ruler ever explicitly accepted the role of being a vassal of the Ming."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the western regions composed of?", "id": "56cd556f62d2951400fa651c", "answers": [{"text": "the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who believed that they were the true Han Western representatives? ", "id": "56cd556f62d2951400fa651d", "answers": [{"text": "foreign officials", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hans Bielenstein writes that as far back as the Han dynasty (202 BCE\u2013220 CE), the Han Chinese government \"maintained the fiction\" that the foreign officials administering the various \"Dependent States\" and oasis city-states of the Western Regions (composed of the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan) were true Han representatives due to the Han government's conferral of Chinese seals and seal cords to them."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What title was given by the Yuan court to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen ?", "id": "56cd58c362d2951400fa6520", "answers": [{"text": "Education Minister", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Tibetan title was hardly ever mentioned when referring to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen?", "id": "56cd58c362d2951400fa6521", "answers": [{"text": "Degsi", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What dynasty kept a Central-local government relation with the Yuan imperial court?", "id": "56cd58c362d2951400fa6522", "answers": [{"text": "Phagmodrupa Dynasty", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two people claim the title of Education Minister was often seen next to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen's name in Tibetan texts?", "id": "56cd58c362d2951400fa6523", "answers": [{"text": "Wang and Nyima", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote in their will that they received loving care from the emperor in the east?", "id": "56cd58c362d2951400fa6524", "answers": [{"text": "The Tai Situpa", "answer_start": 488}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Wang and Nyima state that after the official title \"Education Minister\" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302\u20131364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while his Tibetan title \"Degsi\" (sic properly sde-srid or desi) is seldom mentioned. Wang and Nyima take this to mean that \"even in the later period of the Yuan dynasty, the Yuan imperial court and the Phagmodrupa Dynasty maintained a Central-local government relation.\" The Tai Situpa is even supposed to have written in his will: \"In the past I received loving care from the emperor in the east. If the emperor continues to care for us, please follow his edicts and the imperial envoy should be well received.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who divided Central Tibet into districts? ", "id": "56cd5ccc62d2951400fa6532", "answers": [{"text": "Changchub Gyaltsen", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who strongly believed Changchub Gyaltsen wanted to restore the glories of its Imperial age to Tibet?", "id": "56cd5ccc62d2951400fa6533", "answers": [{"text": "Van Praag", "answer_start": 889}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What university was Lok-Ham Chan a professor at?", "id": "56cd5ccc62d2951400fa6535", "answers": [{"text": "the University of Washington", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Lok-Ham Chan claim  Changchub Gyaltsen wanted to remove?", "id": "56cd5ccc62d2951400fa6536", "answers": [{"text": "all traces of Mongol suzerainty", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "However, Lok-Ham Chan, a professor of history at the University of Washington, writes that Changchub Gyaltsen's aims were to recreate the old Tibetan Kingdom that existed during the Chinese Tang dynasty, to build \"nationalist sentiment\" amongst Tibetans, and to \"remove all traces of Mongol suzerainty.\" Georges Dreyfus, a professor of religion at Williams College, writes that it was Changchub Gyaltsen who adopted the old administrative system of Songts\u00e4n Gampo (c. 605\u2013649)\u2014the first leader of the Tibetan Empire to establish Tibet as a strong power\u2014by reinstating its legal code of punishments and administrative units. For example, instead of the 13 governorships established by the Mongol Sakya viceroy, Changchub Gyaltsen divided Central Tibet into districts (dzong) with district heads (dzong dpon) who had to conform to old rituals and wear clothing styles of old Imperial Tibet. Van Praag asserts that Changchub Gyaltsen's ambitions were to \"restore to Tibet the glories of its Imperial Age\" by reinstating secular administration, promoting \"national culture and traditions,\" and installing a law code that survived into the 20th century."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did the Hongwu Emperor grant the title Initiation State Master to?", "id": "56cd5f5b62d2951400fa654c", "answers": [{"text": "Sagya Gyaincain", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who suggested to the emperor that an official title be granted to second Phagmodru ruler?", "id": "56cd5f5b62d2951400fa654d", "answers": [{"text": "the Ming officer of Hezhou", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the second Phagmodru ruler?", "id": "56cd5f5b62d2951400fa654e", "answers": [{"text": "Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who told the emperor that the situation in Dbus and Gtsang were under control?", "id": "56cd5f5b62d2951400fa654f", "answers": [{"text": "the Ming officer of Hezhou", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were the envoys sent?", "id": "56cd5f5b62d2951400fa6550", "answers": [{"text": "to the Ming court", "answer_start": 461}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to Chen, the Ming officer of Hezhou (modern day Linxia) informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang \"was under control,\" and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler, Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen, an official title. According to the Records of the Founding Emperor, the Hongwu Emperor issued an edict granting the title \"Initiation State Master\" to Sagya Gyaincain, while the latter sent envoys to the Ming court to hand over his jade seal of authority along with tribute of colored silk and satin, statues of the Buddha, Buddhist scriptures, and sarira."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who lost their power over Tibet?", "id": "56cd606a62d2951400fa6556", "answers": [{"text": "the Phagmodrupa", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the Phagmodrupa lose their power over Tibet?", "id": "56cd606a62d2951400fa6557", "answers": [{"text": "1434", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the 5th Dalai lama start to dominate over Tibet?", "id": "56cd606a62d2951400fa6558", "answers": [{"text": "1642", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the other families fail to establish?", "id": "56cd606a62d2951400fa6559", "answers": [{"text": "hegemonies", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The Ming Dynasty granted what titles to lamas of schools?", "id": "56cd62e262d2951400fa655e", "answers": [{"text": "the Karmapa Kargyu", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Ming Dynasty decline titles from after receiving invitations?", "id": "56cd62e262d2951400fa655f", "answers": [{"text": "Mongol", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the founder of the Gelug school?", "id": "56cd62e262d2951400fa6560", "answers": [{"text": "Je Tsongkhapa", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who invited Je Tsongkhapa to come pay tribute?", "id": "56cd62e262d2951400fa6561", "answers": [{"text": "the Ming Yongle Emperor", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote the letter declining the Emperor's invitation?", "id": "56cd62e262d2951400fa6562", "answers": [{"text": "Tsongkhapa", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357\u20131419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the Ming court and pay tribute, the latter declined. Wang and Nyima write that this was due to old age and physical weakness, and also because of efforts being made to build three major monasteries. Chen Qingying states that Tsongkhapa wrote a letter to decline the Emperor's invitation, and in this reply, Tsongkhapa wrote:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Ming first request Tsongkhapa to come to court?", "id": "56cd64e762d2951400fa6569", "answers": [{"text": "1407", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Ming court send a second request to Tsongkhapa?", "id": "56cd64e762d2951400fa656a", "answers": [{"text": "1413", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Tsongkhapa send in his place to Nanjing?", "id": "56cd64e762d2951400fa656b", "answers": [{"text": "his disciple Chosrje Sh\u0101kya Yeshes", "answer_start": 525}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Chosrje Sh\u0101kya Yeshes sent to Nanjing?", "id": "56cd64e762d2951400fa656c", "answers": [{"text": "1414", "answer_start": 574}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A. Tom Grunfeld says that Tsongkhapa claimed ill health in his refusal to appear at the Ming court, while Rossabi adds that Tsongkhapa cited the \"length and arduousness of the journey\" to China as another reason not to make an appearance. This first request by the Ming was made in 1407, but the Ming court sent another embassy in 1413, this one led by the eunuch Hou Xian (\u5019\u986f; fl. 1403\u20131427), which was again refused by Tsongkhapa. Rossabi writes that Tsongkhapa did not want to entirely alienate the Ming court, so he sent his disciple Chosrje Sh\u0101kya Yeshes to Nanjing in 1414 on his behalf, and upon his arrival in 1415 the Yongle Emperor bestowed upon him the title of \"State Teacher\"\u2014the same title earlier awarded the Phagmodrupa ruler of Tibet. The Xuande Emperor (r. 1425\u20131435) even granted this disciple Chosrje Sh\u0101kya Yeshes the title of a \"King\" (\u738b). This title does not appear to have held any practical meaning, or to have given its holder any power, at Tsongkhapa's Ganden Monastery. Wylie notes that this\u2014like the Karma Kargyu\u2014cannot be seen as a reappointment of Mongol Yuan offices, since the Gelug school was created after the fall of the Yuan dynasty."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who believed the Ming reappointed old Yuan dynasty officials in Tibet?", "id": "56cd669562d2951400fa6572", "answers": [{"text": "Dawa Norbu", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Dawa Norbu argues that modern Chinese Communist historians tend to be in favor of the view that the Ming simply reappointed old Yuan dynasty officials in Tibet and perpetuated their rule of Tibet in this manner. Norbu writes that, although this would have been true for the eastern Tibetan regions of Amdo and Kham's \"tribute-cum-trade\" relations with the Ming, it was untrue if applied to the western Tibetan regions of \u00dc-Tsang and Ngari. After the Phagmodrupa Changchub Gyaltsen, these were ruled by \"three successive nationalistic regimes,\" which Norbu writes \"Communist historians prefer to ignore.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did the Ming appoint titles to?", "id": "56cd682162d2951400fa658c", "answers": [{"text": "eastern Tibetan princes", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What didn't the Ming send to replace the Mongols when they left Tibet?", "id": "56cd682162d2951400fa658d", "answers": [{"text": "an army", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Yiu Yung-chin claim the Ming did not possess?", "id": "56cd682162d2951400fa658e", "answers": [{"text": "Tibet", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Laird writes that the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes, and that \"these alliances with eastern Tibetan principalities are the evidence China now produces for its assertion that the Ming ruled Tibet,\" despite the fact that the Ming did not send an army to replace the Mongols after they left Tibet. Yiu Yung-chin states that the furthest western extent of the Ming dynasty's territory was Gansu, Sichuan, and Yunnan while \"the Ming did not possess Tibet.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the  eunuch?", "id": "56cd6a3d62d2951400fa659c", "answers": [{"text": "Yang Sanbao", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao?", "id": "56cd6a3d62d2951400fa659d", "answers": [{"text": "Tibet", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet?", "id": "56cd6a3d62d2951400fa659e", "answers": [{"text": "1413", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet?", "id": "56cd6a3d62d2951400fa659f", "answers": [{"text": "the allegiance of various Tibetan princes", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the emperor pay a small fortune in gifts?", "id": "56cd6a3d62d2951400fa65a0", "answers": [{"text": "to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and Tibet. However, Van Praag states that Tibetan rulers upheld their own separate relations with the kingdoms of Nepal and Kashmir, and at times \"engaged in armed confrontation with them.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did the Gelug exchange gifts with?", "id": "56cd6b0562d2951400fa65a6", "answers": [{"text": "the Ming court", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Until what year frame did the Gelug exchange gifts with the the Ming?", "id": "56cd6b0562d2951400fa65a7", "answers": [{"text": "1430s", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Gelug not mentioned in?", "id": "56cd6b0562d2951400fa65a8", "answers": [{"text": "the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Even though the Gelug exchanged gifts with and sent missions to the Ming court up until the 1430s, the Gelug was not mentioned in the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu. On this, historian Li Tieh-tseng says of Tsongkhapa's refusal of Ming invitations to visit the Yongle Emperor's court:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Regardless of their sectarian affiliations, who did the Ming grant titles to?", "id": "56cd6e9062d2951400fa65ac", "answers": [{"text": "various lamas", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the viceregal Sakya regime overthrown by?", "id": "56cd6e9062d2951400fa65ad", "answers": [{"text": "the Phagmodru myriarchy", "answer_start": 573}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Wylie asserts that this type of censorship of the History of Ming distorts the true picture of the history of Sino-Tibetan relations, while the Ming court granted titles to various lamas regardless of their sectarian affiliations in an ongoing civil war in Tibet between competing Buddhist factions. Wylie argues that Ming titles of \"King\" granted indiscriminately to various Tibetan lamas or even their disciples should not be viewed as reappointments to earlier Yuan dynasty offices, since the viceregal Sakya regime established by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown by the Phagmodru myriarchy before the Ming existed."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who believed that the Ming had no real authority over Tibet?", "id": "56cd70e962d2951400fa65b2", "answers": [{"text": "Melvyn C. Goldstein", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What years did the Rinpungpa regime start and end?", "id": "56cd70e962d2951400fa65b3", "answers": [{"text": "1435\u20131565", "answer_start": 729}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who believed that the titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority?", "id": "56cd70e962d2951400fa65b4", "answers": [{"text": "Melvyn C. Goldstein", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What years did the Tsangpa start and end?", "id": "56cd70e962d2951400fa65b5", "answers": [{"text": "1565\u20131642", "answer_start": 754}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Helmut Hoffman states that the Ming upheld the facade of rule over Tibet through periodic missions of \"tribute emissaries\" to the Ming court and by granting nominal titles to ruling lamas, but did not actually interfere in Tibetan governance. Melvyn C. Goldstein writes that the Ming had no real administrative authority over Tibet, as the various titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority as the earlier Mongol Yuan titles had. He asserts that \"by conferring titles on Tibetans already in power, the Ming emperors merely recognized political reality.\" Hugh Edward Richardson writes that the Ming dynasty exercised no authority over the succession of Tibetan ruling families, the Phagmodru (1354\u20131435), Rinpungpa (1435\u20131565), and Tsangpa (1565\u20131642)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did the Jianwen Emperor reign start and end?", "id": "56cd727662d2951400fa65ba", "answers": [{"text": "1398\u20131402", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who aided the Yongle Emperor?", "id": "56cd727662d2951400fa65bb", "answers": [{"text": "the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Yongle Emperor's father?", "id": "56cd727662d2951400fa65bc", "answers": [{"text": "the Hongwu Emperor", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Yongle Emperor invite Deshin Shekpa to his court?", "id": "56cd727662d2951400fa65bd", "answers": [{"text": "March 10, 1403", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r. 1398\u20131402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was \"well-disposed towards Buddhism\", claims Rossabi. On March 10, 1403, the Yongle Emperor invited Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama (1384\u20131415), to his court, even though the fourth Karmapa had rejected the invitation of the Hongwu Emperor. A Tibetan translation in the 16th century preserves the letter of the Yongle Emperor, which the Association for Asian Studies notes is polite and complimentary towards the Karmapa. The letter of invitation reads,"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did the Yongle Emperor send to Tibet?", "id": "56cd73b562d2951400fa65cc", "answers": [{"text": "Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the Yongle Emperor send Hou Xian and Zhi Guang to Tibet?", "id": "56cd73b562d2951400fa65cd", "answers": [{"text": "to seek out the Karmapa", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang return to Nanjing?", "id": "56cd73b562d2951400fa65ce", "answers": [{"text": "1407", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang travel through on their way to the Karmapa?", "id": "56cd73b562d2951400fa65cf", "answers": [{"text": "through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In order to seek out the Karmapa, the Yongle Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang (d. 1435) to Tibet. Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan, Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until 1407."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did Deshin Shekpa travels start?", "id": "56cd779762d2951400fa65dc", "answers": [{"text": "1403", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the Yongle Emperor greet the Karmapa?", "id": "56cd779762d2951400fa65dd", "answers": [{"text": "Nanjing", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Emperor give the place of honor at his left to?", "id": "56cd779762d2951400fa65de", "answers": [{"text": "the Karmapa", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who sat on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric?", "id": "56cd779762d2951400fa65df", "answers": [{"text": "Kublai", "answer_start": 643}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who showed a great amount of respect to Deshin Shekpa?", "id": "56cd779762d2951400fa65e0", "answers": [{"text": "the Yongle Emperor", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa. The Yongle Emperor came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal. According to Karma Thinley, the emperor gave the Karmapa the place of honor at his left, and on a higher throne than his own. Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would \"sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric\" when receiving religious instructions from him."}, {"qas": [{"question": "At what temple did the ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents take place?", "id": "56cd798262d2951400fa65f6", "answers": [{"text": "Linggu Temple", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the Linggu Temple located?", "id": "56cd798262d2951400fa65f7", "answers": [{"text": "Nanjing", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What title was Deshin Shekpa given at Nanjing?", "id": "56cd798262d2951400fa65f8", "answers": [{"text": "Great Treasure Prince of Dharma", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Deshin Shekpa persuade the Yongle Emperor to give the title to?", "id": "56cd798262d2951400fa65fa", "answers": [{"text": "religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects", "answer_start": 943}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Throughout the following month, the Yongle Emperor and his court showered the Karmapa with presents. At Linggu Temple in Nanjing, he presided over the religious ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents, while twenty-two days of his stay were marked by religious miracles that were recorded in five languages on a gigantic scroll that bore the Emperor's seal. During his stay in Nanjing, Deshin Shekpa was bestowed the title \"Great Treasure Prince of Dharma\" by the Yongle Emperor. Elliot Sperling asserts that the Yongle Emperor, in bestowing Deshin Shekpa with the title of \"King\" and praising his mystical abilities and miracles, was trying to build an alliance with the Karmapa as the Mongols had with the Sakya lamas, but Deshin Shekpa rejected the Yongle Emperor's offer. In fact, this was the same title that Kublai Khan had offered the Sakya Phagpa lama, but Deshin Shekpa persuaded the Yongle Emperor to grant the title to religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who imposed on the military might on Tibet in the past? ", "id": "56cd7c1962d2951400fa661e", "answers": [{"text": "the Mongols", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Hok-Lam Chan states that Deshin Skekpa was only invited for what purpose? ", "id": "56cd7c1962d2951400fa661f", "answers": [{"text": "religious purposes", "answer_start": 560}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was said to be the  Yongle Emperor plans?", "id": "56cd7c1962d2951400fa6620", "answers": [{"text": "to send a military force into Tibet", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was the Yongle Emperor said to have been planning to send military forces into Tibet?", "id": "56cd7c1962d2951400fa6621", "answers": [{"text": "to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who convinced the Yongle emperor not to send military forces into Tibet?", "id": "56cd7c1962d2951400fa6622", "answers": [{"text": "Deshin Shekpa", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools but Deshin Shekpa dissuaded him. However, Hok-Lam Chan states that \"there is little evidence that this was ever the emperor's intention\" and that evidence indicates that Deshin Skekpa was invited strictly for religious purposes."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did the Yongle Emperor have a conflict with?", "id": "56cd7dda62d2951400fa6640", "answers": [{"text": "Jianwen Emperor", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who aided the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule?", "id": "56cd7dda62d2951400fa6641", "answers": [{"text": "Deshin Shekpa", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's succession to the throne?", "id": "56cd7dda62d2951400fa6644", "answers": [{"text": "Deshin Shekpa's miracles", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Marsha Weidner states that Deshin Shekpa's miracles \"testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's problematic succession to the throne,\" referring to the Yongle Emperor's conflict with the previous Jianwen Emperor. Tsai writes that Deshin Shekpa aided the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule by providing him with portents and omens which demonstrated Heaven's favor of the Yongle Emperor on the Ming throne."}, {"qas": [{"question": "According to Norbu who failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship?", "id": "56cd8d1462d2951400fa66b8", "answers": [{"text": "Chinese Communist historians", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the items of tribute?", "id": "56cd8d1462d2951400fa66b9", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhist artifacts", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who believe that the Ming dynasty did not exercise any direct political control over Tibet?", "id": "56cd8d1462d2951400fa66bb", "answers": [{"text": "Josef Kolma\u0161", "answer_start": 582}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "With the example of the Ming court's relationship with the fifth Karmapa and other Tibetan leaders, Norbu states that Chinese Communist historians have failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship. He writes that the meetings of lamas with the Emperor of China were exchanges of tribute between \"the patron and the priest\" and were not merely instances of a political subordinate paying tribute to a superior. He also notes that the items of tribute were Buddhist artifacts which symbolized \"the religious nature of the relationship.\" Josef Kolma\u0161 writes that the Ming dynasty did not exercise any direct political control over Tibet, content with their tribute relations that were \"almost entirely of a religious character.\" Patricia Ann Berger writes that the Yongle Emperor's courting and granting of titles to lamas was his attempt to \"resurrect the relationship between China and Tibet established earlier by the Yuan dynastic founder Khubilai Khan and his guru Phagpa.\" She also writes that the later Qing emperors and their Mongol associates viewed the Yongle Emperor's relationship with Tibet as \"part of a chain of reincarnation that saw this Han Chinese emperor as yet another emanation of Manjusri.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What years did the Zhengtong Emperor reign?", "id": "56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c2", "answers": [{"text": "1435\u20131449", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who maintains an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor?", "id": "56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c3", "answers": [{"text": "The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the edict addressed to? ", "id": "56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c4", "answers": [{"text": "the Karmapa", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who had a message delivered to them by Zhengtong?", "id": "56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c5", "answers": [{"text": "Great Treasure Prince of Dharma", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the edict written?", "id": "56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c6", "answers": [{"text": "after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435\u20131449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmapa:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did the Ming cut off all relations with?", "id": "56cd8d2162d2951400fa66cc", "answers": [{"text": "the Karmapa hierarchs", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the Ming cut off the Karmapa hierarchs?", "id": "56cd8d2162d2951400fa66cd", "answers": [{"text": "1446", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did  Deshin Shekpa  die?", "id": "56cd8d2162d2951400fa66ce", "answers": [{"text": "1415", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Ming court think the representatives were sent by?", "id": "56cd8d2162d2951400fa66cf", "answers": [{"text": "the Karmapa", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Despite this glowing message by the Emperor, Chan writes that a year later in 1446, the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs. Until then, the court was unaware that Deshin Shekpa had died in 1415. The Ming court had believed that the representatives of the Karma Kagyu who continued to visit the Ming capital were sent by the Karmapa."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Why did Yongle order the construction?", "id": "56cd8d2462d2951400fa66d5", "answers": [{"text": "to facilitate trade with Tibet", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Yongle want to trade with Tibet?", "id": "56cd8d2462d2951400fa66d6", "answers": [{"text": "tea, horses, and salt", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "where did the trade route pass through?", "id": "56cd8d2462d2951400fa66d7", "answers": [{"text": "through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La County in Yunnan", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Tsai writes that shortly after the visit by Deshin Shekpa, the Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of a road and of trading posts in the upper reaches of the Yangzi and Mekong Rivers in order to facilitate trade with Tibet in tea, horses, and salt. The trade route passed through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La County in Yunnan. Wang and Nyima assert that this \"tribute-related trade\" of the Ming exchanging Chinese tea for Tibetan horses\u2014while granting Tibetan envoys and Tibetan merchants explicit permission to trade with Han Chinese merchants\u2014\"furthered the rule of the Ming dynasty court over Tibet\". Rossabi and Sperling note that this trade in Tibetan horses for Chinese tea existed long before the Ming. Peter C. Perdue says that Wang Anshi (1021\u20131086), realizing that China could not produce enough militarily capable steeds, had also aimed to obtain horses from Inner Asia in exchange for Chinese tea. The Chinese needed horses not only for cavalry but also as draft animals for the army's supply wagons. The Tibetans required Chinese tea not only as a common beverage but also as a religious ceremonial supplement. The Ming government imposed a monopoly on tea production and attempted to regulate this trade with state-supervised markets, but these collapsed in 1449 due to military failures and internal ecological and commercial pressures on the tea-producing regions."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Why does Van Praag believe the Ming court set up a diplomatic delegation with Tibet?", "id": "56cd8d2762d2951400fa66de", "answers": [{"text": "to secure urgently needed horses", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What shops were catered to the Tibetan market?", "id": "56cd8d2762d2951400fa66df", "answers": [{"text": "Silk workshops", "answer_start": 1980}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What visual images and symbols were on furnishings from the silk workshops?", "id": "56cd8d2762d2951400fa66e0", "answers": [{"text": "Tibetan Buddhist", "answer_start": 2103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who were the Tibetan areas were ruled by?", "id": "56cd8d2762d2951400fa66e1", "answers": [{"text": "the Ming", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Wang and Nyima believed horses were collected from Tibet as what kind of tax?", "id": "56cd8d2762d2951400fa66e2", "answers": [{"text": "a mandatory \"corv\u00e9e\" tax", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Van Praag states that the Ming court established diplomatic delegations with Tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses. Wang and Nyima argue that these were not diplomatic delegations at all, that Tibetan areas were ruled by the Ming since Tibetan leaders were granted positions as Ming officials, that horses were collected from Tibet as a mandatory \"corv\u00e9e\" tax, and therefore Tibetans were \"undertaking domestic affairs, not foreign diplomacy\". Sperling writes that the Ming simultaneously bought horses in the Kham region while fighting Tibetan tribes in Amdo and receiving Tibetan embassies in Nanjing. He also argues that the embassies of Tibetan lamas visiting the Ming court were for the most part efforts to promote commercial transactions between the lamas' large, wealthy entourage and Ming Chinese merchants and officials. Kolma\u0161 writes that while the Ming maintained a laissez-faire policy towards Tibet and limited the numbers of the Tibetan retinues, the Tibetans sought to maintain a tributary relationship with the Ming because imperial patronage provided them with wealth and power. Laird writes that Tibetans eagerly sought Ming court invitations since the gifts the Tibetans received for bringing tribute were much greater in value than the latter. As for the Yongle Emperor's gifts to his Tibetan and Nepalese vassals such as silver wares, Buddha relics, utensils for Buddhist temples and religious ceremonies, and gowns and robes for monks, Tsai writes \"in his effort to draw neighboring states to the Ming orbit so that he could bask in glory, the Yongle Emperor was quite willing to pay a small price\". The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC lists the Tibetan tribute items as oxen, horses, camels, sheep, fur products, medical herbs, Tibetan incenses, thangkas (painted scrolls), and handicrafts; while the Ming awarded Tibetan tribute-bearers an equal value of gold, silver, satin and brocade, bolts of cloth, grains, and tea leaves. Silk workshops during the Ming also catered specifically to the Tibetan market with silk clothes and furnishings featuring Tibetan Buddhist iconography."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did the Ming trade horses with?", "id": "56cd8d2962d2951400fa66e8", "answers": [{"text": "Tibet", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the T\u00fcmed Mongols?", "id": "56cd8d2962d2951400fa66e9", "answers": [{"text": "Altan Khan", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Altan Khan overthrow?", "id": "56cd8d2962d2951400fa66ea", "answers": [{"text": "the Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Altan Khan make peace with?", "id": "56cd8d2962d2951400fa66eb", "answers": [{"text": "the Ming dynasty", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who convinced the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573?", "id": "56cd8d2962d2951400fa66ec", "answers": [{"text": "Altan Khan", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "While the Ming dynasty traded horses with Tibet, it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north, which Laird sees as an effort to punish the Mongols for their raids and to \"drive them from the frontiers of China.\" However, after Altan Khan (1507\u20131582)\u2014leader of the T\u00fcmed Mongols who overthrew the Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony over the steppes\u2014made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571, he persuaded the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573. This provided the Chinese with a new supply of horses that the Mongols had in excess; it was also a relief to the Ming, since they were unable to stop the Mongols from periodic raiding. Laird says that despite the fact that later Mongols believed Altan forced the Ming to view him as an equal, Chinese historians argue that he was simply a loyal Chinese citizen. By 1578, Altan Khan formed a formidable Mongol-Tibetan alliance with the Gelug that the Ming viewed from afar without intervention."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Hongwu Emperor use military force in Tibet?", "id": "56cd8f8962d2951400fa6716", "answers": [{"text": "the 14th century", "answer_start": 597}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Marquis Mu Ying commissioned to quell?", "id": "56cd8f8962d2951400fa6717", "answers": [{"text": "November 1378", "answer_start": 823}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Tibetan prisoners did Mu Ying capture?", "id": "56cd8f8962d2951400fa6718", "answers": [{"text": "30,000", "answer_start": 955}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many animals did Mu Ying capture?", "id": "56cd8f8962d2951400fa6719", "answers": [{"text": "200,000", "answer_start": 984}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was ordered to force a Tibetan assault into Sichuan?", "id": "56cd8f8962d2951400fa671a", "answers": [{"text": "Ming general Qu Neng", "answer_start": 1047}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Patricia Ebrey writes that Tibet, like Joseon Korea and other neighboring states to the Ming, settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of Ming China stationed in its territory. Laird writes that \"after the Mongol troops left Tibet, no Ming troops replaced them.\" Wang and Nyima state that, despite the fact that the Ming refrained from sending troops to subdue Tibet and refrained from garrisoning Ming troops there, these measures were unnecessary so long as the Ming court upheld close ties with Tibetan vassals and their forces. However, there were instances in the 14th century when the Hongwu Emperor did use military force to quell unrest in Tibet. John D. Langlois writes that there was unrest in Tibet and western Sichuan, which the Marquis Mu Ying (\u6c90\u82f1) was commissioned to quell in November 1378 after he established a Taozhou garrison in Gansu. Langlois notes that by October 1379, Mu Ying had allegedly captured 30,000 Tibetan prisoners and 200,000 domesticated animals. Yet invasion went both ways; the Ming general Qu Neng, under the command of Lan Yu, was ordered to repel a Tibetan assault into Sichuan in 1390."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did the mid Ming dynasty discussion focus mainly on?", "id": "56cd982562d2951400fa6770", "answers": [{"text": "recovery of the Ordos region", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who used the the Ordos region as a place to stage raids? ", "id": "56cd982562d2951400fa6771", "answers": [{"text": "the Mongols", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were the Mongols trying to raise? ", "id": "56cd982562d2951400fa6772", "answers": [{"text": "Ming China", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did P. Christiaan Klieger believe that the Ming court supported high Tibetan lamas?", "id": "56cd982562d2951400fa6774", "answers": [{"text": "to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes", "answer_start": 957}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Discussions of strategy in the mid Ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the Ordos region, which the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China. Norbu states that the Ming dynasty, preoccupied with the Mongol threat to the north, could not spare additional armed forces to enforce or back up their claim of sovereignty over Tibet; instead, they relied on \"Confucian instruments of tribute relations\" of heaping unlimited number of titles and gifts on Tibetan lamas through acts of diplomacy. Sperling states that the delicate relationship between the Ming and Tibet was \"the last time a united China had to deal with an independent Tibet,\" that there was a potential for armed conflict at their borders, and that the ultimate goal of Ming foreign policy with Tibet was not subjugation but \"avoidance of any kind of Tibetan threat.\" P. Christiaan Klieger argues that the Ming court's patronage of high Tibetan lamas \"was designed to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What policy does Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi claim the Ming held towards the Tibet?", "id": "56cdaa2662d2951400fa67ec", "answers": [{"text": "divide-and-rule", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Ming hold the divide and rule policy?", "id": "56cdaa2662d2951400fa67ed", "answers": [{"text": "after the Sakya regime had fallen", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Yongle Emperor fail to build a solid relationship with?", "id": "56cdaa2662d2951400fa67ee", "answers": [{"text": "fifth Karmapa", "answer_start": 952}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Yongle Emperor give patronage to?", "id": "56cdaa2662d2951400fa67ef", "answers": [{"text": "many different Tibetan lamas", "answer_start": 1144}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Historians Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi argue that the Ming upheld a \"divide-and-rule\" policy towards a weak and politically fragmented Tibet after the Sakya regime had fallen. Chan writes that this was perhaps the calculated strategy of the Yongle Emperor, as exclusive patronage to one Tibetan sect would have given it too much regional power. Sperling finds no textual evidence in either Chinese or Tibetan sources to support this thesis of Petech and Hisashi. Norbu asserts that their thesis is largely based on the list of Ming titles conferred on Tibetan lamas rather than \"comparative analysis of developments in China and Tibet.\" Rossabi states that this theory \"attributes too much influence to the Chinese,\" pointing out that Tibet was already politically divided when the Ming dynasty began. Rossabi also discounts the \"divide-and-rule\" theory on the grounds of the Yongle Emperor's failed attempt to build a strong relationship with the fifth Karmapa\u2014one which he hoped would parallel Kublai Khan's earlier relationship with the Sakya Phagpa lama. Instead, the Yongle Emperor followed the Karmapa's advice of giving patronage to many different Tibetan lamas."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who were the Rinpungpa leaders related to?", "id": "56cdac5e62d2951400fa67f4", "answers": [{"text": "the Phagmodrupa", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the the prince of Rinbung occupy Lhasa?", "id": "56cdac5e62d2951400fa67f6", "answers": [{"text": "1498", "answer_start": 615}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the most important event to the Gelug?", "id": "56cdac5e62d2951400fa67f7", "answers": [{"text": "New Years ceremonies and prayers", "answer_start": 658}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Gelug was given the right to conduct the New Years prayer?", "id": "56cdac5e62d2951400fa67f8", "answers": [{"text": "1518", "answer_start": 893}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Association for Asian Studies states that there is no known written evidence to suggest that later leaders of the Gelug\u2014Gend\u00fcn Drup (1391\u20131474) and Gend\u00fcn Gyatso (1475\u20131571)\u2014had any contacts with Ming China. These two religious leaders were preoccupied with an overriding concern for dealing with the powerful secular Rinpungpa princes, who were patrons and protectors of the Karma Kargyu lamas. The Rinpungpa leaders were relatives of the Phagmodrupa, yet their authority shifted over time from simple governors to rulers in their own right over large areas of \u00dc-Tsang. The prince of Rinbung occupied Lhasa in 1498 and excluded the Gelug from attending New Years ceremonies and prayers, the most important event in the Gelug. While the task of New Years prayers in Lhasa was granted to the Karmapa and others, Gend\u00fcn Gyatso traveled in exile looking for allies. However, it was not until 1518 that the secular Phagmodru ruler captured Lhasa from the Rinbung, and thereafter the Gelug was given rights to conduct the New Years prayer. When the Drikung Kagyu abbot of Drigung Monastery threatened Lhasa in 1537, Gend\u00fcn Gyatso was forced to abandon the Drepung Monastery, although he eventually returned."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Zhengde Emperor rule? ", "id": "56cdae5962d2951400fa67fe", "answers": [{"text": "1505\u20131521", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who's company did the Zhengde Emperor enjoy?", "id": "56cdae5962d2951400fa67ff", "answers": [{"text": "the company of lamas", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the 8th Karmapa Lama?", "id": "56cdae5962d2951400fa6800", "answers": [{"text": "Miky\u00f6 Dorje", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Zhengde Emperor (r. 1505\u20131521), who enjoyed the company of lamas at court despite protests from the censorate, had heard tales of a \"living Buddha\" which he desired to host at the Ming capital; this was none other than the Rinpung-supported Miky\u00f6 Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama then occupying Lhasa. Zhengde's top advisors made every attempt to dissuade him from inviting this lama to court, arguing that Tibetan Buddhism was wildly heterodox and unorthodox. Despite protests by the Grand Secretary Liang Chu, in 1515 the Zhengde Emperor sent his eunuch official Liu Yun of the Palace Chancellery on a mission to invite this Karmapa to Beijing. Liu commanded a fleet of hundreds of ships requisitioned along the Yangtze, consuming 2,835 g (100 oz) of silver a day in food expenses while stationed for a year in Chengdu of Sichuan. After procurring necessary gifts for the mission, he departed with a cavalry force of about 1,000 troops. When the request was delivered, the Karmapa lama refused to leave Tibet despite the Ming force brought to coerce him. The Karmapa launched a surprise ambush on Liu Yun's camp, seizing all the goods and valuables while killing or wounding half of Liu Yun's entire escort. After this fiasco, Liu fled for his life, but only returned to Chengdu several years later to find that the Zhengde Emperor had died."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who said Tibet  wasn't an integral part of of China?", "id": "56ce1d0caab44d1400b8845e", "answers": [{"text": "Chinese writers of the early 20th century", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Sperling claim did not have any control over Tibet?", "id": "56ce1d0caab44d1400b8845f", "answers": [{"text": "China's intervening Ming dynasty", "answer_start": 707}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Since what century has Sperling described Ming and Tibet's relation being problematic for China? ", "id": "56ce1d0caab44d1400b88460", "answers": [{"text": "the 13th century", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion?", "id": "56ce1d0caab44d1400b88461", "answers": [{"text": "the 18th century", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Elliot Sperling, a specialist of Indian studies and the director of the Tibetan Studies program at Indiana University\u2019s Department of Central Eurasia Studies, writes that \"the idea that Tibet became part of China in the 13th century is a very recent construction.\" He writes that Chinese writers of the early 20th century were of the view that Tibet was not annexed by China until the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion during the 18th century. He also states that Chinese writers of the early 20th century described Tibet as a feudal dependency of China, not an integral part of it. Sperling states that this is because \"Tibet was ruled as such, within the empires of the Mongols and the Manchus\" and also that \"China's intervening Ming dynasty ... had no control over Tibet.\" He writes that the Ming relationship with Tibet is problematic for China\u2019s insistence of its unbroken sovereignty over Tibet since the 13th century. As for the Tibetan view that Tibet was never subject to the rule of the Yuan or Qing emperors of China, Sperling also discounts this by stating that Tibet was \"subject to rules, laws and decisions made by the Yuan and Qing rulers\" and that even Tibetans described themselves as subjects of these emperors."}, {"qas": [{"question": "During Which dynasty does Josef Kolma\u0161 claim Tibet was considered an organic part of China?", "id": "56ce1e45aab44d1400b8847a", "answers": [{"text": "the Qing dynasty", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Josef Kolma\u0161  states that Tibet became subject to what government? ", "id": "56ce1e45aab44d1400b8847b", "answers": [{"text": "the Chinese central government", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Josef Kolma\u0161, a sinologist, Tibetologist, and Professor of Oriental Studies at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, writes that it was during the Qing dynasty \"that developments took place on the basis of which Tibet came to be considered an organic part of China, both practically and theoretically subject to the Chinese central government.\" Yet he states that this was a radical change in regards to all previous eras of Sino-Tibetan relations."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who does P. Christiaan Klieger claim to have had a mutual role of religious prelate?", "id": "56ce2752aab44d1400b884d2", "answers": [{"text": "the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans", "answer_start": 304}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does P. Christiaan Klieger believe undertook the former imperial tributaries?", "id": "56ce2752aab44d1400b884d3", "answers": [{"text": "the Republic of China and its Communist successors", "answer_start": 534}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does P. Christiaan Klieger work?", "id": "56ce2752aab44d1400b884d4", "answers": [{"text": "the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the  vice royalty of the Sakya regime established by?", "id": "56ce2752aab44d1400b884d5", "answers": [{"text": "the Mongols", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Sakya regime established what kind of relationship between the Tibetans and Mongol converts?", "id": "56ce2752aab44d1400b884d6", "answers": [{"text": "patron and priest relationship", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "P. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts to Tibetan Buddhism. According to him, the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans upheld a \"mutual role of religious prelate and secular patron,\" respectively. He adds that \"Although agreements were made between Tibetan leaders and Mongol khans, Ming and Qing emperors, it was the Republic of China and its Communist successors that assumed the former imperial tributaries and subject states as integral parts of the Chinese nation-state.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was Tibet included into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China?", "id": "56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f0", "answers": [{"text": "the 13th century", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was said to have gained the right to rule Tibet?", "id": "56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f1", "answers": [{"text": "the Ming dynasty", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was China Daily started?", "id": "56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f2", "answers": [{"text": "1981", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does the article claim had two itinerant high commands over Tibet?", "id": "56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f3", "answers": [{"text": "the Ming", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to article Tibet has remained under what jurisdiction?", "id": "56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f4", "answers": [{"text": "the central government of China", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "China Daily, a CCP-controlled news organization since 1981, states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after Tibet was incorporated into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China in the 13th century, \"Tibet has remained under the jurisdiction of the central government of China.\" It also states that the Ming dynasty \"inherited the right to rule Tibet\" from the Yuan dynasty, and repeats the claims in the Mingshi about the Ming establishing two itinerant high commands over Tibet. China Daily states that the Ming handled Tibet's civil administration, appointed all leading officials of these administrative organs, and punished Tibetans who broke the law. The party-controlled People's Daily, the state-controlled Xinhua News Agency, and the state-controlled national television network China Central Television posted the same article that China Daily had, the only difference being their headlines and some additional text."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Jiajing Emperor reign? ", "id": "56ce3406aab44d1400b8856c", "answers": [{"text": "1521\u20131567", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ideology was sponsored at the Ming court?", "id": "56ce3406aab44d1400b8856d", "answers": [{"text": "the native Chinese ideology of Daoism", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who stopped their trips to Ming China?", "id": "56ce3406aab44d1400b8856e", "answers": [{"text": "the Tibetan lamas", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Grand Secretary under Jiajing?", "id": "56ce3406aab44d1400b8856f", "answers": [{"text": "Yang Tinghe", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who broke the eunuch influence at court?", "id": "56ce3406aab44d1400b88570", "answers": [{"text": "Yang Tinghe", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521\u20131567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed. Even the History of Ming states that the Tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to Ming China and its court at this point. Grand Secretary Yang Tinghe under Jiajing was determined to break the eunuch influence at court which typified the Zhengde era, an example being the costly escort of the eunuch Liu Yun as described above in his failed mission to Tibet. The court eunuchs were in favor of expanding and building new commercial ties with foreign countries such as Portugal, which Zhengde deemed permissible since he had an affinity for foreign and exotic people."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was Zhengde's successor? ", "id": "56ce362faab44d1400b885c6", "answers": [{"text": "Jiajing", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What establishment did the politics at court shift in favor of? ", "id": "56ce362faab44d1400b885c7", "answers": [{"text": "Neo-Confucian establishment", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which embassy did the Neo-Confucian establishment reject?", "id": "56ce362faab44d1400b885c8", "answers": [{"text": "the Portuguese embassy", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Neo-Confucian establishment have animosity towards?", "id": "56ce362faab44d1400b885c9", "answers": [{"text": "Tibetan Buddhism and lamas", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Evelyn S. Rawski claims that Ming's relationship with Tibetan prelates ended during who's reign?", "id": "56ce362faab44d1400b885ca", "answers": [{"text": "Jiajing", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing, the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fern\u00e3o Pires de Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas. Evelyn S. Rawski, a professor in the Department of History of the University of Pittsburgh, writes that the Ming's unique relationship with Tibetan prelates essentially ended with Jiajing's reign while Ming influence in the Amdo region was supplanted by the Mongols."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What region did the Tumed Mongols move into?", "id": "56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885ea", "answers": [{"text": "the Kokonor region", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which frontier did the Tumed Mongols raid?", "id": "56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885eb", "answers": [{"text": "the Ming Chinese frontier", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The presence of the Altan Khan in the west reduced whos influence? ", "id": "56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885ec", "answers": [{"text": "the Ming", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Altan Khan make peace with the Ming dynasty?", "id": "56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885ed", "answers": [{"text": "1571", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Altan Khan invite to meet him in Amdo?", "id": "56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885ee", "answers": [{"text": "the third hierarch of the Gelug\u2014S\u00f6nam Gyatso", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Meanwhile, the Tumed Mongols began moving into the Kokonor region (modern Qinghai), raiding the Ming Chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of Beijing under Altan Khan (1507\u20131582). Klieger writes that Altan Khan's presence in the west effectively reduced Ming influence and contact with Tibet. After Altan Khan made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571, he invited the third hierarch of the Gelug\u2014S\u00f6nam Gyatso (1543\u20131588)\u2014to meet him in Amdo (modern Qinghai) in 1578, where he accidentally bestowed him and his two predecessors with the title of Dalai Lama\u2014\"Ocean Teacher\". The full title was \"Dalai Lama Vajradhara\", \"Vajradhara\" meaning \"Holder of the Thunderbolt\" in Sanskrit. Victoria Huckenpahler notes that Vajradhara is considered by Buddhists to be the primordial Buddha of limitless and all-pervasive beneficial qualities, a being that \"represents the ultimate aspect of enlightenment.\" Goldstein writes that S\u00f6nam Gyatso also enhanced Altan Khan's standing by granting him the title \"king of religion, majestic purity\". Rawski writes that the Dalai Lama officially recognized Altan Khan as the \"Protector of the Faith\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What practice did Altan Khan put to an end?", "id": "56ce3ed1aab44d1400b885fe", "answers": [{"text": "the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Altan Khan persuade to convert to Gelug Buddhism?", "id": "56ce3ed1aab44d1400b885ff", "answers": [{"text": "the Mongol princes and subjects", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Altan Khan threaten the Mongol princes and subjects with if they did not convert?", "id": "56ce3ed1aab44d1400b88600", "answers": [{"text": "execution", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Mongol princes ask to grant them titles?", "id": "56ce3ed1aab44d1400b88601", "answers": [{"text": "the Dalai Lama", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the Mongol princes ask for titles?", "id": "56ce3ed1aab44d1400b88602", "answers": [{"text": "Committed to their religious leader", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Laird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice, while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism\u2014or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways. Committed to their religious leader, Mongol princes began requesting the Dalai Lama to bestow titles on them, which demonstrated \"the unique fusion of religious and political power\" wielded by the Dalai Lama, as Laird writes. Kolma\u0161 states that the spiritual and secular Mongol-Tibetan alliance of the 13th century was renewed by this alliance constructed by Altan Khan and S\u00f6nam Gyatso. Van Praag writes that this restored the original Mongol patronage of a Tibetan lama and \"to this day, Mongolians are among the most devout followers of the Gelugpa and the Dalai Lama.\" Angela F. Howard writes that this unique relationship not only provided the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama with religious and political authority in Tibet, but that Altan Khan gained \"enormous power among the entire Mongol population.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was Altan Khan's nominal superior?", "id": "56ce4100aab44d1400b88612", "answers": [{"text": "T\u00fcmen Khan", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To make the Mongol-Tibetan alliance stronger who became the 4th Dalai Lama?", "id": "56ce4100aab44d1400b88613", "answers": [{"text": "the great-grandson of Altan Khan", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first Dalai Lama to have political control over Tibet?", "id": "56ce4100aab44d1400b88614", "answers": [{"text": "the 5th Dalai Lama", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the 5th Dalai Lama gain political control over Tibet?", "id": "56ce4100aab44d1400b88615", "answers": [{"text": "In 1642", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Rawski writes that Altan Khan's conversion to the Gelug \"can be interpreted as an attempt to expand his authority in his conflict with his nominal superior, T\u00fcmen Khan.\" To further cement the Mongol-Tibetan alliance, the great-grandson of Altan Khan\u2014the 4th Dalai Lama (1589\u20131616)\u2014was made the fourth Dalai Lama. In 1642, the 5th Dalai Lama (1617\u20131682) became the first to wield effective political control over Tibet."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was given the grandiose title?", "id": "56ce42afaab44d1400b88620", "answers": [{"text": "Sonam Gyatso", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who granted Sonam Gyatso the title of grandiose?", "id": "56ce42afaab44d1400b88621", "answers": [{"text": "Altan Khan", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Sonam Gyatso send gifts to?", "id": "56ce42afaab44d1400b88622", "answers": [{"text": "Zhang Juzheng", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Ming Chinese official?", "id": "56ce42afaab44d1400b88623", "answers": [{"text": "Zhang Juzheng", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Sonam Gyatso die?", "id": "56ce42afaab44d1400b88624", "answers": [{"text": "Mongolia", "answer_start": 1050}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Sonam Gyatso, after being granted the grandiose title by Altan Khan, departed for Tibet. Before he left, he sent a letter and gifts to the Ming Chinese official Zhang Juzheng (1525\u20131582), which arrived on March 12, 1579. Sometime in August or September of that year, Sonam Gyatso's representative stationed with Altan Khan received a return letter and gift from the Wanli Emperor (r. 1572\u20131620), who also conferred upon Sonam Gyatso a title; this was the first official contact between a Dalai Lama and a government of China. However, Laird states that when Wanli invited him to Beijing, the Dalai Lama declined the offer due to a prior commitment, even though he was only 400 km (250 mi) from Beijing. Laird adds that \"the power of the Ming emperor did not reach very far at the time.\" Although not recorded in any official Chinese records, Sonam Gyatso's biography states that Wanli again conferred titles on Sonam Gyatso in 1588, and invited him to Beijing for a second time, but Sonam Gyatso was unable to visit China as he died the same year in Mongolia working with Altan Khan's son to further the spread of Buddhism."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did the Ming dynasty showed favors to?", "id": "56ce43ebaab44d1400b88632", "answers": [{"text": "the third Dalai Lama", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the the third Dalai Lama allowed to do?", "id": "56ce43ebaab44d1400b88633", "answers": [{"text": "pay tribute", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What title was Sonam Gyatso granted in 1587?", "id": "56ce43ebaab44d1400b88634", "answers": [{"text": "the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1653 who did the Qing emperor grant a title to?", "id": "56ce43ebaab44d1400b88635", "answers": [{"text": "the fifth Dalai Lama", "answer_start": 525}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1713 who did the Qing emperor grant a title to?", "id": "56ce43ebaab44d1400b88636", "answers": [{"text": "the fifth Panchen Lama", "answer_start": 572}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Of the third Dalai Lama, China Daily states that the \"Ming dynasty showed him special favor by allowing him to pay tribute.\" China Daily then says that Sonam Gyatso was granted the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama in 1587 [sic!], but China Daily does not mention who granted him the title. Without mentioning the role of the Mongols, China Daily states that it was the successive Qing dynasty which established the title of Dalai Lama and his power in Tibet: \"In 1653, the Qing emperor granted an honorific title to the fifth Dalai Lama and then did the same for the fifth Panchen Lama in 1713, officially establishing the titles of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Erdeni, and their political and religious status in Tibet.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What title was the fourth Dalai Lama granted? ", "id": "56ce451caab44d1400b8863c", "answers": [{"text": "Master of Vajradhara", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the fourth Dalai Lama?", "id": "56ce451caab44d1400b8863d", "answers": [{"text": "Yonten Gyatso", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Wanli Emperor grant the title Master of Vajradhara to Yonten Gyatso?", "id": "56ce451caab44d1400b8863e", "answers": [{"text": "1616", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Wanli Emperor invite to Beijing in 1616?", "id": "56ce451caab44d1400b8863f", "answers": [{"text": "Yonten Gyatso", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why didn't Yonten Gyatso make it to Beijing?", "id": "56ce451caab44d1400b88640", "answers": [{"text": "he died", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chen states that the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso was granted the title \"Master of Vajradhara\" and an official seal by the Wanli Emperor in 1616. This was noted in the Biography of the Fourth Dalai Lama, which stated that one Soinam Lozui delivered the seal of the Emperor to the Dalai Lama. The Wanli Emperor had invited Yonten Gyatso to Beijing in 1616, but just like his predecessor he died before being able to make the journey."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who's presence increased in Tibet?", "id": "56ce4821aab44d1400b88656", "answers": [{"text": "the Mongols", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the Mongols trying to reclaim?", "id": "56ce4821aab44d1400b88657", "answers": [{"text": "their old vassal of Tibet", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the conquest of Tibet reach its peak?", "id": "56ce4821aab44d1400b88658", "answers": [{"text": "1642", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who's lack of concern helped the Mongols jump at a chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet?", "id": "56ce4821aab44d1400b88659", "answers": [{"text": "the Ming court", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Kolma\u0161 writes that, as the Mongol presence in Tibet increased, culminating in the conquest of Tibet by a Mongol leader in 1642, the Ming emperors \"viewed with apparent unconcern these developments in Tibet.\" He adds that the Ming court's lack of concern for Tibet was one of the reasons why the Mongols pounced on the chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet and \"fill once more the political vacuum in that country.\" On the mass Mongol conversion to Tibetan Buddhism under Altan Khan, Laird writes that \"the Chinese watched these developments with interest, though few Chinese ever became devout Tibetan Buddhists.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "When were the Rinbung princes overthrown?", "id": "56ce4a58aab44d1400b88668", "answers": [{"text": "1565", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who took control of the whole of Central Tibet?", "id": "56ce4a58aab44d1400b88669", "answers": [{"text": "Karma Phuntsok Namgyal", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Karma Phuntsok Namgyal reign?", "id": "56ce4a58aab44d1400b8866a", "answers": [{"text": "1611\u20131621", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did \u00dc-Tsang king have an alliance with?", "id": "56ce4a58aab44d1400b8866b", "answers": [{"text": "the Karmapa", "answer_start": 490}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who refused an audience with the \u00dc-Tsang king?", "id": "56ce4a58aab44d1400b8866c", "answers": [{"text": "The fourth Dalai Lama", "answer_start": 623}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1565, the powerful Rinbung princes were overthrown by one of their own ministers, Karma Tseten who styled himself as the Tsangpa, \"the one of Tsang\", and established his base of power at Shigatse. The second successor of this first Tsang king, Karma Phuntsok Namgyal, took control of the whole of Central Tibet (\u00dc-Tsang), reigning from 1611\u20131621. Despite this, the leaders of Lhasa still claimed their allegiance to the Phagmodru as well as the Gelug, while the \u00dc-Tsang king allied with the Karmapa. Tensions rose between the nationalistic \u00dc-Tsang ruler and the Mongols who safeguarded their Mongol Dalai Lama in Lhasa. The fourth Dalai Lama refused to give an audience to the \u00dc-Tsang king, which sparked a conflict as the latter began assaulting Gelug monasteries. Chen writes of the speculation over the fourth Dalai Lama's mysterious death and the plot of the \u00dc-Tsang king to have him murdered for \"cursing\" him with illness, although Chen writes that the murder was most likely the result of a feudal power struggle. In 1618, only two years after Yonten Gyatso died, the Gelug and the Karma Kargyu went to war, the Karma Kargyu supported by the secular \u00dc-Tsang king. The \u00dc-Tsang ruler had a large number of Gelugpa lamas killed, occupied their monasteries at Drepung and Sera, and outlawed any attempts to find another Dalai Lama. In 1621, the \u00dc-Tsang king died and was succeeded by his young son Karma Tenkyong, an event which stymied the war effort as the latter accepted the six-year-old Lozang Gyatso as the new Dalai Lama. Despite the new Dalai Lama's diplomatic efforts to maintain friendly relations with the new \u00dc-Tsang ruler, Sonam Rapten (1595\u20131657), the Dalai Lama's chief steward and treasurer at Drepung, made efforts to overthrow the \u00dc-Tsang king, which led to another conflict. In 1633, the Gelugpas and several thousand Mongol adherents defeated the \u00dc-Tsang king's troops near Lhasa before a peaceful negotiation was settled. Goldstein writes that in this the \"Mongols were again playing a significant role in Tibetan affairs, this time as the military arm of the Dalai Lama.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did the 5th Dalai Lama beg for help from?", "id": "56ce4b8baab44d1400b8867a", "answers": [{"text": "the Mongol prince G\u00fcshi Khan", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What role did G\u00fcshi Khan take on?", "id": "56ce4b8baab44d1400b8867b", "answers": [{"text": "protector", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which enemies did G\u00fcshi Khan defeat? ", "id": "56ce4b8baab44d1400b8867c", "answers": [{"text": "the Gelugpas", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did G\u00fcshi Khan resettle his tribe?", "id": "56ce4b8baab44d1400b8867d", "answers": [{"text": "Amdo", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the  \u00dc-Tsang forces surrender?", "id": "56ce4b8baab44d1400b8867e", "answers": [{"text": "1642", "answer_start": 623}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "When an ally of the \u00dc-Tsang ruler threatened destruction of the Gelugpas again, the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso pleaded for help from the Mongol prince G\u00fcshi Khan (1582\u20131655), leader of the Khoshut (Qoshot) tribe of the Oirat Mongols, who was then on a pilgrimage to Lhasa. G\u00fcshi Khan accepted his role as protector, and from 1637\u20131640 he not only defeated the Gelugpas' enemies in the Amdo and Kham regions, but also resettled his entire tribe into Amdo. Sonam Ch\u00f6pel urged G\u00fcshi Khan to assault the \u00dc-Tsang king's homebase of Shigatse, which G\u00fcshi Khan agreed upon, enlisting the aid of Gelug monks and supporters. In 1642, after a year's siege of Shigatse, the \u00dc-Tsang forces surrendered. G\u00fcshi Khan then captured and summarily executed Karma Tenkyong, the ruler of \u00dc-Tsang, King of Tibet."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did G\u00fcshi Khan organize a welcome ceremony for?", "id": "56ce4d2baab44d1400b8868e", "answers": [{"text": "Lozang Gyatso", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did G\u00fcshi Khan present as a gift to the Dalai Lama?", "id": "56ce4d2baab44d1400b8868f", "answers": [{"text": "his conquest of Tibet", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did G\u00fcshi Khan enthrone the ruler of Tibet?", "id": "56ce4d2baab44d1400b88690", "answers": [{"text": "the Dalai Lama", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did G\u00fcshi Khan grant the governing authority to?", "id": "56ce4d2baab44d1400b88691", "answers": [{"text": "the regent Sonam Ch\u00f6pel", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The title of 'King of Tibet belonged to whom?", "id": "56ce4d2baab44d1400b88692", "answers": [{"text": "G\u00fcshi Khan", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Soon after the victory in \u00dc-Tsang, G\u00fcshi Khan organized a welcoming ceremony for Lozang Gyatso once he arrived a day's ride from Shigatse, presenting his conquest of Tibet as a gift to the Dalai Lama. In a second ceremony held within the main hall of the Shigatse fortress, G\u00fcshi Khan enthroned the Dalai Lama as the ruler of Tibet, but conferred the actual governing authority to the regent Sonam Ch\u00f6pel. Although G\u00fcshi Khan had granted the Dalai Lama \"supreme authority\" as Goldstein writes, the title of 'King of Tibet' was conferred upon G\u00fcshi Khan, spending his summers in pastures north of Lhasa and occupying Lhasa each winter. Van Praag writes that at this point G\u00fcshi Khan maintained control over the armed forces, but accepted his inferior status towards the Dalai Lama. Rawski writes that the Dalai Lama shared power with his regent and G\u00fcshi Khan during his early secular and religious reign. However, Rawski states that he eventually \"expanded his own authority by presenting himself as Avalokite\u015bvara through the performance of rituals,\" by building the Potala Palace and other structures on traditional religious sites, and by emphasizing lineage reincarnation through written biographies. Goldstein states that the government of G\u00fcshi Khan and the Dalai Lama persecuted the Karma Kagyu sect, confiscated their wealth and property, and even converted their monasteries into Gelug monasteries. Rawski writes that this Mongol patronage allowed the Gelugpas to dominate the rival religious sects in Tibet."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did the the Chinese Ming dynasty fall to?", "id": "56ce4f64aab44d1400b886a2", "answers": [{"text": "the rebellion of Li Zicheng", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to Kolma\u0161 who accepted an invite from a Manchu to send envoys to the capital at Mukden?", "id": "56ce4f64aab44d1400b886a5", "answers": [{"text": "the Dalai Lama", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was said to have treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet?", "id": "56ce4f64aab44d1400b886a6", "answers": [{"text": "Shunzhi", "answer_start": 630}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Meanwhile, the Chinese Ming dynasty fell to the rebellion of Li Zicheng (1606\u20131645) in 1644, yet his short-lived Shun dynasty was crushed by the Manchu invasion and the Han Chinese general Wu Sangui (1612\u20131678). China Daily states that when the following Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty, it merely \"strengthened administration of Tibet.\" However, Kolma\u0161 states that the Dalai Lama was very observant of what was going on in China and accepted a Manchu invitation in 1640 to send envoys to their capital at Mukden in 1642, before the Ming collapsed. Dawa Norbu, William Rockhill, and George N. Patterson write that when the Shunzhi Emperor (r. 1644\u20131661) of the subsequent Qing dynasty invited the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso to Beijing in 1652, Shunzhi treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet. Patterson writes that this was an effort of Shunzhi to secure an alliance with Tibet that would ultimately lead to the establishment of Manchu rule over Mongolia. In this meeting with the Qing emperor, Goldstein asserts that the Dalai Lama was not someone to be trifled with due to his alliance with Mongol tribes, some of which were declared enemies of the Qing. Van Praag states that Tibet and the Dalai Lama's power was recognized by the \"Manchu Emperor, the Mongolian Khans and Princes, and the rulers of Ladakh, Nepal, India, Bhutan, and Sikkim.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who tried to spread their territory into Tibet?", "id": "56ce5125aab44d1400b886ac", "answers": [{"text": "the Dzungar Mongols", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who helped the Tibetan? ", "id": "56ce5125aab44d1400b886ad", "answers": [{"text": "the Kangxi Emperor", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Kangxi Emperor occupy Lhasa?", "id": "56ce5125aab44d1400b886ae", "answers": [{"text": "1720", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was The Qing dynasty garrison established in Tibet?", "id": "56ce5125aab44d1400b886af", "answers": [{"text": "1751", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Qianlong Emperor reign? ", "id": "56ce5125aab44d1400b886b0", "answers": [{"text": "1735\u20131796", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "When the Dzungar Mongols attempted to spread their territory from what is now Xinjiang into Tibet, the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661\u20131722) responded to Tibetan pleas for aid with his own expedition to Tibet, occupying Lhasa in 1720. By 1751, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735\u20131796), a protectorate and permanent Qing dynasty garrison was established in Tibet. As of 1751, Albert Kolb writes that \"Chinese claims to suzerainty over Tibet date from this time.\""}]}, {"title": "IPod", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Which company produces the iPod?", "id": "56cc55856d243a140015ef0a", "answers": [{"text": "Apple", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the original iPod released?", "id": "56cc55856d243a140015ef0b", "answers": [{"text": "October 23, 2001", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many different types of iPod are currently available?", "id": "56cc55856d243a140015ef0c", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of device is the iPod?", "id": "56cc55856d243a140015ef0d", "answers": [{"text": "portable media players", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The iPod Touch uses what kind of interface?", "id": "56cc55856d243a140015ef0e", "answers": [{"text": "touchscreen", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the first iPod released?", "id": "56ce726faab44d1400b88791", "answers": [{"text": "2001", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company manufactures the iPod?", "id": "56ce726faab44d1400b88792", "answers": [{"text": "Apple", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many versions of the iPod currently exist?", "id": "56ce726faab44d1400b88793", "answers": [{"text": "3", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which is the smallest version of the iPod?", "id": "56ce726faab44d1400b88794", "answers": [{"text": "Shuffle", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the iPod most recently redesigned?", "id": "56ce726faab44d1400b88795", "answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first line was released on October 23, 2001, about 8\u00bd months after iTunes (Macintosh version) was released. The most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15, 2015. There are three current versions of the iPod: the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle, the compact iPod Nano and the touchscreen iPod Touch."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In addition to playing music, what other function can the iPod perform?", "id": "56cc55fa6d243a140015ef14", "answers": [{"text": "data storage", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the smallest data capacity for an iPod product?", "id": "56cc55fa6d243a140015ef15", "answers": [{"text": "2 GB", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the largest data capacity for an iPod product?", "id": "56cc55fa6d243a140015ef16", "answers": [{"text": "128 GB", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which iPod product features the smallest data storage capacity?", "id": "56cc55fa6d243a140015ef17", "answers": [{"text": "iPod Shuffle", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which current iPod product features the largest data storage capacity?", "id": "56cc55fa6d243a140015ef18", "answers": [{"text": "iPod Touch", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the storage capacity of the iPod Shuffle?", "id": "56ce72ecaab44d1400b8879b", "answers": [{"text": "2 GB", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the storage capacity for the iPod Touch?", "id": "56ce72ecaab44d1400b8879c", "answers": [{"text": "128 GB", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Like other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices. Storage capacity varies by model, ranging from 2 GB for the iPod Shuffle to 128 GB for the iPod Touch (previously 160 GB for the iPod Classic, which is now discontinued)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What Apple program is used to communicate between computers and portable devices?", "id": "56cc56856d243a140015ef1e", "answers": [{"text": "iTunes", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which operating systems are compatible with iTunes?", "id": "56cc56856d243a140015ef1f", "answers": [{"text": "Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the name of the software used to manage music and other media on Apple devices?", "id": "56ce732faab44d1400b8879f", "answers": [{"text": "iTunes", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Apple's iTunes software (and other alternative software) can be used to transfer music, photos, videos, games, contact information, e-mail settings, Web bookmarks, and calendars, to the devices supporting these features from computers using certain versions of Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows operating systems."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Prior to iOS 5, how many apps were required to play music and videos on iPhone and iPad?", "id": "56cc57466d243a140015ef24", "answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In mid-2010, which Apple device had higher sales than iPod?", "id": "56cc57466d243a140015ef26", "answers": [{"text": "iPhone", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With what iOS release did Apple standardize media apps on all their products?", "id": "56ce73d1aab44d1400b887ab", "answers": [{"text": "iOS 5", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did iPhone sales surpass those of iPods?", "id": "56ce73d1aab44d1400b887ac", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the titles of the standard media apps on current Apple devices?", "id": "56ce73d1aab44d1400b887ad", "answers": [{"text": "\"Music\" and \"Videos\"", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Before the release of iOS 5, the iPod branding was used for the media player included with the iPhone and iPad, a combination of the Music and Videos apps on the iPod Touch. As of iOS 5, separate apps named \"Music\" and \"Videos\" are standardized across all iOS-powered products. While the iPhone and iPad have essentially the same media player capabilities as the iPod line, they are generally treated as separate products. During the middle of 2010, iPhone sales overtook those of the iPod."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What processor model is used in the iPod Touch?", "id": "56cc58436d243a140015ef2a", "answers": [{"text": "A8", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which generation of iPod Touch was made availalbe in July of 2015?", "id": "56cc58436d243a140015ef2c", "answers": [{"text": "sixth", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the most recent generation of iPod Touch?", "id": "56ce750daab44d1400b887b1", "answers": [{"text": "sixth", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the most recent iPod Touch released?", "id": "56ce750daab44d1400b887b2", "answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of processor does the current iPod Touch use?", "id": "56ce750daab44d1400b887b3", "answers": [{"text": "A8", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In how many colors is the current iPod Touch available?", "id": "56ce750daab44d1400b887b4", "answers": [{"text": "5", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In mid-2015, a new model of the iPod Touch was announced by Apple, and was officially released on the Apple store on July 15, 2015. The sixth generation iPod Touch includes a wide variety of spec improvements such as the upgraded A8 processor and higher-quality screen. The core is over 5 times faster than previous models and is built to be roughly on par with the iPhone 5S. It is available in 5 different colors: Space grey, pink, gold, silver and Product (red)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was the iPod first introduced?", "id": "56cc5f3f6d243a140015ef46", "answers": [{"text": "2001", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did iPod sales show improvement?", "id": "56cc5f3f6d243a140015ef47", "answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Apple engineer led original iPod design group?", "id": "56cc5f3f6d243a140015ef48", "answers": [{"text": "Jon Rubinstein", "answer_start": 601}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What radio was the primary inspiration for the look of the iPod?", "id": "56cc5f3f6d243a140015ef49", "answers": [{"text": "Braun T3 transistor radio", "answer_start": 1045}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the storage capacity of the first iPod?", "id": "56cc5f3f6d243a140015ef4a", "answers": [{"text": "5 GB", "answer_start": 1369}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "in what year was the original iPod released?", "id": "56ce75d4aab44d1400b887bd", "answers": [{"text": "2001", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How large was the hard drive on the original iPod?", "id": "56ce75d4aab44d1400b887be", "answers": [{"text": "5 GB", "answer_start": 1369}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other popular music player did Apple compare their new product to?", "id": "56ce75d4aab44d1400b887bf", "answers": [{"text": "the Walkman", "answer_start": 1203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of Apple's hardware engineering chief who helped design the iPod?", "id": "56ce75d4aab44d1400b887c0", "answers": [{"text": "Jon Rubinstein", "answer_start": 601}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who manufactured the hard drives for the first iPods?", "id": "56ce75d4aab44d1400b887c1", "answers": [{"text": "Toshiba", "answer_start": 807}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Though the iPod was released in 2001, its price and Mac-only compatibility caused sales to be relatively slow until 2004. The iPod line came from Apple's \"digital hub\" category, when the company began creating software for the growing market of personal digital devices. Digital cameras, camcorders and organizers had well-established mainstream markets, but the company found existing digital music players \"big and clunky or small and useless\" with user interfaces that were \"unbelievably awful,\" so Apple decided to develop its own. As ordered by CEO Steve Jobs, Apple's hardware engineering chief Jon Rubinstein assembled a team of engineers to design the iPod line, including hardware engineers Tony Fadell and Michael Dhuey, and design engineer Sir Jonathan Ive. Rubinstein had already discovered the Toshiba disk drive when meeting with an Apple supplier in Japan, and purchased the rights to it for Apple, and had also already worked out how the screen, battery, and other key elements would work. The aesthetic was inspired by the 1958 Braun T3 transistor radio designed by Dieter Rams, while the wheel based user interface was prompted by Bang & Olufsen's BeoCom 6000 telephone. The product (\"the Walkman of the twenty-first century\" ) was developed in less than one year and unveiled on October 23, 2001. Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product with a 5 GB hard drive that put \"1,000 songs in your pocket.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which company worked with Apple in creating the user interface for the iPod?", "id": "56cc60186d243a140015ef5a", "answers": [{"text": "Pixo", "answer_start": 363}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the font used prior to the release of the iPod Mini?", "id": "56cc60186d243a140015ef5b", "answers": [{"text": "Chicago", "answer_start": 577}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the 6th gen iPod Classic released?", "id": "56cc60186d243a140015ef5c", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 858}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The 6th gen iPod Classic and 3rd gen iPod nano featured which font?", "id": "56cc60186d243a140015ef5d", "answers": [{"text": "Helvetica", "answer_start": 1018}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who supervised the design and implementation of the iPod user interface?", "id": "56ce78c5aab44d1400b887d1", "answers": [{"text": "Steve Jobs", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What software did Apple use as the basis for their iPod software?", "id": "56ce78c5aab44d1400b887d2", "answers": [{"text": "PortalPlayer", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What typeface does the current iPod use?", "id": "56ce78c5aab44d1400b887d3", "answers": [{"text": "Helvetica", "answer_start": 1018}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Apple did not develop the iPod software entirely in-house, instead using PortalPlayer's reference platform based on two ARM cores. The platform had rudimentary software running on a commercial microkernel embedded operating system. PortalPlayer had previously been working on an IBM-branded MP3 player with Bluetooth headphones. Apple contracted another company, Pixo, to help design and implement the user interface under the direct supervision of Steve Jobs. As development progressed, Apple continued to refine the software's look and feel. Starting with the iPod Mini, the Chicago font was replaced with Espy Sans. Later iPods switched fonts again to Podium Sans\u2014a font similar to Apple's corporate font, Myriad. iPods with color displays then adopted some Mac OS X themes like Aqua progress bars, and brushed metal meant to evoke a combination lock. In 2007, Apple modified the iPod interface again with the introduction of the sixth-generation iPod Classic and third-generation iPod Nano by changing the font to Helvetica and, in most cases, splitting the screen in half by displaying the menus on the left and album artwork, photos, or videos on the right (whichever was appropriate for the selected item)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was a special edition of the iPod produced?", "id": "56cc60a36d243a140015ef64", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what musical group was a special edition of the iPod first made?", "id": "56cc60a36d243a140015ef65", "answers": [{"text": "U2", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What color was the metal on the U2 version of the iPod?", "id": "56cc60a36d243a140015ef66", "answers": [{"text": "black", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of media was included with purchase of the U2 version of the iPod?", "id": "56cc60a36d243a140015ef67", "answers": [{"text": "video", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of what band did Apple present a special edition iPod 5G?", "id": "56ce792caab44d1400b887d7", "answers": [{"text": "U2", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What color was the special U2 iPod model?", "id": "56ce792caab44d1400b887d8", "answers": [{"text": "black", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did apple release the special U2 model of the iPod?", "id": "56ce792caab44d1400b887d9", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2006 Apple presented a special edition for iPod 5G of Irish rock band U2. Like its predecessor, this iPod has engraved the signatures of the four members of the band on its back, but this one was the first time the company changed the colour of the metal (not silver but black). This iPod was only available with 30GB of storage capacity. The special edition entitled purchasers to an exclusive video with 33 minutes of interviews and performance by U2, downloadable from the iTunes Store."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Apple was involved in a lawsuit with which company in 2007?", "id": "56cc61346d243a140015ef6e", "answers": [{"text": "Burst.com", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who previously applied for a patent for an iPod-like device?", "id": "56cc61346d243a140015ef6f", "answers": [{"text": "Kane Kramer", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what country did Kane Kramer apply for his patent?", "id": "56cc61346d243a140015ef70", "answers": [{"text": "UK", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Kane Kramer apply for his patent?", "id": "56cc61346d243a140015ef71", "answers": [{"text": "1981", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Kane Kramer call the device for which he wanted a patent?", "id": "56cc61346d243a140015ef72", "answers": [{"text": "IXI", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What patent holding company sued Apple in 2007?", "id": "56ce7ae2aab44d1400b887e7", "answers": [{"text": "Burst.com", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the previously-patented music player from 1981?", "id": "56ce7ae2aab44d1400b887e8", "answers": [{"text": "IXI", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the holder of the previous patent for the \"plastic music box\"?", "id": "56ce7ae2aab44d1400b887e9", "answers": [{"text": "Kane Kramer", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In September 2007, during a lawsuit with patent holding company Burst.com, Apple drew attention to a patent for a similar device that was developed in 1979. Kane Kramer applied for a UK patent for his design of a \"plastic music box\" in 1981, which he called the IXI. He was unable to secure funding to renew the US$120,000 worldwide patent, so it lapsed and Kramer never profited from his idea."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who came up with the name for Apple's portable mp3 player?", "id": "56cc62406d243a140015ef78", "answers": [{"text": "Vinnie Chieco", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Vinnie Chieco's profession?", "id": "56cc62406d243a140015ef79", "answers": [{"text": "freelance copywriter", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What film inspired the name of the iPod?", "id": "56cc62406d243a140015ef7a", "answers": [{"text": "2001: A Space Odyssey", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who first trademarked the iPod name?", "id": "56cc62406d243a140015ef7b", "answers": [{"text": "Joseph N. Grasso", "answer_start": 593}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Apple given rights to the iPod name?", "id": "56cc62406d243a140015ef7c", "answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 1035}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What movie inspired the iPod name?", "id": "56ce7bf4aab44d1400b887f3", "answers": [{"text": "2001: A Space Odyssey", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the copywriter that proposed the name \"iPod\"?", "id": "56ce7bf4aab44d1400b887f4", "answers": [{"text": "Vinnie Chieco", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who held the original trademark for the iPod name?", "id": "56ce7bf4aab44d1400b887f5", "answers": [{"text": "Joseph N. Grasso", "answer_start": 593}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The name iPod was proposed by Vinnie Chieco, a freelance copywriter, who (with others) was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public. After Chieco saw a prototype, he thought of the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey and the phrase \"Open the pod bay door, Hal!\", which refers to the white EVA Pods of the Discovery One spaceship. Chieco saw an analogy to the relationship between the spaceship and the smaller independent pods in the relationship between a personal computer and the music player. Apple researched the trademark and found that it was already in use. Joseph N. Grasso of New Jersey had originally listed an \"iPod\" trademark with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in July 2000 for Internet kiosks. The first iPod kiosks had been demonstrated to the public in New Jersey in March 1998, and commercial use began in January 2000, but had apparently been discontinued by 2001. The trademark was registered by the USPTO in November 2003, and Grasso assigned it to Apple Computer, Inc. in 2005."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When were images of new iPod colors leaked?", "id": "56cc62ce6d243a140015ef82", "answers": [{"text": "mid-2015", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who leaked the photos of new iPod colors?", "id": "56cc62ce6d243a140015ef83", "answers": [{"text": "Pierre Dandumont", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What version of iTunes contained the leaked photos of new iPod colors?", "id": "56cc62ce6d243a140015ef84", "answers": [{"text": "12.2", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the latest version of iTunes as of mid-2015?", "id": "56ce7c4baab44d1400b887fd", "answers": [{"text": "12.2", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who first leaked the photos of the new iPod color scheme?", "id": "56ce7c4baab44d1400b887fe", "answers": [{"text": "Pierre Dandumont", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In mid-2015, several new color schemes for all of the current iPod models were spotted in the latest version of iTunes, 12.2. Belgian website Belgium iPhone originally found the images when plugging in an iPod for the first time, and subsequent leaked photos were found by Pierre Dandumont."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What audio deficiency was found in the 3rd gen iPods?", "id": "56cc643d6d243a140015ef88", "answers": [{"text": "weak bass response", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of headphones could partially mitigate the bass response issues of the 3rd gen iPods?", "id": "56cc643d6d243a140015ef8a", "answers": [{"text": "high-impedance", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a device that could entirely mitigate the bass response issues of the 3rd gen iPods?", "id": "56cc643d6d243a140015ef8b", "answers": [{"text": "external headphone amplifier", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of audio output was substandard on 3rd generation iPods?", "id": "56ce81bdaab44d1400b88817", "answers": [{"text": "bass", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What component was to blame for the weak bass of the 3rd generation iPod?", "id": "56ce81bdaab44d1400b88818", "answers": [{"text": "undersized DC-blocking capacitors", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The third-generation iPod had a weak bass response, as shown in audio tests. The combination of the undersized DC-blocking capacitors and the typical low-impedance of most consumer headphones form a high-pass filter, which attenuates the low-frequency bass output. Similar capacitors were used in the fourth-generation iPods. The problem is reduced when using high-impedance headphones and is completely masked when driving high-impedance (line level) loads, such as an external headphone amplifier. The first-generation iPod Shuffle uses a dual-transistor output stage, rather than a single capacitor-coupled output, and does not exhibit reduced bass response for any load."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What acoustic element could be distorted by different audio settings in iPods prior to 2007?", "id": "56cc655c6d243a140015ef92", "answers": [{"text": "Bass", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Name four sound profiles that would result in bass distortion on pre-2007 iPods.", "id": "56cc655c6d243a140015ef93", "answers": [{"text": "R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What specific problem caused the issue with bass distortion?", "id": "56cc655c6d243a140015ef94", "answers": [{"text": "clipping", "answer_start": 334}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "iPods released before what year had issues with distorted bass?", "id": "56ce8214aab44d1400b88823", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What EQ settings were known to have issues with bass distortion?", "id": "56ce8214aab44d1400b88824", "answers": [{"text": "R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "For all iPods released in 2006 and earlier, some equalizer (EQ) sound settings would distort the bass sound far too easily, even on undemanding songs. This would happen for EQ settings like R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster, because the equalizer amplified the digital audio level beyond the software's limit, causing distortion (clipping) on bass instruments."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of sensory issue was a concern prior to the release of 5th gen iPods?", "id": "56cc66326d243a140015ef98", "answers": [{"text": "hearing loss", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what markets did 6th gen iPods limit the highest volume of the player?", "id": "56cc66326d243a140015ef99", "answers": [{"text": "EU", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the limit imposed on how loud the iPod could play sounds in the EU?", "id": "56cc66326d243a140015ef9a", "answers": [{"text": "100 dB", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what country did Apple have to recall iPods?", "id": "56cc66326d243a140015ef9b", "answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the highest volume output level of European 6th-generation iPods?", "id": "56ce829baab44d1400b88828", "answers": [{"text": "100 dB", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country originally pulled iPods due to higher-than-allowed volume levels?", "id": "56ce829baab44d1400b88829", "answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "From the fifth-generation iPod on, Apple introduced a user-configurable volume limit in response to concerns about hearing loss. Users report that in the sixth-generation iPod, the maximum volume output level is limited to 100 dB in EU markets. Apple previously had to remove iPods from shelves in France for exceeding this legal limit. However, users that have bought a new sixth-generation iPod in late 2013 have reported a new option that allowed them to disable the EU volume limit. It has been said that these new iPods came with an updated software that allowed this change. Older sixth-generation iPods, however, are unable to update to this software version."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the first type of connection used by the iPod to charge and transfer files?", "id": "56cc66d16d243a140015efa2", "answers": [{"text": "FireWire", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was an alternate method of charging the iPod?", "id": "56cc66d16d243a140015efa3", "answers": [{"text": "power adapter", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of connector was originally required to upload songs or recharge the iPod?", "id": "56ce82cdaab44d1400b8882d", "answers": [{"text": "FireWire", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Originally, a FireWire connection to the host computer was used to update songs or recharge the battery. The battery could also be charged with a power adapter that was included with the first four generations."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In which generation did iPod start providing compatibility with USB?", "id": "56cc6e346d243a140015efa8", "answers": [{"text": "third generation", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What iPod feature allowed for USB connections with the device?", "id": "56cc6e346d243a140015efa9", "answers": [{"text": "30-pin dock connector", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which generation of iPod Classic was the first to abandon use of FireWire in transferring files?", "id": "56cc6e346d243a140015efaa", "answers": [{"text": "fifth", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Starting with which generation of iPod Nano was FireWire charging functionality no longer available?", "id": "56cc6e346d243a140015efab", "answers": [{"text": "fourth", "answer_start": 628}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of connection is provided on the iPod Shuffle for both audio output and file transfer?", "id": "56cc6e346d243a140015efac", "answers": [{"text": "3.5 mm minijack", "answer_start": 771}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which generation iPod was the first to include the 30-pin dock connector?", "id": "56ce88c8aab44d1400b88849", "answers": [{"text": "third generation", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which model of iPod combined the headphone jack and data port?", "id": "56ce88c8aab44d1400b8884a", "answers": [{"text": "Shuffle", "answer_start": 749}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What interface was gradually phased out for both charging and data transfer?", "id": "56ce88c8aab44d1400b8884b", "answers": [{"text": "FireWire", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What interface replaced FireWire in later iterations of the iPod?", "id": "56ce88c8aab44d1400b8884c", "answers": [{"text": "USB", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The third generation began including a 30-pin dock connector, allowing for FireWire or USB connectivity. This provided better compatibility with non-Apple machines, as most of them did not have FireWire ports at the time. Eventually Apple began shipping iPods with USB cables instead of FireWire, although the latter was available separately. As of the first-generation iPod Nano and the fifth-generation iPod Classic, Apple discontinued using FireWire for data transfer (while still allowing for use of FireWire to charge the device) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor. As of the second-generation iPod Touch and the fourth-generation iPod Nano, FireWire charging ability has been removed. The second-, third-, and fourth-generation iPod Shuffle uses a single 3.5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as both a headphone jack and a data port for the dock."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which iPod accessory was made by Apple but is no longer produced?", "id": "56cc7f9c6d243a140015efb2", "answers": [{"text": "iPod Hi-Fi", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are two companies that make iPod accessories?", "id": "56cc7f9c6d243a140015efb3", "answers": [{"text": "Belkin and Griffin", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of the iPod is needed to communicate with peripherals?", "id": "56cc7f9c6d243a140015efb4", "answers": [{"text": "dock connector", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the condition for third parties using the dock connector?", "id": "56cc7f9c6d243a140015efb5", "answers": [{"text": "paying royalties", "answer_start": 461}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The majority of peripherals for iPod are produced by what kinds of companies?", "id": "56cc7f9c6d243a140015efb6", "answers": [{"text": "third parties", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the name of the now-discontinued accessory manufactured by Apple, that connected via the iPod's dock connector?", "id": "56ce8b36aab44d1400b88865", "answers": [{"text": "iPod Hi-Fi", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The dock connector also allowed the iPod to connect to accessories, which often supplement the iPod's music, video, and photo playback. Apple sells a few accessories, such as the now-discontinued iPod Hi-Fi, but most are manufactured by third parties such as Belkin and Griffin. Some peripherals use their own interface, while others use the iPod's own screen. Because the dock connector is a proprietary interface, the implementation of the interface requires paying royalties to Apple."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What new connector did Apple unveil on September 12, 2012?", "id": "56cc803f6d243a140015efbc", "answers": [{"text": "Lightning", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other Apple product was unveiled on September 12, 2012?", "id": "56cc803f6d243a140015efbd", "answers": [{"text": "seventh generation iPod Nano", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How man pins did the pre-Lightning dock connecter use?", "id": "56cc803f6d243a140015efbe", "answers": [{"text": "30", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many pins did the Lightning connector have?", "id": "56cc803f6d243a140015efbf", "answers": [{"text": "8", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On how many sides of the Lightning connector are the pins located?", "id": "56cc803f6d243a140015efc0", "answers": [{"text": "both sides", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's Apple's code name for the newer 8-pin dock connector?", "id": "56ce8bfbaab44d1400b88867", "answers": [{"text": "Lightning", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first iPod Touch generation to feature the Lightning connector?", "id": "56ce8bfbaab44d1400b88869", "answers": [{"text": "fifth generation", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Apple introduced a new 8-pin dock connector, named Lightning, on September 12, 2012 with their announcement of the iPhone 5, the fifth generation iPod Touch, and the seventh generation iPod Nano, which all feature it. The new connector replaces the older 30-pin dock connector used by older iPods, iPhones, and iPads. Apple Lightning cables have pins on both sides of the plug so it can be inserted with either side facing up."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of an Apple-produced iPod accessory?", "id": "56cc81246d243a140015efc6", "answers": [{"text": "iPod Hi-Fi", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of an iPod accessory made work exercise?", "id": "56cc81246d243a140015efc7", "answers": [{"text": "Nike+iPod pedometer", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are six companies that made some of the first peripherals for the iPod?", "id": "56cc81246d243a140015efc8", "answers": [{"text": "Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation", "answer_start": 614}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can A/V cables be used to connect the iPod to?", "id": "56cc81246d243a140015efc9", "answers": [{"text": "TV", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who manufactures a pedometer accessory for the iPod?", "id": "56ce8d5daab44d1400b88875", "answers": [{"text": "Nike", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which company manufactures the iPod Hi-Fi accessory?", "id": "56ce8d5daab44d1400b88876", "answers": [{"text": "Apple", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Many accessories have been made for the iPod line. A large number are made by third party companies, although many, such as the iPod Hi-Fi, are made by Apple. Some accessories add extra features that other music players have, such as sound recorders, FM radio tuners, wired remote controls, and audio/visual cables for TV connections. Other accessories offer unique features like the Nike+iPod pedometer and the iPod Camera Connector. Other notable accessories include external speakers, wireless remote controls, protective case, screen films, and wireless earphones. Among the first accessory manufacturers were Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What company was first to create a means of connecting the iPod to an automobile?", "id": "56cc81e06d243a140015efd0", "answers": [{"text": "BMW", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Apple reveal that it would provide compatibility with a wide range of auto manufacturers?", "id": "56cc81e06d243a140015efd1", "answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which company provides the ability to connect to iPods as a standard feature in their automobiles?", "id": "56cc81e06d243a140015efd2", "answers": [{"text": "Scion", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which car company released the first automobile interface for the iPod?", "id": "56ce8da8aab44d1400b88879", "answers": [{"text": "BMW", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which car company first offered iPod connectivity as a standard feature on their whole product line?", "id": "56ce8da8aab44d1400b8887a", "answers": [{"text": "Scion", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "BMW released the first iPod automobile interface, allowing drivers of newer BMW vehicles to control an iPod using either the built-in steering wheel controls or the radio head-unit buttons. Apple announced in 2005 that similar systems would be available for other vehicle brands, including Mercedes-Benz, Volvo, Nissan, Toyota, Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Acura, Audi, Honda, Renault, Infiniti and Volkswagen. Scion offers standard iPod connectivity on all their cars."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What companies have developed iPod interfacing for their stereo systems?", "id": "56cc83056d243a140015efd8", "answers": [{"text": "JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of transmitter is used in the iTrip?", "id": "56cc83056d243a140015efd9", "answers": [{"text": "FM", "answer_start": 278}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has become a standard inclusion in cars for several different auto companies?", "id": "56cc83056d243a140015efda", "answers": [{"text": "audio input jacks", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which type of iPod car integration product is illegal in certain countries?", "id": "56cfb353234ae51400d9be99", "answers": [{"text": "FM transmitters", "answer_start": 278}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What audio integration feature has become standard on many car models?", "id": "56cfb353234ae51400d9be9a", "answers": [{"text": "audio input jacks", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some independent stereo manufacturers including JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon also have iPod-specific integration solutions. Alternative connection methods include adapter kits (that use the cassette deck or the CD changer port), audio input jacks, and FM transmitters such as the iTrip\u2014although personal FM transmitters are illegal in some countries. Many car manufacturers have added audio input jacks as standard."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In 2007, which airlines made deals to include iPod connections on their planes?", "id": "56cc84ab6d243a140015efe2", "answers": [{"text": "United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where can people using iPods on planes view the device's interface?", "id": "56cc84ab6d243a140015efe3", "answers": [{"text": "individual seat-back displays", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are two airlines that considered implementing iPod connections but did not join the 2007 agreement?", "id": "56cc84ab6d243a140015efe4", "answers": [{"text": "KLM and Air France", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which airlines first agreed to install seat connections for iPods?", "id": "56cfb3e3234ae51400d9be9d", "answers": [{"text": "United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did airlines first start to accommodate the iPod?", "id": "56cfb3e3234ae51400d9be9e", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beginning in mid-2007, four major airlines, United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates, reached agreements to install iPod seat connections. The free service will allow passengers to power and charge an iPod, and view video and music libraries on individual seat-back displays. Originally KLM and Air France were reported to be part of the deal with Apple, but they later released statements explaining that they were only contemplating the possibility of incorporating such systems."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of an audio format developed by Apple?", "id": "56cc858b6d243a140015efe8", "answers": [{"text": "Apple Lossless", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which product enabled users to view images on the device?", "id": "56cc858b6d243a140015efe9", "answers": [{"text": "iPod photo", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Microsoft media format is not natively supported by Apple devices?", "id": "56cc858b6d243a140015efeb", "answers": [{"text": "WMA", "answer_start": 674}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does DRM stand for?", "id": "56cc858b6d243a140015efec", "answers": [{"text": "Digital Rights Management", "answer_start": 729}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What computer OS did iPod software exclusively work with at launch?", "id": "56cfb618234ae51400d9bebb", "answers": [{"text": "Mac OS", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some examples of audio formats supported by the iPod?", "id": "56cfb618234ae51400d9bebd", "answers": [{"text": "MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first model to support JPEG and other still image formats?", "id": "56cfb618234ae51400d9bebe", "answers": [{"text": "iPod photo", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The iPod line can play several audio file formats including MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless. The iPod photo introduced the ability to display JPEG, BMP, GIF, TIFF, and PNG image file formats. Fifth and sixth generation iPod Classics, as well as third generation iPod Nanos, can additionally play MPEG-4 (H.264/MPEG-4 AVC) and QuickTime video formats, with restrictions on video dimensions, encoding techniques and data-rates. Originally, iPod software only worked with Mac OS; iPod software for Microsoft Windows was launched with the second generation model. Unlike most other media players, Apple does not support Microsoft's WMA audio format\u2014but a converter for WMA files without Digital Rights Management (DRM) is provided with the Windows version of iTunes. MIDI files also cannot be played, but can be converted to audio files using the \"Advanced\" menu in iTunes. Alternative open-source audio formats, such as Ogg Vorbis and FLAC, are not supported without installing custom firmware onto an iPod (e.g., Rockbox)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many hosts are recognized by an iPod the first time they're used?", "id": "56cc86f26d243a140015eff2", "answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What will be erased if an iPod is set to sync with a different computer?", "id": "56cc86f26d243a140015eff5", "answers": [{"text": "library", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What must an iPod be connected to before iTunes can synchronize?", "id": "56cfb6b8234ae51400d9bec9", "answers": [{"text": "host computer", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During installation, an iPod is associated with one host computer. Each time an iPod connects to its host computer, iTunes can synchronize entire music libraries or music playlists either automatically or manually. Song ratings can be set on an iPod and synchronized later to the iTunes library, and vice versa. A user can access, play, and add music on a second computer if an iPod is set to manual and not automatic sync, but anything added or edited will be reversed upon connecting and syncing with the main computer and its library. If a user wishes to automatically sync music with another computer, an iPod's library will be entirely wiped and replaced with the other computer's library."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many buttons do most iPods use?", "id": "56cc88386d243a140015effc", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what part of newer iPods can you find the buttons?", "id": "56cc88386d243a140015effd", "answers": [{"text": "click wheel", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are the controls located on the 3rd gen iPod Shuffle?", "id": "56cc88386d243a140015effe", "answers": [{"text": "earphone cable", "answer_start": 708}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of interface does the iPod touch use instead of the click wheel?", "id": "56cc88386d243a140015efff", "answers": [{"text": "touch screen", "answer_start": 872}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other device shares the interface used by the iPod Touch?", "id": "56cc88386d243a140015f000", "answers": [{"text": "iPhone", "answer_start": 1084}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Most iPods feature how many buttons?", "id": "56cfb7f9234ae51400d9bed7", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The 3rd generation of which iPod model had its controls only on the earphone cable?", "id": "56cfb7f9234ae51400d9bed8", "answers": [{"text": "Shuffle", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which other Apple product does the iPod Touch share an interface and OS with?", "id": "56cfb7f9234ae51400d9bed9", "answers": [{"text": "iPhone", "answer_start": 1084}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "iPods with color displays use anti-aliased graphics and text, with sliding animations. All iPods (except the 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle, the 6th & 7th generation iPod Nano, and iPod Touch) have five buttons and the later generations have the buttons integrated into the click wheel \u2013 an innovation that gives an uncluttered, minimalist interface. The buttons perform basic functions such as menu, play, pause, next track, and previous track. Other operations, such as scrolling through menu items and controlling the volume, are performed by using the click wheel in a rotational manner. The 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle does not have any controls on the actual player; instead it has a small control on the earphone cable, with volume-up and -down buttons and a single button for play and pause, next track, etc. The iPod Touch has no click-wheel; instead it uses a 3.5\" touch screen along with a home button, sleep/wake button and (on the second and third generations of the iPod Touch) volume-up and -down buttons. The user interface for the iPod Touch is identical to that of the iPhone. Differences include a lack of a phone application. Both devices use iOS."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Apple iTunes Store launched?", "id": "56cc88a56d243a140015f006", "answers": [{"text": "April 29, 2003", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What program is required to access the iTunes Store?", "id": "56cc88a56d243a140015f007", "answers": [{"text": "iTunes", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were videos made available through the iTunes store?", "id": "56cc88a56d243a140015f008", "answers": [{"text": "October 12, 2005", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Apple begin selling entire films through the iTunes store?", "id": "56cc88a56d243a140015f009", "answers": [{"text": "September 12, 2006", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the iTunes store established?", "id": "56cfb830234ae51400d9bedd", "answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did videos first become available on iTunes?", "id": "56cfb830234ae51400d9bede", "answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were full-length moved added to the iTunes store?", "id": "56cfb830234ae51400d9bedf", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The iTunes Store (introduced April 29, 2003) is an online media store run by Apple and accessed through iTunes. The store became the market leader soon after its launch and Apple announced the sale of videos through the store on October 12, 2005. Full-length movies became available on September 12, 2006."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When the iTunes store was launched, what type of file format was used?", "id": "56cc89c46d243a140015f00e", "answers": [{"text": "AAC", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many computers were allowed to play files that used the FairPlay DRM system?", "id": "56cc89c46d243a140015f00f", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what category could files without digital rights management be found on the iTunes store?", "id": "56cc89c46d243a140015f010", "answers": [{"text": "iTunes Plus", "answer_start": 512}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Apple reveal that most of the iTunes selection was free from DRM?", "id": "56cc89c46d243a140015f011", "answers": [{"text": "January 6, 2009", "answer_start": 850}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what time did Apple project its entire catalog would be free of DRM?", "id": "56cc89c46d243a140015f012", "answers": [{"text": "April 2009", "answer_start": 987}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the original format for purchased audio files on iTunes?", "id": "56cfb8e5234ae51400d9beeb", "answers": [{"text": "AAC", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the DRM system originally used by Apple and iTunes?", "id": "56cfb8e5234ae51400d9beec", "answers": [{"text": "FairPlay", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the premium service that offered higher quality and DRM-free songs?", "id": "56cfb8e5234ae51400d9beed", "answers": [{"text": "iTunes Plus", "answer_start": 512}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was DRM completely eliminated from the iTunes offerings?", "id": "56cfb8e5234ae51400d9beef", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 861}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "At the time the store was introduced, purchased audio files used the AAC format with added encryption, based on the FairPlay DRM system. Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods could play the files. Burning the files with iTunes as an audio CD, then re-importing would create music files without the DRM. The DRM could also be removed using third-party software. However, in a deal with Apple, EMI began selling DRM-free, higher-quality songs on the iTunes Stores, in a category called \"iTunes Plus.\" While individual songs were made available at a cost of US$1.29, 30\u00a2 more than the cost of a regular DRM song, entire albums were available for the same price, US$9.99, as DRM encoded albums. On October 17, 2007, Apple lowered the cost of individual iTunes Plus songs to US$0.99 per song, the same as DRM encoded tracks. On January 6, 2009, Apple announced that DRM has been removed from 80% of the music catalog, and that it would be removed from all music by April 2009."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are two stores which sell files with DRM not compatible with iPods?", "id": "56cc8b576d243a140015f023", "answers": [{"text": "Napster and MSN Music", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what device's sales does Apple leverage the iTunes store?", "id": "56cc8b576d243a140015f025", "answers": [{"text": "iPods", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The iPod can play music from other online stores as long as they don't contain what feature?", "id": "56cfb97c234ae51400d9bf03", "answers": [{"text": "DRM", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "iPods cannot play music files from competing music stores that use rival-DRM technologies like Microsoft's protected WMA or RealNetworks' Helix DRM. Example stores include Napster and MSN Music. RealNetworks claims that Apple is creating problems for itself by using FairPlay to lock users into using the iTunes Store. Steve Jobs stated that Apple makes little profit from song sales, although Apple uses the store to promote iPod sales. However, iPods can also play music files from online stores that do not use DRM, such as eMusic or Amie Street."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What company ended its deal with Apple's music store in July of 2007?", "id": "56cc911e6d243a140015f02a", "answers": [{"text": "Universal Music Group", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What entity did Universal have a contract with prior to July of 2007?", "id": "56cc911e6d243a140015f02b", "answers": [{"text": "iTunes Store", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Universal Music Group let their contract with iTunes lapse?", "id": "56cfb99b234ae51400d9bf05", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Universal Music Group decided not to renew their contract with the iTunes Store on July 3, 2007. Universal will now supply iTunes in an 'at will' capacity."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the event at which the iTunes Wi-Fi store was launched?", "id": "56cc91b56d243a140015f030", "answers": [{"text": "The Beat Goes On...", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date was the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store launched?", "id": "56cc91b56d243a140015f033", "answers": [{"text": "September 5, 2007", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store introduced?", "id": "56cfb9f7234ae51400d9bf0d", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Apple device has the ability to sync with iTunes via the phone network?", "id": "56cfb9f7234ae51400d9bf0e", "answers": [{"text": "iPhone", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Apple debuted the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store on September 5, 2007, in its Media Event entitled \"The Beat Goes On...\". This service allows users to access the Music Store from either an iPhone or an iPod Touch and download songs directly to the device that can be synced to the user's iTunes Library over a WiFi connection, or, in the case of an iPhone, the telephone network."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what devices can video games be used?", "id": "56cc92346d243a140015f038", "answers": [{"text": "iPods", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was included on the first iPod?", "id": "56cc92346d243a140015f039", "answers": [{"text": "Brick", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who created Brick?", "id": "56cc92346d243a140015f03a", "answers": [{"text": "Steve Wozniak", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are three games, in addition to Brick, which have been included with the iPod?", "id": "56cc92346d243a140015f03b", "answers": [{"text": "Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz", "answer_start": 295}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another phrase meaning hidden feature?", "id": "56cc92346d243a140015f03c", "answers": [{"text": "easter egg", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first, hidden game included with the original iPod?", "id": "56cfba3b234ae51400d9bf11", "answers": [{"text": "Brick", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other games were later added to the original iPod?", "id": "56cfba3b234ae51400d9bf12", "answers": [{"text": "Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz", "answer_start": 295}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Video games are playable on various versions of iPods. The original iPod had the game Brick (originally invented by Apple's co-founder Steve Wozniak) included as an easter egg hidden feature; later firmware versions added it as a menu option. Later revisions of the iPod added three more games: Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did the iTunes store begin allowing users to buy video games?", "id": "56cca2066d243a140015f042", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which version of iTunes was introduced with the ability to purchase games?", "id": "56cca2066d243a140015f043", "answers": [{"text": "iTunes 7", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first generation of iPod Classic on which games like Mahjong and Tetris could be played?", "id": "56cca2066d243a140015f045", "answers": [{"text": "5th generation", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On which generation of iPod Nano can games be played?", "id": "56cca2066d243a140015f046", "answers": [{"text": "4th generation", "answer_start": 434}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did iTunes 7 launch, along with a plethora of additional games?", "id": "56cfba85234ae51400d9bf15", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which generation iPod was required to enjoy the new games available on iTunes 7?", "id": "56cfba85234ae51400d9bf16", "answers": [{"text": "fifth", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In September 2006, the iTunes Store began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of iTunes 7, compatible with the fifth generation iPod with iPod software 1.2 or later. Those games were: Bejeweled, Cubis 2, Mahjong, Mini Golf, Pac-Man, Tetris, Texas Hold 'Em, Vortex, Asphalt 4: Elite Racing and Zuma. Additional games have since been added. These games work on the 6th and 5th generation iPod Classic and the 5th and 4th generation iPod Nano."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are the names of companies producing video games for Apple's MP3 player?", "id": "56cca27d6d243a140015f04c", "answers": [{"text": "Namco, Square Enix, Electronic Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What market can Apple participate in now that it has a variety of games available for iPod?", "id": "56cca27d6d243a140015f04d", "answers": [{"text": "video game handheld console market", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two publications have covered iPod games?", "id": "56cca27d6d243a140015f04e", "answers": [{"text": "GamePro and EGM", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "With third parties like Namco, Square Enix, Electronic Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft all making games for the iPod, Apple's MP3 player has taken steps towards entering the video game handheld console market. Even video game magazines like GamePro and EGM have reviewed and rated most of their games as of late."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What format is used for iPod game files?", "id": "56cca3676d243a140015f052", "answers": [{"text": ".ipg", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What file format is being covered up by the use of ipg files?", "id": "56cca3676d243a140015f053", "answers": [{"text": ".zip", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does SDK stand for?", "id": "56cca3676d243a140015f054", "answers": [{"text": "software development kit", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the only operating system on which iPhone SDK-made games can be played?", "id": "56cca3676d243a140015f055", "answers": [{"text": "iOS", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What file format are iPod games distributed in?", "id": "56cfbaed234ae51400d9bf23", "answers": [{"text": ".ipg", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "An app produced with the iPhone SDK can only run on what devices?", "id": "56cfbaed234ae51400d9bf24", "answers": [{"text": "iPod Touch and iPhone", "answer_start": 408}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is the Apple SDK available to third-party game publishers?", "id": "56cfbaed234ae51400d9bf25", "answers": [{"text": "not", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The games are in the form of .ipg files, which are actually .zip archives in disguise[citation needed]. When unzipped, they reveal executable files along with common audio and image files, leading to the possibility of third party games. Apple has not publicly released a software development kit (SDK) for iPod-specific development. Apps produced with the iPhone SDK are compatible only with the iOS on the iPod Touch and iPhone, which cannot run clickwheel-based games."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind program is commonly used to move files between iTunes and an iPod?", "id": "56cd59a162d2951400fa652a", "answers": [{"text": "iTunes", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of other applications enable communication between iTunes and an iPod?", "id": "56cd59a162d2951400fa652b", "answers": [{"text": "third-party", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Rather than copying media files directly to it, what software must be used for this purpose so that they are accessible?", "id": "56cfc4d6234ae51400d9bf4b", "answers": [{"text": "iTunes", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Unlike many other MP3 players, simply copying audio or video files to the drive with a typical file management application will not allow an iPod to properly access them. The user must use software that has been specifically designed to transfer media files to iPods, so that the files are playable and viewable. Usually iTunes is used to transfer media to an iPod, though several alternative third-party applications are available on a number of different platforms."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of security determines if files moved to a computer can be played?", "id": "56cd5a7362d2951400fa652f", "answers": [{"text": "DRM", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What minimum version of iTunes is required to transfer purchased media from an iPod to an authorized computer?", "id": "56cfc516234ae51400d9bf4d", "answers": [{"text": "iTunes 7", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "iTunes 7 and above can transfer purchased media of the iTunes Store from an iPod to a computer, provided that computer containing the DRM protected media is authorized to play it."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what kind of folder are files located in the iPod?", "id": "56cd5d3a62d2951400fa653c", "answers": [{"text": "hidden", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what kind of operating system can hidden iPod files be accessed?", "id": "56cd5d3a62d2951400fa653d", "answers": [{"text": "host", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What method of file recovery is used to retrieve data from the iPod?", "id": "56cd5d3a62d2951400fa653e", "answers": [{"text": "manual", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Media files are stored on an iPod in a hidden folder, along with a proprietary database file. The hidden content can be accessed on the host operating system by enabling hidden files to be shown. The media files can then be recovered manually by copying the files or folders off the iPod. Many third-party applications also allow easy copying of media files off of an iPod."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Apple face multiple intellectual property lawsuits?", "id": "56cd5df262d2951400fa6542", "answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the 2005 lawsuits accuse Apple of doing?", "id": "56cd5df262d2951400fa6543", "answers": [{"text": "patent infringement", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other companies were named in the suit filed by Pat-rights?", "id": "56cd5df262d2951400fa6545", "answers": [{"text": "Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch", "answer_start": 426}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On whose behalf did Pat-rights take Apple to court?", "id": "56cd5df262d2951400fa6546", "answers": [{"text": "Ho Keung Tse", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which company sued Apple for breach of a \"music jukebox\" patent in 2005?", "id": "56cfd4b6234ae51400d9bf67", "answers": [{"text": "Advanced Audio Devices", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Apple technology did Pat-rights complain breached their patent in a lawsuit?", "id": "56cfd4b6234ae51400d9bf68", "answers": [{"text": "FairPlay", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2005, Apple faced two lawsuits claiming patent infringement by the iPod line and its associated technologies: Advanced Audio Devices claimed the iPod line breached its patent on a \"music jukebox\", while a Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights filed a suit claiming that Apple's FairPlay technology breached a patent issued to inventor Ho Keung Tse. The latter case also includes the online music stores of Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch as defendants."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What interface component did Apple attempt to patent in 2005?", "id": "56cd66bc62d2951400fa6574", "answers": [{"text": "rotational user inputs", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Apple receive a decision on its attempt to patent rotational user inputs?", "id": "56cd66bc62d2951400fa6575", "answers": [{"text": "August 2005", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which competitor sued Apple over rights to part of the software user interface?", "id": "56cd66bc62d2951400fa6576", "answers": [{"text": "Creative Technology", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the patent over which Creative asserted its ownership?", "id": "56cd66bc62d2951400fa6577", "answers": [{"text": "Zen Patent", "answer_start": 432}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From which entity did Creative request an investigation into Apple importing their devices to the US?", "id": "56cd66bc62d2951400fa6578", "answers": [{"text": "United States International Trade Commission", "answer_start": 634}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What interface feature did Apple unsuccessfully try to patent?", "id": "56cfd515234ae51400d9bf6b", "answers": [{"text": "rotational user inputs", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which rival company sued Apple in 2005 and 2006?", "id": "56cfd515234ae51400d9bf6c", "answers": [{"text": "Creative Technology", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Apple's application to the United States Patent and Trademark Office for a patent on \"rotational user inputs\", as used on the iPod interface, received a third \"non-final rejection\" (NFR) in August 2005. Also in August 2005, Creative Technology, one of Apple's main rivals in the MP3 player market, announced that it held a patent on part of the music selection interface used by the iPod line, which Creative Technology dubbed the \"Zen Patent\", granted on August 9, 2005. On May 15, 2006, Creative filed another suit against Apple with the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. Creative also asked the United States International Trade Commission to investigate whether Apple was breaching U.S. trade laws by importing iPods into the United States."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did Creative and Apple come to an agreement over their intellectual property issues?", "id": "56cd673a62d2951400fa657e", "answers": [{"text": "August 24, 2006", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money did Apple have to pay to Creative as a result of their agreement?", "id": "56cd673a62d2951400fa657f", "answers": [{"text": "$100 million", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What program did Creative join in order to make iPod peripherals?", "id": "56cd673a62d2951400fa6580", "answers": [{"text": "Made for iPod", "answer_start": 412}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Apple pay to Creative Technologies to settle their 2006 suit?", "id": "56cfd66d234ae51400d9bf6f", "answers": [{"text": "$100 million", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the name of the program by which 3rd parties sell iPod accessories?", "id": "56cfd66d234ae51400d9bf70", "answers": [{"text": "the Made for iPod program", "answer_start": 408}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On August 24, 2006, Apple and Creative announced a broad settlement to end their legal disputes. Apple will pay Creative US$100 million for a paid-up license, to use Creative's awarded patent in all Apple products. As part of the agreement, Apple will recoup part of its payment, if Creative is successful in licensing the patent. Creative then announced its intention to produce iPod accessories by joining the Made for iPod program."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What share of the US digital music player market does iPod hold?", "id": "56cd67e662d2951400fa6584", "answers": [{"text": "90%", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did iPod become the leader in digital music device sales?", "id": "56cd67e662d2951400fa6585", "answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much of the market did iPod claim as of January 2007?", "id": "56cd67e662d2951400fa6586", "answers": [{"text": "72.7%", "answer_start": 441}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who reported Apple's market share in 2007?", "id": "56cd67e662d2951400fa6587", "answers": [{"text": "Bloomberg Online", "answer_start": 460}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Approximately what percentage of the hard drive-based music player sales does iPod have since 2004?", "id": "56cfd6f8234ae51400d9bf73", "answers": [{"text": "90%", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Approximately what percentage of the overall music player market does the iPod line have?", "id": "56cfd6f8234ae51400d9bf74", "answers": [{"text": "70%", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the iPod's US market share peak at in 2005?", "id": "56cfd6f8234ae51400d9bf75", "answers": [{"text": "74%", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Since October 2004, the iPod line has dominated digital music player sales in the United States, with over 90% of the market for hard drive-based players and over 70% of the market for all types of players. During the year from January 2004 to January 2005, the high rate of sales caused its U.S. market share to increase from 31% to 65% and in July 2005, this market share was measured at 74%. In January 2007 the iPod market share reached 72.7% according to Bloomberg Online."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did HP unveil their own edition of the iPod?", "id": "56cd687562d2951400fa6592", "answers": [{"text": "January 8, 2004", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does HP stand for?", "id": "56cd687562d2951400fa6593", "answers": [{"text": "Hewlett-Packard", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What major retailer sold HP-branded iPod devices?", "id": "56cd687562d2951400fa6594", "answers": [{"text": "Wal-Mart", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "HP-branded iPods accounted for what share of iPod purchases?", "id": "56cd687562d2951400fa6595", "answers": [{"text": "5%", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of terms and conditions led HP to leave the iPod market?", "id": "56cd687562d2951400fa6596", "answers": [{"text": "unfavorable", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which computer company sold iPods from 2004-05 as part of a license agreement with Apple?", "id": "56cfd727234ae51400d9bf79", "answers": [{"text": "HP", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On January 8, 2004, Hewlett-Packard (HP) announced that they would sell HP-branded iPods under a license agreement from Apple. Several new retail channels were used\u2014including Wal-Mart\u2014and these iPods eventually made up 5% of all iPod sales. In July 2005, HP stopped selling iPods due to unfavorable terms and conditions imposed by Apple."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many iPods did Apple reveal it sold in April of 2007?", "id": "56cd73af62d2951400fa65c4", "answers": [{"text": "hundred million", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much of Apple's revenue was generated by iPod purchases in Q2 of 2007?", "id": "56cd73af62d2951400fa65c5", "answers": [{"text": "32%", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an item that owners of iPods may also purchase?", "id": "56cd73af62d2951400fa65c6", "answers": [{"text": "Mac computers", "answer_start": 374}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much revenue did Apple announce for Q2 2007?", "id": "56cd73af62d2951400fa65c7", "answers": [{"text": "$5.2 billion", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year did Apple top sales of 100,000,000 iPods?", "id": "56d12cc017492d1400aabb58", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As of 2007, what percentage of Apple's revenue came from iPod sales?", "id": "56d12cc017492d1400aabb59", "answers": [{"text": "32%", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On April 9, 2007, it was announced that Apple had sold its one-hundred millionth iPod, making it the biggest selling digital music player of all time. In April 2007, Apple reported second quarter revenue of US$5.2 billion, of which 32% was made from iPod sales. Apple and several industry analysts suggest that iPod users are likely to purchase other Apple products such as Mac computers."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was Apple's revenue for Q3 2007?", "id": "56cd742662d2951400fa65d4", "answers": [{"text": "$6.22 billion", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Desktop computers made up how much of Apple's revenue in the third quarter of 2007?", "id": "56cd742662d2951400fa65d5", "answers": [{"text": "19.22%", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money did Apple make in 2007?", "id": "56cd742662d2951400fa65d6", "answers": [{"text": "$3.5 billion", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the value of Apple's cash assets at the end of 2007?", "id": "56cd742662d2951400fa65d7", "answers": [{"text": "$15.4 billion", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With the help of strong iPod sales, how much profit did they turn in 2007?", "id": "56d12d1e17492d1400aabb64", "answers": [{"text": "$3.5 billion", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On October 22, 2007, Apple reported quarterly revenue of US$6.22 billion, of which 30.69% came from Apple notebook sales, 19.22% from desktop sales and 26% from iPod sales. Apple's 2007 year revenue increased to US$24.01 billion with US$3.5 billion in profits. Apple ended the fiscal year 2007 with US$15.4 billion in cash and no debt."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did Apple reveal it had achieved its highest quarterly earnings to date?", "id": "56cd788162d2951400fa65e6", "answers": [{"text": "January 22, 2008", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Apple's highest quarterly profit as of Q1 2008?", "id": "56cd788162d2951400fa65e7", "answers": [{"text": "$1.58 billion", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much of Apple's revenue resulted from purchases of laptop computers in Q1 2008?", "id": "56cd788162d2951400fa65e8", "answers": [{"text": "21%", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of Apples revenue in 1Q08 came from iPods, more than doubling the percentage of notebook sales?", "id": "56d12dc117492d1400aabb76", "answers": [{"text": "42%", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On January 22, 2008, Apple reported the best quarter revenue and earnings in Apple's history so far. Apple posted record revenue of US$9.6 billion and record net quarterly profit of US$1.58 billion. 42% of Apple's revenue for the First fiscal quarter of 2008 came from iPod sales, followed by 21% from notebook sales and 16% from desktop sales."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was Chief Financial Officer of Apple in July of 2009?", "id": "56cd796762d2951400fa65ed", "answers": [{"text": "Peter Oppenheimer", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what year did iPod purchases begin to continuously decline?", "id": "56cd796762d2951400fa65ef", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much revenue did iPod sales account for in Q4 2008?", "id": "56cd796762d2951400fa65f0", "answers": [{"text": "14.21%", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Approximately how many total iPods had been sold by late 2009?", "id": "56d12e4917492d1400aabb84", "answers": [{"text": "220 million", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which was the first year since iPod's introduction that no new model was released?", "id": "56d12e4917492d1400aabb86", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 646}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On October 21, 2008, Apple reported that only 14.21% of total revenue for fiscal quarter 4 of year 2008 came from iPods. At the September 9, 2009 keynote presentation at the Apple Event, Phil Schiller announced total cumulative sales of iPods exceeded 220 million. The continual decline of iPod sales since 2009 has not been a surprising trend for the Apple corporation, as Apple CFO Peter Oppenheimer explained in June 2009: \"We expect our traditional MP3 players to decline over time as we cannibalize ourselves with the iPod Touch and the iPhone.\" Since 2009, the company's iPod sales have continually decreased every financial quarter and in 2013 a new model was not introduced onto the market."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What rank did iPod achieve among various computer products in 2006?", "id": "56cd7a3f62d2951400fa6600", "answers": [{"text": "fourth", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of reviews do iPods tend to get?", "id": "56cd7a3f62d2951400fa6601", "answers": [{"text": "favorable", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two companies use the AAC format for music files?", "id": "56cd7a3f62d2951400fa6602", "answers": [{"text": "Sony Ericsson and Nokia", "answer_start": 535}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What file format is not supported by Sony Ericsson and Nokia?", "id": "56cd7a3f62d2951400fa6603", "answers": [{"text": "WMA", "answer_start": 593}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which publication praised iPods for revolutionizing the industry?", "id": "56cd7a3f62d2951400fa6604", "answers": [{"text": "PC World", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which phone manufacturers adopted the AAC file format to become better iPod-compatible?", "id": "56d12f4217492d1400aabb9a", "answers": [{"text": "Sony Ericsson and Nokia", "answer_start": 535}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which PC magazine praised the iPod for having \"altered the landscape for portable audio players\"?", "id": "56d12f4217492d1400aabb9b", "answers": [{"text": "PC World", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "iPods have won several awards ranging from engineering excellence,[not in citation given] to most innovative audio product, to fourth best computer product of 2006. iPods often receive favorable reviews; scoring on looks, clean design, and ease of use. PC World says that iPod line has \"altered the landscape for portable audio players\". Several industries are modifying their products to work better with both the iPod line and the AAC audio format. Examples include CD copy-protection schemes, and mobile phones, such as phones from Sony Ericsson and Nokia, which play AAC files rather than WMA."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Aside from recreational use, in what other arena have iPods found use?", "id": "56cd7ab462d2951400fa660a", "answers": [{"text": "business", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are two purposes for which iPods are used in business?", "id": "56cd7ab462d2951400fa660b", "answers": [{"text": "communication and training", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of a company that uses iPods as part of its training?", "id": "56cd7ab462d2951400fa660c", "answers": [{"text": "Royal and Western Infirmaries", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Royal and Western Infirmaries located?", "id": "56cd7ab462d2951400fa660d", "answers": [{"text": "Glasgow, Scotland", "answer_start": 334}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Besides earning a reputation as a respected entertainment device, the iPod has also been accepted as a business device. Government departments, major institutions and international organisations have turned to the iPod line as a delivery mechanism for business communication and training, such as the Royal and Western Infirmaries in Glasgow, Scotland, where iPods are used to train new staff."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What University gave an iPod to first year students in 2004?", "id": "56cd7b4162d2951400fa6613", "answers": [{"text": "Duke", "answer_start": 284}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What publication lauded the iPod for enabling people to listen to thousands of songs on a portable player?", "id": "56cd7b4162d2951400fa6614", "answers": [{"text": "Entertainment Weekly", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which major university began issuing iPods to all incoming freshmen starting in 2004?", "id": "56d12fe417492d1400aabbac", "answers": [{"text": "Duke", "answer_start": 284}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which magazine placed the iPod on its Best of the Decade list for the 00's?", "id": "56d12fe417492d1400aabbad", "answers": [{"text": "Entertainment Weekly", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "iPods have also gained popularity for use in education. Apple offers more information on educational uses for iPods on their website, including a collection of lesson plans. There has also been academic research done in this area in nursing education and more general K-16 education. Duke University provided iPods to all incoming freshmen in the fall of 2004, and the iPod program continues today with modifications. Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, \"best-of\" list, saying, \"Yes, children, there really was a time when we roamed the earth without thousands of our favorite jams tucked comfortably into our hip pockets. Weird.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What period of music did the iPod help bring to a close?", "id": "56cd7bc062d2951400fa6618", "answers": [{"text": "the Album Era", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which industry did the iPod have a major impact?", "id": "56cd7bc062d2951400fa6619", "answers": [{"text": "music industry", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the iPod promote that prompted a big change in the music industry?", "id": "56cd7bc062d2951400fa661a", "answers": [{"text": "digital music storage", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The ease of collecting singles with the iPod and iTunes is credited with ending what \"era\" in pop music?", "id": "56d130df17492d1400aabbc0", "answers": [{"text": "the Album Era", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The iPod has also been credited with accelerating shifts within the music industry. The iPod's popularization of digital music storage allows users to abandon listening to entire albums and instead be able to choose specific singles which hastened the end of the Album Era in popular music."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How long were 5th generation iPods marketed as being able to function before needing to be charged?", "id": "56cd7ca662d2951400fa6629", "answers": [{"text": "14 hours", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which website criticized Apple's battery life claims?", "id": "56cd7ca662d2951400fa662a", "answers": [{"text": "MP3.com", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Apple sued for issues relating to its battery life?", "id": "56cd7ca662d2951400fa662b", "answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Discrepancy in what spec brought about a class action suit against Apple in 2003?", "id": "56d1314517492d1400aabbce", "answers": [{"text": "battery life", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many hours of real-time battery life did the 5th-generation iPod test at, compared to its advertised 14 hours?", "id": "56d1314517492d1400aabbcf", "answers": [{"text": "8 hours", "answer_start": 347}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The advertised battery life on most models is different from the real-world achievable life. For example, the fifth generation 30 GB iPod is advertised as having up to 14 hours of music playback. An MP3.com report stated that this was virtually unachievable under real-life usage conditions, with a writer for MP3.com getting on average less than 8 hours from an iPod. In 2003, class action lawsuits were brought against Apple complaining that the battery charges lasted for shorter lengths of time than stated and that the battery degraded over time. The lawsuits were settled by offering individuals either US$50 store credit or a free battery replacement."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Whose directions can be followed to interact with iPod batteries?", "id": "56cd7d3262d2951400fa6632", "answers": [{"text": "third-party vendors", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Apple originally tell consumers to purchase when their iPod batteries no longer worked?", "id": "56cd7d3262d2951400fa6633", "answers": [{"text": "refurbished replacement iPod", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of battery does the iPod use?", "id": "56cd7d3262d2951400fa6634", "answers": [{"text": "lithium-ion", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which iPod component did Apple somewhat inconveniently made non-replaceable?", "id": "56d131c817492d1400aabbe0", "answers": [{"text": "batteries", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of rechargeable battery does Apple use in its iPods?", "id": "56d131c817492d1400aabbe1", "answers": [{"text": "lithium-ion", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "iPod batteries are not designed to be removed or replaced by the user, although some users have been able to open the case themselves, usually following instructions from third-party vendors of iPod replacement batteries. Compounding the problem, Apple initially would not replace worn-out batteries. The official policy was that the customer should buy a refurbished replacement iPod, at a cost almost equivalent to a brand new one. All lithium-ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use (guidelines are available for prolonging life-span) and this situation led to a market for third-party battery replacement kits."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did Apple launch on November 14, 2003?", "id": "56cd7db262d2951400fa6638", "answers": [{"text": "battery replacement program", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did iPod owners originally have to pay for replacement batteries?", "id": "56cd7db262d2951400fa6639", "answers": [{"text": "$99", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was needed to replace an iPod Nano battery?", "id": "56cd7db262d2951400fa663a", "answers": [{"text": "soldering tools", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What generation saw iPod batterys being affixed with glue?", "id": "56cd7db262d2951400fa663b", "answers": [{"text": "Fifth generation", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Apple begin a formal battery replacement program?", "id": "56d1321f17492d1400aabbf4", "answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the original price for a replacement battery from Apple?", "id": "56d1321f17492d1400aabbf5", "answers": [{"text": "$99", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which iPod model has its battery soldered into the unit?", "id": "56d1321f17492d1400aabbf6", "answers": [{"text": "Nano", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Apple announced a battery replacement program on November 14, 2003, a week before a high publicity stunt and website by the Neistat Brothers. The initial cost was US$99, and it was lowered to US$59 in 2005. One week later, Apple offered an extended iPod warranty for US$59. For the iPod Nano, soldering tools are needed because the battery is soldered onto the main board. Fifth generation iPods have their battery attached to the backplate with adhesive."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What part of the iPod Nano was the cause of the overheating issue?", "id": "56cd7e4462d2951400fa664b", "answers": [{"text": "battery", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What program allowed users to exchange iPod Nanos which suffered from overheating problems with new safe models?", "id": "56cd7e4462d2951400fa664d", "answers": [{"text": "Apple product replacement program", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first generation iPod Nano may overheat and pose a health and safety risk. Affected iPod Nanos were sold between September 2005 and December 2006. This is due to a flawed battery used by Apple from a single battery manufacturer. Apple recommended that owners of affected iPod Nanos stop using them. Under an Apple product replacement program, affected Nanos were replaced with current generation Nanos free of charge."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are two subjects of criticism of iPods?", "id": "56cd7ef762d2951400fa6652", "answers": [{"text": "short life-span and fragile hard drives", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What website ran a survey to learn how often iPods ceased working?", "id": "56cd7ef762d2951400fa6653", "answers": [{"text": "MacInTouch", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How often did MacInTouch discover iPods stopped working, according to their survey?", "id": "56cd7ef762d2951400fa6654", "answers": [{"text": "13.7%", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did iPod owners take issue with the fragility of the iPod screen?", "id": "56cd7ef762d2951400fa6655", "answers": [{"text": "late 2005", "answer_start": 524}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Apple include with the iPod to resolve the screen problem?", "id": "56cd7ef762d2951400fa6656", "answers": [{"text": "protective sleeves", "answer_start": 802}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which type of iPod storage proved more reliable than hard drive storage?", "id": "56d133d517492d1400aabc2b", "answers": [{"text": "flash memory", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The first generation nano suffered from which component getting damaged easily?", "id": "56d133d517492d1400aabc2c", "answers": [{"text": "screen", "answer_start": 651}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "iPods have been criticized for alleged short life-span and fragile hard drives. A 2005 survey conducted on the MacInTouch website found that the iPod line had an average failure rate of 13.7% (although they note that comments from respondents indicate that \"the true iPod failure rate may be lower than it appears\"). It concluded that some models were more durable than others. In particular, failure rates for iPods employing hard drives was usually above 20% while those with flash memory had a failure rate below 10%. In late 2005, many users complained that the surface of the first generation iPod Nano can become scratched easily, rendering the screen unusable. A class action lawsuit was also filed. Apple initially considered the issue a minor defect, but later began shipping these iPods with protective sleeves.[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What publication revealed information about the working conditions of iPod labor?", "id": "56cd7f9162d2951400fa665c", "answers": [{"text": "The Mail on Sunday", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What governs iPod manufacturers' labor policies?", "id": "56cd7f9162d2951400fa665f", "answers": [{"text": "Apple's Code of Conduct", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of the time did The Mail on Sunday claim workers labored for at least seven straight days?", "id": "56cd7f9162d2951400fa6660", "answers": [{"text": "25", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which British tabloid accused Apple of unfair worker conditions in 2006?", "id": "56d13443e7d4791d00901feb", "answers": [{"text": "The Mail", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of Apple's manufacturing employees worked over 60 hour weeks?", "id": "56d13443e7d4791d00901fec", "answers": [{"text": "35%", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On June 11, 2006, the British tabloid The Mail on Sunday reported that iPods are mainly manufactured by workers who earn no more than US$50 per month and work 15-hour shifts. Apple investigated the case with independent auditors and found that, while some of the plant's labour practices met Apple's Code of Conduct, others did not: employees worked over 60 hours a week for 35% of the time, and worked more than six consecutive days for 25% of the time."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Apple partner with to monitor its labor policies?", "id": "56cd81df62d2951400fa6666", "answers": [{"text": "Verit\u00e9", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What organization did Apple join to monitor its labor policies?", "id": "56cd81df62d2951400fa6667", "answers": [{"text": "Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company was found to be violating Apple's labor policies?", "id": "56cd81df62d2951400fa6668", "answers": [{"text": "Foxconn", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the Foxconn plant located?", "id": "56cd81df62d2951400fa6669", "answers": [{"text": "Longhua, Shenzhen", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Apple's manufacturing company that was accused of overworking its employees?", "id": "56d134c2e7d4791d00901ff7", "answers": [{"text": "Foxconn", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What auditor company did Apple hire to oversee worker conditions following the controversy?", "id": "56d134c2e7d4791d00901ff8", "answers": [{"text": "Verit\u00e9", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Foxconn workers first unionize?", "id": "56d134c2e7d4791d00901ff9", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Foxconn, Apple's manufacturer, initially denied the abuses, but when an auditing team from Apple found that workers had been working longer hours than were allowed under Chinese law, they promised to prevent workers working more hours than the code allowed. Apple hired a workplace standards auditing company, Verit\u00e9, and joined the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group to oversee the measures. On December 31, 2006, workers at the Foxconn factory in Longhua, Shenzhen formed a union affiliated with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, the Chinese government-approved union umbrella organization."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Chinese Foxconn emplyees kill themselves?", "id": "56cd828562d2951400fa6670", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What disappeared in 2009 prior to the suicide of a Foxconn employee?", "id": "56cd828562d2951400fa6672", "answers": [{"text": "Apple prototype", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did several Foxconn workers commit suicide?", "id": "56d13543e7d4791d00902004", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2010, a number of workers committed suicide at a Foxconn operations in China. Apple, HP, and others stated that they were investigating the situation. Foxconn guards have been videotaped beating employees. Another employee killed himself in 2009 when an Apple prototype went missing, and claimed in messages to friends, that he had been beaten and interrogated."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What attribute of the United States could be thought to lead more international and less domestic employment opportunities?", "id": "56cd834d62d2951400fa668a", "answers": [{"text": "innovation", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As of 2006, the iPod was produced by about 14,000 workers in the U.S. and 27,000 overseas. Further, the salaries attributed to this product were overwhelmingly distributed to highly skilled U.S. professionals, as opposed to lower skilled U.S. retail employees or overseas manufacturing labor. One interpretation of this result is that U.S. innovation can create more jobs overseas than domestically."}, {"qas": [{"question": "To work as a boot disk for a Mac, what file system must an iPod be formatted with?", "id": "56cfc488234ae51400d9bf47", "answers": [{"text": "HFS+", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If connected to a Windows PC when first set up, what file system will an iPod be formatted with?", "id": "56cfc488234ae51400d9bf48", "answers": [{"text": "FAT32", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "All iPods except for the iPod Touch can function in \"disk mode\" as mass storage devices to store data files but this may not be the default behavior, and in the case of the iPod Touch, requires special software.[citation needed] If an iPod is formatted on a Mac OS computer, it uses the HFS+ file system format, which allows it to serve as a boot disk for a Mac computer. If it is formatted on Windows, the FAT32 format is used. With the release of the Windows-compatible iPod, the default file system used on the iPod line switched from HFS+ to FAT32, although it can be reformatted to either file system (excluding the iPod Shuffle which is strictly FAT32). Generally, if a new iPod (excluding the iPod Shuffle) is initially plugged into a computer running Windows, it will be formatted with FAT32, and if initially plugged into a Mac running Mac OS it will be formatted with HFS+."}]}, {"title": "The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What category of game is Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cd8a5f62d2951400fa668e", "answers": [{"text": "action-adventure", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What consoles can be used to play Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cd8a5f62d2951400fa668f", "answers": [{"text": "GameCube and Wii", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Twilight Princess launched in North America?", "id": "56cd8a5f62d2951400fa6691", "answers": [{"text": "November 2006", "answer_start": 569}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When could GameCube owners purchase Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cd8a5f62d2951400fa6692", "answers": [{"text": "December 2006", "answer_start": 688}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company developed Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess?", "id": "56d1159e17492d1400aab8cc", "answers": [{"text": "Nintendo", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the Legend of Zelda:Twilight Princess originally planned for release?", "id": "56d1159e17492d1400aab8ce", "answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the Wii version of Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess released?", "id": "56d1159e17492d1400aab8cf", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 578}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "action-adventure", "answer_start": 128}], "question": "What category of game is Legend of Zelda: Australia Twilight?", "id": "5a8d7bf7df8bba001a0f9ab1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "GameCube and Wii", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "What consoles can be used to play Australia Twilight?", "id": "5a8d7bf7df8bba001a0f9ab2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "November 2006", "answer_start": 569}], "question": "When was Australia Twilight launched in North America?", "id": "5a8d7bf7df8bba001a0f9ab3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "November 2006", "answer_start": 569}], "question": "When could GameCube owners purchase Australian Princess?", "id": "5a8d7bf7df8bba001a0f9ab4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 364}], "question": "What year was the Legend of Zelda: Australian Princess originally planned for release?", "id": "5a8d7bf7df8bba001a0f9ab5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess (Japanese: \u30bc\u30eb\u30c0\u306e\u4f1d\u8aac \u30c8\u30ef\u30a4\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30d7\u30ea\u30f3\u30bb\u30b9, Hepburn: Zeruda no Densetsu: Towairaito Purinsesu?) is an action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo for the GameCube and Wii home video game consoles. It is the thirteenth installment in the The Legend of Zelda series. Originally planned for release on the GameCube in November 2005, Twilight Princess was delayed by Nintendo to allow its developers to refine the game, add more content, and port it to the Wii. The Wii version was released alongside the console in North America in November 2006, and in Japan, Europe, and Australia the following month. The GameCube version was released worldwide in December 2006.[b]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who is the main character of the story?", "id": "56cd8ad162d2951400fa6698", "answers": [{"text": "Link", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What land does Link serve to protect?", "id": "56cd8ad162d2951400fa6699", "answers": [{"text": "Hyrule", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What character helped Link in Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cd8ad162d2951400fa669b", "answers": [{"text": "Midna", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the protagonist is Legend of Zelda?", "id": "56d1162317492d1400aab8ec", "answers": [{"text": "Link", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the mysterious creature that assists Link?", "id": "56d1162317492d1400aab8ee", "answers": [{"text": "Midna", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "This storyline takes place alternate from what storyline?", "id": "56d1162317492d1400aab8ef", "answers": [{"text": "The Wind Waker", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hyrule", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "What land does Ocarina serve to protect?", "id": "5a8d800edf8bba001a0f9abb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Midna", "answer_start": 261}], "question": "What character helped Link in Ocarina Princess?", "id": "5a8d800edf8bba001a0f9abc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Link", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "Who is the protagonist of Midna of Time?", "id": "5a8d800edf8bba001a0f9abd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Wind Waker", "answer_start": 378}], "question": "From what alternate dimension does this dimension take place from?", "id": "5a8d800edf8bba001a0f9abe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hundreds of years after Ocarina of Time", "answer_start": 289}], "question": "When does the Waker take place?", "id": "5a8d800edf8bba001a0f9abf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The story focuses on series protagonist Link, who tries to prevent Hyrule from being engulfed by a corrupted parallel dimension known as the Twilight Realm. To do so, he takes the form of both a Hylian and a wolf, and is assisted by a mysterious creature named Midna. The game takes place hundreds of years after Ocarina of Time and Majora's Mask, in an alternate timeline from The Wind Waker."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What accolade did Twilight Princess receive after its release?", "id": "56cd8b5862d2951400fa66a2", "answers": [{"text": "Game of the Year", "answer_start": 278}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Under which brand was Twilight Princess for the Nintendo Wii published?", "id": "56cd8b5862d2951400fa66a3", "answers": [{"text": "Nintendo Selects", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is the HD version of Twilight Princess slated for launch?", "id": "56cd8b5862d2951400fa66a4", "answers": [{"text": "March 2016", "answer_start": 530}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At the time of release which episode of the Legend of Zelda series was considered the greatest entry?", "id": "56d116d717492d1400aab8f4", "answers": [{"text": "Twilight Princess", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Game of the Year awards did Twilight Princess receive?", "id": "56d116d717492d1400aab8f5", "answers": [{"text": "several", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Twilight Princess the most critically acclaimed game?", "id": "56d116d717492d1400aab8f6", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year will the game release a high-definition port for the Wii U console?", "id": "56d116d717492d1400aab8f7", "answers": [{"text": "2016", "answer_start": 536}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Game of the Year", "answer_start": 278}], "question": "What accolade did Radar Princess receive after its release?", "id": "5a8d8412df8bba001a0f9ac5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nintendo Selects", "answer_start": 405}], "question": "Under which brand was Radar Princess for the Nintendo Wii published?", "id": "5a8d8412df8bba001a0f9ac6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "March 2016", "answer_start": 530}], "question": "When is the HD version of Radar Princess slated for launch?", "id": "5a8d8412df8bba001a0f9ac7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Twilight Princess", "answer_start": 28}], "question": "At the time of release what episode of Legend of Radar series was considered the greatest story? ", "id": "5a8d8412df8bba001a0f9ac8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "several", "answer_start": 270}], "question": "How many Game of the Year awards did Radar Princess receive?", "id": "5a8d8412df8bba001a0f9ac9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "At the time of its release, Twilight Princess was considered the greatest entry in the Zelda series by many critics, including writers for 1UP.com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, IGN, and The Washington Post. It received several Game of the Year awards, and was the most critically acclaimed game of 2006. In 2011, the Wii version was rereleased under the Nintendo Selects label. A high-definition port for the Wii U, The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD, will be released in March 2016."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are the three main activities in The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cd8c5762d2951400fa66a8", "answers": [{"text": "combat, exploration, and item collection", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Twilight Princess uses the control setup first employed in which previous game?", "id": "56cd8c5762d2951400fa66a9", "answers": [{"text": "Ocarina of Time", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can be used to shoot without the need to manually target enemies?", "id": "56cd8c5762d2951400fa66aa", "answers": [{"text": "L-targeting", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Link's main weapon?", "id": "56cd8c5762d2951400fa66ab", "answers": [{"text": "sword", "answer_start": 509}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What secondary weapon in Twilight Princess is analogous to a weapon featured in previous games?", "id": "56cd8c5762d2951400fa66ac", "answers": [{"text": "Clawshot", "answer_start": 640}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What genre of game is Twilight Princess?", "id": "56d118ce17492d1400aab924", "answers": [{"text": "action-adventure", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Twilight Princess follows the control scheme introduced in what game?", "id": "56d118ce17492d1400aab925", "answers": [{"text": "Ocarina of Time", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What 2 main weapons does Link use in combat?", "id": "56d118ce17492d1400aab926", "answers": [{"text": "sword and shield", "answer_start": 509}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What control can be used while targeting that allows the player to forego manual targeting?", "id": "56d118ce17492d1400aab927", "answers": [{"text": "L-targeting", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "combat, exploration, and item collection", "answer_start": 78}], "question": "What are the three main activities in The Legend of Zelda: Clawshot Princess?", "id": "5a8d8513df8bba001a0f9acf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ocarina of Time", "answer_start": 167}], "question": "Clawshot Princess uses the control setup first employed in which previous game?", "id": "5a8d8513df8bba001a0f9ad0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sword", "answer_start": 509}], "question": "What is Clawshot's main weapon?", "id": "5a8d8513df8bba001a0f9ad1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Clawshot", "answer_start": 640}], "question": "What secondary weapon in Clawshot Princess is analogous to a weapon featured in previous games?", "id": "5a8d8513df8bba001a0f9ad2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "action-adventure", "answer_start": 45}], "question": "What genre of games is Clawshot Princess?", "id": "5a8d8513df8bba001a0f9ad3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess is an action-adventure game focused on combat, exploration, and item collection. It uses the basic control scheme introduced in Ocarina of Time, including context-sensitive action buttons and L-targeting (Z-targeting on the Wii), a system that allows the player to keep Link's view focused on an enemy or important object while moving and attacking. Link can walk, run, and attack, and will automatically jump when running off of or reaching for a ledge.[c] Link uses a sword and shield in combat, complemented with secondary weapons and items, including a bow and arrows, a boomerang, bombs, and the Clawshot (similar to the Hookshot introduced earlier in the The Legend of Zelda series).[d] While L-targeting, projectile-based weapons can be fired at a target without the need for manual aiming.[c]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Many different types of interaction can be controlled by how many buttons?", "id": "56cd8d0662d2951400fa66b2", "answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where can players see what action will be performed in different scenarios?", "id": "56cd8d0662d2951400fa66b3", "answers": [{"text": "on-screen display", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If Link is not moving, where will he put the projectile he's carrying?", "id": "56cd8d0662d2951400fa66b4", "answers": [{"text": "on the ground", "answer_start": 441}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What mechanic allows one button to serve many functions?", "id": "56d1195d17492d1400aab93b", "answers": [{"text": "context-sensitive button mechanic", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What shows what action the button will trigger?", "id": "56d1195d17492d1400aab93c", "answers": [{"text": "on-screen display", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 45}], "question": "Many different types of interaction can be controlled by how many rocks?", "id": "5a8d867bdf8bba001a0f9ad9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "on-screen display", "answer_start": 172}], "question": "Where can players see what action will be performed in different rocks?", "id": "5a8d867bdf8bba001a0f9ada", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "on the ground", "answer_start": 441}], "question": "If Link is not moving, where will he put the enemy he's carrying?", "id": "5a8d867bdf8bba001a0f9adb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "context-sensitive button mechanic", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What mechanic allows two buttons to serve many functions?", "id": "5a8d867bdf8bba001a0f9adc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "on-screen display", "answer_start": 172}], "question": "What shows what action the rock will trigger?", "id": "5a8d867bdf8bba001a0f9add", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The context-sensitive button mechanic allows one button to serve a variety of functions, such as talking, opening doors, and pushing, pulling, and throwing objects.[e] The on-screen display shows what action, if any, the button will trigger, determined by the situation. For example, if Link is holding a rock, the context-sensitive button will cause Link to throw the rock if he is moving or targeting an object or enemy, or place the rock on the ground if he is standing still.[f]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where is the speaker located on the Wii console?", "id": "56cd8dbf62d2951400fa66f2", "answers": [{"text": "Wii Remote", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sound do users here when uncovering secrets in the game?", "id": "56cd8dbf62d2951400fa66f3", "answers": [{"text": "chime", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of the Wii is employed to use weapons?", "id": "56cd8dbf62d2951400fa66f4", "answers": [{"text": "Wii Remote", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Aside from the sword, what is another weapon that Link can use?", "id": "56cd8dbf62d2951400fa66f5", "answers": [{"text": "Nunchuk", "answer_start": 477}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many weapons can be equipped by Link if playing Twilight Princess on a GameCube?", "id": "56cd8dbf62d2951400fa66f6", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 682}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Wii version makes use of what kind of sensors?", "id": "56d11a1b17492d1400aab95d", "answers": [{"text": "motion", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What device on the Wii allows for sounds of a bowstring to be heard?", "id": "56d11a1b17492d1400aab95e", "answers": [{"text": "Wii Remote", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wii Remote", "answer_start": 405}], "question": "Where is the speaker located on the Midna console?", "id": "5a8d8744df8bba001a0f9ae3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "chime", "answer_start": 323}], "question": "What sound do users hear when uncovering weapons in the game?", "id": "5a8d8744df8bba001a0f9ae4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wii Remote", "answer_start": 171}], "question": "What part of the Midna is employed to use weapons?", "id": "5a8d8744df8bba001a0f9ae5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nunchuk", "answer_start": 477}], "question": "Aside from the sword, what is another weapon that Midna can use?", "id": "5a8d8744df8bba001a0f9ae6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 682}], "question": "How many weapons can be equipped by Midna if playing Twilight Princess on a GameCube?", "id": "5a8d8744df8bba001a0f9ae7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The GameCube and Wii versions feature several minor differences in their controls. The Wii version of the game makes use of the motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote. The speaker emits the sounds of a bowstring when shooting an arrow, Midna's laugh when she gives advice to Link, and the series' trademark \"chime\" when discovering secrets. The player controls Link's sword by swinging the Wii Remote. Other attacks are triggered using similar gestures with the Nunchuk. Unique to the GameCube version is the ability for the player to control the camera freely, without entering a special \"lookaround\" mode required by the Wii; however, in the GameCube version, only two of Link's secondary weapons can be equipped at a time, as opposed to four in the Wii version.[g]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many dungeon instances are provided in Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cd8e2362d2951400fa66fc", "answers": [{"text": "nine", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Link fight in dungeons?", "id": "56cd8e2362d2951400fa66fd", "answers": [{"text": "enemies", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What provides a bridge between the different dungeons?", "id": "56cd8e2362d2951400fa66fe", "answers": [{"text": "overworld", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of Link's steed?", "id": "56cd8e2362d2951400fa66ff", "answers": [{"text": "Epona", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What must Link solve throughout the game?", "id": "56d11a7017492d1400aab968", "answers": [{"text": "puzzles", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who must Link fight at the end of a dungeon level?", "id": "56d11a7017492d1400aab969", "answers": [{"text": "boss", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What connects the dungeons?", "id": "56d11a7017492d1400aab96a", "answers": [{"text": "overworld", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nine", "answer_start": 18}], "question": "How many dungeon instances are provided in Epona Princess?", "id": "5a8d8836df8bba001a0f9aed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "enemies", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "What does Epona fight in dungeons?", "id": "5a8d8836df8bba001a0f9aee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "overworld", "answer_start": 274}], "question": "What provides a bridge between the different items?", "id": "5a8d8836df8bba001a0f9aef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Epona", "answer_start": 337}], "question": "What is the name of Link's enemy?", "id": "5a8d8836df8bba001a0f9af0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "puzzles", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "What must Epona solve throughout the game?", "id": "5a8d8836df8bba001a0f9af1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The game features nine dungeons\u2014large, contained areas where Link battles enemies, collects items, and solves puzzles. Link navigates these dungeons and fights a boss at the end in order to obtain an item or otherwise advance the plot. The dungeons are connected by a large overworld, across which Link can travel on foot; on his horse, Epona; or by teleporting."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What form does Link take in the Twilight Realm?", "id": "56cd8ec662d2951400fa6704", "answers": [{"text": "Wolf", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Link's main form of offense in wolf form?", "id": "56cd8ec662d2951400fa6705", "answers": [{"text": "biting", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Hostile spirits are also known as what?", "id": "56cd8ec662d2951400fa6706", "answers": [{"text": "Poes", "answer_start": 1014}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who provides helpful information to Link?", "id": "56cd8ec662d2951400fa6707", "answers": [{"text": "Midna", "answer_start": 633}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Link's wolf form is faster than what other form?", "id": "56cd8ec662d2951400fa6708", "answers": [{"text": "human", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Link transform into when he enters the Twilight Realm?", "id": "56d11af517492d1400aab987", "answers": [{"text": "Wolf", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is Midna?", "id": "56d11af517492d1400aab989", "answers": [{"text": "small imp-like creature", "answer_start": 642}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are Poes?", "id": "56d11af517492d1400aab98b", "answers": [{"text": "enemy ghosts", "answer_start": 995}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wolf", "answer_start": 351}], "question": "What form does Epona take in the Twilight Realm?", "id": "5a8d89b5df8bba001a0f9af7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "biting", "answer_start": 291}], "question": "What is Epona's main form of offense in wolf form?", "id": "5a8d89b5df8bba001a0f9af8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Poes", "answer_start": 1014}], "question": "Hostile Eponas are also known as what?", "id": "5a8d89b5df8bba001a0f9af9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Midna", "answer_start": 633}], "question": "Who provides helpful information to Poes?", "id": "5a8d89b5df8bba001a0f9afa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "human", "answer_start": 435}], "question": "Link's Edna form is faster than what other form?", "id": "5a8d89b5df8bba001a0f9afb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "When Link enters the Twilight Realm, the void that corrupts parts of Hyrule, he transforms into a wolf.[h] He is eventually able to transform between his Hylian and wolf forms at will. As a wolf, Link loses the ability to use his sword, shield, or any secondary items; he instead attacks by biting, and defends primarily by dodging attacks. However, \"Wolf Link\" gains several key advantages in return\u2014he moves faster than he does as a human (though riding Epona is still faster) and digs holes to create new passages and uncover buried items, and has improved senses, including the ability to follow scent trails.[i] He also carries Midna, a small imp-like creature who gives him hints, uses an energy field to attack enemies, helps him jump long distances, and eventually allows Link to \"warp\" to any of several preset locations throughout the overworld.[j] Using Link's wolf senses, the player can see and listen to the wandering spirits of those affected by the Twilight, as well as hunt for enemy ghosts named Poes.[k]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does AI stand for?", "id": "56cd8f4b62d2951400fa670e", "answers": [{"text": "artificial intelligence", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a game whose enemies have more rudimentary programming than those in Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cd8f4b62d2951400fa670f", "answers": [{"text": "The Wind Waker", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do enemies do to defeated companions?", "id": "56cd8f4b62d2951400fa6711", "answers": [{"text": "react", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What feature of the enemies in Twilight Princess is more advanced?", "id": "56d1283617492d1400aabac2", "answers": [{"text": "artificial intelligence", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who can enemies detect from a greater distance than in previous games?", "id": "56d1283617492d1400aabac3", "answers": [{"text": "Link", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Wind Waker", "answer_start": 106}], "question": "What is a game whose enemies have more rudimentary programming than those in Twilight Enemies?", "id": "5a8d9051df8bba001a0f9b01", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "react", "answer_start": 130}], "question": "What does do previous games do to defeated companions?", "id": "5a8d9051df8bba001a0f9b02", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "artificial intelligence", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What feature of the enemies in Twilight Enemies is more advanced?", "id": "5a8d9051df8bba001a0f9b03", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Link", "answer_start": 223}], "question": "Who can enemies detect from a greater distance than in Twilight Enemies?", "id": "5a8d9051df8bba001a0f9b04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Enemies", "answer_start": 122}], "question": "Who reacts to artificial intelligence that passes by?", "id": "5a8d9051df8bba001a0f9b05", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The artificial intelligence (AI) of enemies in Twilight Princess is more advanced than that of enemies in The Wind Waker. Enemies react to defeated companions and to arrows or slingshot pellets that pass by, and can detect Link from a greater distance than was possible in previous games."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Through what can Link's reaction and mood can be discerned?", "id": "56cd8ffa62d2951400fa6720", "answers": [{"text": "nods and facial expressions", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which person has the most spoken dialogue in the game?", "id": "56cd8ffa62d2951400fa6721", "answers": [{"text": "Midna", "answer_start": 434}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who provided the basis for Midna's voice?", "id": "56cd8ffa62d2951400fa6722", "answers": [{"text": "Akiko K\u014dmoto", "answer_start": 659}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country does Akiko Komoto come from?", "id": "56cd8ffa62d2951400fa6723", "answers": [{"text": "Japan", "answer_start": 636}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Link say when attacking?", "id": "56d128ed17492d1400aabad9", "answers": [{"text": "grunts", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does Link express emotions?", "id": "56d128ed17492d1400aabada", "answers": [{"text": "nods and facial expressions", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What character has the most voice acting?", "id": "56d128ed17492d1400aabadb", "answers": [{"text": "Midna", "answer_start": 434}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does the voice of Midna?", "id": "56d128ed17492d1400aabadc", "answers": [{"text": "Akiko K\u014dmoto", "answer_start": 659}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nods and facial expressions", "answer_start": 253}], "question": "Through what can Link's verbalizations be discerned?", "id": "5a8d914edf8bba001a0f9b0b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Midna", "answer_start": 434}], "question": "Which person has the most nods in the game?", "id": "5a8d914edf8bba001a0f9b0c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Akiko K\u014dmoto", "answer_start": 659}], "question": "Who provided the basis for Zelda's voice?", "id": "5a8d914edf8bba001a0f9b0d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Japan", "answer_start": 636}], "question": "What country does Zelda come from?", "id": "5a8d914edf8bba001a0f9b0e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "grunts", "answer_start": 133}], "question": "What does Zelda say when attacking?", "id": "5a8d914edf8bba001a0f9b0f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "There is very little voice acting in the game, as is the case in most Zelda titles to date. Link remains silent in conversation, but grunts when attacking or injured and gasps when surprised. His emotions and responses are largely indicated visually by nods and facial expressions. Other characters have similar language-independent verbalizations, including laughter, surprised or fearful exclamations, and screams. The character of Midna has the most voice acting\u2014her on-screen dialog is often accompanied by a babble of pseudo-speech, which was produced by scrambling the phonemes of English phrases[better source needed] sampled by Japanese voice actress Akiko K\u014dmoto."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is Link's job at the start of Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cd92e562d2951400fa6728", "answers": [{"text": "ranch hand", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do the Bulbins take from Ordon?", "id": "56cd92e562d2951400fa672a", "answers": [{"text": "children", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who releases Link from the Realm of Twilight?", "id": "56cd92e562d2951400fa672b", "answers": [{"text": "Midna", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Link have to gather in order to complete each area?", "id": "56cd92e562d2951400fa672c", "answers": [{"text": "Tears of Light", "answer_start": 940}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Link working as a ranch hand?", "id": "56d1298217492d1400aabaf8", "answers": [{"text": "Ordon Village", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who attacks the village?", "id": "56d1298217492d1400aabaf9", "answers": [{"text": "Bulblins", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What must Link collect?", "id": "56d1298217492d1400aabafb", "answers": [{"text": "Tears of Light", "answer_start": 940}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ranch hand", "answer_start": 144}], "question": "What is the Light Spirits job at the start of Twilight Princess?", "id": "5a8d9520df8bba001a0f9b15", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "children", "answer_start": 247}], "question": "What do the Bulbins take from Link?", "id": "5a8d9520df8bba001a0f9b16", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Midna", "answer_start": 494}], "question": "Who releases Bulbins from the Realm of Twilight?", "id": "5a8d9520df8bba001a0f9b17", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tears of Light", "answer_start": 940}], "question": "What dos Midna have to gather in order to complete each area?", "id": "5a8d9520df8bba001a0f9b18", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ordon Village", "answer_start": 158}], "question": "Where is Midna working as a ranch hand?", "id": "5a8d9520df8bba001a0f9b19", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Twilight Princess takes place several centuries after Ocarina of Time and Majora's Mask, and begins with a youth named Link who is working as a ranch hand in Ordon Village. One day, the village is attacked by Bulblins, who carry off the village's children with Link in pursuit before he encounters a wall of Twilight. A Shadow Beast pulls him beyond the wall into the Realm of Twilight, where he is transformed into a wolf and imprisoned. Link is soon freed by an imp-like Twilight being named Midna, who dislikes Link but agrees to help him if he obeys her unconditionally. She guides him to Princess Zelda. Zelda explains that Zant, the King of the Twilight, has stolen the light from three of the four Light Spirits and conquered Hyrule. In order to save Hyrule, Link must first restore the Light Spirits by entering the Twilight-covered areas and, as a wolf, recover the Spirits' lost light. He must do this by collecting the multiple \"Tears of Light\"; once all the Tears of Light are collected for one area, he restores that area's Light Spirit. As he restores them, the Light Spirits return Link to his Hylian form."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does Link assist Midna in collection?", "id": "56cd937162d2951400fa6732", "answers": [{"text": "Fused Shadows", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who attacks Link and Midna when they've finished their collection tasks?", "id": "56cd937162d2951400fa6733", "answers": [{"text": "Zant", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What weapon can transform Link back to his original self?", "id": "56cd937162d2951400fa6734", "answers": [{"text": "Master Sword", "answer_start": 689}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who saves Midna?", "id": "56cd937162d2951400fa6735", "answers": [{"text": "Zelda", "answer_start": 657}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where do the Zoras come from?", "id": "56cd937162d2951400fa6736", "answers": [{"text": "Lanayru", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Link help Midna find?", "id": "56d12a1317492d1400aabb10", "answers": [{"text": "Fused Shadows", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who ambushes Link and Midna?", "id": "56d12a1317492d1400aabb12", "answers": [{"text": "Zant", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Link discover he needs to find to return to human form?", "id": "56d12a1317492d1400aabb13", "answers": [{"text": "Master Sword", "answer_start": 689}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who sacrifices herself to save Midna?", "id": "56d12a1317492d1400aabb14", "answers": [{"text": "Zelda", "answer_start": 657}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Fused Shadows", "answer_start": 319}], "question": "What does Link assist Gorons in collecting?", "id": "5a8d9a35df8bba001a0f9b1f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Zant", "answer_start": 355}], "question": "Who attacks Gorons and Eldin when they've finished their collection?", "id": "5a8d9a35df8bba001a0f9b20", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Master Sword", "answer_start": 689}], "question": "What weapon can transform Zelda back to his original self?", "id": "5a8d9a35df8bba001a0f9b21", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Zelda", "answer_start": 727}], "question": "Who saves Link?", "id": "5a8d9a35df8bba001a0f9b22", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lanayru", "answer_start": 247}], "question": "Where do the Eldin come from?", "id": "5a8d9a35df8bba001a0f9b23", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During this time, Link also helps Midna find the Fused Shadows, fragments of a relic containing powerful dark magic. In return, she helps Link find Ordon Village's children while helping the monkeys of Faron, the Gorons of Eldin, and the Zoras of Lanayru. Once Link has restored the Light Spirits and Midna has all the Fused Shadows, they are ambushed by Zant. After he relieves Midna of the Fused Shadow fragments, she ridicules him for abusing his tribe's magic, but Zant reveals that his power comes from another source as he uses it to turn Link back into a wolf, and then leaves Midna in Hyrule to die from the world's light. Bringing a dying Midna to Zelda, Link learns he needs the Master Sword to return to human form. Zelda sacrifices herself to heal Midna with her power before vanishing mysteriously. Midna is moved by Zelda's sacrifice, and begins to care more about Link and the fate of the light world."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does Link obtain that gives him control over his transformations?", "id": "56cd942362d2951400fa673c", "answers": [{"text": "Shadow Crystal", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does Midna take Link after he acquires the Master Sword?", "id": "56cd942362d2951400fa673d", "answers": [{"text": "Mirror of Twilight", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Mirror of Twilight used to fight prior to Zant?", "id": "56cd942362d2951400fa673e", "answers": [{"text": "Ganondorf", "answer_start": 620}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Ganondorf located after Zant's defeat?", "id": "56cd942362d2951400fa673f", "answers": [{"text": "Hyrule Castle", "answer_start": 1432}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose body is used as a proxy by Ganondorf in order to fight Link?", "id": "56cd942362d2951400fa6740", "answers": [{"text": "Zelda's", "answer_start": 1531}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What allows Link to switch between his two forms?", "id": "56d12adf17492d1400aabb28", "answers": [{"text": "Shadow Crystal", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the only known gateway between Twilight Realm & Hyrule?", "id": "56d12adf17492d1400aabb29", "answers": [{"text": "Gerudo Desert", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is revealed as the true ruler of Twilight Realm?", "id": "56d12adf17492d1400aabb2a", "answers": [{"text": "Midna", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Zant form a pact with?", "id": "56d12adf17492d1400aabb2b", "answers": [{"text": "Ganondorf", "answer_start": 620}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Ganondorf transform into?", "id": "56d12adf17492d1400aabb2c", "answers": [{"text": "beast", "answer_start": 1582}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Shadow Crystal", "answer_start": 104}], "question": "What does Link obtain that gives him control over Hyrule?", "id": "5a8d9f46df8bba001a0f9b29", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mirror of Twilight", "answer_start": 205}], "question": "Where does Midna take Link after he acquires a beast?", "id": "5a8d9f46df8bba001a0f9b2a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ganondorf", "answer_start": 620}], "question": "Who was the Mirror of Twilight used to fight prior to the Fused Shadows?", "id": "5a8d9f46df8bba001a0f9b2b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hyrule Castle", "answer_start": 1432}], "question": "Where is Link located after Zant's defeat?", "id": "5a8d9f46df8bba001a0f9b2c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Zelda's", "answer_start": 1531}], "question": "Whose body is used as a proxy by Link in order to fight Ganondorf?", "id": "5a8d9f46df8bba001a0f9b2d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After gaining the Master Sword, Link is cleansed of the magic that kept him in wolf form, obtaining the Shadow Crystal. Now able to use it to switch between both forms at will, Link is led by Midna to the Mirror of Twilight located deep within the Gerudo Desert, the only known gateway between the Twilight Realm and Hyrule. However, they discover that the mirror is broken. The Sages there explain that Zant tried to destroy it, but he was only able to shatter it into fragments; only the true ruler of the Twili can completely destroy the Mirror of Twilight. They also reveal that they used it a century ago to banish Ganondorf, the Gerudo leader who attempted to steal the Triforce, to the Twilight Realm when executing him failed. Assisted by an underground resistance group they meet in Castle Town, Link and Midna set out to retrieve the missing shards of the Mirror, defeating those they infected. Once the portal has been restored, Midna is revealed to be the true ruler of the Twilight Realm, usurped by Zant when he cursed her into her current form. Confronting Zant, Link and Midna learn that Zant's coup was made possible when he forged a pact with Ganondorf, who asked for Zant's assistance in conquering Hyrule. After Link defeats Zant, Midna recovers the Fused Shadows, but destroys Zant after learning that only Ganondorf's death can release her from her curse. Returning to Hyrule, Link and Midna find Ganondorf in Hyrule Castle, with a lifeless Zelda suspended above his head. Ganondorf fights Link by possessing Zelda's body and eventually by transforming into a beast, but Link defeats him and Midna is able to resurrect Zelda."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What possession of Midna does Ganondorf destroy?", "id": "56cd953262d2951400fa6746", "answers": [{"text": "helmet", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does Link depart from at the end of the game?", "id": "56cd953262d2951400fa6747", "answers": [{"text": "Ordon Village", "answer_start": 816}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which character helps Link get Ganondorf off of his horse?", "id": "56cd953262d2951400fa6748", "answers": [{"text": "Zelda", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what part of his body does Link deliver the killing blow to Ganondorf?", "id": "56cd953262d2951400fa6749", "answers": [{"text": "chest", "answer_start": 463}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who resurrects Midna after the fight with Ganondorf?", "id": "56cd953262d2951400fa674a", "answers": [{"text": "Light Spirits", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does Midna teleport?", "id": "56d12bda17492d1400aabb44", "answers": [{"text": "Link and Zelda", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Ganondorf crush?", "id": "56d12bda17492d1400aabb45", "answers": [{"text": "Midna's helmet", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Midna destroy?", "id": "56d12bda17492d1400aabb47", "answers": [{"text": "Mirror of Twilight", "answer_start": 661}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "helmet", "answer_start": 230}], "question": "What possession of Link does Ganondorf destroy?", "id": "5a8da394df8bba001a0f9b33", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ordon Village", "answer_start": 816}], "question": "Where does Ganondorf depart from at the end of the game?", "id": "5a8da394df8bba001a0f9b34", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Zelda", "answer_start": 292}], "question": "Which character helps Midna get Ganandorf off of her horse?", "id": "5a8da394df8bba001a0f9b35", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "chest", "answer_start": 463}], "question": "To what part of his body does Zelda deliver the killing blow to Ganondorf?", "id": "5a8da394df8bba001a0f9b36", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Light Spirits", "answer_start": 306}], "question": "Who resurrects Zelda after the fight with Ganondorf?", "id": "5a8da394df8bba001a0f9b37", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Ganondorf then revives, and Midna teleports Link and Zelda outside the castle so she can hold him off with the Fused Shadows. However, as Hyrule Castle collapses, it is revealed that Ganondorf was victorious as he crushes Midna's helmet. Ganondorf engages Link on horseback, and, assisted by Zelda and the Light Spirits, Link eventually knocks Ganondorf off his horse and they duel on foot before Link strikes down Ganondorf and plunges the Master Sword into his chest. With Ganondorf dead, the Light Spirits not only bring Midna back to life, but restore her to her true form. After bidding farewell to Link and Zelda, Midna returns home before destroying the Mirror of Twilight with a tear to maintain balance between Hyrule and the Twilight Realm. Near the end, as Hyrule Castle is rebuilt, Link is shown leaving Ordon Village heading to parts unknown."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Nintendo reveal the start of development on what would become Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cd95f562d2951400fa6750", "answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what event was a potential follow-up to The Wind Waker mentioned?", "id": "56cd95f562d2951400fa6751", "answers": [{"text": "Game Developers Conference", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What region of the world did Nintendo want to design the next Legend of Zelda game for?", "id": "56cd95f562d2951400fa6752", "answers": [{"text": "North American", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was one feature that could not be implemented in Ocarina of Time?", "id": "56cd95f562d2951400fa6753", "answers": [{"text": "horseback combat", "answer_start": 1059}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Nintendo announce a new Legend of Zelda was in the works for Gamecube?", "id": "56d12ceb17492d1400aabb5c", "answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the director that unintentionally announced a Zelda game was in the works?", "id": "56d12ceb17492d1400aabb5d", "answers": [{"text": "Eiji Aonuma", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the specific area of gameplay that had not been done in Ocarina of Time?", "id": "56d12ceb17492d1400aabb5f", "answers": [{"text": "horseback combat", "answer_start": 1059}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what year did Nintendo reveal the start of development on what would become The Wind Waker?", "id": "5a8da6c7df8bba001a0f9b3d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Game Developers Conference", "answer_start": 187}], "question": "At what event was a potential follow-up to Shigeru Miyamoto mentioned?", "id": "5a8da6c7df8bba001a0f9b3e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "North American", "answer_start": 454}], "question": "What region of the wold did Nintendo want to design the next Legend of Shigeru game for?", "id": "5a8da6c7df8bba001a0f9b3f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "horseback combat", "answer_start": 1059}], "question": "What was one feature that could not be implemented in Shigeru Miyamoto?", "id": "5a8da6c7df8bba001a0f9b40", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What year did Nintendo announce a new Legend of Zelda was in the works for horseback combat?", "id": "5a8da6c7df8bba001a0f9b41", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2003, Nintendo announced that a new The Legend of Zelda game was in the works for the GameCube by the same team that had created the cel-shaded The Wind Waker. At the following year's Game Developers Conference, director Eiji Aonuma unintentionally revealed that the game's sequel was in development under the working title The Wind Waker 2; it was set to use a similar graphical style to that of its predecessor. Nintendo of America told Aonuma that North American sales of The Wind Waker were sluggish because its cartoon appearance created the impression that the game was designed for a young audience. Concerned that the sequel would have the same problem, Aonuma expressed to producer Shigeru Miyamoto that he wanted to create a realistic Zelda game that would appeal to the North American market. Miyamoto, hesitant about solely changing the game's presentation, suggested the team's focus should instead be on coming up with gameplay innovations. He advised that Aonuma should start by doing what could not be done in Ocarina of Time, particularly horseback combat.[l]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "How long did it take to implement riding horses in a believable manner?", "id": "56cd96c162d2951400fa6758", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Nintendo preview the horseback riding feature?", "id": "56cd96c162d2951400fa6759", "answers": [{"text": "Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What console was home to the sequel for The Wind Waker?", "id": "56cd96c162d2951400fa675a", "answers": [{"text": "Nintendo DS", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the second Wind Waker game?", "id": "56cd96c162d2951400fa675b", "answers": [{"text": "Phantom Hourglass", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the company release a trailer of the horseback riding aspect?", "id": "56d12d5117492d1400aabb71", "answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "four months", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "How long did it take to implement riding Phantoms in a believable manner?", "id": "5a8da7d2df8bba001a0f9b47", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004", "answer_start": 142}], "question": "Where did Nintendo preview the Phantom riding feature?", "id": "5a8da7d2df8bba001a0f9b48", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nintendo DS", "answer_start": 321}], "question": "What console was home to the sequel for Aonuma?", "id": "5a8da7d2df8bba001a0f9b49", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Phantom Hourglass", "answer_start": 357}], "question": "What was the name of the second Aonuma game?", "id": "5a8da7d2df8bba001a0f9b4a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 172}], "question": "When did the company release a trailer of the Phantom riding aspect?", "id": "5a8da7d2df8bba001a0f9b4b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In four months, Aonuma's team managed to present realistic horseback riding,[l] which Nintendo later revealed to the public with a trailer at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004. The game was scheduled to be released the next year, and was no longer a follow-up to The Wind Waker; a true sequel to it was released for the Nintendo DS in 2007, in the form of Phantom Hourglass. Miyamoto explained in interviews that the graphical style was chosen to satisfy demand, and that it better fit the theme of an older incarnation of Link. The game runs on a modified The Wind Waker engine."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does Link morph into in A Link to the Past?", "id": "56cd976762d2951400fa6761", "answers": [{"text": "rabbit", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Aonuma left the Twilight Princess development team to work on which other game?", "id": "56cd976762d2951400fa6762", "answers": [{"text": "The Minish Cap", "answer_start": 786}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the working name for the Wii prior to release?", "id": "56cd976762d2951400fa6763", "answers": [{"text": "Revolution", "answer_start": 1219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who proposed that the Wii Remote be used in the control scheme for Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cd976762d2951400fa6764", "answers": [{"text": "Miyamoto", "answer_start": 1232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who created the script for the story scenes?", "id": "56d12e4a17492d1400aabb8b", "answers": [{"text": "Mitsuhiro Takano", "answer_start": 572}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What device seemed well-suited for Link's arrow shooting ability?", "id": "56d12e4a17492d1400aabb8c", "answers": [{"text": "Wii Remote", "answer_start": 1292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rabbit", "answer_start": 420}], "question": "What does Zelda morph into in A Link to the Past?", "id": "5a8da94adf8bba001a0f9b51", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Minish Cap", "answer_start": 786}], "question": "Aonuma left the A Link to the Past development team to work on which other game?", "id": "5a8da94adf8bba001a0f9b52", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Revolution", "answer_start": 1219}], "question": "What was the working name for A Link to the Past prior to release?", "id": "5a8da94adf8bba001a0f9b53", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Miyamoto", "answer_start": 1232}], "question": "Who proposed that the Game Boy Advance Remote be used in the control scheme for Twilight Princess?", "id": "5a8da94adf8bba001a0f9b54", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mitsuhiro Takano", "answer_start": 572}], "question": "Who created the scripts for the Game Boy Advance?", "id": "5a8da94adf8bba001a0f9b55", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Prior Zelda games have employed a theme of two separate, yet connected, worlds. In A Link to the Past, Link travels between a \"Light World\" and a \"Dark World\"; in Ocarina of Time, as well as in Oracle of Ages, Link travels between two different time periods. The Zelda team sought to reuse this motif in the series' latest installment. It was suggested that Link transform into a wolf, much like he metamorphoses into a rabbit in the Dark World of A Link to the Past.[m] The story of the game was created by Aonuma, and later underwent several changes by scenario writers Mitsuhiro Takano and Aya Kyogoku. Takano created the script for the story scenes, while Kyogoku and Takayuki Ikkaku handled the actual in-game script. Aonuma left his team working on the new idea while he directed The Minish Cap for the Game Boy Advance. When he returned, he found the Twilight Princess team struggling. Emphasis on the parallel worlds and the wolf transformation had made Link's character unbelievable. Aonuma also felt the gameplay lacked the caliber of innovation found in Phantom Hourglass, which was being developed with touch controls for the Nintendo DS. At the same time, the Wii was under development with the code name \"Revolution\". Miyamoto thought that the Revolution's pointing device, the Wii Remote, was well suited for aiming arrows in Zelda, and suggested that Aonuma consider using it.[n]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of interface was used for in-game archery?", "id": "56cd97f862d2951400fa676a", "answers": [{"text": "pointing-based", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the originally-planned launch year for Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cd97f862d2951400fa676b", "answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 570}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Nintendo employee was confident in the potential of developing two versions of Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cd97f862d2951400fa676c", "answers": [{"text": "Satoru Iwata", "answer_start": 618}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the original release date for Gamecube?", "id": "56d12ed617492d1400aabb96", "answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 570}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pointing-based", "answer_start": 190}], "question": "What kind of control schemes were used for in-game archery?", "id": "5a8dab7cdf8bba001a0f9b5b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 570}], "question": "What was the originally-planned launch year for Twilight Princess?", "id": "5a8dab7cdf8bba001a0f9b5c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Satoru Iwata", "answer_start": 618}], "question": "Which Nintendo employee was confident in the potential of developing two versions of Aonuma?", "id": "5a8dab7cdf8bba001a0f9b5d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 570}], "question": "What was the original release date for Satoru?", "id": "5a8dab7cdf8bba001a0f9b5e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Aonuma", "answer_start": 242}], "question": "Who found that aiming directly at the GameCube gave the game a new feel?", "id": "5a8dab7cdf8bba001a0f9b5f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Aonuma had anticipated creating a Zelda game for what would later be called the Wii, but had assumed that he would need to complete Twilight Princess first. His team began work developing a pointing-based interface for the bow and arrow, and Aonuma found that aiming directly at the screen gave the game a new feel, just like the DS control scheme for Phantom Hourglass. Aonuma felt confident this was the only way to proceed, but worried about consumers who had been anticipating a GameCube release. Developing two versions would mean delaying the previously announced 2005 release, still disappointing the consumer. Satoru Iwata felt that having both versions would satisfy users in the end, even though they would have to wait for the finished product. Aonuma then started working on both versions in parallel.[o]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What console boasted compatibility with the Wii?", "id": "56cd9df862d2951400fa677a", "answers": [{"text": "GameCube", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Nintendo provide a limited number of Twilight Princess previews?", "id": "56cd9df862d2951400fa677b", "answers": [{"text": "E3 2005", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At E3 in 2005, what console did Nintendo reveal the next Zelda game would be developed for?", "id": "56cd9df862d2951400fa677c", "answers": [{"text": "Wii", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Nintendo announce Zelda would appear on the Wii?", "id": "56d12fb517492d1400aabba1", "answers": [{"text": "At E3 2005", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "GameCube", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "What console boasted compatibility with Twilight Princess?", "id": "5a8dad7edf8bba001a0f9b65", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "E3 2005", "answer_start": 142}], "question": "Where did Nintendo provide a limited number of Wii previews?", "id": "5a8dad7edf8bba001a0f9b66", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "At E3 2005", "answer_start": 139}], "question": "When did Nintendo announce Zelda would appear on the GameCube?", "id": "5a8dad7edf8bba001a0f9b67", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wii", "answer_start": 313}], "question": "At E3 in 2005, what console did Nintendo reveal the next Revolution game would be developed for?", "id": "5a8dad7edf8bba001a0f9b68", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nintendo DS game cards", "answer_start": 187}], "question": "What kind of cards contained a preview trailer for Revolution?", "id": "5a8dad7edf8bba001a0f9b69", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Transferring GameCube development to the Wii was relatively simple, since the Wii was being created to be compatible with the GameCube.[o] At E3 2005, Nintendo released a small number of Nintendo DS game cards containing a preview trailer for Twilight Princess. They also announced that Zelda would appear on the Wii (then codenamed \"Revolution\"), but it was not clear to the media if this meant Twilight Princess or a different game."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of movement interfaced with the sword in Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cd9ed662d2951400fa6780", "answers": [{"text": "swinging gesture", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who provided information about the game's controls in December of 2005?", "id": "56cd9ed662d2951400fa6781", "answers": [{"text": "NGC Magazine", "answer_start": 566}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ended up not being supported in the GameCube version of Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cd9ed662d2951400fa6782", "answers": [{"text": "Wii controller", "answer_start": 895}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Nintendo reveal that the two different releases of Twilight Princess were planned for launch at the same time as the Wii?", "id": "56cd9ed662d2951400fa6783", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 959}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long was the GameCube version of Twilight Princess delayed?", "id": "56cd9ed662d2951400fa6784", "answers": [{"text": "a month", "answer_start": 1152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What magazine mentioned players would be able to use the Revolution controller?", "id": "56d1307b17492d1400aabbb1", "answers": [{"text": "NGC Magazine", "answer_start": 566}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Nintendo announce both versions of Twilight Princess would be available at the Wii launch?", "id": "56d1307b17492d1400aabbb2", "answers": [{"text": "E3 2006", "answer_start": 956}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "swinging gesture", "answer_start": 150}], "question": "What kind of movement interfaced with the sword in Nintendo?", "id": "5a8dae8adf8bba001a0f9b6f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "NGC Magazine", "answer_start": 566}], "question": "Who provided information about the game's controls in December of 2006?", "id": "5a8dae8adf8bba001a0f9b70", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wii controller", "answer_start": 895}], "question": "What ended up not being supported in the Wii version of Twilight Princess?", "id": "5a8dae8adf8bba001a0f9b71", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 959}], "question": "In what year did Nintendo reveal that the two different releases of Twilight Princess were planned for launch at the same time as NGC?", "id": "5a8dae8adf8bba001a0f9b72", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a month", "answer_start": 1152}], "question": "How long was the Wii version of Twilight Princess delayed?", "id": "5a8dae8adf8bba001a0f9b73", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The team worked on a Wii control scheme, adapting camera control and the fighting mechanics to the new interface. A prototype was created that used a swinging gesture to control the sword from a first-person viewpoint, but was unable to show the variety of Link's movements. When the third-person view was restored, Aonuma thought it felt strange to swing the Wii Remote with the right hand to control the sword in Link's left hand, so the entire Wii version map was mirrored.[p] Details about Wii controls began to surface in December 2005 when British publication NGC Magazine claimed that when a GameCube copy of Twilight Princess was played on the Revolution, it would give the player the option of using the Revolution controller. Miyamoto confirmed the Revolution controller-functionality in an interview with Nintendo of Europe and Time reported this soon after. However, support for the Wii controller did not make it into the GameCube release. At E3 2006, Nintendo announced that both versions would be available at the Wii launch, and had a playable version of Twilight Princess for the Wii.[p] Later, the GameCube release was pushed back to a month after the launch of the Wii."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did early users find hard to use about the game?", "id": "56cda06d62d2951400fa678a", "answers": [{"text": "control scheme", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Using items in the game took over the controls used for what weapon?", "id": "56cda06d62d2951400fa678b", "answers": [{"text": "sword", "answer_start": 546}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wanted gestures implemented for sword control?", "id": "56cda06d62d2951400fa678c", "answers": [{"text": "E3 attendees", "answer_start": 627}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When Twilight Princess was finally released for Wii, in what hand did Link wield his sword?", "id": "56cda06d62d2951400fa678d", "answers": [{"text": "right", "answer_start": 719}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What features did Aonuma work to improve after the demo complaints?", "id": "56d1314217492d1400aabbc9", "answers": [{"text": "comfort and ease", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "control scheme", "answer_start": 87}], "question": "What did early users find hard to use about the sword?", "id": "5a8db1e5df8bba001a0f9b79", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sword", "answer_start": 763}], "question": "Using a left-handed swing in the game took over the controls used for what weapon", "id": "5a8db1e5df8bba001a0f9b7a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sword", "answer_start": 546}], "question": "Who wanted gestures implemented for hand control?", "id": "5a8db1e5df8bba001a0f9b7b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "right", "answer_start": 719}], "question": "When Twilight Princess was finally released for Wii, in what hand did Aonuma wield his sword?", "id": "5a8db1e5df8bba001a0f9b7c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "comfort and ease", "answer_start": 324}], "question": "What features did Aonuma work to improve after Miyamoto's complaints?", "id": "5a8db1e5df8bba001a0f9b7d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Nintendo staff members reported that demo users complained about the difficulty of the control scheme. Aonuma realized that his team had implemented Wii controls under the mindset of \"forcing\" users to adapt, instead of making the system intuitive and easy to use. He began rethinking the controls with Miyamoto to focus on comfort and ease.[q] The camera movement was reworked and item controls were changed to avoid accidental button presses.[r] In addition, the new item system required use of the button that had previously been used for the sword. To solve this, sword controls were transferred back to gestures\u2014something E3 attendees had commented they would like to see. This reintroduced the problem of using a right-handed swing to control a left-handed sword attack. The team did not have enough time before release to rework Link's character model, so they instead flipped the entire game\u2014everything was made a mirror image.[s] Link was now right-handed, and references to \"east\" and \"west\" were switched around. The GameCube version, however, was left with the original orientation. The Twilight Princess player's guide focuses on the Wii version, but has a section in the back with mirror-image maps for GameCube users.[t]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who wrote the music for Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cda10262d2951400fa6792", "answers": [{"text": "Toru Minegishi and Asuka Ohta", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was in charge of overseeing audio production?", "id": "56cda10262d2951400fa6793", "answers": [{"text": "Koji Kondo", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who worked adapting the score for performance by an orchestra?", "id": "56cda10262d2951400fa6794", "answers": [{"text": "Michiru \u014cshima", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote the music used in the game's trailer and demo?", "id": "56cda10262d2951400fa6795", "answers": [{"text": "Koji Kondo", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who created orchestral arrangements for the game?", "id": "56d131c217492d1400aabbdb", "answers": [{"text": "Michiru \u014cshima", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was to conduct the ensemble that would perform the pieces?", "id": "56d131c217492d1400aabbdc", "answers": [{"text": "Yasuzo Takemoto", "answer_start": 521}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Toru Minegishi and Asuka Ohta", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "Who wrote the music for Twilight Kondo?", "id": "5a8db41fdf8bba001a0f9b83", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Koji Kondo", "answer_start": 84}], "question": "Who was in charge of overseeing trailer production?", "id": "5a8db41fdf8bba001a0f9b84", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Michiru \u014cshima", "answer_start": 396}], "question": "Who worked adapting the score for performance by the game's title screen?", "id": "5a8db41fdf8bba001a0f9b85", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Koji Kondo", "answer_start": 84}], "question": "Who wrote the music used in the games trailer and title screen?", "id": "5a8db41fdf8bba001a0f9b86", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Yasuzo Takemoto", "answer_start": 521}], "question": "Who was to conduct the ensemble that would supervise the title screen?", "id": "5a8db41fdf8bba001a0f9b87", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The game's score was composed by Toru Minegishi and Asuka Ohta, with series regular Koji Kondo serving as the sound supervisor. Minegishi took charge of composition and sound design in Twilight Princess, providing all field and dungeon music under the supervision of Kondo. For the trailers, three pieces were written by different composers, two of which were created by Mahito Yokota and Kondo. Michiru \u014cshima created orchestral arrangements for the three compositions, later to be performed by an ensemble conducted by Yasuzo Takemoto. Kondo's piece was later chosen as music for the E3 2005 trailer and for the demo movie after the game's title screen."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of instruments are favored by Kondo?", "id": "56cda41362d2951400fa679a", "answers": [{"text": "live", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people would be in the orchestra Kondo imagined using for the soundtrack?", "id": "56cda41362d2951400fa679b", "answers": [{"text": "50", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the soundtrack of Twilight Princess made available?", "id": "56cda41362d2951400fa679c", "answers": [{"text": "November 19, 2006", "answer_start": 561}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which publication was associated with the soundtrack release?", "id": "56cda41362d2951400fa679e", "answers": [{"text": "Nintendo Power", "answer_start": 593}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who made the requests for Kondo to use orchestral music throughout the game?", "id": "56d1324717492d1400aabbfa", "answers": [{"text": "Media", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were track versions of the game's sountrack released?", "id": "56d1324717492d1400aabbfb", "answers": [{"text": "November 19, 2006", "answer_start": 561}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were replicas of the Master Sword and Hylian Shield bundled with?", "id": "56d1324717492d1400aabbfc", "answers": [{"text": "soundtrack", "answer_start": 533}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "live", "answer_start": 167}], "question": "What kind of instruments are favored by Hylian?", "id": "5a8db51fdf8bba001a0f9b8d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "50", "answer_start": 217}], "question": "How many people would be in the orchestra Hylian imagined using for the soundtrack?", "id": "5a8db51fdf8bba001a0f9b8e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "November 19, 2006", "answer_start": 561}], "question": "When was the soundtrack of Hylian made available?", "id": "5a8db51fdf8bba001a0f9b8f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nintendo Power", "answer_start": 593}], "question": "Which publication was associated with the media requests?", "id": "5a8db51fdf8bba001a0f9b90", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "soundtrack", "answer_start": 533}], "question": "What were replicas of the media requests bundled with?", "id": "5a8db51fdf8bba001a0f9b91", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Media requests at the trade show prompted Kondo to consider using orchestral music for the other tracks in the game as well, a notion reinforced by his preference for live instruments. He originally envisioned a full 50-person orchestra for action sequences and a string quartet for more \"lyrical moments\", though the final product used sequenced music instead. Kondo later cited the lack of interactivity that comes with orchestral music as one of the main reasons for the decision. Both six- and seven-track versions of the game's soundtrack were released on November 19, 2006, as part of a Nintendo Power promotion and bundled with replicas of the Master Sword and the Hylian Shield."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of error was found in Twilight Princess for Wii?", "id": "56cda4aa62d2951400fa67a4", "answers": [{"text": "buffer overflow vulnerability", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does ELF stand for?", "id": "56cda4aa62d2951400fa67a6", "answers": [{"text": "Executable and Linkable Format", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which issue of the Wii Menu fixed the issue with Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cda4aa62d2951400fa67a7", "answers": [{"text": "4.0", "answer_start": 562}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the hack discovered?", "id": "56d132b717492d1400aabc08", "answers": [{"text": "Twilight Hack", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What versions of the Wii Menu prevented copying the exploited files?", "id": "56d132b717492d1400aabc09", "answers": [{"text": "3.3 and 3.4", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What version of the Wii patched the hack vulnerability?", "id": "56d132b717492d1400aabc0a", "answers": [{"text": "4.0", "answer_start": 562}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "buffer overflow vulnerability", "answer_start": 29}], "question": "What kind of error was found in Twilight Princess for SD?", "id": "5a8db6e3df8bba001a0f9b97", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Executable and Linkable Format", "answer_start": 335}], "question": "What does Wii mean?", "id": "5a8db6e3df8bba001a0f9b98", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4.0", "answer_start": 562}], "question": "Which issue of the Wii Menu fixed the issue with the Wii Menu?", "id": "5a8db6e3df8bba001a0f9b99", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Twilight Hack", "answer_start": 125}], "question": "What was the name of the console discovered?", "id": "5a8db6e3df8bba001a0f9b9a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4.0", "answer_start": 562}], "question": "What version of ELF patched the hack vulnerability?", "id": "5a8db6e3df8bba001a0f9b9b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Following the discovery of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the Wii version of Twilight Princess, an exploit known as the \"Twilight Hack\" was developed, allowing the execution of custom code from a Secure Digital (SD) card on the console. A properly designed save file would cause the game to load unsigned code, which could include Executable and Linkable Format (ELF) programs and homebrew Wii applications. Versions 3.3 and 3.4 of the Wii Menu prevented copying exploited save files onto the console until circumvention methods were discovered, and version 4.0 of the Wii Menu patched the vulnerability."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which company is responsible for the HD version of Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cda50b62d2951400fa67ac", "answers": [{"text": "Tantalus Media", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For which console is Twilight Princess HD being made?", "id": "56cda50b62d2951400fa67ad", "answers": [{"text": "Wii U", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were plans for Twilight Princess HD revealed?", "id": "56cda50b62d2951400fa67ae", "answers": [{"text": "November 12, 2015", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date is Twilight Princess HD scheduled for Australian release?", "id": "56cda50b62d2951400fa67af", "answers": [{"text": "March 5, 2016", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the remastered game?", "id": "56d1335f17492d1400aabc14", "answers": [{"text": "The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company is developing the remaster?", "id": "56d1335f17492d1400aabc15", "answers": [{"text": "Tantalus Media", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of functionality will the remaster feature?", "id": "56d1335f17492d1400aabc16", "answers": [{"text": "Amiibo", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When will the game be released in America?", "id": "56d1335f17492d1400aabc17", "answers": [{"text": "March 4, 2016", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tantalus Media", "answer_start": 105}], "question": "Which company is responsible for the HD version of Nintendo Direct?", "id": "5a8db847df8bba001a0f9ba1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wii U", "answer_start": 128}], "question": "For which console is Nintendo Direct being made?", "id": "5a8db847df8bba001a0f9ba2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "March 5, 2016", "answer_start": 360}], "question": "On what date is Nintendo Direct scheduled for European release?", "id": "5a8db847df8bba001a0f9ba3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "November 12, 2015", "answer_start": 197}], "question": "When were plans for Nintendo Direct revealed?", "id": "5a8db847df8bba001a0f9ba4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "What is the name of the remastered Amiibo?", "id": "5a8db847df8bba001a0f9ba5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A high-definition remaster of the game, The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD, is being developed by Tantalus Media for the Wii U. Officially announced during a Nintendo Direct presentation on November 12, 2015, it features enhanced graphics and Amiibo functionality. The game will be released in North America and Europe on March 4, 2016; in Australia on March 5, 2016; and in Japan on March 10, 2016."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What special item is included with certain versions of Twilight Princess HD?", "id": "56cda5a862d2951400fa67b4", "answers": [{"text": "Wolf Link Amiibo figurine", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two Amiibo figures reload Link's stock of arrows?", "id": "56cda5a862d2951400fa67b5", "answers": [{"text": "Link and Toon Link", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two Amiibo figures heal Link?", "id": "56cda5a862d2951400fa67b6", "answers": [{"text": "Zelda and Sheik", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Amiibo figure makes Link lose more health when attacked?", "id": "56cda5a862d2951400fa67b7", "answers": [{"text": "Ganondorf", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the area that players with the Wolf Link Amiibo can access?", "id": "56cda5a862d2951400fa67b8", "answers": [{"text": "Cave of Shadows", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What will special bundles of the game contain?", "id": "56d133d017492d1400aabc20", "answers": [{"text": "Wolf Link Amiibo", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the level called that the special Amiibo will unlock?", "id": "56d133d017492d1400aabc21", "answers": [{"text": "Cave of Shadows", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What characters will be able to replenish arrows?", "id": "56d133d017492d1400aabc22", "answers": [{"text": "Link and Toon", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What figures restore health?", "id": "56d133d017492d1400aabc23", "answers": [{"text": "Zelda and Sheik", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wolf Link Amiibo figurine", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "What special item is included with certain versions of Sheik?", "id": "5a8db90bdf8bba001a0f9bab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Link and Toon Link", "answer_start": 253}], "question": "Which two Amiibo figures reload Zelda's stock of arrows?", "id": "5a8db90bdf8bba001a0f9bac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Zelda and Sheik", "answer_start": 290}], "question": "Which two Amiibo figures heal Zelda?", "id": "5a8db90bdf8bba001a0f9bad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ganondorf", "answer_start": 333}], "question": "Which Amiibo figure makes Zelda loser more health when attacked?", "id": "5a8db90bdf8bba001a0f9bae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cave of Shadows", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "What is the name of the area that players with the Sheik can access?", "id": "5a8db90bdf8bba001a0f9baf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Special bundles of the game contain a Wolf Link Amiibo figurine, which unlocks a Wii U-exclusive dungeon called the \"Cave of Shadows\" and can carry data over to the upcoming 2016 Zelda game. Other Zelda-related Amiibo figurines have distinct functions: Link and Toon Link replenish arrows, Zelda and Sheik restore Link's health, and Ganondorf causes Link to take twice as much damage."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What company included the soundtrack as a reward for ordering the game prior to release?", "id": "56cda64a62d2951400fa67be", "answers": [{"text": "GameStop", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many tracks were recorded on the preorder CD?", "id": "56cda64a62d2951400fa67bf", "answers": [{"text": "20", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what areas is the content of the GameStop bonus CD provided for all versions of the game?", "id": "56cda64a62d2951400fa67c0", "answers": [{"text": "Japan, Europe, and Australia", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was included as a Gamestop preorder item?", "id": "56d13400e7d4791d00901fdd", "answers": [{"text": "CD", "answer_start": 2}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "GameStop", "answer_start": 71}], "question": "What company included the soundtrack as a reward for ordering the CD prior to release?", "id": "5a8dbd49df8bba001a0f9bb5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "20", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "How many tracks were recorded on the post order CD?", "id": "5a8dbd49df8bba001a0f9bb6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Japan, Europe, and Australia", "answer_start": 150}], "question": "In what areas is the content of the GameStop bonus SC provided for all versions of the CD?", "id": "5a8dbd49df8bba001a0f9bb7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CD", "answer_start": 2}], "question": "What was included as a Gamestop post order item?", "id": "5a8dbd49df8bba001a0f9bb8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CD", "answer_start": 2}], "question": "What is included in all selections?", "id": "5a8dbd49df8bba001a0f9bb9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A CD containing 20 musical selections from the game was available as a GameStop preorder bonus in the United States; it is included in all bundles in Japan, Europe, and Australia.[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of scores did Twilight Princess receive from many video game review sources?", "id": "56cda75062d2951400fa67c4", "answers": [{"text": "perfect", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which sites gave the Wii copy of Twilight Princess scores of 95% and 95?", "id": "56cda75062d2951400fa67c5", "answers": [{"text": "GameRankings and Metacritic", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who counted the game among the best ever made?", "id": "56cda75062d2951400fa67c6", "answers": [{"text": "GameTrailers", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the reception of Twilight Princess?", "id": "56d13482e7d4791d00901fef", "answers": [{"text": "universal critical acclaim", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What scores did it receive from major game publications?", "id": "56d13482e7d4791d00901ff0", "answers": [{"text": "perfect", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the average score of Twilight Princess on Metacritic?", "id": "56d13482e7d4791d00901ff1", "answers": [{"text": "95", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What reviewer called Twilight Princess \"One of the greatest games ever created\"?", "id": "56d13482e7d4791d00901ff2", "answers": [{"text": "GameTrailers", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "perfect", "answer_start": 97}], "question": "What kind of scores did GameTrailers receive from many video game review sources?", "id": "5a8dbfa2df8bba001a0f9bbf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "GameRankings and Metacritic", "answer_start": 272}], "question": "Which sites gave the Wii copy of GameTrailers scores of 97% and 95?", "id": "5a8dbfa2df8bba001a0f9bc0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "GameTrailers", "answer_start": 423}], "question": "Who counted Gamespy among the best ever made?", "id": "5a8dbfa2df8bba001a0f9bc1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "universal critical acclaim", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "What was the reception of GameTrailers?", "id": "5a8dbfa2df8bba001a0f9bc2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "perfect", "answer_start": 97}], "question": "What scores did GameTrailers receive from major game publications?", "id": "5a8dbfa2df8bba001a0f9bc3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Twilight Princess was released to universal critical acclaim and commercial success. It received perfect scores from major publications such as 1UP.com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, and GameSpy. On the review aggregators GameRankings and Metacritic, Twilight Princess has average scores of 95% and 95 for the Wii version and scores of 95% and 96 for the GameCube version. GameTrailers in their review called it one of the greatest games ever created."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which publications reported some issues with the graphics of Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cda80362d2951400fa67ca", "answers": [{"text": "IGN and GameSpy", "answer_start": 723}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which journalist criticized the Wii version for its controls?", "id": "56cda80362d2951400fa67cb", "answers": [{"text": "Jeff Gerstmann", "answer_start": 1153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which game publication does Jeff Gerstmann work for?", "id": "56cda80362d2951400fa67cc", "answers": [{"text": "GameSpot", "answer_start": 1142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which game journalist was perturbed by a lack of voiced dialogue?", "id": "56cda80362d2951400fa67cd", "answers": [{"text": "Javier Glickman", "answer_start": 1532}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which publication does Javier Glickman write for?", "id": "56cda80362d2951400fa67ce", "answers": [{"text": "Hyper", "answer_start": 1524}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What 2 critics suggested the game had blurry textures and low resolution?", "id": "56d1352fe7d4791d00901ffd", "answers": [{"text": "IGN and GameSpy", "answer_start": 723}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What critic considered the CD to be the best of the generation?", "id": "56d1352fe7d4791d00901ffe", "answers": [{"text": "Gaming Nexus", "answer_start": 1313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who specifically commended the game for the very long quests?", "id": "56d1352fe7d4791d00901fff", "answers": [{"text": "Javier Glickman", "answer_start": 1532}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "IGN and GameSpy", "answer_start": 723}], "question": "Which publications reported some issues with the graphics of Gerstmann?", "id": "5a8dc135df8bba001a0f9bc9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Javier Glickman", "answer_start": 1532}], "question": "Which journalist criticized IGN for its controls?", "id": "5a8dc135df8bba001a0f9bca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "GameSpot", "answer_start": 1142}], "question": "Which publication does Jeff Nexus work for?", "id": "5a8dc135df8bba001a0f9bcb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Javier Glickman", "answer_start": 1532}], "question": "Which game journalist was preturbed by a lack of silent dialogue?", "id": "5a8dc135df8bba001a0f9bcc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hyper", "answer_start": 1524}], "question": "Which publication does Javier Nexus write for?", "id": "5a8dc135df8bba001a0f9bcd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On release, Twilight Princess was considered to be the greatest Zelda game ever made by many critics including writers for 1UP.com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, IGN and The Washington Post. Game Informer called it \"so creative that it rivals the best that Hollywood has to offer\". GamesRadar praised Twilight Princess as \"a game that deserves nothing but the absolute highest recommendation\". Cubed3 hailed Twilight Princess as \"the single greatest videogame experience\". Twilight Princess's graphics were praised for the art style and animation, although the game was designed for the GameCube, which is technically lacking compared to the next generation consoles. Both IGN and GameSpy pointed out the existence of blurry textures and low-resolution characters. Despite these complaints, Computer and Video Games felt the game's atmosphere was superior to that of any previous Zelda game, and regarded Twilight Princess's Hyrule as the best version ever created. PALGN praised the game's cinematics, noting that \"the cutscenes are the best ever in Zelda games\". Regarding the Wii version, GameSpot's Jeff Gerstmann said the Wii controls felt \"tacked-on\", although 1UP.com said the remote-swinging sword attacks were \"the most impressive in the entire series\". Gaming Nexus considered Twilight Princess's soundtrack to be the best of this generation, though IGN criticized its MIDI-formatted songs for lacking \"the punch and crispness\" of their orchestrated counterparts. Hyper's Javier Glickman commended the game for its \"very long quests, superb Wii controls and being able to save anytime\". However, he criticised it for \"no voice acting, no orchestral score and slightly outdated graphics\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The version of Twilight Princess fo which console won three IGN awards?", "id": "56cda8a662d2951400fa67d4", "answers": [{"text": "GameCube", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Twilight Princess's rank among all Nintendo games according to Nintendo Magazine?", "id": "56cda8a662d2951400fa67d5", "answers": [{"text": "16th", "answer_start": 660}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Twilight Princess place among Wii titles according to IGN?", "id": "56cda8a662d2951400fa67d6", "answers": [{"text": "4th", "answer_start": 777}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Twilight Princess rank on Nintendo Power's list of Nintendo games in the 2000s?", "id": "56cda8a662d2951400fa67d7", "answers": [{"text": "third", "answer_start": 834}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What 2 critics gave Twilight Princess awards for Best Graphics and Best Story?", "id": "56d135e0e7d4791d00902015", "answers": [{"text": "IGN and Nintendo Power", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What award did Game Critics Awards and GameSpy give Twilight Princess?", "id": "56d135e0e7d4791d00902016", "answers": [{"text": "Best Console Game", "answer_start": 586}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What place did the game take in Nintendo's Official list of 100 Greatest Nintendo Games of All Time?", "id": "56d135e0e7d4791d00902017", "answers": [{"text": "16th", "answer_start": 660}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What place did IGN give the game on the Wii console?", "id": "56d135e0e7d4791d00902018", "answers": [{"text": "4th", "answer_start": 777}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "16th", "answer_start": 660}], "question": "What was Game Radar's rank among all Nintendo games according to Nintendo Magazine?", "id": "5a8dc231df8bba001a0f9bd3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4th", "answer_start": 777}], "question": "Where did Twilight Princess place among Nintendo Power titles according to IGN?", "id": "5a8dc231df8bba001a0f9bd4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "third", "answer_start": 834}], "question": "Where did Twilight Princess rank on Game Radar's list of Nintendo games in the 2000s?", "id": "5a8dc231df8bba001a0f9bd5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "IGN and Nintendo Power", "answer_start": 147}], "question": "What 2 critics gave Game Radar awards for Best Graphics and Best Story?", "id": "5a8dc231df8bba001a0f9bd6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Best Console Game", "answer_start": 586}], "question": "What award did Game Radars Awards and GameSpy give Twilight Princess?", "id": "5a8dc231df8bba001a0f9bd7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Twilight Princess received the awards for Best Artistic Design, Best Original Score, and Best Use of Sound from IGN for its GameCube version. Both IGN and Nintendo Power gave Twilight Princess the awards for Best Graphics and Best Story. Twilight Princess received Game of the Year awards from GameTrailers, 1UP.com, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, Games Radar, GameSpy, Spacey Awards, X-Play and Nintendo Power. It was also given awards for Best Adventure Game from the Game Critics Awards, X-Play, IGN, GameTrailers, 1UP.com, and Nintendo Power. The game was considered the Best Console Game by the Game Critics Awards and GameSpy. The game placed 16th in Official Nintendo Magazine's list of the 100 Greatest Nintendo Games of All Time. IGN ranked the game as the 4th-best Wii game. Nintendo Power ranked the game as the third-best game to be released on a Nintendo system in the 2000s decade."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the area which includes most countries not located in North, Central or South America?", "id": "56cda92362d2951400fa67dc", "answers": [{"text": "PAL", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many units of the Wii version of Twilight Princess had been purchased by the end of March 2011?", "id": "56cda92362d2951400fa67dd", "answers": [{"text": "5.82 million", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many units of the GameCube version of Twilight Princess had been purchased by the end of March 2007?", "id": "56cda92362d2951400fa67de", "answers": [{"text": "1.32 million", "answer_start": 304}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What region is Twilight Princess the best -selling Zelda entry?", "id": "56d13669e7d4791d0090201d", "answers": [{"text": "PAL region", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many copies of the game had been sold as of March 2011?", "id": "56d13669e7d4791d0090201f", "answers": [{"text": "5.82 million", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many copies of the game had been sold on Gamecube as of March 2007?", "id": "56d13669e7d4791d00902020", "answers": [{"text": "1.32 million", "answer_start": 304}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5.82 million", "answer_start": 239}], "question": "How many unites of the CameCube version of Twilight Princess had been purchased by the end of March 2011?", "id": "5a8dc34ddf8bba001a0f9bdd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1.32 million", "answer_start": 304}], "question": "How many units of the Wii version of Twilight Princess had been purchased by the end of March 2007?", "id": "5a8dc34ddf8bba001a0f9bde", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "PAL region", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "In what region is Twilight Princess the best-selling Wii entry?", "id": "5a8dc34ddf8bba001a0f9bdf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5.82 million", "answer_start": 239}], "question": "How many copies of PAL had been sold as of March 2011?", "id": "5a8dc34ddf8bba001a0f9be0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "PAL", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "What is the name of the area which includes most countries located in North, Central, and South America?", "id": "5a8dc34ddf8bba001a0f9be1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the PAL region, which covers most of Africa, Asia, Europe, and Oceania, Twilight Princess is the best-selling entry in the Zelda series. During its first week, the game was sold with three of every four Wii purchases. The game had sold 5.82 million copies on the Wii as of March 31, 2011[update], and 1.32 million on the GameCube as of March 31, 2007[update]."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who wrote and provided art for a Twilight Princess comic book series?", "id": "56cda9c462d2951400fa67e2", "answers": [{"text": "Akira Himekawa", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Twilight Princess manga was only available in what country?", "id": "56cda9c462d2951400fa67e3", "answers": [{"text": "Japan", "answer_start": 2}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who published the Twilight Princess comic book series?", "id": "56cda9c462d2951400fa67e4", "answers": [{"text": "Shogakukan", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of device can access the Twilight Princess manga?", "id": "56cda9c462d2951400fa67e5", "answers": [{"text": "mobile", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Akira Himekawa", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "Who wrote and provided high-definition for a Twilight Princess comic book series?", "id": "5a8dc46bdf8bba001a0f9be7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Japan", "answer_start": 2}], "question": "The Twilight Princess game was only available in what country?", "id": "5a8dc46bdf8bba001a0f9be8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Shogakukan", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "Who published the high-definition comic book series?", "id": "5a8dc46bdf8bba001a0f9be9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mobile", "answer_start": 208}], "question": "What kind of device can access the high-definition manga?", "id": "5a8dc46bdf8bba001a0f9bea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "February 8, 2016", "answer_start": 123}], "question": "When was a high-definition manga based on Twilight Princess first released?", "id": "5a8dc46bdf8bba001a0f9beb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A Japan-exclusive manga series based on Twilight Princess, penned and illustrated by Akira Himekawa, was first released on February 8, 2016. The series is available solely via publisher Shogakukan's MangaOne mobile application. While the manga adaptation began almost ten years after the initial release of the game on which it is based, it launched only a month before the release of the high-definition remake."}]}, {"title": "Spectre_(2015_film)", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Which company made Spectre?", "id": "56cdaf0362d2951400fa6808", "answers": [{"text": "Eon Productions", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the star of Spectre?", "id": "56cdaf0362d2951400fa6809", "answers": [{"text": "Daniel Craig", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What role does Daniel Craig play in Spectre?", "id": "56cdaf0362d2951400fa680a", "answers": [{"text": "James Bond", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What 007 movie did Sam Mendes previously direct?", "id": "56cdaf0362d2951400fa680b", "answers": [{"text": "Skyfall", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money did it take to make Spectre?", "id": "56cdaf0362d2951400fa680c", "answers": [{"text": "$245", "answer_start": 504}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many James Bond films has Eon Productions produced?", "id": "56cf2e15aab44d1400b88dc9", "answers": [{"text": "twenty-four", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Bond film was the most expensive ever made?", "id": "56cf2e15aab44d1400b88dca", "answers": [{"text": "Spectre", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many films has Daniel Craig appeared in as James Bond?", "id": "56cf2e15aab44d1400b88dcb", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two movie studios distributed the James Bond film Spectre?", "id": "56cf2e15aab44d1400b88dcc", "answers": [{"text": "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who directed Spectre?", "id": "56cf2e15aab44d1400b88dcd", "answers": [{"text": "Sam Mendes", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spectre", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the name of the thirty-fourth James Bond film?", "id": "5ad21ef0d7d075001a42849a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "In what year was the thirty-fourth James Bond film produced?", "id": "5ad21ef0d7d075001a42849b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spectre", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Daniel Craig stars as Ernst Stavro Blofeld in what 2015 film?", "id": "5ad21ef0d7d075001a42849c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spectre", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Sam Mendes wrote what 2015 film?", "id": "5ad21ef0d7d075001a42849d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spectre", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "John Logan directed what 2015 film?", "id": "5ad21ef0d7d075001a42849e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Spectre (2015) is the twenty-fourth James Bond film produced by Eon Productions. It features Daniel Craig in his fourth performance as James Bond, and Christoph Waltz as Ernst Stavro Blofeld, with the film marking the character's re-introduction into the series. It was directed by Sam Mendes as his second James Bond film following Skyfall, and was written by John Logan, Neal Purvis, Robert Wade and Jez Butterworth. It is distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures. With a budget around $245 million, it is the most expensive Bond film and one of the most expensive films ever made."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What group is the enemy of the protagonist?", "id": "56cdb27562d2951400fa6812", "answers": [{"text": "Spectre", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which movie was Spectre originally featured in?", "id": "56cdb27562d2951400fa6813", "answers": [{"text": "Diamonds Are Forever", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which three personalities from previous films appear in Spectre?", "id": "56cdb27562d2951400fa6814", "answers": [{"text": "M, Q and Eve Moneypenny", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which actor plays the role of Mr. Hinx?", "id": "56cdb27562d2951400fa6815", "answers": [{"text": "Dave Bautista", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What role is performed by Monica Bellucci?", "id": "56cdb27562d2951400fa6816", "answers": [{"text": "Lucia Sciarra", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which recurring James Bond characters appear in Spectre?", "id": "56cf2f22aab44d1400b88dd4", "answers": [{"text": "M, Q and Eve Moneypenny", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What actress portrays Dr. Madeleine Swann in Spectre?", "id": "56cf2f22aab44d1400b88dd5", "answers": [{"text": "L\u00e9a Seydoux", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What actor portrays Mr. Hinx in Spectre?", "id": "56cf2f22aab44d1400b88dd6", "answers": [{"text": "Dave Bautista", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Diamonds are Forever released?", "id": "56cf2f22aab44d1400b88dd7", "answers": [{"text": "1971", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bond", "answer_start": 15}], "question": "Spectre is pitted against which global crime organization?", "id": "5ad21fd7d7d075001a4284b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1971", "answer_start": 147}], "question": "Diamonds Aren't Forever was released in what year?", "id": "5ad21fd7d7d075001a4284b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spectre", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "M, Q, and Eva Moneypenny return in what 2015 film?", "id": "5ad21fd7d7d075001a4284b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spectre", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "Dave Bautista portrays Max Denbigh in which James Bond film?", "id": "5ad21fd7d7d075001a4284b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spectre", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "Andrew Scott portrays Mr. Hinx in which James Bond film?", "id": "5ad21fd7d7d075001a4284b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The story sees Bond pitted against the global criminal organisation Spectre, marking the group's first appearance in an Eon Productions film since 1971's Diamonds Are Forever,[N 2] and tying Craig's series of films together with an overarching storyline. Several recurring James Bond characters, including M, Q and Eve Moneypenny return, with the new additions of L\u00e9a Seydoux as Dr. Madeleine Swann, Dave Bautista as Mr. Hinx, Andrew Scott as Max Denbigh and Monica Bellucci as Lucia Sciarra."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what date was Spectre first shown in the UK?", "id": "56cdb36c62d2951400fa681c", "answers": [{"text": "26 October 2015", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the first screening of Spectre?", "id": "56cdb36c62d2951400fa681d", "answers": [{"text": "Royal Albert Hall in London", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the US release date for Spectre?", "id": "56cdb36c62d2951400fa681e", "answers": [{"text": "6 November 2015", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were two subjects of accolades for Spectre?", "id": "56cdb36c62d2951400fa681f", "answers": [{"text": "action sequences and cinematography", "answer_start": 521}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what category did Spectre receive a Golden Globe award?", "id": "56cdb36c62d2951400fa6820", "answers": [{"text": "Best Original Song", "answer_start": 710}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first James Bond film to be screened at IMAX theaters?", "id": "56cf306caab44d1400b88df0", "answers": [{"text": "Skyfall", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the theme song for the James Bond film Spectre?", "id": "56cf306caab44d1400b88df1", "answers": [{"text": "Writing's on the Wall", "answer_start": 575}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spectre", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What James Bond movie was released on 16 October 2015?", "id": "5ad220dcd7d075001a4284c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spectre", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What James Bond movie was released on 26 October 2015 in the US?", "id": "5ad220dcd7d075001a4284c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spectre", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Which 2015 James Bond film received overwhelmingly positive reviews?", "id": "5ad220dcd7d075001a4284ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Best Original Song", "answer_start": 710}], "question": "Spectre won an Academy Award in which category?", "id": "5ad220dcd7d075001a4284cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spectre", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What James Bond movie was released on 6 November 2015 in the UK?", "id": "5ad220dcd7d075001a4284cc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Spectre was released on 26 October 2015 in the United Kingdom on the same night as the world premiere at the Royal Albert Hall in London, followed by a worldwide release. It was released in the United States on 6 November 2015. It became the second James Bond film to be screened in IMAX venues after Skyfall, although it was not filmed with IMAX cameras. Spectre received mixed reviews upon its release; although criticised for its length, lack of screen time for new characters, and writing, it received praise for its action sequences and cinematography. The theme song, \"Writing's on the Wall\", received mixed reviews, particularly compared to the previous theme; nevertheless, it won the Golden Globe for Best Original Song and was nominated for the Academy Award in the same category. As of 20 February 2016[update], Spectre has grossed over $879 million worldwide."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what holiday do insurgents plan to detonate a bomb?", "id": "56cdcf7d62d2951400fa686c", "answers": [{"text": "Day of the Dead", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who removed James Bond from active service?", "id": "56cdcf7d62d2951400fa686d", "answers": [{"text": "M", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is M's rival?", "id": "56cdcf7d62d2951400fa686e", "answers": [{"text": "C", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group does C support England joining?", "id": "56cdcf7d62d2951400fa6870", "answers": [{"text": "Nine Eyes", "answer_start": 743}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which character is promoted to M?", "id": "56cf318aaab44d1400b88dff", "answers": [{"text": "Garreth Mallory", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which holiday was the terrorist bombing planned for?", "id": "56cf318aaab44d1400b88e00", "answers": [{"text": "Day of the Dead", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two intelligence groups merged to form Joint Intelligence Service?", "id": "56cf318aaab44d1400b88e01", "answers": [{"text": "MI5 and MI6", "answer_start": 669}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Bond take from Marco Sciarra?", "id": "56cf318aaab44d1400b88e03", "answers": [{"text": "his ring", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mexico", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "007 James Bond kills four men in a mission in which city?", "id": "5ad222fbd7d075001a4284fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Marco Sciarra", "answer_start": 244}], "question": "Bond steals which assassin's necklace?", "id": "5ad222fbd7d075001a4284fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "octopus", "answer_start": 379}], "question": "Marco Scciarra's necklace has what animal on it?", "id": "5ad222fbd7d075001a4284fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bond", "answer_start": 473}], "question": "Q suspends whom from field duty?", "id": "5ad222fbd7d075001a4284fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Joint Intelligence Service", "answer_start": 607}], "question": "What consists of the recently merged MI55 and MI66?", "id": "5ad222fbd7d075001a4284fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Following Garreth Mallory's promotion to M, on a mission in Mexico City unofficially ordered by a posthumous message from the previous M, 007 James Bond kills three men plotting a terrorist bombing during the Day of the Dead and gives chase to Marco Sciarra, an assassin who survived the attack. In the ensuing struggle, Bond steals his ring, which is emblazoned with a stylised octopus, and then kills Sciarra by kicking him out of a helicopter. Upon returning to London, Bond is indefinitely suspended from field duty by M, who is in the midst of a power struggle with C, the head of the privately-backed Joint Intelligence Service, consisting of the recently merged MI5 and MI6. C campaigns for Britain to form alongside 8 other countries \"Nine Eyes \", a global surveillance and intelligence co-operation initiative between nine member states, and uses his influence to close down the '00' section, believing it to be outdated."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where does Bond go after his suspension?", "id": "56cdcfee62d2951400fa6876", "answers": [{"text": "Rome", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group did Sciarra belong to?", "id": "56cdcfee62d2951400fa6877", "answers": [{"text": "Spectre", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the head of Spectre?", "id": "56cdcfee62d2951400fa6878", "answers": [{"text": "Franz Oberhauser", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Mr. Hinx's job?", "id": "56cdcfee62d2951400fa6879", "answers": [{"text": "assassin", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who performs research for Bond?", "id": "56cdcfee62d2951400fa687a", "answers": [{"text": "Moneypenny", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does Sciarra's funeral take place?", "id": "56cf33afaab44d1400b88e25", "answers": [{"text": "Rome", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the leader of Spectre?", "id": "56cf33afaab44d1400b88e27", "answers": [{"text": "Franz Oberhauser", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the Spectre assassin who tracks Bond?", "id": "56cf33afaab44d1400b88e28", "answers": [{"text": "Mr. Hinx", "answer_start": 358}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which member of Spectre had been presumed to be dead?", "id": "56cf33afaab44d1400b88e29", "answers": [{"text": "Franz Oberhauser", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bond", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who disobeys Q's orders and travels to Rome?", "id": "5ad22377d7d075001a42850e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lucia", "answer_start": 112}], "question": "Whose wife belonged to a criminal organization?", "id": "5ad22377d7d075001a42850f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bond", "answer_start": 315}], "question": "Who is pursued by Mr. Oberhauser, a Spectre assasin?", "id": "5ad22377d7d075001a428510", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mr. White", "answer_start": 455}], "question": "Who is a current member of Quantum?", "id": "5ad22377d7d075001a428511", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Bond disobeys M's order and travels to Rome to attend Sciarra's funeral. That evening he visits Sciarra's widow Lucia, who tells him about Spectre, a criminal organisation to which her husband belonged. Bond infiltrates a Spectre meeting, where he identifies the leader, Franz Oberhauser. When Oberhauser addresses Bond by name, he escapes and is pursued by Mr. Hinx, a Spectre assassin. Moneypenny informs Bond that the information he collected leads to Mr. White, former member of Quantum, a subsidiary of Spectre. Bond asks her to investigate Oberhauser, who was presumed dead years earlier."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is White suffering from when Bond finds him?", "id": "56cdd05a62d2951400fa688a", "answers": [{"text": "thallium poisoning", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is White's daughter?", "id": "56cdd05a62d2951400fa688b", "answers": [{"text": "Dr. Madeline Swann", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does White deal with his condition?", "id": "56cdd05a62d2951400fa688c", "answers": [{"text": "commits suicide", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does JAmes find Dr. Swann?", "id": "56cdd05a62d2951400fa688d", "answers": [{"text": "Hoffler Klinik", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is L'Americain located?", "id": "56cdd05a62d2951400fa688e", "answers": [{"text": "Tangier", "answer_start": 599}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Mr. White dying of?", "id": "56cf34b0aab44d1400b88e3f", "answers": [{"text": "thallium poisoning.", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does Mr. White ask James Bond to protect?", "id": "56cf34b0aab44d1400b88e40", "answers": [{"text": "his daughter, Dr. Madeline Swann", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the L'Americain hotel?", "id": "56cf34b0aab44d1400b88e41", "answers": [{"text": "Tangier.", "answer_start": 599}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who kidnaps Dr. Swann?", "id": "56cf34b0aab44d1400b88e42", "answers": [{"text": "Hinx.", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bond", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who travels to Australia to find Mr. White?", "id": "5ad2240ed7d075001a428516", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "White", "answer_start": 32}], "question": "Who is dying of potassium poisoning?", "id": "5ad2240ed7d075001a428517", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "White", "answer_start": 32}], "question": "Who wants his son protected?", "id": "5ad2240ed7d075001a428518", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "White", "answer_start": 32}], "question": "Whose son is abducted by Hinx?", "id": "5ad2240ed7d075001a428519", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Bond travels to Austria to find White, who is dying of thallium poisoning. He admits to growing disenchanted with Quantum and tells Bond to find and protect his daughter, Dr. Madeline Swann, who will take him to L'Am\u00e9ricain; this will in turn lead him to Spectre. White then commits suicide. Bond locates Swann at the Hoffler Klinik, but she is abducted by Hinx. Bond rescues her and the two meet Q, who discovers that Sciarra's ring links Oberhauser to Bond's previous missions, identifying Le Chiffre, Dominic Greene and Raoul Silva as Spectre agents. Swann reveals that L'Am\u00e9ricain is a hotel in Tangier."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What method of transportation is used to get to Oberhauser's base?", "id": "56cdd17262d2951400fa68a8", "answers": [{"text": "train", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the link between Oberhauser and Bond?", "id": "56cdd17262d2951400fa68aa", "answers": [{"text": "Hannes", "answer_start": 778}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Oberhauser call himself after he faked his death?", "id": "56cdd17262d2951400fa68ab", "answers": [{"text": "Ernst Stavro Blofeld", "answer_start": 951}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After staging his own death, what name did Hanz Oberhauser begin to use?", "id": "56cf35f7aab44d1400b88e5d", "answers": [{"text": "Ernst Stavro Blofeld", "answer_start": 951}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Oberhauser", "answer_start": 677}], "question": "Who has an operations base in the forest?", "id": "5ad224b1d7d075001a428528", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spectre", "answer_start": 463}], "question": "Who has been creating a need for the Ten Eyes programme?", "id": "5ad224b1d7d075001a428529", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spectre", "answer_start": 579}], "question": "Who will be given unlimited access to intelligence gathered by Ten Eyes?", "id": "5ad224b1d7d075001a42852a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Oberhauser", "answer_start": 677}], "question": "Swann is tortured as who discusses their shared history?", "id": "5ad224b1d7d075001a42852b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bond", "answer_start": 832}], "question": "Oberhauser killed whose mother?", "id": "5ad224b1d7d075001a42852c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The two travel to the hotel and discover White's secret room where they find co-ordinates pointing to Oberhauser's operations base in the desert. They travel by train to the nearest station, but are once again confronted by Hinx; they engage in a fight throughout the train in which Mr Hinx is eventually thrown off the train by Bond with Swann's assistance. After arriving at the station, Bond and Swann are escorted to Oberhauser's base. There, he reveals that Spectre has been staging terrorist attacks around the world, creating a need for the Nine Eyes programme. In return Spectre will be given unlimited access to intelligence gathered by Nine Eyes. Bond is tortured as Oberhauser discusses their shared history: after the younger Bond was orphaned, Oberhauser's father, Hannes, became his temporary guardian. Believing that Bond supplanted his role as son, Oberhauser killed his father and staged his own death, subsequently adopting the name Ernst Stavro Blofeld and going on to form Spectre. Bond and Swann escape, destroying the base in the process, leaving Blofeld to apparently die during the explosion."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where is Bond brought after he is kidnapped?", "id": "56cdd28562d2951400fa68ba", "answers": [{"text": "the old MI6 building", "answer_start": 524}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does Bond meet in the MI6 building?", "id": "56cdd28562d2951400fa68bb", "answers": [{"text": "Blofeld", "answer_start": 667}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does Blofeld get arrested?", "id": "56cdd28562d2951400fa68bc", "answers": [{"text": "Westminster Bridge", "answer_start": 929}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does M fight with?", "id": "56cdd28562d2951400fa68bd", "answers": [{"text": "C", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who prevents Nine Eyes from going online?", "id": "56cf3727aab44d1400b88e79", "answers": [{"text": "Q", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which characters falls to their death, M or C?", "id": "56cf3727aab44d1400b88e7a", "answers": [{"text": "C", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bond", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who intends to stop Ten Eyes from going online?", "id": "5ad22547d7d075001a428532", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Swann", "answer_start": 145}], "question": "Who wants to have espionage in their life?", "id": "5ad22547d7d075001a428533", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Q", "answer_start": 362}], "question": "Who prevents Ten Eyes from going online?", "id": "5ad22547d7d075001a428534", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bond", "answer_start": 507}], "question": "Who is taken to the old MI66 building?", "id": "5ad22547d7d075001a428535", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Blofeld", "answer_start": 667}], "question": "Who tells Bond he has five minutes to escape the building?", "id": "5ad22547d7d075001a428536", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Bond and Swann return to London where they meet M, Bill Tanner, Q, and Moneypenny; they intend to arrest C and stop Nine Eyes from going online. Swann leaves Bond, telling him she cannot be part of a life involving espionage, and is subsequently kidnapped. On the way, the group is ambushed and Bond is kidnapped, but the rest still proceed with the plan. After Q succeeds in preventing the Nine Eyes from going online, a brief struggle between M and C ends with the latter falling to his death. Meanwhile, Bond is taken to the old MI6 building, which is scheduled for demolition, and frees himself. Moving throughout the ruined labyrinth, he encounters a disfigured Blofeld, who tells him that he has three minutes to escape the building before explosives are detonated or die trying to save Swann. Bond finds Swann and the two escape by boat as the building collapses. Bond shoots down Blofeld's helicopter, which crashes onto Westminster Bridge. As Blofeld crawls away from the wreckage, Bond confronts him but ultimately leaves him to be arrested by M. Bond leaves the bridge with Swann."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did SPECTRE originally stand for?", "id": "56cdd33262d2951400fa68c2", "answers": [{"text": "SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who fought over the movie rights for Thunderball?", "id": "56cdd33262d2951400fa68c3", "answers": [{"text": "Ian Fleming and Kevin McClory", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did McClory and Fleming reach an agreement?", "id": "56cdd33262d2951400fa68c4", "answers": [{"text": "1963", "answer_start": 615}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which movie was a modern version of Thunderball?", "id": "56cdd33262d2951400fa68c5", "answers": [{"text": "Never Say Never Again", "answer_start": 874}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of a proposed remake of Thunderball that was never made?", "id": "56cdd33362d2951400fa68c6", "answers": [{"text": "Warhead 2000 A.D.", "answer_start": 971}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Fleming settle with McClory?", "id": "56cf38a9aab44d1400b88e97", "answers": [{"text": "1963", "answer_start": 615}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the remake of Thunderball?", "id": "56cf38a9aab44d1400b88e99", "answers": [{"text": "Never Say Never Again", "answer_start": 874}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Bond novel first featured Spectre?", "id": "56cf38a9aab44d1400b88e9a", "answers": [{"text": "Thunderball.", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spectre", "answer_start": 21}], "question": "What organization has faced litigation issues since 1981?", "id": "5ad227efd7d075001a428550", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Fleming", "answer_start": 363}], "question": "Who incorporated elements of an undeveloped film script written by Saltzman into Thuderball?", "id": "5ad227efd7d075001a428551", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "McClory", "answer_start": 694}], "question": "Who became a producer on the 1985 film Thunderball?", "id": "5ad227efd7d075001a428552", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Warhead 2000 A.D.", "answer_start": 971}], "question": "What was planned for release in the 1980s but then abandoned?", "id": "5ad227efd7d075001a428553", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The ownership of the Spectre organisation\u2014originally stylised \"SPECTRE\" as an acronym of SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion\u2014and its characters, had been at the centre of long-standing litigation starting in 1961 between Ian Fleming and Kevin McClory over the film rights to the novel Thunderball. The dispute began after Fleming incorporated elements of an undeveloped film script written by McClory and screenwriter Jack Whittingham\u2014including characters and plot points\u2014into Thunderball, which McClory contested in court, claiming ownership over elements of the novel. In 1963, Fleming settled out of court with McClory, in an agreement which awarded McClory the film rights. This enabled him to become a producer for the 1965 film Thunderball\u2014with Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman as executive producers\u2014and the non-Eon film Never Say Never Again, an updated remake of Thunderball, in 1983.[N 3] A second remake, entitled Warhead 2000 A.D., was planned for production and release in the 1990s before being abandoned. Under the terms of the 1963 settlement, the literary rights stayed with Fleming, allowing the Spectre organisation and associated characters to continue appearing in print."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who ended up with ownership of Spectre?", "id": "56cdd83862d2951400fa68e0", "answers": [{"text": "MGM", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Spectre's original name?", "id": "56cdd83862d2951400fa68e1", "answers": [{"text": "SPECTRE", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which company is Danjaq, LLC associated with?", "id": "56cdd83862d2951400fa68e2", "answers": [{"text": "Eon Productions", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year were rights to Spectre worked out?", "id": "56cdd83862d2951400fa68e3", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which film studio won the full copyright film rights to Spectre?", "id": "56cf39c4aab44d1400b88eba", "answers": [{"text": "MGM", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was the Spectre acronym originally written?", "id": "56cf39c4aab44d1400b88ebb", "answers": [{"text": "Spectre", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the LLC sister company of Eon Productions?", "id": "56cf39c4aab44d1400b88ebc", "answers": [{"text": "Danjaq", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "MGM and the McClory estate", "answer_start": 17}], "question": "Which two parties settled the issue in November 2003?", "id": "5ad22870d7d075001a428558", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "MGM", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "Who got partial film rights to Spectre?", "id": "5ad22870d7d075001a428559", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Danjaq, LLC", "answer_start": 76}], "question": "The McClintock estate settled the issue with whom?", "id": "5ad22870d7d075001a42855a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Danjaq, LLC", "answer_start": 76}], "question": "Who is a brother company to Eon Productions?", "id": "5ad22870d7d075001a42855b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In November 2013 MGM and the McClory estate formally settled the issue with Danjaq, LLC\u2014sister company of Eon Productions\u2014with MGM acquiring the full copyright film rights to the concept of Spectre and all of the characters associated with it. With the acquisition of the film rights and the organisation's re-introduction to the series' continuity, the SPECTRE acronym was discarded and the organisation reimagined as \"Spectre\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What company was targeted by leaks of company information?", "id": "56cdd8ba62d2951400fa68e8", "answers": [{"text": "Sony Pictures Entertainment", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was responsible for leaks of Sony movie projects?", "id": "56cdd8ba62d2951400fa68e9", "answers": [{"text": "hackers", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which film writer's work was included in leaks of Spectre information?", "id": "56cdd8ba62d2951400fa68ea", "answers": [{"text": "John Logan", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which company verified contents of the leaked information?", "id": "56cdd8ba62d2951400fa68eb", "answers": [{"text": "Eon Productions", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did hackers get into the Sony Pictures e-mail system?", "id": "56cf3cd2aab44d1400b88ec8", "answers": [{"text": "November 2014", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote the early drafts of the script for Spectre?", "id": "56cf3cd2aab44d1400b88ec9", "answers": [{"text": "John Logan", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company confirmed that an early version of the Spectre script had been leaked?", "id": "56cf3cd2aab44d1400b88ecb", "answers": [{"text": "Eon Productions", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sony Pictures Entertainment", "answer_start": 18}], "question": "Which company was targeted by hackers in November 2004?", "id": "5ad228d2d7d075001a428574", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hackers", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "Who released details of confidential email between ABC executives?", "id": "5ad228d2d7d075001a428575", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spectre", "answer_start": 256}], "question": "What film was under budget?", "id": "5ad228d2d7d075001a428576", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sony", "answer_start": 18}], "question": "Who was not frustrated with the Spectre project?", "id": "5ad228d2d7d075001a428577", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In November 2014, Sony Pictures Entertainment was targeted by hackers who released details of confidential e-mails between Sony executives regarding several high-profile film projects. Included within these were several memos relating to the production of Spectre, claiming that the film was over budget, detailing early drafts of the script written by John Logan, and expressing Sony's frustration with the project. Eon Productions later issued a statement confirming the leak of what they called \"an early version of the screenplay\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which actor portrayed Franz Oberhauser?", "id": "56cdd97f62d2951400fa68f0", "answers": [{"text": "Christoph Waltz", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Hannes Oberhauser identified as a guardian of James Bond?", "id": "56cdd97f62d2951400fa68f1", "answers": [{"text": "1983", "answer_start": 410}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were the writers of Spectre?", "id": "56cdd97f62d2951400fa68f2", "answers": [{"text": "Neal Purvis and Robert Wade", "answer_start": 627}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which group in previous Bond films was changed to be a part of Spectre instead of its own entity?", "id": "56cdd97f62d2951400fa68f3", "answers": [{"text": "Quantum", "answer_start": 757}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the short story in which Hannes Oberhauser appeared?", "id": "56cdd97f62d2951400fa68f4", "answers": [{"text": "Octopussy", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Bond's full time guardian?", "id": "56cf3e29aab44d1400b88ed0", "answers": [{"text": "Charmian Bond", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which Bond story did the name Oberhauser first appear?", "id": "56cf3e29aab44d1400b88ed1", "answers": [{"text": "Octopussy", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What actor portrayed Franz Oberhauser?", "id": "56cf3e29aab44d1400b88ed2", "answers": [{"text": "Christoph Waltz.", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which movie was the Quantum organization first introduced?", "id": "56cf3e29aab44d1400b88ed3", "answers": [{"text": "Quantum of Solace", "answer_start": 824}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Quantum is a division of what other organization? ", "id": "56cf3e29aab44d1400b88ed4", "answers": [{"text": "Spectre", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spectre", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "What was considered a copycat story?", "id": "5ad2299ed7d075001a42859a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hannes Oberhauser", "answer_start": 191}], "question": "Who has permanent legal custody of Bond in 1983?", "id": "5ad2299ed7d075001a42859b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a minor retcon to the continuity of the previous films", "answer_start": 692}], "question": "Producer Neal Purvis revealed that the film would provide what?", "id": "5ad2299ed7d075001a42859c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Quantum organisation", "answer_start": 753}], "question": "What is alluded to in Royale Casino?", "id": "5ad2299ed7d075001a42859d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Despite being an original story, Spectre draws on Ian Fleming's source material, most notably in the character of Franz Oberhauser, played by Christoph Waltz. Oberhauser shares his name with Hannes Oberhauser, a background character in the short story \"Octopussy\" from the Octopussy and The Living Daylights collection, and who is named in the film as having been a temporary legal guardian of a young Bond in 1983. Similarly, Charmian Bond is shown to have been his full-time guardian, observing the back story established by Fleming. With the acquisition of the rights to Spectre and its associated characters, screenwriters Neal Purvis and Robert Wade revealed that the film would provide a minor retcon to the continuity of the previous films, with the Quantum organisation alluded to in Casino Royale and introduced in Quantum of Solace reimagined as a division within Spectre rather than an independent organisation."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of a location in Spectre which draws its inspiration from an Ian Fleming short story?", "id": "56cdda0062d2951400fa68fa", "answers": [{"text": "Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote the book Colonel Sun?", "id": "56cdda0062d2951400fa68fb", "answers": [{"text": "Kingsley Amis", "answer_start": 334}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What short story inspired the name Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques?", "id": "56cdda0062d2951400fa68fc", "answers": [{"text": "The Hildebrand Rarity", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "\"The Hildebrand Rarity\"  is from what short story collection?", "id": "56cf3eabaab44d1400b88eda", "answers": [{"text": "For Your Eyes Only", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which character tortures Bond?", "id": "56cf3eabaab44d1400b88edb", "answers": [{"text": "Blofeld", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the MI6 safehouse?", "id": "56cf3eabaab44d1400b88edc", "answers": [{"text": "Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques", "answer_start": 103}], "question": "An MI66 safehouse is called what?", "id": "5ad22a18d7d075001a4285b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques", "answer_start": 103}], "question": "What is a reference to the long story \"The Hildebrand Rarity\"?", "id": "5ad22a18d7d075001a4285b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "his torture by the title character of Kingsley Amis' continuation novel Colonel Sun", "answer_start": 296}], "question": "Blofeld's torture by Bond reflects what?", "id": "5ad22a18d7d075001a4285b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Fleming's", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "References to whose material can not be found anywhere in the film?", "id": "5ad22a18d7d075001a4285b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Further references to Fleming's material can be found throughout the film; an MI6 safehouse is called \"Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques\", a reference to the short story \"The Hildebrand Rarity\" from the For Your Eyes Only short story collection.[citation needed] Bond's torture by Blofeld mirrors his torture by the title character of Kingsley Amis' continuation novel Colonel Sun.[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "When were the actors in Spectre announced?", "id": "56cdda5762d2951400fa6900", "answers": [{"text": "December 2014", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which actor portrayed M?", "id": "56cdda5762d2951400fa6901", "answers": [{"text": "Ralph Fiennes", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which actress portrayed Eve Moneypenny?", "id": "56cdda5762d2951400fa6902", "answers": [{"text": "Naomie Harris", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which actor portrayed Q?", "id": "56cdda5762d2951400fa6903", "answers": [{"text": "Ben Whishaw", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which actor portrayed Bill Tanner?", "id": "56cdda5762d2951400fa6904", "answers": [{"text": "Rory Kinnear", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many times has Daniel Craig portrayed James Bond in films?", "id": "56cf4113aab44d1400b88ee0", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which actor portrays Bill Tanner?", "id": "56cf4113aab44d1400b88ee1", "answers": [{"text": "Rory Kinnear", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which three actors reprised supporting roles for Spectre?", "id": "56cf4113aab44d1400b88ee3", "answers": [{"text": "Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "main cast", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What was revealed in December 2004?", "id": "5ad22ad5d7d075001a4285e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "007 Stage at Pinewood Studios", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "Where was the main cast revealed in December 2004?", "id": "5ad22ad5d7d075001a4285e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Daniel Craig", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "Who returned for his eighth appearance as James Bond?", "id": "5ad22ad5d7d075001a4285e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Fiennes", "answer_start": 157}], "question": "Ralph who reprised his role as Bill Tanner?", "id": "5ad22ad5d7d075001a4285e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall. Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Christoph Waltz portray in Spectre?", "id": "56cddc2a62d2951400fa690a", "answers": [{"text": "Franz Oberhauser", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Franz Oberhauser's other name?", "id": "56cddc2a62d2951400fa690b", "answers": [{"text": "Ernst Stavro Blofeld", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who played Severine in the previous Bond film?", "id": "56cddc2a62d2951400fa690c", "answers": [{"text": "B\u00e9r\u00e9nice Lim Marlohe", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what movie was Mr. White originally supposed to die?", "id": "56cddc2a62d2951400fa690d", "answers": [{"text": "Quantum of Solace", "answer_start": 785}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Monica Bellucci when she filmed Spectre?", "id": "56cddc2a62d2951400fa690e", "answers": [{"text": "fifty", "answer_start": 584}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which actress was cast in the role of Severine in Skyfall?", "id": "56cf44e7aab44d1400b88ee9", "answers": [{"text": "B\u00e9r\u00e9nice Lim Marlohe", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what movie was it originally planned to kill the character Mr. White?", "id": "56cf44e7aab44d1400b88eeb", "answers": [{"text": "Quantum of Solace.", "answer_start": 785}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christoph Waltz", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who commented on the nature of Franz Oberhauser?", "id": "5ad22b6bd7d075001a4285f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Waltz", "answer_start": 10}], "question": "Christoph who was cast as Mr. Hinx?", "id": "5ad22b6bd7d075001a4285f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mendes", "answer_start": 378}], "question": "Who wanted an inexperienced actor for the role of Madeleine Swann?", "id": "5ad22b6bd7d075001a4285f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Monica Bellucci", "answer_start": 510}], "question": "Who was the youngest actress to be a Bond girl?", "id": "5ad22b6bd7d075001a4285f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jesper Christensen", "answer_start": 690}], "question": "Who would not be reprising his role as Mr. White?", "id": "5ad22b6bd7d075001a4285fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Christoph Waltz was cast in the role of Franz Oberhauser, though he refused to comment on the nature of the part. It was later revealed with the film's release that he is Ernst Stavro Blofeld. Dave Bautista was cast as Mr. Hinx after producers sought an actor with a background in contact sports. After casting B\u00e9r\u00e9nice Lim Marlohe, a relative newcomer, as S\u00e9v\u00e9rine in Skyfall, Mendes consciously sought out a more experienced actor for the role of Madeleine Swann, ultimately casting L\u00e9a Seydoux in the role. Monica Bellucci joined the cast as Lucia Sciarra, becoming, at the age of fifty, the oldest actress to be cast as a Bond girl. In a separate interview with Danish website Euroman, Jesper Christensen revealed he would be reprising his role as Mr. White from Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace. Christensen's character was reportedly killed off in a scene intended to be used as an epilogue to Quantum of Solace, before it was removed from the final cut of the film, enabling his return in Spectre."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many actual people were used for the opening sequence of Spectre?", "id": "56cddcae62d2951400fa6914", "answers": [{"text": "fifteen hundred", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which actor portrayed Marco Sciarra?", "id": "56cddcae62d2951400fa6915", "answers": [{"text": "Alessandro Cremona", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Estrella was played by which actress?", "id": "56cddcae62d2951400fa6916", "answers": [{"text": "Stephanie Sigman", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the opening scene of Spectre filmed?", "id": "56cddcae62d2951400fa6917", "answers": [{"text": "February 2015", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the pre-title scene in Spectre filmed?", "id": "56cf45bcaab44d1400b88ef3", "answers": [{"text": "Mexico", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which country were the scenes with Detlef Bothe shot?", "id": "56cf45bcaab44d1400b88ef4", "answers": [{"text": "Austria.", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was cast as Marco Sciarra?", "id": "56cf45bcaab44d1400b88ef5", "answers": [{"text": "Alessandro Cremona", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What character did Stephanie Sigma portray?", "id": "56cf45bcaab44d1400b88ef6", "answers": [{"text": "Estrella", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cremona", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "Alessandro who was cast as Estrella?", "id": "5ad22be1d7d075001a428608", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Detlef Bothe", "answer_start": 124}], "question": "Who was cast as a hero for scenes set in Austria?", "id": "5ad22be1d7d075001a428609", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the pre-title sequence set in Mexico", "answer_start": 247}], "question": "Over one hundred extras were hired for what?", "id": "5ad22be1d7d075001a42860a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fifteen hundred", "answer_start": 209}], "question": "In February 2005, how many extras were hired for the pre-title sequence?", "id": "5ad22be1d7d075001a42860b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In addition to the principal cast, Alessandro Cremona was cast as Marco Sciarra, Stephanie Sigman was cast as Estrella, and Detlef Bothe was cast as a villain for scenes shot in Austria. In February 2015 over fifteen hundred extras were hired for the pre-title sequence set in Mexico, though they were duplicated in the film, giving the effect of around ten thousand extras."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the last person to direct two James Bond movies in a row before Mendes?", "id": "56cddd4562d2951400fa691e", "answers": [{"text": "John Glen", "answer_start": 363}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who served as production designer for Spectre?", "id": "56cddd4562d2951400fa691f", "answers": [{"text": "Dennis Gassner", "answer_start": 676}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Hoyte van Hoytema replace as cinematographer?", "id": "56cddd4562d2951400fa6920", "answers": [{"text": "Roger Deakins", "answer_start": 790}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two consecutive Bond films did Mendes direct?", "id": "56cf469eaab44d1400b88efc", "answers": [{"text": "Skyfall and Spectre", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which film had a larger production staff, Spectre or Skyfall?", "id": "56cf469eaab44d1400b88efd", "answers": [{"text": "Spectre", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Bond film is Daniel Craig listed as a co-producer?", "id": "56cf469eaab44d1400b88efe", "answers": [{"text": "Spectre", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who directed The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill?", "id": "56cf469eaab44d1400b88eff", "answers": [{"text": "John Glen", "answer_start": 363}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Neal Purvis and Robert Wade have worked on how many Bond films?", "id": "56cf469eaab44d1400b88f00", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 572}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mendes", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "Who said he would return to direct Bond 24 in March 2013?", "id": "5ad22c77d7d075001a428610", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mendes", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "Who did not find the long-term future of the franchise appealing?", "id": "5ad22c77d7d075001a428611", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mendes", "answer_start": 286}], "question": "Who became the first director to oversee three consecutive Bond films?", "id": "5ad22c77d7d075001a428612", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spectre", "answer_start": 857}], "question": "The combined crew of what movie numbered over three thousand?", "id": "5ad22c77d7d075001a428613", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In March 2013 Mendes said he would not return to direct the next film in the series, then known as Bond 24; he later recanted and announced that he would return, as he found the script and the plans for the long-term future of the franchise appealing. In directing Skyfall and Spectre, Mendes became the first director to oversee two consecutive Bond films since John Glen directed The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill in 1987 and 1989. Skyfall writer John Logan resumed his role of scriptwriter, collaborating with Neal Purvis and Robert Wade, who returned for their sixth Bond film.[N 4] The writer Jez Butterworth also worked on the script, alongside Mendes and Craig. Dennis Gassner returned as the film's production designer, while cinematographer Hoyte van Hoytema took over from Roger Deakins. In July 2015 Mendes noted that the combined crew of Spectre numbered over one thousand, making it a larger production than Skyfall. Craig is listed as co-producer."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What were three sites used for filming Spectre?", "id": "56cdddb862d2951400fa6924", "answers": [{"text": "London, Mexico City and Rome", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of film was used to shoot the movie?", "id": "56cdddb862d2951400fa6925", "answers": [{"text": "Kodak 35 mm", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did initial shoots for the film take place?", "id": "56cdddb862d2951400fa6926", "answers": [{"text": "Pinewood Studios", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did it take to film Spectre?", "id": "56cf4745aab44d1400b88f0b", "answers": [{"text": "seven months.", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of film was used?", "id": "56cf4745aab44d1400b88f0c", "answers": [{"text": "Kodak 35 mm film stock", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what film studio was some of the film shot?", "id": "56cf4745aab44d1400b88f0e", "answers": [{"text": "Pinewood Studios", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "production", "answer_start": 21}], "question": "What began at Pinewood Studios on 8 December 2004?", "id": "5ad22ce3d7d075001a428620", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "filming", "answer_start": 89}], "question": "What took eight months to complete?", "id": "5ad22ce3d7d075001a428621", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Van Hoytema", "answer_start": 207}], "question": "Who shot the film on Kodak 45 mm film stock?", "id": "5ad22ce3d7d075001a428622", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pinewood", "answer_start": 288}], "question": "Later filming took place at which studio?", "id": "5ad22ce3d7d075001a428623", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Mendes revealed that production would begin on 8 December 2014 at Pinewood Studios, with filming taking seven months. Mendes also confirmed several filming locations, including London, Mexico City and Rome. Van Hoytema shot the film on Kodak 35 mm film stock. Early filming took place at Pinewood Studios, and around London, with scenes variously featuring Craig and Harris at Bond's flat, and Craig and Kinnear travelling down the River Thames."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did Spectre begin production in Austria?", "id": "56cde1d962d2951400fa6954", "answers": [{"text": "December 2014", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Austrian filming of Spectre finish?", "id": "56cde1d962d2951400fa6955", "answers": [{"text": "February 2015", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What location was the focus of the Austrian leg of Spectre's production?", "id": "56cde1d962d2951400fa6956", "answers": [{"text": "Ice Q Restaurant", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of his body did Craig injure?", "id": "56cde1d962d2951400fa6958", "answers": [{"text": "knee", "answer_start": 600}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What building was used in the film as the Hoffler Klinik?", "id": "56cf4815aab44d1400b88f1b", "answers": [{"text": "Ice Q Restaurant", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the Hoffler Klinik supposed to be located?", "id": "56cf4815aab44d1400b88f1c", "answers": [{"text": "Austrian Alps.", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Near what glacier in Austria was filming done?", "id": "56cf4815aab44d1400b88f1e", "answers": [{"text": "Rettenbach glacier", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December 2014", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "Filming started in Australia when?", "id": "5ad22d64d7d075001a42863c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ice Q Restaurant", "answer_start": 311}], "question": "Scenes filmed in Australia centered on what?", "id": "5ad22d64d7d075001a42863d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ice Q Restaurant", "answer_start": 311}], "question": "What stood in for the real Hoffler Klinik?", "id": "5ad22d64d7d075001a42863e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "clinic", "answer_start": 393}], "question": "The fictional Hoffler Klinik is a public medical what?", "id": "5ad22d64d7d075001a42863f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Austrian Alps", "answer_start": 407}], "question": "Where is the real Hoffler Klinik located?", "id": "5ad22d64d7d075001a428640", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Filming started in Austria in December 2014, with production taking in the area around S\u00f6lden\u2014including the \u00d6tztal Glacier Road, Rettenbach glacier and the adjacent ski resort and cable car station\u2014and Obertilliach and Lake Altaussee, before concluding in February 2015. Scenes filmed in Austria centred on the Ice Q Restaurant, standing in for the fictional Hoffler Klinik, a private medical clinic in the Austrian Alps. Filming included an action scene featuring a Land Rover Defender Bigfoot and a Range Rover Sport. Production was temporarily halted first by an injury to Craig, who sprained his knee whilst shooting a fight scene, and later by an accident involving a filming vehicle that saw three crew members injured, at least one of them seriously."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are two landmarks in Rome used in filming Spectre?", "id": "56cde39b62d2951400fa697c", "answers": [{"text": "Ponte Sisto bridge and the Roman Forum", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which group was responsible for the C-X75s featured in Spectre?", "id": "56cde39b62d2951400fa697e", "answers": [{"text": "Williams", "answer_start": 1113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For which auto maker did Williams first develop the C-X75?", "id": "56cde39b62d2951400fa697f", "answers": [{"text": "Jaguar", "answer_start": 644}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many engines did the C-X75 originally have?", "id": "56cde39b62d2951400fa6980", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 727}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where in England were scenes shot that represented a location in Rome?", "id": "56cf4925aab44d1400b88f38", "answers": [{"text": "Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What bridge in Rome was a filming location?", "id": "56cf4925aab44d1400b88f39", "answers": [{"text": "the Ponte Sisto bridge", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two cars were featured in a chase scene along the banks of the Tiber River?", "id": "56cf4925aab44d1400b88f3a", "answers": [{"text": "Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75", "answer_start": 620}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Formula One racing team developed the C-X75's used for filming.", "id": "56cf4925aab44d1400b88f3b", "answers": [{"text": "Williams", "answer_start": 1113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company did the Williams Formula One team originally build the C-X75 prototype for?", "id": "56cf4925aab44d1400b88f3c", "answers": [{"text": "Jaguar.", "answer_start": 1166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "special interest", "answer_start": 324}], "question": "The production faced support from a variety of what groups?", "id": "5ad22fe9d7d075001a4286a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "city", "answer_start": 352}], "question": "The production faced support from a variety of what authorities?", "id": "5ad22fe9d7d075001a4286a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tiber", "answer_start": 564}], "question": "A car crash was set along which river?", "id": "5ad22fe9d7d075001a4286a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Blenheim", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "What palace in France was used for filming?", "id": "5ad22fe9d7d075001a4286a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Filming temporarily returned to England to shoot scenes at Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire, which stood in for a location in Rome, before moving on to the city itself for a five-week shoot across the city, with locations including the Ponte Sisto bridge and the Roman Forum. The production faced opposition from a variety of special interest groups and city authorities, who were concerned about the potential for damage to historical sites around the city, and problems with graffiti and rubbish appearing in the film. A car chase scene set along the banks of the Tiber River and through the streets of Rome featured an Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75. The C-X75 was originally developed as a hybrid electric vehicle with four independent electric engines powered by two jet turbines, before the project was cancelled. The version used for filming was converted to use a conventional internal combustion engine, to minimise the potential for disruption from mechanical problems with the complex hybrid system. The C-X75s used for filming were developed by the engineering division of Formula One racing team Williams, who built the original C-X75 prototype for Jaguar."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Spectre filming take place after Rome?", "id": "56cdf49362d2951400fa69c0", "answers": [{"text": "Mexico City", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which celebration was featured in the Mexico City part of the production?", "id": "56cdf49362d2951400fa69c1", "answers": [{"text": "Day of the Dead", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which areas were shown in the Day of the Dead scene in Spectre?", "id": "56cdf49362d2951400fa69c2", "answers": [{"text": "the Z\u00f3calo and the Centro Hist\u00f3rico district", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many additional actors were needed for the shoot in Mexico City?", "id": "56cdf49362d2951400fa69c3", "answers": [{"text": "1,500", "answer_start": 544}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were the scenes featuring planes shot?", "id": "56cdf49362d2951400fa69c4", "answers": [{"text": "Palenque", "answer_start": 681}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What festival was included in the scenes shot in Mexico?", "id": "56cf49ebaab44d1400b88f4c", "answers": [{"text": "the Day of the Dead festival", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of helicopter was used for the flight scenes?", "id": "56cf49ebaab44d1400b88f4f", "answers": [{"text": "a Messerschmitt-B\u00f6lkow-Blohm Bo 105 helicopter", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where in Mexico were the Day of the Dead scenes shot?", "id": "56cf49ebaab44d1400b88f50", "answers": [{"text": "Z\u00f3calo and the Centro Hist\u00f3rico district", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mexico", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "Filming moved to which city in late May?", "id": "5ad2306ed7d075001a4286c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mexico", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "In which city was the film's closing sequence filmed?", "id": "5ad2306ed7d075001a4286c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "city square", "answer_start": 267}], "question": "What was closed in order to film a fight sequence using a boat?", "id": "5ad2306ed7d075001a4286ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "city", "answer_start": 267}], "question": "The scene in which square required about 2,500 extras?", "id": "5ad2306ed7d075001a4286cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "With filming completed in Rome, production moved to Mexico City in late March to shoot the film's opening sequence, with scenes to include the Day of the Dead festival filmed in and around the Z\u00f3calo and the Centro Hist\u00f3rico district. The planned scenes required the city square to be closed for filming a sequence involving a fight aboard a Messerschmitt-B\u00f6lkow-Blohm Bo 105 helicopter flown by stunt pilot Chuck Aaron, which called for modifications to be made to several buildings to prevent damage. This particular scene in Mexico required 1,500 extras, 10 giant skeletons and 250,000 paper flowers. Reports in the Mexican media added that the film's second unit would move to Palenque in the state of Chiapas, to film aerial manoeuvres considered too dangerous to shoot in an urban area."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Craig go to deal with his injury?", "id": "56cdf52c62d2951400fa69ca", "answers": [{"text": "New York", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Craig go back to work?", "id": "56cdf52c62d2951400fa69cb", "answers": [{"text": "22 April", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what city did Daniel Craig have minor surgery to repair his knee?", "id": "56cf4a71aab44d1400b88f5e", "answers": [{"text": "New York", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Craig", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "Who was flown to New Mexico to undergo minor surgery?", "id": "5ad230ebd7d075001a4286ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "New York", "answer_start": 78}], "question": "Craig underwent major surgery in what city?", "id": "5ad230ebd7d075001a4286ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Craig", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "Filming was affected by whose surgery?", "id": "5ad230ebd7d075001a4286f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Craig", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "Who underwent minor surgery to fix his arm?", "id": "5ad230ebd7d075001a4286f1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Craig", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "Who returned to filming on 12 April?", "id": "5ad230ebd7d075001a4286f2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Following filming in Mexico, and during a scheduled break, Craig was flown to New York to undergo minor surgery to fix his knee injury. It was reported that filming was not affected and he had returned to filming at Pinewood Studios as planned on 22 April."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which bridges were shut down because of filming?", "id": "56ced14baab44d1400b88acd", "answers": [{"text": "Westminster and Lambeth Bridges", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which organization provided water for weather effects?", "id": "56ced14baab44d1400b88ace", "answers": [{"text": "London Fire Brigade", "answer_start": 545}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which river was used in some of the shoots taking place in London?", "id": "56ced14baab44d1400b88acf", "answers": [{"text": "Thames", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is MI6 based?", "id": "56ced14baab44d1400b88ad0", "answers": [{"text": "Vauxhall Cross", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Filming closed which two bridges in London?", "id": "56cf4b67aab44d1400b88f6a", "answers": [{"text": "Westminster and Lambeth Bridges", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who helped the filmakers simulate rain while shooting in London?", "id": "56cf4b67aab44d1400b88f6b", "answers": [{"text": "The London Fire Brigade", "answer_start": 541}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were the scenes of Ralph Fiennes in a restaurant shot?", "id": "56cf4b67aab44d1400b88f6c", "answers": [{"text": "Covent Garden.", "answer_start": 787}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where stunt scenes on the Thames shot during the day or the night?", "id": "56cf4b67aab44d1400b88f6d", "answers": [{"text": "night", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "London's", "answer_start": 17}], "question": "Whose city hall was used for filming on 8 April 2015?", "id": "5ad23161d7d075001a42870c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Westminster", "answer_start": 250}], "question": "Stunt scenes on an airplane were filmed near which bridge?", "id": "5ad23161d7d075001a42870d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vauxhall Cross", "answer_start": 422}], "question": "Scenes were shot near MI66's headquarters where?", "id": "5ad23161d7d075001a42870e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "London Fire Brigade", "answer_start": 545}], "question": "Who was used to simulate snow?", "id": "5ad23161d7d075001a42870f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A brief shoot at London's City Hall was filmed on 18 April 2015, while Mendes was on location. On 17 May 2015 filming took place on the Thames in London. Stunt scenes involving Craig and Seydoux on a speedboat as well as a low flying helicopter near Westminster Bridge were shot at night, with filming temporarily closing both Westminster and Lambeth Bridges. Scenes were also shot on the river near MI6's headquarters at Vauxhall Cross. The crew returned to the river less than a week later to film scenes solely set on Westminster Bridge. The London Fire Brigade was on set to simulate rain as well as monitor smoke used for filming. Craig, Seydoux, and Waltz, as well as Harris and Fiennes, were seen being filmed. Prior to this, scenes involving Fiennes were shot at a restaurant in Covent Garden. Filming then took place in Trafalgar Square. In early June, the crew, as well as Craig, Seydoux, and Waltz, returned to the Thames for a final time to continue filming scenes previously shot on the river."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which three locations in Morocco were used in filming?", "id": "56ced973aab44d1400b88afd", "answers": [{"text": "Oujda, Tangier and Erfoud", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Guinness record was set during the filming of Spectre?", "id": "56ced973aab44d1400b88afe", "answers": [{"text": "Largest film stunt explosion", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Guinness record attributed to?", "id": "56ced973aab44d1400b88aff", "answers": [{"text": "Chris Corbould", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did it take to shoot Spectre?", "id": "56ced973aab44d1400b88b00", "answers": [{"text": "128 days", "answer_start": 531}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did production go to after leaving London?", "id": "56cf4fe6aab44d1400b88fb2", "answers": [{"text": "Morocco", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Guinness World Record does the film hold?", "id": "56cf4fe6aab44d1400b88fb3", "answers": [{"text": "Largest film stunt explosion", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many day did filming take", "id": "56cf4fe6aab44d1400b88fb5", "answers": [{"text": "128 days.", "answer_start": 531}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Guinness World record was credited to which production designer?", "id": "56cf4fe6aab44d1400b88fb6", "answers": [{"text": "Chris Corbould", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Largest film stunt explosion", "answer_start": 267}], "question": "An explosion filmed in Mexico holds the Guinness World Record for what?", "id": "5ad231e3d7d075001a42873a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chris Corbould", "answer_start": 367}], "question": "The record was credited to which screenwriter?", "id": "5ad231e3d7d075001a42873b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "wrap-up party", "answer_start": 433}], "question": "What was held in post-production before entering commemoration?", "id": "5ad231e3d7d075001a42873d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Filming", "answer_start": 518}], "question": "What took 182 days?", "id": "5ad231e3d7d075001a42873e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Morocco", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "An explosion filmed in what city holds the Guinness World Record for \"Smallest film stunt explosion\"?", "id": "5ad23d95d7d075001a428898", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Largest film stunt explosion", "answer_start": 267}], "question": "Mexico was the site for which Guinness World Record?", "id": "5ad23d95d7d075001a428899", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Largest film stunt explosion", "answer_start": 267}], "question": "Screenwriter Chris Corbould was credited with what Guinness World Record?", "id": "5ad23d95d7d075001a42889a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5 July 2015", "answer_start": 418}], "question": "Principal photography began on what date?", "id": "5ad23d95d7d075001a42889b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After wrapping up in England, production travelled to Morocco in June, with filming taking place in Oujda, Tangier and Erfoud, after preliminary work was completed by the production's second unit. An explosion filmed in Morocco holds a Guinness World Record for the \"Largest film stunt explosion\" in cinematic history, with the record credited to production designer Chris Corbould. Principal photography concluded on 5 July 2015. A wrap-up party for Spectre was held in commemoration before entering post-production. Filming took 128 days."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How much money were possible changes to the Mexico City section of the film rumored to have saved the production?", "id": "56cedc9caab44d1400b88b2b", "answers": [{"text": "$20 million", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Bond producer would not confirm that the film had been changed to accommodate Mexican authorities?", "id": "56cedc9caab44d1400b88b2c", "answers": [{"text": "Michael G. Wilson", "answer_start": 426}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what other country, besides Mexico, did the film experience administrative issues with local authorities?", "id": "56cedc9caab44d1400b88b2d", "answers": [{"text": "India", "answer_start": 777}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which country did Skyfall move its pre-title sequence filming to?", "id": "56cf5415aab44d1400b88fe8", "answers": [{"text": "Istanbul", "answer_start": 800}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mexico", "answer_start": 18}], "question": "Which city wanted their citizens portrayed in a \"negative light\"?", "id": "5ad23f8fd7d075001a4288f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$20 million", "answer_start": 372}], "question": "The film received tax support over what amount?", "id": "5ad23f8fd7d075001a4288f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wilson", "answer_start": 437}], "question": "The film's screenwriter was Michael G. whom?", "id": "5ad23f8fd7d075001a4288f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "production", "answer_start": 520}], "question": "Who was attracted to the imagery of the Night of the Dead?", "id": "5ad23f8fd7d075001a4288f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Whilst filming in Mexico City, speculation in the media claimed that the script had been altered to accommodate the demands of Mexican authorities\u2014reportedly influencing details of the scene and characters, casting choices, and modifying the script in order to portray the country in a \"positive light\"\u2014in order to secure tax concessions and financial support worth up to $20 million for the film. This was denied by producer Michael G. Wilson, who stated that the scene had always been intended to be shot in Mexico as production had been attracted to the imagery of the Day of the Dead, and that the script had been developed from there. Production of Skyfall had previously faced similar problems while attempting to secure permits to shoot the film's pre-title sequence in India before moving to Istanbul."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who wrote the music for Spectre?", "id": "56cedd47aab44d1400b88b47", "answers": [{"text": "Thomas Newman", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the soundtrack of Spectre first available for purchase in the UK?", "id": "56cedd47aab44d1400b88b48", "answers": [{"text": "23 October 2015", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company published the Spectre soundtrack?", "id": "56cedd47aab44d1400b88b49", "answers": [{"text": "Decca Records", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who composed the score for the film?", "id": "56cf54f0aab44d1400b89014", "answers": [{"text": "Thomas Newman", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which record label was the soundtrack album released on?", "id": "56cf54f0aab44d1400b89015", "answers": [{"text": "Decca Records", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did Thomas Newman compose the score after filming or during filming?", "id": "56cf54f0aab44d1400b89016", "answers": [{"text": "during filming.", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the theatrical trailer of the movie released?", "id": "56cf54f0aab44d1400b89017", "answers": [{"text": "July 2015", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "composer", "answer_start": 36}], "question": "Newman Thomas was Spectre's what?", "id": "5ad24014d7d075001a428910", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Thomas Newman", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who composed the score after the film had moved into post-production?", "id": "5ad24014d7d075001a428911", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "theatrical", "answer_start": 158}], "question": "What trailer was released in July 2016?", "id": "5ad24014d7d075001a428912", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spectre's", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "Which film has more than two hundred minutes of music?", "id": "5ad24014d7d075001a428913", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Thomas Newman returned as Spectre's composer. Rather than composing the score once the film had moved into post-production, Newman worked during filming. The theatrical trailer released in July 2015 contained a rendition of John Barry's On Her Majesty's Secret Service theme. Mendes revealed that the final film would have more than one hundred minutes of music. The soundtrack album was released on 23 October 2015 in the UK and 6 November 2015 in the USA on the Decca Records label."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the song played during the opening credits?", "id": "56ceddd1aab44d1400b88b58", "answers": [{"text": "Writing's on the Wall", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many recording sessions did it take to complete the song?", "id": "56ceddd1aab44d1400b88b59", "answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which version of the theme was used in the actual movie?", "id": "56ceddd1aab44d1400b88b5a", "answers": [{"text": "demo", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the vocalist on Writing's on the Wall?", "id": "56cf55adaab44d1400b8902a", "answers": [{"text": "Sam Smith", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sam Smith and regular collaborator Jimmy Napes had written the film's title theme", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "What was announced in September 2005?", "id": "5ad2407bd7d075001a428936", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "theme", "answer_start": 116}], "question": "Jimmy Naples performed what for the film?", "id": "5ad2407bd7d075001a428937", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sam Smith", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "Who said that the song came together in two sessions?", "id": "5ad2407bd7d075001a428938", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sam Smith and regular collaborator Jimmy Napes", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "Who wrote the song in under fifteen minutes?", "id": "5ad2407bd7d075001a428939", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "demo", "answer_start": 346}], "question": "What was not used in the final release?", "id": "5ad2407bd7d075001a42893a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In September 2015 it was announced that Sam Smith and regular collaborator Jimmy Napes had written the film's title theme, \"Writing's on the Wall\", with Smith performing it for the film. Smith said the song came together in one session and that he and Napes wrote it in under half an hour before recording a demo. Satisfied with the quality, the demo was used in the final release."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the main theme of Spectre made available in digital format?", "id": "56cedf84aab44d1400b88ba3", "answers": [{"text": "25 September 2015", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song was the Spectre theme comapred to unfavorably?", "id": "56cedf84aab44d1400b88ba4", "answers": [{"text": "Skyfall", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What former Bond theme singer was the subject of extensive activity on Twitter when the Spectre theme was released?", "id": "56cedf84aab44d1400b88ba5", "answers": [{"text": "Shirley Bassey", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group wrote music for the film that ended up not being used?", "id": "56cedf84aab44d1400b88ba6", "answers": [{"text": "Radiohead", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What artist performed the theme song for Skyfall?", "id": "56cf5674aab44d1400b8904c", "answers": [{"text": "Adele", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The release of Writing's on the Wall caused what name to trend on Twitter?", "id": "56cf5674aab44d1400b8904f", "answers": [{"text": "Shirley Bassey", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which English band also composed a song for the film?", "id": "56cf5674aab44d1400b89050", "answers": [{"text": "Radiohead", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "song", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What was released as a digital download on 15 September 2015?", "id": "5ad24104d7d075001a42894a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "song", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What received all positive reviews from critics?", "id": "5ad24104d7d075001a42894b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Shirley Bassey", "answer_start": 203}], "question": "Who was not trending on Twitter the day the song was released?", "id": "5ad24104d7d075001a42894c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "song", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What became the second Bond theme to reach number one in the UK Singles Chart?", "id": "5ad24104d7d075001a42894d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "song", "answer_start": 385}], "question": "Radiohead composed what which was used in the film?", "id": "5ad24104d7d075001a42894e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The song was released as a digital download on 25 September 2015. It received mixed reviews from critics and fans, particularly in comparison to Adele's \"Skyfall\". The mixed reception to the song led to Shirley Bassey trending on Twitter on the day it was released. It became the first Bond theme to reach number one in the UK Singles Chart. The English band Radiohead also composed a song for the film, which went unused."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which companies revealed Spectre's official car?", "id": "56cee58daab44d1400b88c1b", "answers": [{"text": "Aston Martin and Eon", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many DB10s were made for the movie?", "id": "56cee58daab44d1400b88c1c", "answers": [{"text": "10", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which team displayed the Bond logo during the Mexican Grand Prix?", "id": "56cee58daab44d1400b88c1d", "answers": [{"text": "Williams F1", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the two DB10s that were not needed for filming used for?", "id": "56cee58daab44d1400b88c1e", "answers": [{"text": "promotional work", "answer_start": 461}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many DB10's were produced?", "id": "56cf5710aab44d1400b89061", "answers": [{"text": "10", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What logo did the Williams race team have on their cars for the 2015 Mexican Grand Prix?", "id": "56cf5710aab44d1400b89063", "answers": [{"text": "007", "answer_start": 550}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "The press conference announcing the start of the filming was in October of what year?", "id": "5ad24169d7d075001a428968", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "film", "answer_start": 146}], "question": "Honda was the official car of what?", "id": "5ad24169d7d075001a428969", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "car", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "Aston Martin produced only 20 of what for the film?", "id": "5ad24169d7d075001a42896a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "DB10", "answer_start": 113}], "question": "The unofficial car of the film was what?", "id": "5ad24169d7d075001a42896b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the December 2014 press conference announcing the start of filming, Aston Martin and Eon unveiled the new DB10 as the official car for the film. The DB10 was designed in collaboration between Aston Martin and the filmmakers, with only 10 being produced especially for Spectre as a celebration of the 50th anniversary of the company's association with the franchise. Only eight of those 10 were used for the film, however; the remaining two were used for promotional work. After modifying the Jaguar C-X75 for the film, Williams F1 carried the 007 logo on their cars at the 2015 Mexican Grand Prix, with the team playing host to the cast and crew ahead of the Mexican premiere of the film."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Images of what item were posted by Eon while the movie was being made?", "id": "56cee5f0aab44d1400b88c2d", "answers": [{"text": "clapperboards", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what film did Eon first use this method of promotion?", "id": "56cee5f0aab44d1400b88c2e", "answers": [{"text": "Skyfall", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On which social media accounts was the film promoted?", "id": "56cf578aaab44d1400b89084", "answers": [{"text": "Eon's official social media accounts.", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other Bond film was promoted on social media?", "id": "56cf578aaab44d1400b89085", "answers": [{"text": "Skyfall", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "production", "answer_start": 21}], "question": "Who released moving images to promote the film?", "id": "5ad241d7d7d075001a428982", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "production", "answer_start": 21}], "question": "Who released still images of motherboards to promote the film?", "id": "5ad241d7d7d075001a428983", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eon's", "answer_start": 154}], "question": "On whose unofficial social media account did production promote the film?", "id": "5ad241d7d7d075001a428984", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "promote the film", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "Production released text blogs to do what?", "id": "5ad241d7d7d075001a428985", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "To promote the film, production continued the trend established during Skyfall's production of releasing still images of clapperboards and video blogs on Eon's official social media accounts."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What comedy production did Spectre actors appear in?", "id": "56cee6ebaab44d1400b88c41", "answers": [{"text": "Comic Relief's Red Nose Day", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what TV station did Red Nose Day appear?", "id": "56cee6ebaab44d1400b88c42", "answers": [{"text": "BBC One", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what month was the preview of Spectre released in movie theaters?", "id": "56cee6ebaab44d1400b88c43", "answers": [{"text": "July", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the first teaser trailer of Spectre released?", "id": "56cf58c1aab44d1400b890ab", "answers": [{"text": "March 2015", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What show did several members of the cast and crew appear on in March 2015?", "id": "56cf58c1aab44d1400b890ad", "answers": [{"text": "Comic Relief's Red Nose Day", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote the comedy sketch for the cast and crew?", "id": "56cf58c1aab44d1400b890ae", "answers": [{"text": "David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "13 March 2015", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "Several members of the cast appeared on BBC Two on what date?", "id": "5ad24276d7d075001a42899c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "several members of the cast and crew", "answer_start": 18}], "question": "Who filmed a behind-the scenes documentary of the filming of Spectre?", "id": "5ad24276d7d075001a42899d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "first", "answer_start": 360}], "question": "Which teaser trailer for Spectre was released in February 2015?", "id": "5ad24276d7d075001a42899e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "David Walliams", "answer_start": 188}], "question": "Who produced the sketch for BBC One?", "id": "5ad24276d7d075001a42899f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On 13 March 2015, several members of the cast and crew, including Craig, Whishaw, Wilson and Mendes, as well as previous James Bond actor, Sir Roger Moore, appeared in a sketch written by David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers for Comic Relief's Red Nose Day on BBC One. In the sketch, they film a behind-the-scenes mockumentary on the filming of Spectre. The first teaser trailer for Spectre was released worldwide in March 2015, followed by the theatrical trailer in July and the final trailer in October."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where was the first showing of Spectre held?", "id": "56cee7a2aab44d1400b88c5f", "answers": [{"text": "Royal Albert Hall", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date was Spectre first shown for general audiences?", "id": "56cee7a2aab44d1400b88c60", "answers": [{"text": "26 October 2015", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What movie prompted IMAX to show Spectre?", "id": "56cee7a2aab44d1400b88c62", "answers": [{"text": "Skyfall", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What film opening was changed so it didn't compete with Spectre?", "id": "56cf597faab44d1400b890c6", "answers": [{"text": "Mission: Impossible \u2013 Rogue Nation", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which film had a wider release in the UK, Skyfall or Spectre?", "id": "56cf597faab44d1400b890c8", "answers": [{"text": "Spectre.", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 55}], "question": "Spectre had its world premiere on 26 December of what year?", "id": "5ad24303d7d075001a4289c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spectre", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who had its world premiere at Westminster Hall?", "id": "5ad24303d7d075001a4289c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Paramount Pictures", "answer_start": 221}], "question": "Who pushed back the release of Mission: Impossible - Rogue Nation to avoid competing with Spectre?", "id": "5ad24303d7d075001a4289c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 348}], "question": "IMAX announced that Spectre would be screened in its cinemas in January of what year?", "id": "5ad24303d7d075001a4289c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Skyfall", "answer_start": 516}], "question": "In the UK, Spectre received a smaller release than what?", "id": "5ad24303d7d075001a4289c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Spectre had its world premiere in London on 26 October 2015 at the Royal Albert Hall, the same day as its general release in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Following the announcement of the start of filming, Paramount Pictures brought forward the release of Mission: Impossible \u2013 Rogue Nation to avoid competing with Spectre. In March 2015 IMAX corporation announced that Spectre would be screened in its cinemas, following Skyfall's success with the company. In the UK it received a wider release than Skyfall, with a minimum of 647 cinemas including 40 IMAX screens, compared to Skyfall's 587 locations and 21 IMAX screens."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How much money had Spectre made by 2/21/2016?", "id": "56cee809aab44d1400b88c6f", "answers": [{"text": "$879.3 million", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much revenue did Spectre generate from the United States, Mexico and Canada by 2/21/2016?", "id": "56cee809aab44d1400b88c70", "answers": [{"text": "$199.8 million", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much revenue did Spectre produce from the British, Scottish, and Irish market by 2/21/2016?", "id": "56cee809aab44d1400b88c71", "answers": [{"text": "$138.1 million", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$879.3 million", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "As of 21 February 2006, Spectre has grossed how much worldwide?", "id": "5ad24378d7d075001a4289f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "market", "answer_start": 139}], "question": "$138.1 million has been generated from the French what?", "id": "5ad24378d7d075001a4289f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "market", "answer_start": 139}], "question": "$199.8 million has been generated from the Greek what?", "id": "5ad24378d7d075001a4289fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "21 February 2016", "answer_start": 6}], "question": "Spectre grossed $929.3 million worldwide as of what date?", "id": "5ad24378d7d075001a4289fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "As of 21 February 2016[update] Spectre has grossed $879.3 million worldwide; $138.1 million of the takings have been generated from the UK market and $199.8 million from North America."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How much did Spectre make in its first week?", "id": "56ceea40aab44d1400b88c99", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a341.7 million ($63.8 million)", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which movie previously had the highest earnings for its first seven days?", "id": "56ceea40aab44d1400b88c9a", "answers": [{"text": "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What movie did Spectre unseat as having the highest earnings for IMAX screenings in the UK?", "id": "56ceea40aab44d1400b88c9b", "answers": [{"text": "Avatar", "answer_start": 795}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money did Spectre gross on it's opening day in the UK?", "id": "56cf5adaaab44d1400b890ed", "answers": [{"text": "$9.2 million", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What film previously held the UK record for highest first week opening gross?", "id": "56cf5adaaab44d1400b890ee", "answers": [{"text": "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Spectre passed which movie to become the highest grossing IMAX release in the UK?", "id": "56cf5adaaab44d1400b890f0", "answers": [{"text": "Avatar", "answer_start": 795}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Spectre passed which movie to have the largest per screen opening average?", "id": "56cf5adaaab44d1400b890f1", "answers": [{"text": "The Dark Knight", "answer_start": 690}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United Kingdom", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "The film grossed $6.4 million from its Tuesday screenings in what country?", "id": "5ad243f0d7d075001a428a2a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "63.8 million", "answer_start": 305}], "question": "In the film's first eight days it grossed how much?", "id": "5ad243f0d7d075001a428a2b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "31.2 million", "answer_start": 511}], "question": "The film's Friday-Sunday gross was how much?", "id": "5ad243f0d7d075001a428a2c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "31 million", "answer_start": 563}], "question": "Skyfall's Friday-Sunday gross was how much?", "id": "5ad243f0d7d075001a428a2d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the United Kingdom, the film grossed \u00a34.1 million ($6.4 million) from its Monday preview screenings. It grossed \u00a36.3 million ($9.2 million) on its opening day and then \u00a35.7 million ($8.8 million) on Wednesday, setting UK records for both days. In the film's first seven days it grossed \u00a341.7 million ($63.8 million), breaking the UK record for highest first-week opening, set by Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban's \u00a323.88 million ($36.9 million) in 2004. Its Friday\u2013Saturday gross was \u00a320.4 million ($31.2 million) compared to Skyfall's \u00a320.1 million ($31 million). The film also broke the record for the best per-screen opening average with $110,000, a record previously held by The Dark Knight with $100,200. It has grossed a total of $136.3 million there. In the U.K., it surpassed Avatar to become the country's highest-grossing IMAX release ever with $10.09 million."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Terrorist activity in what French city impacted Spectre's earnings?", "id": "56ceeb34aab44d1400b88ca9", "answers": [{"text": "Paris", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much more did Spectre earn compared with Skyfall in the Indian market?", "id": "56ceeb34aab44d1400b88caa", "answers": [{"text": "4%", "answer_start": 849}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Paris, what movie has generated more ticket revenue than Spectre?", "id": "56ceeb34aab44d1400b88cab", "answers": [{"text": "Spider-Man 3", "answer_start": 1275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Spectre make in its opening in South Korea?", "id": "56ceeb34aab44d1400b88cac", "answers": [{"text": "$8.2 million", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the only film to have a higher ticket sale in Paris than Spectre?", "id": "56cf5b91aab44d1400b8910b", "answers": [{"text": "Spider-Man 3", "answer_start": 1275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What movie did Spectre beat to become top movie of the year in Switzerland?", "id": "56cf5b91aab44d1400b8910d", "answers": [{"text": "Minions", "answer_start": 1046}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spectre", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What opened in Greece with $25.45 million?", "id": "5ad2446bd7d075001a428a56", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spectre", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What set a new record for the biggest Sunday of all time in Germany?", "id": "5ad2446bd7d075001a428a57", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "8.2", "answer_start": 210}], "question": "North Korea opened to how many million?", "id": "5ad2446bd7d075001a428a58", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 406}], "question": "Where did the film open with $14.6 million despite the 11 November Paris attacks?", "id": "5ad2446bd7d075001a428a59", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Spectre opened in Germany with $22.45 million (including previews), which included a new record for the biggest Saturday of all time, Australia with $8.7 million (including previews) and South Korea opened to $8.2 million (including previews). Despite the 13 November Paris attacks, which led to numerous theaters being closed down, the film opened with $14.6 million (including $2 million in previews) in France. In Mexico, where part of the film was shot, it debuted with more than double that of Skyfall with $4.5 million. It also bested its predecessor's opening in various Nordic regions where MGM is distributing, such as in Finland ($2.66 million) and Norway ($2.91 million), and in other markets like Denmark ($4.2 million), the Netherlands ($3.38 million), and Sweden ($3.1 million). In India, it opened at No. 1 with $4.8 million which is 4% above the opening of Skyfall. It topped the German-speaking Switzerland box office for four weeks and in the Netherlands, it has held the No. 1 spot for seven weeks straight where it has topped Minions to become the top movie of the year. The top earning markets are Germany ($70.3 million) and France ($38.8 million). In Paris, it has the second highest ticket sales of all time with $4.1 million tickets sold only behind Spider-Man 3 which sold over $6.32 million tickets in 2007."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many Imax screens showed Spectre on its opening weekend in the US and Canada?", "id": "56ceebf8aab44d1400b88cbb", "answers": [{"text": "374", "answer_start": 613}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money did Spectre make in its first weekend in the US and Canada?", "id": "56ceebf8aab44d1400b88cbc", "answers": [{"text": "$70.4 million", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money did preview showings generate in the US and Canada?", "id": "56ceebf8aab44d1400b88cbd", "answers": [{"text": "$5.25", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which film grossed more money for its opening weekend in the North American market, Skyfall or Spectre?", "id": "56cf5c5faab44d1400b89127", "answers": [{"text": "Skyfall", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many IMAX screens was Spectre shown on in North America?", "id": "56cf5c5faab44d1400b89128", "answers": [{"text": "374", "answer_start": 613}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What day of the week was Spectre released in North America?", "id": "56cf5c5faab44d1400b89129", "answers": [{"text": "Thursday", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "In the United States, the film opened on 16 November of what year?", "id": "5ad244f4d7d075001a428a80", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United States and Canada", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "Where was the film projected to gross $80-85 million in its opening weekend?", "id": "5ad244f4d7d075001a428a81", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the film", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "What grossed about $20 million more than Skyfall's debut?", "id": "5ad244f4d7d075001a428a82", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the film", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "What finished second at the box office?", "id": "5ad244f4d7d075001a428a83", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the United States and Canada, the film opened on 6 November 2015, and in its opening weekend, was originally projected to gross $70\u201375 million from 3,927 screens, the widest release for a Bond film. However, after grossing $5.25 million from its early Thursday night showings and $28 million on its opening day, weekend projections were increased to $75\u201380 million. The film ended up grossing $70.4 million in its opening weekend (about $20 million less than Skyfall's $90.6 million debut, including IMAX previews), but nevertheless finished first at the box office. IMAX generated $9.1 million for Spectre at 374 screens, premium large format made $8 million from 429 cinemas, reaping 11% of the film's opening, which means that Spectre earned $17.1 million (23%) of its opening weekend total in large-format venues. Cinemark XD generated $1.85 million in 112 XD locations."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what day and month was Spectre released to the Chinese market?", "id": "56ceed3baab44d1400b88ccb", "answers": [{"text": "12 November", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much more money did Spectre make during its first weekend in China than Skyfall?", "id": "56ceed3baab44d1400b88ccc", "answers": [{"text": "198%", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By the weekend after its China release, how much had revenue decreased?", "id": "56ceed3baab44d1400b88ccd", "answers": [{"text": "75%", "answer_start": 680}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much had Spectre made in its first month in China?", "id": "56ceed3baab44d1400b88cce", "answers": [{"text": "$84.7 million", "answer_start": 802}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Spectre came in second in opening day gross in China behind what movie?", "id": "56cf5d43aab44d1400b89136", "answers": [{"text": "Mission: Impossible \u2013 Rogue Nation", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money did Spectre gross after four weekends in China?", "id": "56cf5d43aab44d1400b89139", "answers": [{"text": "$84.7 million", "answer_start": 802}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "November", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "The film opened on 11 of what month in China?", "id": "5ad24581d7d075001a428aa8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "China", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "The film occupied 53% of all screens in what country?", "id": "5ad24581d7d075001a428aa9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "China", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "The film took in $890,000 in advance night screenings in what country?", "id": "5ad24581d7d075001a428aaa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "China", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "The film fell by 85% in its second weekend in what country?", "id": "5ad24581d7d075001a428aab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In China, it opened on 12 November and earned $15 million on its opening day, which is the second biggest 2D single day gross for a Hollywood film behind the $18.5 million opening day of Mission: Impossible \u2013 Rogue Nation and occupying 43% of all available screens which included $790,000 in advance night screenings. Through its opening weekend, it earned $48.1 million from 14,700 screens which is 198% ahead of Skyfall, a new record for a Hollywood 2D opening. IMAX contributed $4.6 million on 246 screens, also a new record for a three-day opening for a November release (breaking Interstellar's record). In its second weekend, it added $12.1 million falling precipitously by 75% which is the second worst second weekend drop for any major Hollywood release in China of 2015. It grossed a total of $84.7 million there after four weekends. Albeit a strong opening it failed to attain the $100 million mark as projected."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was Metacritics score for Spectre?", "id": "56ceee04aab44d1400b88cd3", "answers": [{"text": "60 out of 100", "answer_start": 654}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many individual ratings contributed to Metacritics score?", "id": "56ceee04aab44d1400b88cd4", "answers": [{"text": "48", "answer_start": 678}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of Spectre reviews did Rotten Tomatoes find to be in favor of the film?", "id": "56ceee04aab44d1400b88cd5", "answers": [{"text": "64%", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did CinemaScore ask for input on the film?", "id": "56ceee04aab44d1400b88cd6", "answers": [{"text": "Audiences", "answer_start": 729}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of review on Rotten Tomatoes were positive?", "id": "56cf5dccaab44d1400b8913f", "answers": [{"text": "64", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the movie's rating on Metacritic?", "id": "56cf5dccaab44d1400b89140", "answers": [{"text": "60 out of 100", "answer_start": 654}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spectre", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What film received all positive reviews?", "id": "5ad245e3d7d075001a428ab8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "scene", "answer_start": 164}], "question": "Many critics praised the film's ending what?", "id": "5ad245e3d7d075001a428ab9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Skyfall", "answer_start": 333}], "question": "In all early review, the film was compared favorably with what movie?", "id": "5ad245e3d7d075001a428aba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "100", "answer_start": 664}], "question": "On Metacritic, the film has a rating of 70 out of what?", "id": "5ad245e3d7d075001a428abb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Spectre has received mixed reviews, with many reviewers either giving the film highly positive or highly negative feedback. Many critics praised the film's opening scene, action sequences, stuntwork, cinematography and performances from the cast. In some early reviews, the film received favourable comparisons with its predecessor, Skyfall. Rotten Tomatoes sampled 274 reviews and judged 64% of the critiques to be positive, saying that the film \"nudges Daniel Craig's rebooted Bond closer to the glorious, action-driven spectacle of earlier entries, although it's admittedly reliant on established 007 formula.\" On Metacritic, the film has a rating of 60 out of 100, based on 48 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\u2212\" on an A+ to F scale."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who gave Spectre a perfect rating in The Daily Telegraph?", "id": "56ceef67aab44d1400b88ce6", "answers": [{"text": "Robbie Collin", "answer_start": 507}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A writer for which publication rated the film 7.2/10?", "id": "56ceef67aab44d1400b88ce7", "answers": [{"text": "IGN", "answer_start": 695}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What score did Mark Kermode give Spectre?", "id": "56ceef67aab44d1400b88ce8", "answers": [{"text": "four out of five stars", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many stars did Mark Kermode of the Guardian aware Spectre prior to its release?", "id": "56cf5e5eaab44d1400b8914f", "answers": [{"text": "four out of five", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "UK", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "Spectre received mostly positive reviews prior to its release in what country?", "id": "5ad24658d7d075001a428aee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 120}], "question": "John Kermode from the Guardian, gave the film how many out of five stars?", "id": "5ad24658d7d075001a428aef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a swaggering show of confidence", "answer_start": 543}], "question": "The Daily Mail's Robbie Collin described the film as what?", "id": "5ad24658d7d075001a428af0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "solid if unspectacular", "answer_start": 733}], "question": "GIN's Chris Tully said what about the film?", "id": "5ad24658d7d075001a428af1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Prior to its UK release, Spectre mostly received positive reviews. Mark Kermode, writing in The Guardian, gave the film four out of five stars, observing that the film did not live up to the standard set by Skyfall, but was able to tap into audience expectations. Writing in the same publication, Peter Bradshaw gave the film a full five stars, calling it \"inventive, intelligent and complex\", and singling out Craig's performance as the film's highlight. In another five star review, The Daily Telegraph's Robbie Collin described Spectre as \"a swaggering show of confidence'\", lauding it as \"a feat of pure cinematic necromancy.\" In an otherwise positive, but overall less enthusiastic review, IGN's Chris Tilly considered Spectre \"solid if unspectacular\", and gave the film a 7.2 score (out of a possible 10), saying that \"the film falls frustratingly short of greatness.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which journalist considered Spectre the worst James Bond movie in three decades?", "id": "56cef51daab44d1400b88d11", "answers": [{"text": "Scott Mendelson", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which writer for the San Francisco Chronicle awarded Spectre with a perfect score?", "id": "56cef51daab44d1400b88d12", "answers": [{"text": "Mick LaSalle", "answer_start": 1373}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What score did the writer from the Chicago Tribune give to Spectre?", "id": "56cef51daab44d1400b88d13", "answers": [{"text": "75", "answer_start": 2118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The reviewer from Variety compares Spectre to which other Bond movie?", "id": "56cef51daab44d1400b88d14", "answers": [{"text": "Skyfall", "answer_start": 2982}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United States", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "Critics were entirely positive about the film in what country?", "id": "5ad246ecd7d075001a428b08", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2.5", "answer_start": 136}], "question": "On Today.com, Matt Zoller Seitz gave the film how many stars?", "id": "5ad246ecd7d075001a428b09", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Matt Zoller Seitz", "answer_start": 104}], "question": "Who described the film as consistent and capable of capitalizing on its potential?", "id": "5ad246ecd7d075001a428b0a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "007 movie", "answer_start": 598}], "question": "Forbes' Scott Mendelson described the movie as the best what in 30 years?", "id": "5ad246ecd7d075001a428b0b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Critical appraisal of the film was mixed in the United States. In a lukewarm review for RogerEbert.com, Matt Zoller Seitz gave the film 2.5 stars out of 4, describing Spectre as inconsistent and unable to capitalise on its potential. Kenneth Turan, reviewing the film for Los Angeles Times, concluded that Spectre \"comes off as exhausted and uninspired\". Manohla Dargis of The New York Times panned the film as having \"nothing surprising\" and sacrificing its originality for the sake of box office returns. Forbes' Scott Mendelson also heavily criticised the film, denouncing Spectre as \"the worst 007 movie in 30 years\". Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly viewed Spectre as \"an overreaction to our current blockbuster moment\", aspiring \"to be a serialized sequel\" and proving \"itself as a Saga\". While noting that \"[n]othing that happens in Spectre holds up to even minor logical scrutiny\", he had \"come not to bury Spectre, but to weirdly praise it. Because the final act of the movie is so strange, so willfully obtuse, that it deserves extra attention.\" In a positive review Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4, describing \"The 24th movie about the British MI6 agent with a license to kill is party time for Bond fans, a fierce, funny, gorgeously produced valentine to the longest-running franchise in movies\". Other positive reviews from Mick LaSalle from the San Francisco Chronicle, gave it a perfect 100 score, stating: \u201cOne of the great satisfactions of Spectre is that, in addition to all the stirring action, and all the timely references to a secret organization out to steal everyone\u2019s personal information, we get to believe in Bond as a person.\u201d Stephen Whitty from the New York Daily News, gave it an 80 grade, saying: \u201cCraig is cruelly efficient. Dave Bautista makes a good, Oddjob-like assassin. And while Lea Seydoux doesn\u2019t leave a huge impression as this film\u2019s \u201cBond girl,\u201d perhaps it\u2019s because we\u2019ve already met \u2014 far too briefly \u2014 the hypnotic Monica Bellucci, as the first real \u201cBond woman\u201d since Diana Rigg.\u201d Richard Roeper from the Chicago Sun-Times, gave it a 75 grade. He stated: \u201cThis is the 24th Bond film and it ranks solidly in the middle of the all-time rankings, which means it\u2019s still a slick, beautifully photographed, action-packed, international thriller with a number of wonderfully, ludicrously entertaining set pieces, a sprinkling of dry wit, myriad gorgeous women and a classic psycho-villain who is clearly out of his mind but seems to like it that way.\u201d Michael Phillips over at the Chicago Tribune, gave it a 75 grade. He stated: \u201cFor all its workmanlike devotion to out-of-control helicopters, \u201cSpectre\u201d works best when everyone\u2019s on the ground, doing his or her job, driving expensive fast cars heedlessly, detonating the occasional wisecrack, enjoying themselves and their beautiful clothes.\u201d Guy Lodge from Variety, gave it a 70 score, stating: \u201cWhat\u2019s missing is the unexpected emotional urgency of \u201cSkyfall,\u201d as the film sustains its predecessor\u2019s nostalgia kick with a less sentimental bent.\u201d"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which Atlantic writer gave a negative review of Spectre?", "id": "56cef65baab44d1400b88d35", "answers": [{"text": "Christopher Orr", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What adjective did Lawrence Toppman use to describe Craig's portrayal of James Bond?", "id": "56cef65baab44d1400b88d36", "answers": [{"text": "Bored", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What publication does Alyssa Rosenberg write for?", "id": "56cef65baab44d1400b88d37", "answers": [{"text": "The Washington Post", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the catch phrase Lawrence Toppman of the Charlotte Observer used for the film?", "id": "56cf6093aab44d1400b89180", "answers": [{"text": "Bored, James Bored", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "backslides on virtually every [aspect]", "answer_start": 89}], "question": "Christopher Orr of the New Yorker said what about Spectre?", "id": "5ad24762d7d075001a428b32", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bored, James Bored", "answer_start": 201}], "question": "Lawrence Toppman of The Boston Observer called Craig's performance what?", "id": "5ad24762d7d075001a428b33", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a disappointingly conventional Bond film", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Observer said what about the film?", "id": "5ad24762d7d075001a428b34", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Observer", "answer_start": 164}], "question": "Lawrence Orr writes for The Charlotte what?", "id": "5ad24762d7d075001a428b35", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Christopher Orr, writing in The Atlantic, also criticised the film, saying that Spectre \"backslides on virtually every [aspect]\". Lawrence Toppman of The Charlotte Observer called Craig's performance \"Bored, James Bored.\" Alyssa Rosenberg, writing for The Washington Post, stated that the film turned into \"a disappointingly conventional Bond film.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Whic organization is responsible for filtering movie content in India?", "id": "56cef6ccaab44d1400b88d48", "answers": [{"text": "Indian Central Board of Film Certification", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which social media site was used for complaining about the Indian censoring?", "id": "56cf6133aab44d1400b89191", "answers": [{"text": "Twitter.", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "India", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What country censored hand-holding scenes?", "id": "5ad247c0d7d075001a428b4c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Indian Central Board of Film Certification", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "Who censored talking scenes?", "id": "5ad247c0d7d075001a428b4d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "India", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "Profanity was not muted in which country?", "id": "5ad247c0d7d075001a428b4e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Twitter", "answer_start": 257}], "question": "Where was support expressed for the censored film?", "id": "5ad247c0d7d075001a428b4f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In India, it was reported that the Indian Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) censored kissing scenes featuring Monica Bellucci, Daniel Craig, and L\u00e9a Seydoux. They also muted all profanity. This prompted criticism of the board online, especially on Twitter."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Christoph Waltz's appearance in future Bond movies is contingent on the appearance of which other actor?", "id": "56cef706aab44d1400b88d4f", "answers": [{"text": "Craig", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When will work being on the follow-up to Spectre?", "id": "56cef706aab44d1400b88d50", "answers": [{"text": "spring 2016", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When will the sequel to Spectre being development?", "id": "56cf61b5aab44d1400b8919d", "answers": [{"text": "spring 2016.", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "spring 2016", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "A prequel to Spectre will begin when?", "id": "5ad24827d7d075001a428b54", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sam Mendes", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "Who will return to direct the next 007 film?", "id": "5ad24827d7d075001a428b55", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christoph Waltz", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "Who has signed on for three more films in the series?", "id": "5ad24827d7d075001a428b56", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christoph Waltz", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "Whose return depends on whether or not Sam Mendes returns to portray Bond?", "id": "5ad24827d7d075001a428b57", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A sequel to Spectre will begin development in spring 2016. Sam Mendes has stated he will not return to direct the next 007 film. Christoph Waltz has signed on for two more films in the series, but his return depends on whether or not Craig will again portray Bond."}]}, {"title": "2008_Sichuan_earthquake", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "In what year did the earthquake in Sichuan occur?", "id": "56cdca7862d2951400fa6826", "answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the earthquake named?", "id": "56cdca7862d2951400fa6827", "answers": [{"text": "the Great Sichuan earthquake", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people were killed as a result?", "id": "56cdca7862d2951400fa6828", "answers": [{"text": "69,197", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the Sichuan earthquake take place?", "id": "56d4f9902ccc5a1400d833c0", "answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the quake measure?", "id": "56d4f9902ccc5a1400d833c1", "answers": [{"text": "8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What day did the earthquake occur?", "id": "56d4f9902ccc5a1400d833c2", "answers": [{"text": "May 12", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What time of the day did the quake happen?", "id": "56d4f9902ccc5a1400d833c3", "answers": [{"text": "02:28:01 PM China Standard Time", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people died?", "id": "56d4f9902ccc5a1400d833c4", "answers": [{"text": "69,197", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The 2008 Sichuan earthquake or the Great Sichuan earthquake, measured at 8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw, and occurred at 02:28:01 PM China Standard Time at epicenter (06:28:01 UTC) on May 12 in Sichuan province, killed 69,197 people and left 18,222 missing."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which far away cities in other countries could feel the earthquake?", "id": "56cdcb2c62d2951400fa6830", "answers": [{"text": "Beijing and Shanghai", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the focal depth of the earthquake?", "id": "56cdcb2c62d2951400fa6833", "answers": [{"text": "19 km", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long after the earthquake were aftershocks felt?", "id": "56cdcb2c62d2951400fa6834", "answers": [{"text": "months after", "answer_start": 601}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for the earthquake in Sichuan?", "id": "56d4fb6f2ccc5a1400d833d4", "answers": [{"text": "the Wenchuan earthquake", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the epicenter of the earthquake?", "id": "56d4fb6f2ccc5a1400d833d5", "answers": [{"text": "Wenchuan County, Sichuan", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How far was it from Chengdu?", "id": "56d4fb6f2ccc5a1400d833d6", "answers": [{"text": "80 kilometres", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the focal depth of the quake?", "id": "56d4fb6f2ccc5a1400d833d7", "answers": [{"text": "19 km", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "It is also known as the Wenchuan earthquake (Chinese: \u6c76\u5ddd\u5927\u5730\u9707; pinyin: W\u00e8nchu\u0101n d\u00e0 d\u00eczh\u00e8n; literally: \"Great Wenchuan earthquake\"), after the location of the earthquake's epicenter, Wenchuan County, Sichuan. The epicenter was 80 kilometres (50 mi) west-northwest of Chengdu, the provincial capital, with a focal depth of 19 km (12 mi). The earthquake was also felt in nearby countries and as far away as both Beijing and Shanghai\u20141,500 km (930 mi) and 1,700 km (1,060 mi) away\u2014where office buildings swayed with the tremor. Strong aftershocks, some exceeding magnitude 6, continued to hit the area even months after the main quake, causing new casualties and damage."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many people were confirmed dead?", "id": "56cdcbb762d2951400fa683a", "answers": [{"text": "69,197", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people were confirmed dead only in the Sichuan province?", "id": "56cdcbb762d2951400fa683b", "answers": [{"text": "68,636", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people were left homeless because of the earthquake?", "id": "56cdcbb762d2951400fa683c", "answers": [{"text": "4.8 million", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people lived in the affected area?", "id": "56cdcbb762d2951400fa683d", "answers": [{"text": "15 million", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money was dedicated to rebuild ravaged areas?", "id": "56cdcbb762d2951400fa683e", "answers": [{"text": "1 trillion RMB", "answer_start": 708}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people died in Sichuan Province?", "id": "56d4fca52ccc5a1400d833de", "answers": [{"text": "68,636", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many were injured in Sichuan?", "id": "56d4fca52ccc5a1400d833df", "answers": [{"text": "374,176", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people are listed as missing?", "id": "56d4fca52ccc5a1400d833e0", "answers": [{"text": "18,222", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people are homeless because of the quake?", "id": "56d4fca52ccc5a1400d833e1", "answers": [{"text": "4.8 million", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How high could the homeless number possibly go?", "id": "56d4fca52ccc5a1400d833e2", "answers": [{"text": "11 million", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Official figures (as of July 21, 2008 12:00 CST) stated that 69,197 were confirmed dead, including 68,636 in Sichuan province, and 374,176 injured, with 18,222 listed as missing. The earthquake left about 4.8 million people homeless, though the number could be as high as 11 million. Approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area. It was the deadliest earthquake to hit China since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, which killed at least 240,000 people, and the strongest in the country since the 1950 Chayu earthquake, which registered at 8.5 on the Richter magnitude scale. It is the 21st deadliest earthquake of all time. On November 6, 2008, the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion RMB (about US $146.5 billion) over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake, as part of the Chinese economic stimulus program."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where was the epicenter?", "id": "56cdcc5562d2951400fa6845", "answers": [{"text": "Wenchuan County, Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did the earthquake last?", "id": "56cdcc5562d2951400fa6847", "answers": [{"text": "2 minutes", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of buildings were destroyed?", "id": "56cdcc5562d2951400fa6848", "answers": [{"text": "80%", "answer_start": 348}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the magnitude of the earthquake?", "id": "56d4fe332ccc5a1400d833e8", "answers": [{"text": "8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did the main tremor last?", "id": "56d4fe332ccc5a1400d833eb", "answers": [{"text": "2 minutes", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of buildings were destroyed during the quake?", "id": "56d4fe332ccc5a1400d833ec", "answers": [{"text": "almost 80%", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The earthquake had a magnitude of 8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw. The epicenter was in Wenchuan County, Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, 80 km west/northwest of the provincial capital of Chengdu, with its main tremor occurring at 14:28:01.42 China Standard Time (06:28:01.42 UTC), on May 12, 2008 lasting for around 2 minutes, in the quake almost 80% of buildings were destroyed."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what fault did the earthquake occur?", "id": "56cdccd962d2951400fa684e", "answers": [{"text": "Longmenshan fault", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Longmenshan fault located?", "id": "56cdccd962d2951400fa684f", "answers": [{"text": "along the border of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did the rupture last?", "id": "56cdccd962d2951400fa6850", "answers": [{"text": "120 sec", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How deep was the focus of the earthquake?", "id": "56cdccd962d2951400fa6852", "answers": [{"text": "10 km", "answer_start": 613}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along what fault line did the quake happen?", "id": "56d5005d2ccc5a1400d833f2", "answers": [{"text": "Longmenshan fault", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On which fracture did the quake focus?", "id": "56d5005d2ccc5a1400d833f4", "answers": [{"text": "Yingxiu-Beichuan fracture", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When wasmost of the energy released during the initial eruption?", "id": "56d5005d2ccc5a1400d833f5", "answers": [{"text": "first 80 sec.", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the most displacement caused by the earthquake?", "id": "56d5005d2ccc5a1400d833f6", "answers": [{"text": "9 meters", "answer_start": 577}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to a study by the China Earthquake Administration (CEA), the earthquake occurred along the Longmenshan fault, a thrust structure along the border of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate. Seismic activities concentrated on its mid-fracture (known as Yingxiu-Beichuan fracture). The rupture lasted close to 120 sec, with the majority of energy released in the first 80 sec. Starting from Wenchuan, the rupture propagated at an average speed of 3.1 kilometers per second 49\u00b0 toward north east, rupturing a total of about 300 km. Maximum displacement amounted to 9 meters. The focus was deeper than 10 km."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the confidential written report sent to the State Seismological Bureau?", "id": "56cdce0b62d2951400fa6858", "answers": [{"text": "April 30, 2008", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Geng's drought-earthquake correlation theory released?", "id": "56cdce0b62d2951400fa685b", "answers": [{"text": "1972", "answer_start": 840}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did researcher Geng Qingguo say was sent to the State Seismological Bureau?", "id": "56d67a8d1c8504140094714d", "answers": [{"text": "written report", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did this report warn about?", "id": "56d67a8d1c8504140094714e", "answers": [{"text": "significant earthquake in Ngawa Prefecture", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the predicted time of the quake?", "id": "56d67a8d1c8504140094714f", "answers": [{"text": "around May 8", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Geng long try to establish as a relationship with earthquakes?", "id": "56d67a8d1c85041400947150", "answers": [{"text": "droughts", "answer_start": 684}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did an official with the Seismological Bureau deny receiving?", "id": "56d67a8d1c85041400947151", "answers": [{"text": "reports predicting the earthquake", "answer_start": 1290}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Malaysia-based Yazhou Zhoukan conducted an interview with former researcher at the China Seismological Bureau Geng Qingguo (\u803f\u5e86\u56fd), in which Geng claimed that a confidential written report was sent to the State Seismological Bureau on April 30, 2008, warning about the possible occurrence of a significant earthquake in Ngawa Prefecture region of Sichuan around May 8, with a range of 10 days before or after the quake. Geng, while acknowledging that earthquake prediction was broadly considered problematic by the scientific community, believed that \"the bigger the earthquake, the easier it is to predict.\" Geng had long attempted to establish a correlation between the occurrence of droughts and earthquakes; Premier Zhou Enlai reportedly took an interest in Geng's work. Geng's drought-earthquake correlation theory was first released in 1972, and said to have successfully predicted the 1975 Haicheng and 1976 Tangshan earthquakes. The same Yazhou Zhoukan article pointed out the inherent difficulties associated with predicting earthquakes. In response, an official with the Seismological Bureau stated that \"earthquake prediction is widely acknowledged around the world to be difficult from a scientific standpoint.\" The official also denied that the Seismological Bureau had received reports predicting the earthquake."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How large was the displacement?", "id": "56cdcebe62d2951400fa6862", "answers": [{"text": "up to 9 meters", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who warned of possible seismic activity in the area beforehand?", "id": "56cdcebe62d2951400fa6866", "answers": [{"text": "Tom Parsons", "answer_start": 426}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the United States Geological Survey show as the amount of displacement?", "id": "56d5027a9d1b871400ae05e1", "answers": [{"text": "9 meters", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long was the fault where the quake occurred?", "id": "56d5027a9d1b871400ae05e2", "answers": [{"text": "240 km long", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How deep is the fault?", "id": "56d5027a9d1b871400ae05e3", "answers": [{"text": "20 km deep", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where on the fault is the possibility of future earthquakes increased?", "id": "56d5027a9d1b871400ae05e4", "answers": [{"text": "northeastern and southwestern ends", "answer_start": 348}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Tom Parsons consider as the risk factor for strong future quakes?", "id": "56d5027a9d1b871400ae05e5", "answers": [{"text": "high risk", "answer_start": 460}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In a United States Geological Survey (USGS) study, preliminary rupture models of the earthquake indicated displacement of up to 9 meters along a fault approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep. The earthquake generated deformations of the surface greater than 3 meters and increased the stress (and probability of occurrence of future events) at the northeastern and southwestern ends of the fault. On May 20, USGS seismologist Tom Parsons warned that there is \"high risk\" of a major M>7 aftershock over the next weeks or months."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many people were killed in the Hanshin earthquake?", "id": "56cdcff062d2951400fa6884", "answers": [{"text": "6,000 people", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Yuji Yagi say the quake happened?", "id": "56d504539d1b871400ae05eb", "answers": [{"text": "in two stages", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What fault tore in two places?", "id": "56d504539d1b871400ae05ec", "answers": [{"text": "Longmenshan Fault", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides the population density, what else contributed to the severity of the quake?", "id": "56d504539d1b871400ae05ed", "answers": [{"text": "shallowness of the epicenter", "answer_start": 461}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much greater was the energy of this quake than that released in the earthquake of 1995 in Japan?", "id": "56d504539d1b871400ae05ee", "answers": [{"text": "30 times", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the seismic waves travel so far?", "id": "56d504539d1b871400ae05ef", "answers": [{"text": "firmness of the terrain", "answer_start": 736}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Japanese seismologist Yuji Yagi at the University of Tsukuba said that the earthquake occurred in two stages: \"The 155-mile Longmenshan Fault tore in two sections, the first one ripping about seven yards, followed by a second one that sheared four yards.\" His data also showed that the earthquake lasted about two minutes and released 30 times the energy of the Great Hanshin earthquake of 1995 in Japan, which killed over 6,000 people. He pointed out that the shallowness of the epicenter and the density of population greatly increased the severity of the earthquake. Teruyuki Kato, a seismologist at the University of Tokyo, said that the seismic waves of the quake traveled a long distance without losing their power because of the firmness of the terrain in central China. According to reports from Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province, the earthquake tremors lasted for \"about two or three minutes\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many aftershocks were there?", "id": "56cdd08862d2951400fa6894", "answers": [{"text": "Between 64 and 104", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the aftershocks recorded?", "id": "56cdd08862d2951400fa6896", "answers": [{"text": "within 72 hours of the main quake.", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the latest magnitude 6 aftershock occur?", "id": "56cdd08862d2951400fa6898", "answers": [{"text": "on August 5, 2008", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many aftershocks were there within 72 hours?", "id": "56d505f99d1b871400ae05f5", "answers": [{"text": "Between 64 and 104", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do the Chinese say is the total number of shocks after the quake?", "id": "56d505f99d1b871400ae05f6", "answers": [{"text": "42,719", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the strongest aftershock measure?", "id": "56d505f99d1b871400ae05f7", "answers": [{"text": "6.4 MS", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many shocks ranged from 4.0 MS to 4.9 MS?", "id": "56d505f99d1b871400ae05f8", "answers": [{"text": "246", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what date did the most recent aftershock above 6 MS occur?", "id": "56d505f99d1b871400ae05f9", "answers": [{"text": "August 5, 2008", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Between 64 and 104 major aftershocks, ranging in magnitude from 4.0 to 6.1, were recorded within 72 hours of the main quake. According to Chinese official counts, \"by 12:00 CST, November 6, 2008 there had been 42,719 total aftershocks, of which 246 ranged from 4.0 MS to 4.9 MS, 34 from 5.0 MS to 5.9 MS, and 8 from 6.0 Ms to 6.4 MS; the strongest aftershock measured 6.4 MS.\" The latest aftershock exceeding M6 occurred on August 5, 2008."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did this earthquake occur?", "id": "56cdd10962d2951400fa689f", "answers": [{"text": "August 30, 2008", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did this earthquake occur?", "id": "56cdd10962d2951400fa68a0", "answers": [{"text": "southern Sichuan", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was it not included in the series?", "id": "56cdd10962d2951400fa68a1", "answers": [{"text": "because it was caused by a different fault.", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where should you look for more details?", "id": "56cdd10962d2951400fa68a2", "answers": [{"text": "2008 Panzhihua earthquake", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the August 30, 2008 quake?", "id": "56d507269d1b871400ae05ff", "answers": [{"text": "southern Sichuan", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the magnitude of the southern Sichuan quake?", "id": "56d507269d1b871400ae0600", "answers": [{"text": "Ms 6.1", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What earthquake happened in southern Sichuan?", "id": "56d507269d1b871400ae0602", "answers": [{"text": "Panzhihua earthquake", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "(The Ms 6.1 earthquake on August 30, 2008 in southern Sichuan was not part of this series because it was caused by a different fault. See 2008 Panzhihua earthquake for details.)"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who published the map of the earthquakes intensity?", "id": "56cdd21562d2951400fa68b0", "answers": [{"text": "CEA", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the intensity scaled at?", "id": "56cdd21562d2951400fa68b2", "answers": [{"text": "XI", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the China Seismic Intensity Scale call the earthquake?", "id": "56d5098a9d1b871400ae0607", "answers": [{"text": "very destructive", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the USGS rate the earthquake?", "id": "56d5098a9d1b871400ae0608", "answers": [{"text": "very disastrous", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What town was closest to the main epicenter?", "id": "56d5098a9d1b871400ae0609", "answers": [{"text": "Yingxiu, Wenchuan", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The map of earthquake intensity published by CEA after surveying 500,000 km2 of the affected area shows a maximum liedu of XI on the China Seismic Intensity Scale (CSIS), described as \"very destructive\" on the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS) from which CSIS drew reference. (USGS, using the Modified Mercalli intensity scale (CC), also placed maximum intensity at XI, \"very disastrous\".) Two south-west-north-east stripes of liedu XI are centered around Yingxiu, Wenchuan (the town closest to the epicenter of the main quake) and Beichuan (the town repeatedly struck by strong aftershocks including one registering MS 6.1 on Aug 1, 2008), both in Sichuan Province, occupying a total of 2,419 km2. The Yingxiu liedu-XI zone is about 66 km long and 20 km wide along Wenchuan\u2013Dujiangyan\u2013Pengzhou; the Beichuan liedu-XI zone is about 82 km long and 15 km wide along An County\u2013Beichuan\u2013Pingwu. The area with liedu X (comparable to X on EMS, \"destructive\" and X on MM, \"disastrous\") spans 3,144 km2. The area affected by earthquakes exceeding liedu VI totals 440,442 km2, occupying an oval 936 km long and 596 km wide, spanning three provinces and one autonomous region."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where is the Longmenshan Fault located?", "id": "56cdd4d762d2951400fa68cc", "answers": [{"text": "the eastern border of the Tibetan Plateau", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the average slip in the Beichuan Fault?", "id": "56cdd4d762d2951400fa68cd", "answers": [{"text": "3.5 metres", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How large was the slip 30 km northeast of the fault?", "id": "56cdd4d762d2951400fa68ce", "answers": [{"text": "3 metres", "answer_start": 626}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the vertical average slip on the Guanxian-Anxian fault?", "id": "56cdd4d762d2951400fa68cf", "answers": [{"text": "2 metres", "answer_start": 703}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the horizontal average slip on the Guanxian-Anxian fault?", "id": "56cdd4d762d2951400fa68d0", "answers": [{"text": "2.3 metres", "answer_start": 737}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Longmen shan fault located?", "id": "56d516439d1b871400ae0611", "answers": [{"text": "Tibetan Plateau", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are the Beichuan and Guanxian-Anxian Faults?", "id": "56d516439d1b871400ae0612", "answers": [{"text": "Longmen Shan Fault System", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the average vertical slip in the Beichaun Fault?", "id": "56d516439d1b871400ae0613", "answers": [{"text": "3.5 metres", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the horizontal slippage in the Beichuan Fault at the epicenter?", "id": "56d516439d1b871400ae0614", "answers": [{"text": "3.5 metres", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the horizontal slippage perpendicular to the fault?", "id": "56d516439d1b871400ae0615", "answers": [{"text": "4.8 metres", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Longmen Shan Fault System is situated in the eastern border of the Tibetan Plateau and contains several faults. This earthquake ruptured at least two imbricate structures in Longmen Shan Fault System, i.e. the Beichuan Fault and the Guanxian\u2013Anxian Fault. In the epicentral area, the average slip in Beichuan Fault was about 3.5 metres (11 ft) vertical, 3.5 metres (11 ft) horizontal-parallel to the fault, and 4.8 metres (16 ft) horizontal-perpendicular to the fault. In the area about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northeast of the epicenter, the surface slip on Beichuan Fault was almost purely dextral strike-slip up to about 3 metres (9.8 ft), while the average slip in Guanxian\u2013Anxian Fault was about 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) vertical and 2.3 metres (7 ft 7 in) horizontal."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where were office buildings evacuated?", "id": "56cdd63a62d2951400fa68d6", "answers": [{"text": "Shanghai's financial district", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did a receptionist describe the atmosphere after the evacuation?", "id": "56cdd63a62d2951400fa68d7", "answers": [{"text": "calm", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long were workers in Ford Plant evacuated for?", "id": "56cdd63a62d2951400fa68d8", "answers": [{"text": "10 minutes", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which airport was shut down?", "id": "56cdd63a62d2951400fa68d9", "answers": [{"text": "Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the airport re-open?", "id": "56cdd63a62d2951400fa68da", "answers": [{"text": "May 12", "answer_start": 691}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to office buildings in Shanghai?", "id": "56d5185a9d1b871400ae061b", "answers": [{"text": "evacuated", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which airport was shut down?", "id": "56d5185a9d1b871400ae061c", "answers": [{"text": "Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why were flights delayed and diverted?", "id": "56d5185a9d1b871400ae061d", "answers": [{"text": "disruption in air traffic services", "answer_start": 596}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were they using the airport to stage for?", "id": "56d5185a9d1b871400ae061f", "answers": [{"text": "relief operations", "answer_start": 778}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Office buildings in Shanghai's financial district, including the Jin Mao Tower and the Hong Kong New World Tower, were evacuated. A receptionist at the Tibet Hotel in Chengdu said things were \"calm\" after the hotel evacuated its guests. Meanwhile, workers at a Ford plant in Sichuan were evacuated for about 10 minutes. Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport was shut down, and the control tower and regional radar control evacuated. One SilkAir flight was diverted and landed in Kunming as a result. Cathay Pacific delayed both legs of its quadruple daily Hong Kong to London route due to this disruption in air traffic services. Chengdu Shuangliu Airport reopened later on the evening of May 12, offering limited service as the airport began to be used as a staging area for relief operations."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where did the reporters say they saw cracks on walls of some buildings?", "id": "56cddec762d2951400fa692c", "answers": [{"text": "in Chengdu", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were office towers evacuated?", "id": "56cddec762d2951400fa692d", "answers": [{"text": "Beijing", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did a cargo train derail as a result?", "id": "56cddec762d2951400fa692e", "answers": [{"text": "Hui County, Gansu", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to the cargo train?", "id": "56cddec762d2951400fa692f", "answers": [{"text": "caught on fire", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was reported in Chengdu?", "id": "56d519a82593cc1400307a6b", "answers": [{"text": "cracks on walls", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was evacuated in Beijing?", "id": "56d519a82593cc1400307a6c", "answers": [{"text": "office towers", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of the Olympic area was not damaged?", "id": "56d519a82593cc1400307a6d", "answers": [{"text": "venues", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did a cargo train derail?", "id": "56d519a82593cc1400307a6e", "answers": [{"text": "Hui County, Gansu", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the train catch fire?", "id": "56d519a82593cc1400307a6f", "answers": [{"text": "rail was distorted", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Reporters in Chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas, but no buildings collapsed. Many Beijing office towers were evacuated, including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics. None of the Olympic venues were damaged. Meanwhile, a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Hui County, Gansu, and caught on fire after the rail was distorted."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many highways leading into Wenchuan were damaged?", "id": "56cddf9e62d2951400fa6934", "answers": [{"text": "All of the highways", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of building collapsed in Beichuan?", "id": "56cddf9e62d2951400fa6936", "answers": [{"text": "80%", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did two chemical plants collapse?", "id": "56cddf9e62d2951400fa6937", "answers": [{"text": "Dujiangyan", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many students out of the 900 in the school, survived the collapse?", "id": "56cddf9e62d2951400fa6938", "answers": [{"text": "60", "answer_start": 485}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What highways into Wenchuan  were damaged?", "id": "56d51b832593cc1400307a75", "answers": [{"text": "All of the highways", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the damaged roadways cause to the rescue operations?", "id": "56d51b832593cc1400307a76", "answers": [{"text": "delayed arrival", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of the buildings in Beichuan collapsed?", "id": "56d51b832593cc1400307a77", "answers": [{"text": "80%", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What leaked liquid ammonia in Shifang?", "id": "56d51b832593cc1400307a78", "answers": [{"text": "two chemical plants", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of the 900 students buried in a Dujiangyan school collapse survived?", "id": "56d51b832593cc1400307a79", "answers": [{"text": "fewer than 60", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "All of the highways into Wenchuan, and others throughout the province, were damaged, resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops. In Beichuan County, 80% of the buildings collapsed according to Xinhua News. In the city of Shifang, the collapse of two chemical plants led to leakage of some 80 tons of liquid ammonia, with hundreds of people reported buried. In the city of Dujiangyan, south-east of the epicenter, a whole school collapsed with 900 students buried and fewer than 60 survived. The Juyuan Middle School, where many teenagers were buried, was excavated by civilians and cranes. Dujiangyan is home of the Dujiangyan Irrigation System, an ancient water diversion project which is still in use and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The project's famous Fish Mouth was cracked but not severely damaged otherwise."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where were the exchanges based?", "id": "56cddfff62d2951400fa693f", "answers": [{"text": "southwestern China", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What metal rose in value?", "id": "56cddfff62d2951400fa6940", "answers": [{"text": "Copper", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What natural resource dropped in value?", "id": "56cddfff62d2951400fa6941", "answers": [{"text": "oil", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Shanghai Stock Exchange do?", "id": "56d51d272593cc1400307a7f", "answers": [{"text": "suspended trading", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were companies located that had their stock trading suspended?", "id": "56d51d272593cc1400307a80", "answers": [{"text": "southwestern China", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What metal rose due to speculation?", "id": "56d51d272593cc1400307a81", "answers": [{"text": "Copper", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides the Shanghai Stock Exchange, what other exchange suspended trading of southwestern China stock?", "id": "56d51d272593cc1400307a83", "answers": [{"text": "Shenzhen Stock Exchange", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Both the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange suspended trading of companies based in southwestern China. Copper rose over speculations that production in southwestern China may be affected, and oil prices dropped over speculations that demand from China would fall."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kinds of telecommunications were cut?", "id": "56cde07662d2951400fa6946", "answers": [{"text": "mobile and terrestrial", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What capabilities were cut to the entire Sichuan area?", "id": "56cde07662d2951400fa6947", "answers": [{"text": "internet", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did it take for these capabilities to be restored?", "id": "56cde07662d2951400fa6948", "answers": [{"text": "months", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was cut after the earthquake?", "id": "56d51ea52593cc1400307a89", "answers": [{"text": "telecommunications", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were the internet cut?", "id": "56d51ea52593cc1400307a8a", "answers": [{"text": "Sichuan area", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who restored communications over a period of months?", "id": "56d51ea52593cc1400307a8b", "answers": [{"text": "the government", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What internet services were decreased in the area?", "id": "56d51ea52593cc1400307a8c", "answers": [{"text": "news and media websites", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What services were finally online again?", "id": "56d51ea52593cc1400307a8d", "answers": [{"text": "major news and media", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Immediately after the earthquake event, mobile and terrestrial telecommunications were cut to the affected and surrounding area, with all internet capabilities cut to the Sichuan area too. Elements of telecommunications were restored by the government piece by piece over the next number of months as the situation in the Sichuan province gradually improved. Eventually, a handful of major news and media websites were made accessible online in the region, albeit with dramatically pared back webpages."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many base stations did China Mobile have suspended?", "id": "56cde11f62d2951400fa694c", "answers": [{"text": "2,300", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Unicom towers were suspended?", "id": "56cde11f62d2951400fa694f", "answers": [{"text": "more than 700", "answer_start": 278}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many China Mobile base stations stopped working?", "id": "56d5202a2593cc1400307a93", "answers": [{"text": "2,300", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides power disruption, what caused telecommunications to be suspended?", "id": "56d5202a2593cc1400307a94", "answers": [{"text": "traffic congestion", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many wireless communications failed in Sichuan?", "id": "56d5202a2593cc1400307a95", "answers": [{"text": "Half", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose service in Wenchuan was cut off?", "id": "56d5202a2593cc1400307a96", "answers": [{"text": "China Unicom", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of China Unicom's towers were cut?", "id": "56d5202a2593cc1400307a97", "answers": [{"text": "700", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "China Mobile had more than 2,300 base stations suspended due to power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion. Half of the wireless communications were lost in the Sichuan province. China Unicom's service in Wenchuan and four nearby counties was cut off, with more than 700 towers suspended."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What place could officials not contact?", "id": "56cde1f462d2951400fa695e", "answers": [{"text": "the Wolong National Nature Reserve", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many pandas live at the Reserve?", "id": "56cde1f462d2951400fa695f", "answers": [{"text": "around 280", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many British visitors to the Reserve left unharmed?", "id": "56cde1f462d2951400fa6960", "answers": [{"text": "31", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many pandas were injured?", "id": "56cde1f462d2951400fa6961", "answers": [{"text": "2", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What nature center was cutoff?", "id": "56d521ee2593cc1400307a9d", "answers": [{"text": "Wolong National Nature Reserve", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many pandas escaped the reserve?", "id": "56d521ee2593cc1400307a9f", "answers": [{"text": "Six", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many security guards died at the reserve?", "id": "56d521ee2593cc1400307aa0", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 834}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What famous panda was killed under the rubble?", "id": "56d521ee2593cc1400307aa1", "answers": [{"text": "Mao Mao", "answer_start": 813}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Initially, officials were unable to contact the Wolong National Nature Reserve, home to around 280 giant pandas. However, the Foreign Ministry later said that a group of 31 British tourists visiting the Wolong Panda Reserve in the quake-hit area returned safe and uninjured to Chengdu. Nonetheless, the well-being of an even greater number of pandas in the neighbouring panda reserves remained unknown. Five security guards at the reserve were killed by the earthquake. Six pandas escaped after their enclosures were damaged. By May 20, two pandas at the reserve were found to be injured, while the search continued for another two adult pandas that went missing after the quake. By May 28, 2008, one panda was still missing. The missing panda was later found dead under the rubble of an enclosure. Nine-year-old Mao Mao, a mother of five at the breeding center, was discovered on Monday, her body crushed by a wall in her enclosure. Panda keepers and other workers placed her remains in a small wooden crate and buried her outside the breeding centre."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What power plant was damaged?", "id": "56cde29b62d2951400fa6968", "answers": [{"text": "Hydropower Plant", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How far away was the plant located from the epicenter?", "id": "56cde29b62d2951400fa6969", "answers": [{"text": "20 km east", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many troops were allocated to Zipingpu?", "id": "56cde29b62d2951400fa696b", "answers": [{"text": "2,000", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many dams were damaged?", "id": "56cde29b62d2951400fa696c", "answers": [{"text": "391", "answer_start": 432}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What power plant was damaged by the earthquake?", "id": "56d523bd2593cc1400307aa7", "answers": [{"text": "Zipingpu Hydropower Plant", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How near to the epicenter was the power plant?", "id": "56d523bd2593cc1400307aa8", "answers": [{"text": "20 km", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has a recent inspection found about the damage to the power plant?", "id": "56d523bd2593cc1400307aa9", "answers": [{"text": "less severe", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What might possibly collapse upstream from the power plant?", "id": "56d523bd2593cc1400307aaa", "answers": [{"text": "Tulong reservoir", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the total number of dams damaged?", "id": "56d523bd2593cc1400307aab", "answers": [{"text": "391", "answer_start": 432}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Zipingpu Hydropower Plant (simplified Chinese: \u7d2b\u576a\u94fa\u6c34\u5e93; traditional Chinese: \u7d2b\u576a\u92ea\u6c34\u5eab) located 20 km east of the epicenter was damaged. A recent inspection indicated that the damage was less severe than initially feared, and it remains structurally stable and safe. The Tulong reservoir upstream is in danger of collapse. About 2,000 troops have been allocated to Zipingpu, trying to release the pressure through spillway. In total, 391 dams, most of them small, were reported damaged by the quake."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many deaths were reported?", "id": "56cde34662d2951400fa6972", "answers": [{"text": "69,180", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many deaths were reported only in the Sichuan province?", "id": "56cde34662d2951400fa6973", "answers": [{"text": "68,636", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people were listed as missing?", "id": "56cde34662d2951400fa6974", "answers": [{"text": "18,498", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people were injured?", "id": "56cde34662d2951400fa6975", "answers": [{"text": "374,176", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many earthquake relief workers were killed?", "id": "56cde34662d2951400fa6976", "answers": [{"text": "158", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many died in Sichuan?", "id": "56d525192593cc1400307ab1", "answers": [{"text": "68,636", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the total tally of known deaths caused by the earthquake?", "id": "56d525192593cc1400307ab2", "answers": [{"text": "69,180", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the number of missing persons?", "id": "56d525192593cc1400307ab3", "answers": [{"text": "18,498", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people were injured?", "id": "56d525192593cc1400307ab4", "answers": [{"text": "374,176", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the 158 relief workers doing when they were killed?", "id": "56d525192593cc1400307ab5", "answers": [{"text": "tried to repair roads", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to Chinese state officials, the quake caused 69,180 known deaths including 68,636 in Sichuan province; 18,498 people are listed as missing, and 374,176 injured, but these figures may further increase as more reports come in.[dated info] This estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many survivors were there from Yingxiu?", "id": "56ceb9c4aab44d1400b8892b", "answers": [{"text": "2,300", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Yingxiu located?", "id": "56ceb9c4aab44d1400b8892c", "answers": [{"text": "in Wenchuan", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people in total lived in Yingxiu?", "id": "56ceb9c4aab44d1400b8892d", "answers": [{"text": "9,000", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people were killed in Beichuan County?", "id": "56ceb9c4aab44d1400b8892e", "answers": [{"text": "3,000 to 5,000", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people were injured in Beichuan County?", "id": "56ceb9c4aab44d1400b8892f", "answers": [{"text": "10,000", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many survivors were there in the town of Yingxiu?", "id": "56d5307f2593cc1400307abb", "answers": [{"text": "2,300", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the previous population of Yingxiu?", "id": "56d5307f2593cc1400307abc", "answers": [{"text": "about 9,000", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many residents were killed in Beichuan County?", "id": "56d5307f2593cc1400307abd", "answers": [{"text": "3,000 to 5,000", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How large was the number of injured in Beichuan County?", "id": "56d5307f2593cc1400307abe", "answers": [{"text": "10,000", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the number of schools that collapsed in Dujiangyan?", "id": "56d5307f2593cc1400307abf", "answers": [{"text": "Eight schools", "answer_start": 395}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "One rescue team reported only 2,300 survivors from the town of Yingxiu in Wenchuan County, out of a total population of about 9,000. 3,000 to 5,000 people were killed in Beichuan County, Sichuan alone; in the same location, 10,000 people were injured and 80% of the buildings were destroyed. The old county seat of Beichuan was abandoned and preserved as part of the Beichuan Earthquake Museum. Eight schools were toppled in Dujiangyan. A 56-year-old was killed in Dujiangyan during a rescue attempt on the Lingyanshan Ropeway, where due to the earthquake 11 tourists from Taiwan had been trapped inside cable cars since May 13. A 4-year-old boy named Zhu Shaowei (traditional Chinese: \u6731\u7d39\u7dad; simplified Chinese: \u6731\u7ecd\u7ef4; pinyin: Zh\u016b Sh\u00e0ow\u00e9i) was also killed in Mianzhu City when a house collapsed on him and another was reported missing."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is poor about inland areas such as Sichuan?", "id": "56ceba72aab44d1400b88935", "answers": [{"text": "Health care", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Vice Minister of Health?", "id": "56ceba72aab44d1400b88936", "answers": [{"text": "Gao Qiang", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Gao Qiang tell reporters in Beijing?", "id": "56ceba72aab44d1400b88937", "answers": [{"text": "public health care system in China is insufficient", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How economically forward has this area been?", "id": "56d5324d2593cc1400307ac5", "answers": [{"text": "neglected and untouched", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is health care poor in China?", "id": "56d5324d2593cc1400307ac6", "answers": [{"text": "inland areas", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Vice Minster of Health call the public health system in China?", "id": "56d5324d2593cc1400307ac7", "answers": [{"text": "insufficient", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What should the government of China be responsible for providing to earthquake survivors?", "id": "56d5324d2593cc1400307ac9", "answers": [{"text": "medical treatment", "answer_start": 603}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Experts point out that the earthquake hit an area that has been largely neglected and untouched by China's economic rise. Health care is poor in inland areas such as Sichuan, highlighting the widening gap between prosperous urban dwellers and struggling rural people. Vice Minister of Health Gao Qiang told reporters in Beijing that the \"public health care system in China is insufficient.\" The Vice Minister of Health also suggested that the government would pick up the costs of care to earthquake victims, many of whom have little or no insurance: \"The government should be responsible for providing medical treatment to them,\" he said."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many school children died due to shoddy construction?", "id": "56cebae8aab44d1400b8893d", "answers": [{"text": "thousands", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many schools collapsed in Mianyang City?", "id": "56cebae8aab44d1400b8893e", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people were buried in the collapsed schools?", "id": "56cebae8aab44d1400b8893f", "answers": [{"text": "1,700", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many school buildings collapsed in the province?", "id": "56cebae8aab44d1400b88940", "answers": [{"text": "7,000", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many students were buried in a school in Hanwang?", "id": "56cebae8aab44d1400b88941", "answers": [{"text": "700", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused the deaths of many school children?", "id": "56d533a52593cc1400307acf", "answers": [{"text": "shoddy construction", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many schools collapsed in Mianyang City", "id": "56d533a52593cc1400307ad0", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people were buried under rubble in Mianyang City?", "id": "56d533a52593cc1400307ad1", "answers": [{"text": "1,700", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many school buildings fell in the entire province?", "id": "56d533a52593cc1400307ad2", "answers": [{"text": "7,000", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many were killed at the Juyuan Elementary School?", "id": "56d533a52593cc1400307ad3", "answers": [{"text": "600", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In terms of school casualties, thousands of school children died due to shoddy construction. In Mianyang City, seven schools collapsed, burying at least 1,700 people. At least 7,000 school buildings throughout the province collapsed. Another 700 students were buried in a school in Hanwang. At least 600 students and staff died at Juyuan Elementary School. Up to 1,300 children and teachers died at Beichuan Middle School."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did an investigation occur under school casualties?", "id": "56cebb71aab44d1400b88951", "answers": [{"text": "December 2008", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the official tally of students killed in the earthquake released?", "id": "56cebb71aab44d1400b88952", "answers": [{"text": "May 7, 2009", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many students were killed in Xinhua?", "id": "56cebb71aab44d1400b88953", "answers": [{"text": "5,335", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many students were disabled in Xinhua?", "id": "56cebb71aab44d1400b88954", "answers": [{"text": "546", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What date were the official numbers of students killed in the earthquake released?", "id": "56d5357b2593cc1400307ad9", "answers": [{"text": "May 7, 2009", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who kept a blog about the school deaths?", "id": "56d5357b2593cc1400307ada", "answers": [{"text": "Ai Weiwei", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the total of school children killed?", "id": "56d5357b2593cc1400307adb", "answers": [{"text": "5,335", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many children are disabled?", "id": "56d5357b2593cc1400307adc", "answers": [{"text": "546", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the Chinese government decide that parents who had lost children could go for free treatment?", "id": "56d5357b2593cc1400307add", "answers": [{"text": "fertility clinics", "answer_start": 617}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Details of school casualties had been under non-governmental investigation since December 2008 by volunteers including artist and architect Ai Weiwei, who had been constantly posting updates on his blog since March 2009. The official tally of students killed in the earthquake was not released until May 7, 2009, almost a year after the earthquake. According to the state-run Xinhua news agency, the earthquake killed 5,335 students and left another 546 children disabled. In the aftermath of the earthquake, the Chinese government declared that parents who had lost their only children would get free treatment from fertility clinics to reverse vasectomies and tubal ligations conducted by family planning authorities."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many people were left without housing?", "id": "56cebbdeaab44d1400b88959", "answers": [{"text": "5 million", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people could be potentially without housing?", "id": "56cebbdeaab44d1400b8895a", "answers": [{"text": "11 million", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many animals were killed?", "id": "56cebbdeaab44d1400b8895b", "answers": [{"text": "12.5 million", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many pigs died in Sichuan?", "id": "56cebbdeaab44d1400b8895c", "answers": [{"text": "1 million", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Because of the earthquake, how many people did not have housing?", "id": "56d5372f2593cc1400307ae3", "answers": [{"text": "at least 5 million", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people might actually be homeless?", "id": "56d5372f2593cc1400307ae4", "answers": [{"text": "11 million", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much livestock was lost?", "id": "56d5372f2593cc1400307ae5", "answers": [{"text": "12.5 million animals", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many pigs died from the earthquake in Sichuan ?", "id": "56d5372f2593cc1400307ae6", "answers": [{"text": "a million", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The earthquake left at least 5 million people without housing, although the number could be as high as 11 million. Millions of livestock and a significant amount of agriculture were also destroyed, including 12.5 million animals, mainly birds. In the Sichuan province a million pigs died out of 60 million total. Catastrophe modeling firm AIR Worldwide reported official estimates of insurers' losses at US$1 billion from the earthquake; estimated total damages exceed US$20 billion. It values Chengdu, at the time having an urban population of 4.5 million people, at around US$115 billion, with only a small portion covered by insurance."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Georgia Tech?", "id": "56cebcb4aab44d1400b88963", "answers": [{"text": "Reginald DesRoches", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the profession of Reginald DesRoches?", "id": "56d538bc2593cc1400307aed", "answers": [{"text": "professor of civil and environmental engineering", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did China create a seismic design code for building?", "id": "56d538bc2593cc1400307aee", "answers": [{"text": "1976", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What catastrophe inspired them to make a building design code/ ", "id": "56d538bc2593cc1400307aef", "answers": [{"text": "Tangshan earthquake", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Reginald DesRoches, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Georgia Tech, pointed out that the massive damage of properties and houses in the earthquake area was because China did not create an adequate seismic design code until after the devastating 1976 Tangshan earthquake. DesRoches said: \"If the buildings were older and built prior to that 1976 earthquake, chances are they weren't built for adequate earthquake forces.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What happened days following the disaster?", "id": "56cebd0faab44d1400b88971", "answers": [{"text": "an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the team of engineers do?", "id": "56cebd0faab44d1400b88972", "answers": [{"text": "make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did their findings show?", "id": "56cebd0faab44d1400b88973", "answers": [{"text": "a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake.", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After the quake what kind of international team was sent to the area?", "id": "56d53a0e2593cc1400307af5", "answers": [{"text": "team of engineers", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the team sent to China to make?", "id": "56d53a0e2593cc1400307af6", "answers": [{"text": "survey of damaged buildings", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of reasons do their findings show?", "id": "56d53a0e2593cc1400307af7", "answers": [{"text": "variety of reasons", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the days following the disaster, an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings. Their findings show a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What areas were the hardest hit?", "id": "56cebd8aaab44d1400b88977", "answers": [{"text": "the poorer, rural villages", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was an assistant professor of civil engineering and geophysics at the California Institute of Technology?", "id": "56cebd8aaab44d1400b88978", "answers": [{"text": "Swaminathan Krishnan", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of China did the earthquake occur in?", "id": "56d53bf82593cc1400307afd", "answers": [{"text": "rural part", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Swaminathan Krishnan mean when he said the buildings were just built?", "id": "56d53bf82593cc1400307afe", "answers": [{"text": "not designed", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What manner of building codes are there in China?", "id": "56d53bf82593cc1400307aff", "answers": [{"text": "very strong", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were many of these old buildings built without?", "id": "56d53bf82593cc1400307b01", "answers": [{"text": "regulations", "answer_start": 579}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "News reports indicate that the poorer, rural villages were hardest hit. Swaminathan Krishnan, assistant professor of civil engineering and geophysics at the California Institute of Technology said: \"the earthquake occurred in the rural part of China. Presumably, many of the buildings were just built; they were not designed, so to speak.\" Swaminathan Krishnan further added: \"There are very strong building codes in China, which take care of earthquake issues and seismic design issues. But many of these buildings presumably were quite old and probably were not built with any regulations overseeing them.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is an estimate of the economic loss from the quake?", "id": "56cebdd0aab44d1400b8897f", "answers": [{"text": "$75 billion", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What damage did the major Sichuan cities have?", "id": "56d53d9a2593cc1400307b07", "answers": [{"text": "minor damage", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an estimate of losses to economics?", "id": "56d53d9a2593cc1400307b08", "answers": [{"text": "US$75 billion", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose is this one of the costliest disasters in history of?", "id": "56d53d9a2593cc1400307b09", "answers": [{"text": "Chinese history", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which cities in Sichuan had minor damage?", "id": "56d53d9a2593cc1400307b0a", "answers": [{"text": "five largest cities", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Even with the five largest cities in Sichuan suffering only minor damage from the quake, some estimates of the economic loss run higher than US$75 billion, making the earthquake one of the costliest natural disasters in Chinese history."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many buildings collapsed as a result of the May 27th aftershocks?", "id": "56cebe75aab44d1400b88985", "answers": [{"text": "420,000", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How strong was the May 25 aftershock in Qingchuan county?", "id": "56d540072593cc1400307b0f", "answers": [{"text": "6.0 Mw", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people were injured in the May 25 aftershock?", "id": "56d540072593cc1400307b10", "answers": [{"text": "1000", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many homes were destroyed because of the May 27 aftershocks?", "id": "56d540072593cc1400307b11", "answers": [{"text": "more than 420,000", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During the May 27 aftershock, how many people were injured?", "id": "56d540072593cc1400307b12", "answers": [{"text": "63", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the aftershock of August 5 that caused widespread hill slides?", "id": "56d540072593cc1400307b13", "answers": [{"text": "Qingchuan, Sichuan", "answer_start": 1123}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Strong aftershocks continued to strike even months after the main quake. On May 25, an aftershock of 6.0 Mw (6.4 Ms according to CEA) hit northeast of the original earthquake's epicenter, in Qingchuan County, Sichuan, causing eight deaths, 1000 injuries, and destroying thousands of buildings. On May 27, two aftershocks, one 5.2 Mw in Qingchuan County and one 5.7 Mw in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi, led to the collapse of more than 420,000 homes and injured 63 people. The same area suffered two more aftershocks of 5.6 and 6.0 Ms (5.8 and 5.5 Mw, respectively, according to USGS) on July 23, resulting in 1 death, 6 serious injuries, collapse of hundreds of homes and damaging kilometers of highways. Pingwu County and Beichuan County, Sichuan, also northeast of Wenchuan and close to the epicenter of a 7.2 Ms earthquake in 1976, suffered a 6.1 Ms aftershock (5.7 Mw according to USGS) on August 1; it caused 2 deaths, 345 injuries, collapse of 707 homes, damages to over 1,000 homes, and blocked 25 kilometres (16 mi) of country roads. As late as August 5, yet another aftershock of 6.1 Ms (6.2 Mw according to USGS) hit Qingchuan, Sichuan, causing 1 death, 32 injuries, telecommunication interruptions, and widespread hill slides blocking roads in the area including a national highway."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the executive vice governor?", "id": "56cebef6aab44d1400b88997", "answers": [{"text": "Wei Hong", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many homes were rebuilt?", "id": "56cebef6aab44d1400b88999", "answers": [{"text": "200,000", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many homes were left without permanent shelter?", "id": "56cebef6aab44d1400b8899a", "answers": [{"text": "1.94 million", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many schools were reconstructed?", "id": "56cebef6aab44d1400b8899b", "answers": [{"text": "1,300", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who spoke about the dead and missing people on November 21, 2008?", "id": "56d548552593cc1400307b19", "answers": [{"text": "Wei Hong", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people did Wei Hong say were dead or missing?", "id": "56d548552593cc1400307b1a", "answers": [{"text": "90,000", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many homes had been rebuilt?", "id": "56d548552593cc1400307b1b", "answers": [{"text": "200,000", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many houses were still under construction?", "id": "56d548552593cc1400307b1c", "answers": [{"text": "685,000", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many families were still without permanent homes?", "id": "56d548552593cc1400307b1d", "answers": [{"text": "1.94 million", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Executive vice governor Wei Hong confirmed on November 21, 2008 that more than 90,000 people in total were dead or missing in the earthquake. He stated that 200,000 homes had been rebuilt, and 685,000 were under reconstruction, but 1.94 million households were still without permanent shelter. 1,300 schools had been reconstructed, with initial relocation of 25 townships, including Beichuan and Wenchuan, two of the most devastated areas. The government spent $441 billion on relief and reconstruction efforts."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who flew to the earthquake area 90 minutes after it hit?", "id": "56cebf6aaab44d1400b889a1", "answers": [{"text": "Premier Wen Jiabao", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Premier Wen Jiabao's background in?", "id": "56cebf6aaab44d1400b889a2", "answers": [{"text": "geomechanics", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Jiabao oversee in the region?", "id": "56cebf6aaab44d1400b889a3", "answers": [{"text": "the rescue work", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many troops were dispatched by the Chengdu military?", "id": "56cebf6aaab44d1400b889a4", "answers": [{"text": "50,000", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How soon after the earthquake was Premier Wen Jiabao on his way to the area?", "id": "56d54a582593cc1400307b23", "answers": [{"text": "90 minutes after", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many medical teams were sent to Wenchuan county?", "id": "56d54a582593cc1400307b25", "answers": [{"text": "ten", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many troops were sent to the area for relief work?", "id": "56d54a582593cc1400307b26", "answers": [{"text": "50,000", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides the rough terrain, why was it difficult to get to the area?", "id": "56d54a582593cc1400307b27", "answers": [{"text": "proximity of the quake's epicenter", "answer_start": 559}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "General Secretary and President Hu Jintao announced that the disaster response would be rapid. Just 90 minutes after the earthquake, Premier Wen Jiabao, who has an academic background in geomechanics, flew to the earthquake area to oversee the rescue work. Soon afterward, the Ministry of Health said that it had sent ten emergency medical teams to Wenchuan County. On the same day, the Chengdu Military Region Command dispatched 50,000 troops and armed police to help with disaster relief work in Wenchuan County. However, due to the rough terrain and close proximity of the quake's epicenter, the soldiers found it very difficult to get help to the rural regions of the province."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did the National Disaster Relief Commission initiate?", "id": "56cebfcaaab44d1400b889a9", "answers": [{"text": "Level II emergency contingency plan", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does a Level II emergency contingency plan cover?", "id": "56cebfcaaab44d1400b889aa", "answers": [{"text": "the most serious class of natural disasters", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the plan rise to Level I?", "id": "56cebfcaaab44d1400b889ab", "answers": [{"text": "at 22:15 CST, May 12", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What level alert was instated for the quake?", "id": "56d54bc82593cc1400307b2d", "answers": [{"text": "Level II emergency", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What class of disasters is a level II emergency?", "id": "56d54bc82593cc1400307b2e", "answers": [{"text": "most serious", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What level was the disaster set at 22:15 CST, May 12?", "id": "56d54bc82593cc1400307b2f", "answers": [{"text": "Level II", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What department initiated the emergency contingency plan?", "id": "56d54bc82593cc1400307b30", "answers": [{"text": "National Disaster Relief Commission", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The National Disaster Relief Commission initiated a \"Level II emergency contingency plan\", which covers the most serious class of natural disasters. The plan rose to Level I at 22:15 CST, May 12."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many people were in the earthquake emergency relief team?", "id": "56cec033aab44d1400b889af", "answers": [{"text": "184", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of the relief team were from the State Seismological Bureau?", "id": "56cec033aab44d1400b889b0", "answers": [{"text": "12", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of the team were from the military?", "id": "56cec033aab44d1400b889b1", "answers": [{"text": "150", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of the team were from the police?", "id": "56cec033aab44d1400b889b2", "answers": [{"text": "22", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of team left Beijing to go to Wenchuan?", "id": "56d5d41b1c85041400946e0c", "answers": [{"text": "earthquake emergency relief", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people comprised the relief team?", "id": "56d5d41b1c85041400946e0d", "answers": [{"text": "184", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many soldiers were from the Beijing Military?", "id": "56d5d41b1c85041400946e0e", "answers": [{"text": "150", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did 22 of the relief team come from?", "id": "56d5d41b1c85041400946e0f", "answers": [{"text": "Armed Police General Hospital", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the relief team travel to Wenchuan county?", "id": "56d5d41b1c85041400946e10", "answers": [{"text": "in two military transport planes", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people (consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau, 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command, and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital) left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did the China Digital Times report?", "id": "56cec11faab44d1400b889c7", "answers": [{"text": "a close analysis by an alleged Chinese construction engineer", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the construction engineer known as?", "id": "56cec11faab44d1400b889c8", "answers": [{"text": "Book Blade", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was an article reported about the scandal?", "id": "56d64d231c85041400947089", "answers": [{"text": "China Digital Times", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the person who published a report in the China Digital Times?", "id": "56d64d231c8504140094708b", "answers": [{"text": "Book Blade", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the China Digital Times an article reports a close analysis by an alleged Chinese construction engineer known online as \u201cBook Blade\u201d (\u4e66\u5251\u5b50), who stated:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was June 1, 2008 called?", "id": "56cec174aab44d1400b889cb", "answers": [{"text": "Children's Day", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were most of the surviving children?", "id": "56cec174aab44d1400b889cd", "answers": [{"text": "living in relief centres", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did these children do on that day?", "id": "56cec174aab44d1400b889ce", "answers": [{"text": "performed ceremonies", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did parents go to mourn their children?", "id": "56d64dca1c8504140094708f", "answers": [{"text": "rubble of schools", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is Children's Day?", "id": "56d64dca1c85041400947090", "answers": [{"text": "June 1", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were surviving children living?", "id": "56d64dca1c85041400947091", "answers": [{"text": "in relief centres", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On Children's Day, June 1, 2008, many parents went to the rubble of schools to mourn for their children. The surviving children, who were mostly living in relief centres, performed ceremonies marking the special day, but also acknowledging the earthquake."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How much did central state-owned enterprises donate?", "id": "56cec1ffaab44d1400b889dd", "answers": [{"text": "more than $48.6 million", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec donate?", "id": "56cec1ffaab44d1400b889de", "answers": [{"text": "10 million yuan", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much have Central state enterprises donated?", "id": "56d6647b1c850414009470ed", "answers": [{"text": "48.6 million", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did China National Petroleum and Sinopec donate?", "id": "56d6647b1c850414009470ee", "answers": [{"text": "10 million yuan each", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Central State-owned enterprises have accumulatively donated more than $48.6 million. China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec donated 10 million yuan each to the disaster area."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How much did China receive in donated money and goods?", "id": "56cec2a1aab44d1400b889e1", "answers": [{"text": "$457 million", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many countries donated?", "id": "56cec2a1aab44d1400b889e2", "answers": [{"text": "19 countries", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many international organizations donated?", "id": "56cec2a1aab44d1400b889e3", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country was the largest aid donor to China?", "id": "56cec2a1aab44d1400b889e4", "answers": [{"text": "Saudi Arabia", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much financial assistance did Saudi Arabia give China?", "id": "56cec2a1aab44d1400b889e5", "answers": [{"text": "\u20ac40,000,000", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money was donated from foreign sources?", "id": "56d6696d1c850414009470fb", "answers": [{"text": "83 million", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country was the largest aid donor to China?", "id": "56d6696d1c850414009470fc", "answers": [{"text": "Saudi Arabia", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many international organizations made donations?", "id": "56d6696d1c850414009470fe", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On May 16 China stated it had also received $457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far, including $83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations. Saudi Arabia was the largest aid donor to China, providing close to \u20ac40,000,000 in financial assistance, and an additional \u20ac8,000,000 worth of relief materials."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did the State Council establish in 2008?", "id": "56cec34faab44d1400b889f9", "answers": [{"text": "a counterpart support plan", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did the plan last?", "id": "56cec34faab44d1400b889fb", "answers": [{"text": "3 years", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the state council set up in 2008?", "id": "56d66f3e1c85041400947115", "answers": [{"text": "counterpart support plan", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the basis for this plan?", "id": "56d66f3e1c85041400947117", "answers": [{"text": "one province to one affected county", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long is the plan due to last?", "id": "56d66f3e1c85041400947118", "answers": [{"text": "3 years", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the cost per province's budget?", "id": "56d66f3e1c85041400947119", "answers": [{"text": "one percent", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2008, State Council established a counterpart support plan (\u300a\u6c76\u5ddd\u5730\u9707\u707e\u540e\u6062\u590d\u91cd\u5efa\u5bf9\u53e3\u652f\u63f4\u65b9\u6848\u300b). The plan is to arrange 19 eastern and central province and municipalitie to help 18 counties, on \"one province to one affected county\" basis. The plan spanned 3 years, and cost no less than one percent of the province or municipality's budget."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was concluded about the construction?", "id": "56cec3e8aab44d1400b88a02", "answers": [{"text": "that the sudden shift of a huge quantity of water into the region could have relaxed the tension between the two sides of the fault, allowing them to move apart, and could have increased the direct pressure on it, causing a violent rupture", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What structure did an article contemplate could have caused the quake?", "id": "56d677f31c85041400947143", "answers": [{"text": "Zipingpu Dam", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the affect of the dam on the stresses in that area?", "id": "56d677f31c85041400947144", "answers": [{"text": "25 times more", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who disregarded warnings about dams in the area?", "id": "56d677f31c85041400947145", "answers": [{"text": "The government", "answer_start": 521}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of area is Sichuan?", "id": "56d677f31c85041400947146", "answers": [{"text": "seismically active", "answer_start": 605}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What have researchers been denied?", "id": "56d677f31c85041400947147", "answers": [{"text": "access to seismological and geological data", "answer_start": 659}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "An article in Science suggested that the construction and filling of the Zipingpu Dam may have triggered the earthquake. The chief engineer of the Sichuan Geology and Mineral Bureau said that the sudden shift of a huge quantity of water into the region could have relaxed the tension between the two sides of the fault, allowing them to move apart, and could have increased the direct pressure on it, causing a violent rupture. The effect was \"25 times more\" than a year's worth of natural stress from tectonic movement. The government had disregarded warnings about so many large-scale dam projects in a seismically active area. Researchers have been denied access to seismological and geological data to examine the cause of the quake further."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did the earthquake allow?", "id": "56cec484aab44d1400b88a07", "answers": [{"text": "opportunities for researchers to retrofit data in order to model future earthquake predictions", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the professors predict?", "id": "56cec484aab44d1400b88a09", "answers": [{"text": "the time of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake", "answer_start": 530}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did they try to establish?", "id": "56d675ed1c8504140094713c", "answers": [{"text": "time prediction method", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did they collect to use in this method?", "id": "56d675ed1c8504140094713d", "answers": [{"text": "statistics", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The earthquake also provided opportunities for researchers to retrofit data in order to model future earthquake predictions. Using data from the Intermagnet Lanzhou geomagnetic observatory, geologists Lazo Pekevski from the Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje in Macedonia and Strachimir Mavrodiev from the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences attempted to establish a \"time prediction method\" through collecting statistics on geomagnetism with tidal gravitational potential. Using this method, they were said to have predicted the time of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake with an accuracy of \u00b11 day. The same study, however, acknowledges the limitation of earthquake prediction models, and does not mention that the location of the quake could be accurately predicted."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was stated in the press conference?", "id": "56cec4d0aab44d1400b88a0f", "answers": [{"text": "that earthquake prediction was a global issue", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do many geologists believe about earthquake prediction?", "id": "56d674591c85041400947133", "answers": [{"text": "no proven methods exist", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of issue is earthquake prediction?", "id": "56d674591c85041400947134", "answers": [{"text": "a global issue", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was received before the quake occurred?", "id": "56d674591c85041400947135", "answers": [{"text": "no prediction notification", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did  seismologist Gary Gibson have to say about the prediction of the quake?", "id": "56d674591c85041400947136", "answers": [{"text": "did not see anything", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In a press conference held by the State Council Information Office the day after the earthquake, geologist Zhang Xiaodong, deputy director of CEA's Seismic Monitoring Network Center, restated that earthquake prediction was a global issue, in the sense that no proven methods exist, and that no prediction notification was received before the earthquake. Seismologist Gary Gibson of Monash University in Australia told Deutsche Presse-Agentur that he also did not see anything that could be regarded as having 'predicted' the earthquake's occurrence."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was a Seismic Risk Analysis published?", "id": "56cec548aab44d1400b88a13", "answers": [{"text": "In 2002", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who published the Seismic Risk Analysis?", "id": "56cec548aab44d1400b88a14", "answers": [{"text": "Chen Xuezhong", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who published a Seismic Risk Analysis Study?", "id": "56d672d21c85041400947129", "answers": [{"text": "Chen Xuezhong", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Chen Xuezhong publish an earthquake study?", "id": "56d672d21c8504140094712a", "answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What strength did he predict the next quake in Sichuan to be?", "id": "56d672d21c8504140094712c", "answers": [{"text": "over 7.0", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2002, Chinese geologist Chen Xuezhong published a Seismic Risk Analysis study in which he came to the conclusion that beginning with 2003, attention should be paid to the possibility of an earthquake with a magnitude of over 7.0 occurring in Sichuan region. He based his study on statistical correlation. That Sichuan is a seismically active area has been discussed for years prior to the quake, though few studies point to a specific date and time."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How long had it been since an earthquake of similar magnitude?", "id": "56cec5d1aab44d1400b88a23", "answers": [{"text": "over 30 years", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long since the Sichuan area has had  a severe quake?", "id": "56d6713f1c8504140094711f", "answers": [{"text": "30 years", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does the scientific community agree that earthquake prediction is possible?", "id": "56d6713f1c85041400947120", "answers": [{"text": "no consensus", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "People wanted to know if the study of what math could produce better predictions?", "id": "56d6713f1c85041400947122", "answers": [{"text": "statistics", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is not an established science?", "id": "56d6713f1c85041400947123", "answers": [{"text": "Earthquake prediction", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The earthquake was the worst to strike the Sichuan area in over 30 years. Following the quake, experts and the general public sought information on whether or not the earthquake could have been predicted in advance, and whether or not studying statistics related to the quake could result in better prediction of earthquakes in the future. Earthquake prediction is not yet established science; there was no consensus within the scientific community that earthquake \"prediction\" is possible."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What department was ready to join the rescue effort by Wednesday?", "id": "56cec6e9aab44d1400b88a29", "answers": [{"text": "the Taipei Fire Department", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Tibetan villagers were stranded?", "id": "56cec6e9aab44d1400b88a2d", "answers": [{"text": "over 300", "answer_start": 1025}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the reason that many rescue teams could not join the relief efforts?", "id": "56d5db271c85041400946e40", "answers": [{"text": "the traffic problem", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What action did the Red Cross recommend ?", "id": "56d5db271c85041400946e41", "answers": [{"text": "donating cash", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What problem continued to stop rescue teams from reaching affected areas?", "id": "56d5db271c85041400946e42", "answers": [{"text": "landslides", "answer_start": 619}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were the soldiers under commander Yang Wenyao trying to go?", "id": "56d5db271c85041400946e43", "answers": [{"text": "Tibetan village of Sier", "answer_start": 866}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Many rescue teams, including that of the Taipei Fire Department from Taiwan, were reported ready to join the rescue effort in Sichuan as early as Wednesday. However, the Red Cross Society of China said that (on May 13) \"it was inconvenient currently due to the traffic problem to the hardest hit areas closest to the epicenter.\" The Red Cross Society of China also stated that the disaster areas need tents, medical supplies, drinking water and food; however it recommended donating cash instead of other items, as it had not been possible to reach roads that were completely damaged or places that were blocked off by landslides. Landslides continuously threatened the progress of a search and rescue group of 80 men, each carrying about 40 kg of relief supplies, from a motorized infantry brigade under commander Yang Wenyao, as they tried to reach the ethnically Tibetan village of Sier at a height of 4000 m above sea level in Pingwu county. The extreme terrain conditions precluded the use of helicopter evacuation, and over 300 of the Tibetan villagers were stranded in their demolished village for five days without food and water before the rescue group finally arrived to help the injured and stranded villagers down the mountain."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What natural disasters were occurring in Wenchuan County?", "id": "56cec79caab44d1400b88a33", "answers": [{"text": "landslides", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many helicopters were deployed?", "id": "56cec79caab44d1400b88a34", "answers": [{"text": "20", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many militia reservists joined in on rescue efforts?", "id": "56cec79caab44d1400b88a35", "answers": [{"text": "15,600", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many survivors were found?", "id": "56cec79caab44d1400b88a36", "answers": [{"text": "around 3,000", "answer_start": 540}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many troops parachuted into Mao County?", "id": "56cec79caab44d1400b88a37", "answers": [{"text": "15", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the biggest difficulties in reaching affected areas?", "id": "56d5ecf21c85041400946e5a", "answers": [{"text": "heavy rain and landslides", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many helicopters were sent to deliver aid to the affected areas?", "id": "56d5ecf21c85041400946e5b", "answers": [{"text": "20", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By May 13, how many troops had been added to the rescue efforts?", "id": "56d5ecf21c85041400946e5c", "answers": [{"text": "15,600", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How people were reported to be survivors in Yingxiu Town?", "id": "56d5ecf21c85041400946e5d", "answers": [{"text": "around 3,000", "answer_start": 540}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many persons were still unaccounted for in Yingxiu?", "id": "56d5ecf21c85041400946e5e", "answers": [{"text": "around 9,000", "answer_start": 618}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Persistent heavy rain and landslides in Wenchuan County and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts. At the start of rescue operations on May 12, 20 helicopters were deployed for the delivery of food, water, and emergency aid, and also the evacuation of the injured and reconnaissance of quake-stricken areas. By 17:37 CST on May 13, a total of over 15,600 troops and militia reservists from the Chengdu Military Region had joined the rescue force in the heavily affected areas. A commander reported from Yingxiu Town, Wenchuan, that around 3,000 survivors were found, while the status of the other inhabitants (around 9,000) remained unclear. The 1,300 rescuers reached the epicenter, and 300 pioneer troops reached the seat of Wenchuan at about 23:30 CST. By 12:17 CST, May 14, 2008, communication in the seat of Wenchuan was partly revived. On the afternoon of May 14, 15 Special Operations Troops, along with relief supplies and communications gear, parachuted into inaccessible Mao County, northeast of Wenchuan."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did Premier Wen Jiabao order?", "id": "56cec801aab44d1400b88a3d", "answers": [{"text": "the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many helicopters were provided by the PLAAF?", "id": "56cec801aab44d1400b88a3e", "answers": [{"text": "60", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many helicopter were to be provided by the civil aviation industry?", "id": "56cec801aab44d1400b88a3f", "answers": [{"text": "30", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many aircraft were there in total?", "id": "56cec801aab44d1400b88a40", "answers": [{"text": "over 150", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the total number of aircraft used in the relief operation?", "id": "56d60cd01c85041400946eea", "answers": [{"text": "over 150", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many helicopters came from the PLAAF?", "id": "56d60cd01c85041400946eec", "answers": [{"text": "60", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who provided the other 30 helicopters?", "id": "56d60cd01c85041400946eed", "answers": [{"text": "civil aviation industry", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of operation did this massing of aircraft produce?", "id": "56d60cd01c85041400946eee", "answers": [{"text": "non-combat airlifting", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "By May 15, Premier Wen Jiabao ordered the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters, of which 60 were to be provided by the PLAAF, and 30 were to be provided by the civil aviation industry, bringing the total of number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force, army, and civil aviation to over 150, resulting in the largest non-combat airlifting operation in People's Liberation Army history."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What Foundation wanted to aid Beijing?", "id": "56cec88baab44d1400b88a45", "answers": [{"text": "the Tzu Chi Foundation", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the foundation based?", "id": "56cec88baab44d1400b88a46", "answers": [{"text": "Taiwan", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Beijing agree to aid from Taiwan?", "id": "56d60ddf1c85041400946ef4", "answers": [{"text": "late on May 13", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first group from outside China to join in the relief operation?", "id": "56d60ddf1c85041400946ef5", "answers": [{"text": "Tzu Chi Foundation", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did China say they would accept?", "id": "56d60ddf1c85041400946ef6", "answers": [{"text": "international help", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did China need help for?", "id": "56d60ddf1c85041400946ef7", "answers": [{"text": "cope with the quake", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beijing accepted the aid of the Tzu Chi Foundation from Taiwan late on May 13. Tzu Chi was the first force from outside the People's Republic of China to join the rescue effort. China stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who made a direct chartered cargo flight?", "id": "56cec8e2aab44d1400b88a55", "answers": [{"text": "China Airlines", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What date did the cargo flight leave?", "id": "56cec8e2aab44d1400b88a57", "answers": [{"text": "May 15", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did a rescue team depart?", "id": "56cec8e2aab44d1400b88a58", "answers": [{"text": "May 16", "answer_start": 585}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the move the relief supplies from Taiwan to the stricken area?", "id": "56d613011c85041400946efc", "answers": [{"text": "chartered cargo flight", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what airport did the chartered flight leave?", "id": "56d613011c85041400946efd", "answers": [{"text": "Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the chartered flight from Taiwan land?", "id": "56d613011c85041400946efe", "answers": [{"text": "Chengdu", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Red Cross team left Taipei on May 16", "id": "56d613011c85041400946eff", "answers": [{"text": "rescue team", "answer_start": 434}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the Red Cross team from Taiwan land?", "id": "56d613011c85041400946f00", "answers": [{"text": "Chengdu", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A direct chartered cargo flight was made by China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport sending some 100 tons of relief supplies donated by the Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan to the affected areas. Approval from mainland Chinese authorities was sought, and the chartered flight departed Taipei at 17:00 CST, May 15 and arrived in Chengdu by 20:30 CST. A rescue team from the Red Cross in Taiwan was also scheduled to depart Taipei on a Mandarin Airlines direct chartered flight to Chengdu at 15:00 CST on May 16."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did the US share?", "id": "56cec9e1aab44d1400b88a62", "answers": [{"text": "satellite images of the quake-stricken areas", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the US share the satellite images with?", "id": "56cec9e1aab44d1400b88a63", "answers": [{"text": "Chinese authorities", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Chinese troops were involved in the rescue efforts?", "id": "56cec9e1aab44d1400b88a65", "answers": [{"text": "135,000", "answer_start": 363}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did groups from South Korea, Japan, and others arrive in China?", "id": "56d61a451c85041400946f10", "answers": [{"text": "May 16", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the U.S. share with China?", "id": "56d61a451c85041400946f11", "answers": [{"text": "satellite images", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was included in the the Air Force C-17 supplies?", "id": "56d61a451c85041400946f13", "answers": [{"text": "tents and generators", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Chinese troops and medics were involved in the relief efforts?", "id": "56d61a451c85041400946f14", "answers": [{"text": "135,000", "answer_start": 363}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On May 16, rescue groups from South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Russia and Taiwan arrived to join the rescue effort. The United States shared some of its satellite images of the quake-stricken areas with Chinese authorities. During the weekend, the US sent into China two U.S. Air Force C-17's carrying supplies, which included tents and generators. Xinhua reported 135,000 Chinese troops and medics were involved in the rescue effort across 58 counties and cities."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was extensively used to pass information to aid rescue and recovery efforts?", "id": "56ceccc7aab44d1400b88a7d", "answers": [{"text": "The Internet", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Xinhua news agency set up?", "id": "56ceccc7aab44d1400b88a7e", "answers": [{"text": "an online rescue request center", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the purpose of this online rescue request center?", "id": "56ceccc7aab44d1400b88a7f", "answers": [{"text": "to find the blind spots of disaster recovery", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did rescue helicopters have trouble landing?", "id": "56ceccc7aab44d1400b88a80", "answers": [{"text": "Wenchuan", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was used as a communications aid in the relief efforts?", "id": "56d61c4e1c85041400946f1a", "answers": [{"text": "The Internet", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who set up an online site to focus on blind spots in recovery?", "id": "56d61c4e1c85041400946f1b", "answers": [{"text": "news agency Xinhua", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What person suggested a landing spot for helicopters near the epicenter?", "id": "56d61c4e1c85041400946f1c", "answers": [{"text": "a student", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of information were websites set up to store?", "id": "56d61c4e1c85041400946f1d", "answers": [{"text": "contact information", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did a rescue helicopter crash with no survivors?", "id": "56d61c4e1c85041400946f1e", "answers": [{"text": "May 31", "answer_start": 563}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Internet was extensively used for passing information to aid rescue and recovery efforts. For example, the official news agency Xinhua set up an online rescue request center in order to find the blind spots of disaster recovery. After knowing that rescue helicopters had trouble landing into the epicenter area in Wenchuan, a student proposed a landing spot online and it was chosen as the first touchdown place for the helicopters[not in citation given]. Volunteers also set up several websites to help store contact information for victims and evacuees. On May 31, a rescue helicopter carrying earthquake survivors and crew members crashed in fog and turbulence in Wenchuan county. No-one survived."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was done for the anniversary?", "id": "56cecd53aab44d1400b88a88", "answers": [{"text": "a moment of silence", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the government open access to?", "id": "56cecd53aab44d1400b88a89", "answers": [{"text": "the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long was it opened for?", "id": "56cecd53aab44d1400b88a8a", "answers": [{"text": "three days", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did China do to mark the first anniversary of the quake?", "id": "56d66b221c85041400947103", "answers": [{"text": "a moment of silence", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What will the Beichuan county seat be used for?", "id": "56d66b221c85041400947104", "answers": [{"text": "earthquake relic museum", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of event were given to raise money for quake survivors?", "id": "56d66b221c85041400947105", "answers": [{"text": "several concerts", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Beichuan museum meant to remind people of?", "id": "56d66b221c85041400947106", "answers": [{"text": "the terrible disaster", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On May 12, 2009, China marked the first anniversary of the quake with a moment of silence as people across the nation remembered the dead. The government also opened access to the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat for three days, after which it will be frozen in time as a state earthquake relic museum, to remind people of the terrible disaster. There were also several concerts across the country to raise money for the survivors of the quake."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was also donated?", "id": "56cecdf0aab44d1400b88a93", "answers": [{"text": "blood", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What companies received the money?", "id": "56cecdf0aab44d1400b88a95", "answers": [{"text": "China Unicom and China Mobile", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After the quake, people from where in China made donations?", "id": "56d666041c850414009470f1", "answers": [{"text": "all over mainland China", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused long lines in most major cities?", "id": "56d666041c850414009470f2", "answers": [{"text": "donated blood", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the Chinese setting up to take in donations?", "id": "56d666041c850414009470f3", "answers": [{"text": "booths", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did a lot of people donate using mobile phones?", "id": "56d666041c850414009470f4", "answers": [{"text": "text messaging", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much had the Chinese government designated by May 16?", "id": "56d666041c850414009470f5", "answers": [{"text": "$772 million", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Following the earthquake, donations were made by people from all over mainland China, with booths set up in schools, at banks, and around gas stations. People also donated blood, resulting in according to Xinhua long line-ups in most major Chinese cities. Many donated through text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by China Unicom and China Mobile By May 16, the Chinese government had allocated a total of $772 million for earthquake relief so far, up sharply from $159 million from May 14."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many tents were flown to the region?", "id": "56cece5caab44d1400b88a9b", "answers": [{"text": "557", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many quilts were flown to the region?", "id": "56cece5caab44d1400b88a9c", "answers": [{"text": "2,500", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much were both supplies worth?", "id": "56cece5caab44d1400b88a9d", "answers": [{"text": "788,000 yuan", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What county were the supplies flown to?", "id": "56cece5caab44d1400b88a9e", "answers": [{"text": "Wenchuan County", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many tents did the Sichuan Ministry provide for the homeless?", "id": "56cece5caab44d1400b88a9f", "answers": [{"text": "30,000", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group took tents and quilts to Wenchuan county?", "id": "56d663b11c850414009470e3", "answers": [{"text": "Red Cross Society of China", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much has the Amity Foundation designated for disaster relief?", "id": "56d663b11c850414009470e4", "answers": [{"text": "US$143,000", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many tents did the Sichuan Ministry of Affairs provide?", "id": "56d663b11c850414009470e5", "answers": [{"text": "30,000", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were all these tents and quilts for?", "id": "56d663b11c850414009470e6", "answers": [{"text": "those left homeless", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What foundation had already begun relief work in the area?", "id": "56d663b11c850414009470e7", "answers": [{"text": "The Amity Foundation", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Red Cross Society of China flew 557 tents and 2,500 quilts valued at 788,000 yuan (US$113,000) to Wenchuan County. The Amity Foundation already began relief work in the region and has earmarked US$143,000 for disaster relief. The Sichuan Ministry of Civil Affairs said that they have provided 30,000 tents for those left homeless."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many schoolrooms collapsed in the quake?", "id": "56cecf68aab44d1400b88ab7", "answers": [{"text": "7,000", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What catch-phrase was invented as a result of collapsed schools?", "id": "56cecf68aab44d1400b88ab8", "answers": [{"text": "tofu-dregs schoolhouses", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did so many schools collapse during the earthquake?", "id": "56d64a821c85041400947075", "answers": [{"text": "inadequately engineered", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the estimations of how many schoolrooms collapsed?", "id": "56d64a821c85041400947076", "answers": [{"text": "over 7,000", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has the citizenry started calling these type of schools?", "id": "56d64a821c85041400947077", "answers": [{"text": "tofu-dregs schoolhouses", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can illegal children be registered as in place of their dead siblings?", "id": "56d64a821c85041400947079", "answers": [{"text": "legal replacements", "answer_start": 685}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The central government estimates that over 7,000 inadequately engineered schoolrooms collapsed in the earthquake. Chinese citizens have since invented a catch phrase: \"tofu-dregs schoolhouses\" (Chinese: \u8c46\u8150\u6e23\u6821\u820d), to mock both the quality and the quantity of these inferior constructions that killed so many school children. Due to the one-child policy, many families lost their only child when schools in the region collapsed during the earthquake. Consequently, Sichuan provincial and local officials have lifted the restriction for families whose only child was either killed or severely injured in the disaster. So-called \"illegal children\" under 18 years of age may be registered as legal replacements for their dead siblings; if the dead child was illegal, no further outstanding fines would apply. Reimbursement would not, however, be offered for fines that were already levied."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did CCTV-1 host on the evening of May 18th?", "id": "56cecff4aab44d1400b88abd", "answers": [{"text": "four-hour program called The Giving of Love", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the show hosted by?", "id": "56cecff4aab44d1400b88abe", "answers": [{"text": "Bai Yansong", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How large were the donations from the program?", "id": "56cecff4aab44d1400b88abf", "answers": [{"text": "Donations of the evening totalled 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan", "answer_start": 392}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Jackie Chan donate to support?", "id": "56cecff4aab44d1400b88ac0", "answers": [{"text": "$1.57 million", "answer_start": 720}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the music video that Jackie Chan made for the event?", "id": "56cecff4aab44d1400b88ac1", "answers": [{"text": "Promise", "answer_start": 803}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the program that CCTV-1 hosted?", "id": "56d6477c1c85041400947065", "answers": [{"text": "The Giving of Love", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the donations total for the program?", "id": "56d6477c1c85041400947066", "answers": [{"text": "US$208 million", "answer_start": 453}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company gave the most?", "id": "56d6477c1c85041400947067", "answers": [{"text": "CCTV", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did actor Jackie Chan donate?", "id": "56d6477c1c85041400947068", "answers": [{"text": "1.57 million", "answer_start": 721}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Chan's music video?", "id": "56d6477c1c85041400947069", "answers": [{"text": "Promise", "answer_start": 803}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On the evening of May 18, CCTV-1 hosted a special four-hour program called The Giving of Love (simplified Chinese: \u7231\u7684\u5949\u732e; traditional Chinese: \u611b\u7684\u5949\u737b), hosted by regulars from the CCTV New Year's Gala and round-the-clock coverage anchor Bai Yansong. It was attended by a wide range of entertainment, literary, business and political figures from mainland China, Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan. Donations of the evening totalled 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan (~US$208 million). Of the donations, CCTV gave the biggest corporate contribution at \u00a550 million. Almost at the same time in Taiwan, a similarly themed programme was on air hosted by the sitting president Ma Ying-jeou. In June, Hong Kong actor Jackie Chan, who donated $1.57 million to the victims, made a music video alongside other artists entitled \"Promise\"; the song was composed by Andy Lau. The Artistes 512 Fund Raising Campaign, an 8-hour fundraising marathon, was held on June 1 in Hong Kong; it was attended by some 200 Sinosphere musicians and celebrities. In Singapore, MediaCorp Channel 8 hosted a 'live' programme \u8ba9\u7231\u5ddd\u6d41\u4e0d\u606f to raise funds for the victims."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did a professor at the Peking University say about the handling of the earthquake?", "id": "56cedd04aab44d1400b88b3c", "answers": [{"text": "This is the first time [that] the Chinese media has lived up to international standards", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Myanmar block after Cyclone Nargis?", "id": "56d61fc11c85041400946f24", "answers": [{"text": "foreign aid", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did a Peking professor say about Chinese media coverage?", "id": "56d61fc11c85041400946f25", "answers": [{"text": "up to international standards", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who praised Chinese media coverage as being democratic?", "id": "56d61fc11c85041400946f26", "answers": [{"text": "Los Angeles Times", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which previous catastrophe not live up to international standards?", "id": "56d61fc11c85041400946f27", "answers": [{"text": "1976 Tangshan earthquake", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Rescue efforts performed by the Chinese government were praised by western media, especially in comparison with Myanmar's blockage of foreign aid during Cyclone Nargis, as well as China's previous performance during the 1976 Tangshan earthquake. China's openness during the media coverage of the Sichuan earthquake led a professor at the Peking University to say, \u201cThis is the first time [that] the Chinese media has lived up to international standards\u201d. Los Angeles Times praised China's media coverage of the quake of being \"democratic\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What formed behind blockages?", "id": "56cedd7daab44d1400b88b4e", "answers": [{"text": "quake lakes", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many quake lakes formed?", "id": "56cedd7daab44d1400b88b50", "answers": [{"text": "34", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of the lakes were a danger to people?", "id": "56cedd7daab44d1400b88b51", "answers": [{"text": "28", "answer_start": 606}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the magnitude of the Sichuan earthquake?", "id": "56d624261c85041400946f2c", "answers": [{"text": "7.9", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What blocked many of the area's rivers?", "id": "56d624261c85041400946f2d", "answers": [{"text": "large landslides", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What formed behind the blocked rivers?", "id": "56d624261c85041400946f2e", "answers": [{"text": "quake lakes", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By May 27, how many earthquake lakes had formed up behind landslide debris?", "id": "56d624261c85041400946f2f", "answers": [{"text": "34", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What had to be evacuated due to potential flooding?", "id": "56d624261c85041400946f30", "answers": [{"text": "Entire villages", "answer_start": 669}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As a result of the magnitude 7.9 earthquake and the many strong aftershocks, many rivers became blocked by large landslides, which resulted in the formation of \"quake lakes\" behind the blockages; these massive amounts of water were pooling up at a very high rate behind the natural landslide dams and it was feared that the blockages would eventually crumble under the weight of the ever-increasing water mass, potentially endangering the lives of millions of people living downstream. As of May 27, 2008, 34 lakes had formed due to earthquake debris blocking and damming rivers, and it was estimated that 28 of them were still of potential danger to the local people. Entire villages had to be evacuated because of the resultant flooding."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where was the most precarious quake lake located?", "id": "56ceddf6aab44d1400b88b67", "answers": [{"text": "Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County, Sichuan", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How could you only get to this quake lake?", "id": "56ceddf6aab44d1400b88b68", "answers": [{"text": "by foot or air", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What machinery was airlifted into the location?", "id": "56ceddf6aab44d1400b88b69", "answers": [{"text": "tractors", "answer_start": 304}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people were evacuated downstream?", "id": "56ceddf6aab44d1400b88b6b", "answers": [{"text": "200,000", "answer_start": 719}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the fear that caused 200,000 people to be evacuated from Mianyang?", "id": "56d62b0f1c85041400946f5e", "answers": [{"text": "the dam bursting", "answer_start": 792}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the worst of the quake lakes located?", "id": "56d62b0f1c85041400946f5f", "answers": [{"text": "Mount Tangjia", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Mount Tangjia?", "id": "56d62b0f1c85041400946f60", "answers": [{"text": "Beichuan County, Sichuan", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many soldiers had to travel to the area by foot?", "id": "56d62b0f1c85041400946f62", "answers": [{"text": "1,200", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The most precarious of these quake-lakes was the one located in the extremely difficult terrain at Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County, Sichuan, accessible only by foot or air; an Mi-26T heavy lift helicopter belonging to the China Flying Dragon Special Aviation Company was used to bring heavy earthmoving tractors to the affected location. This operation was coupled with the work done by PLAAF Mi-17 helicopters bringing in PLA engineering corps, explosive specialists and other personnel to join 1,200 soldiers who arrived on site by foot. Five tons of fuel to operate the machinery was airlifted to the site, where a sluice was constructed to allow the safe discharge of the bottlenecked water. Downstream, more than 200,000 people were evacuated from Mianyang by June 1 in anticipation of the dam bursting."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who declared the mourning period?", "id": "56cede78aab44d1400b88b7c", "answers": [{"text": "The State Council", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the State Council declare a period of?", "id": "56d62ce51c85041400946f7a", "answers": [{"text": "national mourning", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "This was the biggest display of mourning since the death of who?", "id": "56d62ce51c85041400946f7b", "answers": [{"text": "Mao Zedong", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Chinese hold a moment of silence?", "id": "56d62ce51c85041400946f7c", "answers": [{"text": "May 19, 2008", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What came to a halt during the moment of silence?", "id": "56d62ce51c85041400946f7d", "answers": [{"text": "Cars and trucks", "answer_start": 687}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long was the national mourning for the quake victims to last?", "id": "56d62ce51c85041400946f7e", "answers": [{"text": "three-day period", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The State Council declared a three-day period of national mourning for the quake victims starting from May 19, 2008; the PRC's National Flag and Regional Flags of Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions flown at half mast. It was the first time that a national mourning period had been declared for something other than the death of a state leader, and many have called it the biggest display of mourning since the death of Mao Zedong. At 14:28 CST on May 19, 2008, a week after the earthquake, the Chinese public held a moment of silence. People stood silent for three minutes while air defense, police and fire sirens, and the horns of vehicles, vessels and trains sounded. Cars and trucks on Beijing's roads also came to a halt. People spontaneously burst into cheering \"Zhongguo jiayou!\" (Let's go, China!) and \"Sichuan jiayou\" (Let's go, Sichuan!) afterwards."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was suspended for the duration of the mourning period?", "id": "56cedecdaab44d1400b88b8d", "answers": [{"text": "Olympic torch relay", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the relay scheduled to take place?", "id": "56cedecdaab44d1400b88b8e", "answers": [{"text": "Ningbo", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was suspended during the period of mourning?", "id": "56d62e501c85041400946f94", "answers": [{"text": "Beijing Olympic torch relay", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the torch relay supposed to take place?", "id": "56d62e501c85041400946f95", "answers": [{"text": "in Ningbo", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of the relay did they change?", "id": "56d62e501c85041400946f96", "answers": [{"text": "The route", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was there a minute of silence during the relay?", "id": "56d62e501c85041400946f97", "answers": [{"text": "Ruijin, Jiangxi", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Ningbo Organizing Committee of the Beijing Olympic torch relay announced that the relay, scheduled to take place in Ningbo during national morning, would be suspended for the duration of the mourning period. The route of the torch through the country was scaled down, and there was a minute of silence when the next leg started in city of Ruijin, Jiangxi on the Wednesday after the quake."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What colors did many websites convert their home pages to?", "id": "56cedf2faab44d1400b88b9d", "answers": [{"text": "black and white", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did internet portals remove from their home pages?", "id": "56d62ff91c85041400946fbb", "answers": [{"text": "all advertisements", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Many of what shut down completely?", "id": "56d62ff91c85041400946fbc", "answers": [{"text": "various gaming sites", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the crowds in Tiananmen Square do after the moment of silence?", "id": "56d62ff91c85041400946fbd", "answers": [{"text": "burst out cheering", "answer_start": 695}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What business closed in Macau?", "id": "56d62ff91c85041400946fbe", "answers": [{"text": "Casinos", "answer_start": 760}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Many websites converted their home page to black and white; Sina.com and Sohu, major internet portals, limited their homepages to news items and removed all advertisements. Chinese video sharing websites Youku and Tudou displayed a black background and placed multiple videos showing earthquake footage and news reports. The Chinese version of MSN, cn.msn.com, also displayed banner ads about the earthquake and the relief efforts. Other entertainment websites, including various gaming sites, such as the Chinese servers for World of Warcraft, had shut down altogether, or had corresponding links to earthquake donations. After the moments of silence, in Tiananmen Square, crowds spontaneously burst out cheering various slogans, including \"Long Live China\". Casinos in Macau closed down."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the principal of Sangzao Middle School? ", "id": "56cee003aab44d1400b88bb1", "answers": [{"text": "Ye Zhiping", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the principal credited with?", "id": "56cee003aab44d1400b88bb2", "answers": [{"text": "proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many students attended the school?", "id": "56cee003aab44d1400b88bb3", "answers": [{"text": "2,323", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money was used to strengthen the construction of the school?", "id": "56cee003aab44d1400b88bb5", "answers": [{"text": "400,000 yuan", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What school principal strengthened his school?", "id": "56d64f7c1c85041400947095", "answers": [{"text": "Ye Zhiping", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Sangzao Middle School?", "id": "56d64f7c1c85041400947097", "answers": [{"text": "Sangzao", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Sangzao school is one of the biggest in what county?", "id": "56d64f7c1c85041400947098", "answers": [{"text": "An County", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many years was Ye Zhiping involved in the school overhaul?", "id": "56d64f7c1c85041400947099", "answers": [{"text": "three-year period", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Ye Zhiping, the principal of Sangzao Middle School in Sangzao, one of the largest in An County, has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened. During a three-year period that ended in 2007, he oversaw a major overhaul of his school. During that time he obtained more than 400,000 yuan (US$60,000) from the county education department, money used to widen and strengthen concrete pillars and the balcony railing of all four storeys of his school, as well as secure its concrete floors."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Why were the schools inspected?", "id": "56cee069aab44d1400b88bbc", "answers": [{"text": "to gain first-hand material of construction quality", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was to be carried out at schools after the quake?", "id": "56cee069aab44d1400b88bbd", "answers": [{"text": "safety checks", "answer_start": 362}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has joined an official inquiry into the school scandal?", "id": "56d658061c850414009470a7", "answers": [{"text": "Chinese prosecutors", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What investigation are the prosecutors pursuing?", "id": "56d658061c850414009470a8", "answers": [{"text": "professional crime", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are the Chinese going to perform safety checks?", "id": "56d658061c850414009470a9", "answers": [{"text": "schools across China", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group reported that Chinese prosecutors were involved in investigating the schoolhouse collapses?", "id": "56d658061c850414009470aa", "answers": [{"text": "Reuters", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "However, Reuters reported in June that, to date, Chinese prosecutors have joined an official inquiry into ten collapsed schools during May's devastating earthquake to gain first-hand material of construction quality at the collapsed schools, launch preliminary inquiries and prepare for possible investigations into professional crime. It was also reported that safety checks were to be carried out at schools across China after last month's earthquake."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was given in exchange of signing the document?", "id": "56cee0eeaab44d1400b88bc3", "answers": [{"text": "money", "answer_start": 553}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other methods were used to break up protests?", "id": "56cee0eeaab44d1400b88bc5", "answers": [{"text": "riot police", "answer_start": 861}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the New York Times report was investigating the school collapses?", "id": "56d65a4b1c850414009470af", "answers": [{"text": "government officials", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are officials seeking to do about protesting parents?", "id": "56d65a4b1c850414009470b0", "answers": [{"text": "limit protests", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are officials offering parents in exchange of protests?", "id": "56d65a4b1c850414009470b1", "answers": [{"text": "money", "answer_start": 553}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has happened to some who refuse to agree to not protest?", "id": "56d65a4b1c850414009470b2", "answers": [{"text": "were threatened", "answer_start": 589}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did officials order Chinese news media to stop reporting?", "id": "56d65a4b1c850414009470b3", "answers": [{"text": "on school collapses", "answer_start": 1026}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The New York Times reported that \"government officials in Beijing and Sichuan have said they are investigating the collapses. In an acknowledgment of the weakness of building codes in the countryside, the National Development and Reform Commission said on May 27 that it had drafted an amendment to improve construction standards for primary and middle schools in rural areas. Experts are reviewing the draft, the commission said.\" To limit protests, officials pushed parents to sign a document, which forbade them from holding protests, in exchange of money, but some who refused to sign were threatened. The payment amounts varied from school to school but were approximately the same. In Hanwang, parents were offered a package valued at 8,800 USD in cash and a per-parent pension of nearly 5,600 USD. Furthermore, officials used other methods of silencing: riot police officers broke up protests by parents; the authorities set up cordons around the schools; and officials ordered the Chinese news media to stop reporting on school collapses."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was a Sichuan school teacher?", "id": "56cee14aaab44d1400b88bcb", "answers": [{"text": "Liu Shaokun", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Liu's family told?", "id": "56cee14aaab44d1400b88bcd", "answers": [{"text": "that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Liu Shaokun's profession?", "id": "56d65c671c850414009470b9", "answers": [{"text": "Sichuan school teacher", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was he investigated?", "id": "56d65c671c850414009470ba", "answers": [{"text": "crime of inciting subversion", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Liu Shankun do with the pictures he took of collapsed schools?", "id": "56d65c671c850414009470bb", "answers": [{"text": "put them online", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did he call the schoolhouses shoddy?", "id": "56d65c671c850414009470bc", "answers": [{"text": "in a media interview", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was his assigned punishment ?", "id": "56d65c671c850414009470bd", "answers": [{"text": "one year of re-education", "answer_start": 508}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Besides parents, Liu Shaokun (\u5218\u7ecd\u5764), a Sichuan school teacher, was detained on June 25, 2008 for \"disseminating rumors and destroying social order\" about the Sichuan earthquake. Liu\u2019s family was later told that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion. Liu had travelled to the Shifang, taken photos of collapsed school buildings, and put them online. He had also expressed his anger at \u201cthe shoddy tofu-dregs buildings\u201d (\u8c46\u8150\u6e23\u5de5\u7a0b) in a media interview. He was ordered to serve one year of re-education through labor (RTL). According to the organization Human Rights in China, Liu has been released to serve his RTL sentence outside of the labor camp."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the sentencing occur?", "id": "56cee1e4aab44d1400b88be0", "answers": [{"text": "in 2007", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the article published about the case?", "id": "56cee1e4aab44d1400b88be1", "answers": [{"text": "January 2010", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did he think that the poor construction led to?", "id": "56d65f691c850414009470cf", "answers": [{"text": "massive casualties", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In January 2010, Hong Kong-based English newspaper The Standard reported that writer Tan Zuoren attempted to document shoddy construction that may have led to massive casualties in schools, was sentenced to in prison ostensibly for his writing an article in 2007 in support of the pro-democracy movement in 1989."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did UNICEF report?", "id": "56cee23caab44d1400b88be6", "answers": [{"text": "that China formally requested the support of the international community", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did foreign nations offer China because of the severity of the quake?", "id": "56d660e91c850414009470d3", "answers": [{"text": "condolences and assistance", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did China formally ask for help from the international community?", "id": "56d660e91c850414009470d4", "answers": [{"text": "May 14", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What organization reported that China asked for help?", "id": "56d660e91c850414009470d5", "answers": [{"text": "UNICEF", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the world community notice the need for help?", "id": "56d660e91c850414009470d6", "answers": [{"text": "magnitude of the quake", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Because of the magnitude of the quake, and the media attention on China, foreign nations and organizations immediately responded to the disaster by offering condolences and assistance. On May 14, UNICEF reported that China formally requested the support of the international community to respond to the needs of affected families."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How much did Yao Ming donate?", "id": "56cee294aab44d1400b88bec", "answers": [{"text": "$214,000 and $71,000", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the Red Cross collect in donations?", "id": "56cee294aab44d1400b88bed", "answers": [{"text": "$26 million", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money had been donated by May 14?", "id": "56d6622d1c850414009470db", "answers": [{"text": "10.7 billion yuan", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group donated the 10.7 yuan?", "id": "56d6622d1c850414009470dc", "answers": [{"text": "the Chinese public", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What famous basketball player made two large donations to the crisis?", "id": "56d6622d1c850414009470dd", "answers": [{"text": "Yao Ming", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much has the Red Cross Society  collected?", "id": "56d6622d1c850414009470de", "answers": [{"text": "26 million", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "By May 14, the Ministry of Civil Affairs stated that 10.7 billion yuan (approximately US$1.5 billion) had been donated by the Chinese public. Houston Rockets center Yao Ming, one of the country's most popular sports icons, gave $214,000 and $71,000 to the Red Cross Society of China. The association has also collected a total of $26 million in donations so far. Other multinational firms located in China have also announced large amounts of donations."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did Francis Marcus say of the Chinese relief effort?", "id": "56d614dd1c85041400946f06", "answers": [{"text": "swift and very efficient", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What uncharacteristic attitude did China display?", "id": "56d614dd1c85041400946f07", "answers": [{"text": "openness", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of attitude did Burma display in response to a cyclone a few days earlier?", "id": "56d614dd1c85041400946f08", "answers": [{"text": "secretive", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long before the quake did Cyclone Nargis strike Burma?", "id": "56d614dd1c85041400946f09", "answers": [{"text": "10 days", "answer_start": 495}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What organization did Francis Marcus represent?", "id": "56d614dd1c85041400946f0a", "answers": [{"text": "International Federation of the Red Cross", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Francis Marcus of the International Federation of the Red Cross praised the Chinese rescue effort as \"swift and very efficient\" in Beijing on Tuesday. But he added the scale of the disaster was such that \"we can't expect that the government can do everything and handle every aspect of the needs\". The Economist noted that China reacted to the disaster \"rapidly and with uncharacteristic openness\", contrasting it with Burma's secretive response to Cyclone Nargis, which devastated that country 10 days before the earthquake."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did stations replace programming with?", "id": "56d646091c8504140094705d", "answers": [{"text": "live earthquake footage", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the source of the live feeds?", "id": "56d646091c8504140094705e", "answers": [{"text": "CCTV-1", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What about pay TV channels?", "id": "56d646091c8504140094705f", "answers": [{"text": "programmes suspended", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "All Mainland Chinese television stations (along with some stations in Hong Kong and expatriate communities) cancelled all regularly-scheduled programming, displayed their logo in grayscale, and replaced their cancelled programmes with live earthquake footage from CCTV-1 for multiple days after the quake. Even pay television channels (such as Channel V) had their programmes suspended."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What government blocked aid after Cyclone Nargis?", "id": "56d6488e1c8504140094706f", "answers": [{"text": "Myanmar", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Over what scandal did the Chinese government lose in public opinion?", "id": "56d6488e1c85041400947070", "answers": [{"text": "school construction scandal", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Chinese government first praised for?", "id": "56d6488e1c85041400947071", "answers": [{"text": "response to the quake", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although the Chinese government was initially praised for its response to the quake (especially in comparison to Myanmar's ruling military junta's blockade of aid during Cyclone Nargis), it then saw an erosion in confidence over the school construction scandal."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did parents accuse builders of doing?", "id": "56d64c331c85041400947080", "answers": [{"text": "cutting corners", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As of July 17, 2008 what did parents complain of not receiving?", "id": "56d64c331c85041400947081", "answers": [{"text": "any reports", "answer_start": 578}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of stories were being censored in the media?", "id": "56d64c331c85041400947083", "answers": [{"text": "poorly built schools", "answer_start": 737}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On May 29, 2008, government officials began inspecting the ruins of thousands of schools that collapsed, searching for clues about why they crumbled. Thousands of parents around the province have accused local officials and builders of cutting corners in school construction, citing that after the quake other nearby buildings were little damaged. In the aftermath of the quake, many local governments promised to formally investigate the school collapses, but as of July 17, 2008 across Sichuan, parents of children lost in collapsed schools complained they had yet to receive any reports. Local officials urged them not to protest but the parents demonstrated and demanded an investigation. Furthermore, censors discouraged stories of poorly built schools from being published in the media and there was an incident where police drove the protestors away."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who has ignored the school issue?", "id": "56d650911c8504140094709f", "answers": [{"text": "state-controlled media", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who gave instructions to ignore the school issue?", "id": "56d650911c850414009470a0", "answers": [{"text": "propaganda bureau", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What media source has reported this happening?", "id": "56d650911c850414009470a2", "answers": [{"text": "The AP", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The AP reported that \"The state-controlled media has largely ignored the issue, apparently under the propaganda bureau's instructions. Parents and volunteers who have questioned authorities have been detained and threatened.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Why are the buildings so shoddily built?", "id": "56d65e391c850414009470c4", "answers": [{"text": "builders cut corners", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did builder's use in place of steel rods as re-inforcement?", "id": "56d65e391c850414009470c6", "answers": [{"text": "thin iron wires", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was supposed to inspect building to see if they met national standards?", "id": "56d65e391c850414009470c7", "answers": [{"text": "supervising agencies", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On May 15, 2008 Geoffery York of the Globeandmail.com reported that the shoddily constructed buildings are commonly called \"tofu buildings\" because builders cut corners by replacing steel rods with thin iron wires for concrete re-inforcement; using inferior grade cement, if any at all; and using fewer bricks than they should. One local was quoted in the article as saying that \"the supervising agencies did not check to see if it met the national standards.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who has not been brought to justice?", "id": "56d66c621c8504140094710b", "answers": [{"text": "corrupt government officials", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is still looking for compensation and justice?", "id": "56d66c621c8504140094710c", "answers": [{"text": "many families", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has the government threatened people with to keep them from protesting?", "id": "56d66c621c8504140094710d", "answers": [{"text": "threat of arrest", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What media reported the threat of arrest?", "id": "56d66c621c8504140094710e", "answers": [{"text": "the Times", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did many families lose in the earthquake?", "id": "56d66c621c8504140094710f", "answers": [{"text": "their only child", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "However questions still remain, as some of the corrupt government officials have still not been brought to justice, while the many families who lost their only child, are still seeking compensation and justice to what had happened. According to the Times, many parents were warned by the government not to stage a protest under the threat of arrest."}]}, {"title": "New_York_City", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What city in the United States has the highest population?", "id": "56ce304daab44d1400b8850e", "answers": [{"text": "New York", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what city is the United Nations based?", "id": "56ce304daab44d1400b8850f", "answers": [{"text": "New York", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city has been called the cultural capital of the world?", "id": "56ce304daab44d1400b88510", "answers": [{"text": "New York", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What American city welcomes the largest number of legal immigrants?", "id": "56ce304daab44d1400b88511", "answers": [{"text": "New York", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The major gateway for immigration has been which US city?", "id": "56cf5d41aab44d1400b89130", "answers": [{"text": "New York City", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The most populated city in the United States is which city?", "id": "56cf5d41aab44d1400b89131", "answers": [{"text": "New York City", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York\u2014often called New York City or the City of New York to distinguish it from the State of New York, of which it is a part\u2014is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York metropolitan area, the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States and one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. A global power city, New York exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment, its fast pace defining the term New York minute. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural and financial capital of the world."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many boroughs comprise New York City?", "id": "56ce3124aab44d1400b8852a", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year were the five boroughs combined into one city?", "id": "56ce3124aab44d1400b8852b", "answers": [{"text": "1898", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2014, what did the census estimate the population of New York City to be?", "id": "56ce3124aab44d1400b8852c", "answers": [{"text": "8,491,079", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the size of New York City in square miles?", "id": "56ce3124aab44d1400b8852d", "answers": [{"text": "305", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the population of New York's Combined Statistical Area?", "id": "56ce3124aab44d1400b8852e", "answers": [{"text": "23.6 million", "answer_start": 826}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How man boroughs does New York City contain?", "id": "56cf9d81234ae51400d9be1b", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The five boroughs of New York City are named what?", "id": "56cf9d81234ae51400d9be1c", "answers": [{"text": "Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "All five boroughs of New York City formed into one city on what date?", "id": "56cf9d81234ae51400d9be1d", "answers": [{"text": "1898", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the population of New York City as of 2014?", "id": "56cf9d81234ae51400d9be1e", "answers": [{"text": "8,491,079", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many languages are spoken by the people of New York City?", "id": "56cf9d81234ae51400d9be1f", "answers": [{"text": "800", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Situated on one of the world's largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, each of which is a separate county of New York State. The five boroughs \u2013 Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island \u2013 were consolidated into a single city in 1898. With a census-estimated 2014 population of 8,491,079 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles (790 km2), New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. By 2014 census estimates, the New York City metropolitan region remains by a significant margin the most populous in the United States, as defined by both the Metropolitan Statistical Area (20.1 million residents) and the Combined Statistical Area (23.6 million residents). In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of nearly US$1.39 trillion, while in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion, both ranking first nationally by a wide margin and behind the GDP of only twelve and eleven countries, respectively."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the trading post that preceded New York City called?", "id": "56ce31baaab44d1400b8853a", "answers": [{"text": "New Amsterdam", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What nation founded New Amsterdam?", "id": "56ce31baaab44d1400b8853b", "answers": [{"text": "the Dutch Republic", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did New York become the largest city in the United States?", "id": "56ce31baaab44d1400b8853c", "answers": [{"text": "1790", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the English take over the area from the Dutch?", "id": "56ce31baaab44d1400b8853d", "answers": [{"text": "1664", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did New York cease the be the capital of the United States?", "id": "56ce31baaab44d1400b8853e", "answers": [{"text": "1790", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was New York City established?", "id": "56cf9df0234ae51400d9be25", "answers": [{"text": "1624", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "New Amsterdam became the title of New York City in what past date?", "id": "56cf9df0234ae51400d9be26", "answers": [{"text": "1626", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The English occupied New York City beginning on what date?", "id": "56cf9df0234ae51400d9be27", "answers": [{"text": "1664", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "New York City is the biggest city in the United States since what historical date?", "id": "56cf9df0234ae51400d9be29", "answers": [{"text": "1790", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York City traces its roots to its 1624 founding as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664. New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the country's largest city since 1790. The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a globally recognized symbol of the United States and its democracy."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many tourists visited New York in 2014?", "id": "56ce32e7aab44d1400b88550", "answers": [{"text": "56 million", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many stations are operated by the New York City Subway?", "id": "56ce32e7aab44d1400b88551", "answers": [{"text": "469", "answer_start": 1303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what borough is Wall Street located?", "id": "56ce32e7aab44d1400b88552", "answers": [{"text": "Manhattan", "answer_start": 677}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many school and universities are in NYC?", "id": "56cf9f16234ae51400d9be30", "answers": [{"text": "120", "answer_start": 1386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "NYC has the two largest stock exchanges in the world which are called what?", "id": "56cf9f16234ae51400d9be31", "answers": [{"text": "New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ", "answer_start": 906}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Many districts and landmarks in New York City have become well known, and the city received a record 56 million tourists in 2014, hosting three of the world's ten most visited tourist attractions in 2013. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world. Times Square, iconic as the world's \"heart\" and its \"Crossroads\", is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway Theater District, one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections, and a major center of the world's entertainment industry. The names of many of the city's bridges, skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world, and the city is home to the world's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization, the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ. Manhattan's real estate market is among the most expensive in the world. Manhattan's Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 469 stations in operation. New York City's higher education network comprises over 120 colleges and universities, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, which have been ranked among the top 35 in the world."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What island was once a part of Long Island?", "id": "56ce3348aab44d1400b88560", "answers": [{"text": "Staten Island", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what period was the area around New York City located at the edge of an ice sheet 1,000 feet deep?", "id": "56ce3348aab44d1400b88561", "answers": [{"text": "the Wisconsinan glaciation", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Long Island and Staten Island were split in half by what geographical phenomenon?", "id": "56cf9f4b234ae51400d9be35", "answers": [{"text": "ice sheet", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the geologic foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, the ice sheet would help split apart what are now Long Island and Staten Island."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the Lenape homeland?", "id": "56ce33aaaab44d1400b8856a", "answers": [{"text": "Lenapehoking", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the precolonial era, the area of present-day New York City was inhabited by various bands of Algonquian tribes of Native Americans, including the Lenape, whose homeland, known as Lenapehoking, included Staten Island; the western portion of Long Island, including the area that would become Brooklyn and Queens; Manhattan; the Bronx; and the Lower Hudson Valley."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did the first European arrive in the New York area?", "id": "56ce345caab44d1400b88580", "answers": [{"text": "1524", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the first European who arrived in the New York area?", "id": "56ce345caab44d1400b88581", "answers": [{"text": "Giovanni da Verrazzano", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Giovanni da Verrazzano's ship?", "id": "56ce345caab44d1400b88582", "answers": [{"text": "La Dauphine", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What nation did Giovanni da Verrazzano serve?", "id": "56ce345caab44d1400b88583", "answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Giovanni da Verrazzano call the area when he staked claim on it?", "id": "56ce345caab44d1400b88584", "answers": [{"text": "Nouvelle Angoul\u00eame", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the first European to visit the area of NYC?", "id": "56cfa06a234ae51400d9be39", "answers": [{"text": "1524", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Giovanni da Verrazzano's ship that sailed to New York was named what?", "id": "56cfa06a234ae51400d9be3a", "answers": [{"text": "La Dauphine", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Giovani da Verrazzano was an explorer from which country?", "id": "56cfa06a234ae51400d9be3b", "answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown, who sailed his ship La Dauphine into New York Harbor. He claimed the area for France and named it \"Nouvelle Angoul\u00eame\" (New Angoul\u00eame)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did a Spanish expedition visit New York Harbor?", "id": "56ce34c7aab44d1400b88594", "answers": [{"text": "1525", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who commanded the Spanish expedition?", "id": "56ce34c7aab44d1400b88595", "answers": [{"text": "Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the nationality of Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes?", "id": "56ce34c7aab44d1400b88596", "answers": [{"text": "Portuguese", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What monarch did Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes serve?", "id": "56ce34c7aab44d1400b88597", "answers": [{"text": "Charles V", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes's ship?", "id": "56ce34c7aab44d1400b88598", "answers": [{"text": "La Anunciada", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The front of the Hudson River was named what by Estevao Gomes?", "id": "56cfa4d8234ae51400d9be3f", "answers": [{"text": "Rio de San Antonio", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first map to show the whole North American East coast?", "id": "56cfa4d8234ae51400d9be40", "answers": [{"text": "Padr\u00f3n Real", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A Spanish expedition led by captain Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes, a Portuguese sailing for Emperor Charles V, arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 aboard the purpose-built caravel \"La Anunciada\" and charted the mouth of the Hudson River, which he named Rio de San Antonio. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August. The first scientific map to show the North American East coast continuously, the 1527 world map known as the Padr\u00f3n Real, was informed by Gomes' expedition, and labeled the Northeast as Tierra de Esteban G\u00f3mez in his honor."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the explorer who visited the area in 1609?", "id": "56ce3569aab44d1400b885aa", "answers": [{"text": "Henry Hudson", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Henry Hudson working for?", "id": "56ce3569aab44d1400b885ab", "answers": [{"text": "Dutch East India Company", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Netherlands claim the area between Delaware Bay and Cape Cod?", "id": "56ce3569aab44d1400b885ac", "answers": [{"text": "1614", "answer_start": 702}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many days did Henry Hudson spend exploring the region?", "id": "56ce3569aab44d1400b885ad", "answers": [{"text": "ten", "answer_start": 626}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Henry Hudson call the river that is now called the Hudson River?", "id": "56ce3569aab44d1400b885ae", "answers": [{"text": "North River", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Henry Hudson worked for which company in the 1600s?", "id": "56cfab96234ae51400d9be43", "answers": [{"text": "Dutch East India Company", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the land between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay claimed by the Dutch?", "id": "56cfab96234ae51400d9be44", "answers": [{"text": "1614", "answer_start": 702}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which explorer sailed his ship into New York harbor in 1609?", "id": "56cfab96234ae51400d9be45", "answers": [{"text": "Henry Hudson", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1609, English explorer Henry Hudson re-discovered the region when he sailed his ship the Halve Maen (\"Half Moon\" in Dutch) into New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for his employer, the Dutch East India Company. He proceeded to sail up what he named the North River, also called the Mauritis River, and now known as the Hudson River, to the site of the present-day New York State capital of Albany in the belief that it might represent an oceanic tributary. When the river narrowed and was no longer saline, he realized it was not a maritime passage and sailed back downriver. He made a ten-day exploration of the area and claimed the region for his employer. In 1614, the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay would be claimed by the Netherlands and called Nieuw-Nederland (New Netherland)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where was Juan Rodriguez born?", "id": "56ce362aaab44d1400b885bc", "answers": [{"text": "Santo Domingo", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Dutch call Juan Rodriguez?", "id": "56ce362aaab44d1400b885bd", "answers": [{"text": "Jan Rodrigues", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Juan Rodriguez's occupation?", "id": "56ce362aaab44d1400b885be", "answers": [{"text": "trader", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the street that is named after Juan Rodriguez?", "id": "56ce362aaab44d1400b885bf", "answers": [{"text": "Juan Rodriguez Way", "answer_start": 425}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what season did Juan Rodriguez first come to New York?", "id": "56ce362aaab44d1400b885c0", "answers": [{"text": "winter", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first non-Indian person to live in what is now NYC?", "id": "56cfabed234ae51400d9be49", "answers": [{"text": "Juan Rodriguez", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which street in NYC today is now named after Juan Rodriguez?", "id": "56cfabed234ae51400d9be4b", "answers": [{"text": "Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first non-Native American inhabitant of what would eventually become New York City was Dominican trader Juan Rodriguez (transliterated to Dutch as Jan Rodrigues). Born in Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent, he arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613\u20131614, trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch. Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street, is named Juan Rodriguez Way in his honor."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what island did the Dutch set up a settlement to trade furs?", "id": "56cedbb9aab44d1400b88b0f", "answers": [{"text": "Governors Island", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what island was Fort Amsterdam built?", "id": "56cedbb9aab44d1400b88b10", "answers": [{"text": "Manhattan Island", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did construction begin on Fort Amsterdam?", "id": "56cedbb9aab44d1400b88b11", "answers": [{"text": "1625", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What person bought Manhattan from the Canarsie for the Dutch?", "id": "56cedbb9aab44d1400b88b12", "answers": [{"text": "Peter Minuit", "answer_start": 530}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Dutch buy Manhattan?", "id": "56cedbb9aab44d1400b88b13", "answers": [{"text": "1626", "answer_start": 627}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "New Netherland established a permanent European presence in what year?", "id": "56cfb206234ae51400d9be8f", "answers": [{"text": "1624", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did building begin of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island?", "id": "56cfb206234ae51400d9be90", "answers": [{"text": "1625", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the myth that Manhattan was bought for by General Peter Minuit ?", "id": "56cfb206234ae51400d9be91", "answers": [{"text": "glass beads", "answer_start": 752}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 \u2013 making New York the 12th oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States  \u2013 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on a citadel and a Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam). The colony of New Amsterdam was centered at the site which would eventually become Lower Manhattan. The Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from the Canarsie, a small band of the Lenape, in 1626 for a value of 60 guilders (about $1000 in 2006); a disproved legend says that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did the English call New Amsterdam after its capture?", "id": "56cedc10aab44d1400b88b19", "answers": [{"text": "New York", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the regnal name of the Duke of York?", "id": "56cedc10aab44d1400b88b1a", "answers": [{"text": "James II", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What person gave up New Amsterdam to the English?", "id": "56cedc10aab44d1400b88b1b", "answers": [{"text": "Peter Stuyvesant", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Peter Stuyvesant's title?", "id": "56cedc10aab44d1400b88b1c", "answers": [{"text": "Director-General", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the English take over New Amsterdam?", "id": "56cedc10aab44d1400b88b1d", "answers": [{"text": "1664", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who gave up New Amsterdam to the English without a fight in 1664?", "id": "56cfb240234ae51400d9be96", "answers": [{"text": "Peter Stuyvesant", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1664, Peter Stuyvesant, the Director-General of the colony of New Netherland, surrendered New Amsterdam to the English without bloodshed. The English promptly renamed the fledgling city \"New York\" after the Duke of York (later King James II)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the regnal name of the Prince of Orange?", "id": "56cedc8eaab44d1400b88b23", "answers": [{"text": "William III", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the date of Anthonio Colve's capture of New York?", "id": "56cedc8eaab44d1400b88b24", "answers": [{"text": "August 24, 1673", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Colve call New York after he captured it?", "id": "56cedc8eaab44d1400b88b25", "answers": [{"text": "New Orange", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Dutch give New York back to the English?", "id": "56cedc8eaab44d1400b88b26", "answers": [{"text": "1674", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "August 24, 1673 is when which Dutch officer  took control of NYC?", "id": "56cfb43d234ae51400d9beab", "answers": [{"text": "Anthonio Colve", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Dutch gave back the island to which country in 1674 after their trade routes had been destroyed?", "id": "56cfb43d234ae51400d9beac", "answers": [{"text": "England", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "New York was called New Orange for a period based off which historical figure?", "id": "56cfb43d234ae51400d9bead", "answers": [{"text": "King William III", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On August 24, 1673, Dutch captain Anthonio Colve took over the colony of New York from England and rechristened it \"New Orange\" to honor the Prince of Orange, King William III. However, facing defeat from the British and French, who had teamed up to destroy Dutch trading routes, the Dutch returned the island to England in 1674."}, {"qas": [{"question": "After what war did the English receive New Amsterdam?", "id": "56cedd1caab44d1400b88b41", "answers": [{"text": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Lenape lived in the area in 1700?", "id": "56cedd1caab44d1400b88b42", "answers": [{"text": "200", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the island the English traded to the Dutch in return for New Amsterdam?", "id": "56cedd1caab44d1400b88b43", "answers": [{"text": "Run", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1700, the Lenape Native American population had dwindled to how many?", "id": "56cfb502234ae51400d9beb1", "answers": [{"text": "200", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After which war did England gain New York in exchange for Run, an Indonesian island?", "id": "56cfb502234ae51400d9beb2", "answers": [{"text": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "At the end of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the English gained New Amsterdam (New York) in North America in exchange for Dutch control of Run, an Indonesian island. Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizable population losses for the Lenape between the years 1660 and 1670. By 1700, the Lenape population had diminished to 200."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In 1730, what percentage of New York households were slave-holding?", "id": "56ceddd9aab44d1400b88b5f", "answers": [{"text": "42%", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1730, what American city had the highest percentage of slaveholders?", "id": "56ceddd9aab44d1400b88b60", "answers": [{"text": "Charleston, South Carolina", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Near what square was the African Burial Ground unearthed?", "id": "56ceddd9aab44d1400b88b61", "answers": [{"text": "Foley Square", "answer_start": 594}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was being built that resulted in the discovery of the African Burial Ground?", "id": "56ceddd9aab44d1400b88b62", "answers": [{"text": "courthouse", "answer_start": 578}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which city in North America held the most slaves in the 1700s?", "id": "56cfb5cb234ae51400d9beb6", "answers": [{"text": "Charleston, South Carolina", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was as African burial ground discovered after the building of new courthouse?", "id": "56cfb5cb234ae51400d9beb7", "answers": [{"text": "1990s", "answer_start": 534}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York grew in importance as a trading port while under British rule in the early 1700s. It also became a center of slavery, with 42% of households holding slaves by 1730, more than any other city other than Charleston, South Carolina. Most slaveholders held a few or several domestic slaves, but others hired them out to work at labor. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banks and shipping tied to the South. Discovery of the African Burying Ground in the 1990s, during construction of a new federal courthouse near Foley Square, revealed that tens of thousands of Africans had been buried in the area in the colonial years."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was John Peter Zenger tried?", "id": "56cede40aab44d1400b88b71", "answers": [{"text": "1735", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what island did Zenger's trial occur?", "id": "56cede40aab44d1400b88b72", "answers": [{"text": "Manhattan", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Columbia University chartered?", "id": "56cede40aab44d1400b88b73", "answers": [{"text": "1754", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Under what king did the founding of Columbia University occur?", "id": "56cede40aab44d1400b88b74", "answers": [{"text": "George II", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the original name of Columbia University?", "id": "56cede40aab44d1400b88b75", "answers": [{"text": "King's College", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which trial in Manhatten helped establish the right of freedom of the press?", "id": "56cfb691234ae51400d9bec3", "answers": [{"text": "John Peter Zenger", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Columbia University of New York was founded in what year?", "id": "56cfb691234ae51400d9bec4", "answers": [{"text": "1754", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Stamp Act Congress had a meeting in 1765 in which US city?", "id": "56cfb691234ae51400d9bec5", "answers": [{"text": "New York", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The trial in Manhattan of John Peter Zenger in 1735 helped to establish the freedom of the press in North America. In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by King George II as King's College in Lower Manhattan. The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765 as the Sons of Liberty organized in the city, skirmishing over the next ten years with British troops stationed there."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the biggest battle of the American Revolution?", "id": "56cedf11aab44d1400b88b93", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of Long Island", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what borough did the Battle of Long Island occur?", "id": "56cedf11aab44d1400b88b94", "answers": [{"text": "Brooklyn", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what month and year was the Battle of Long Island fought?", "id": "56cedf11aab44d1400b88b95", "answers": [{"text": "August 1776", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many escaped slaves were in New York during the time the British occupied it?", "id": "56cedf11aab44d1400b88b96", "answers": [{"text": "10,000", "answer_start": 539}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the American Revolutionary War end?", "id": "56cedf11aab44d1400b88b97", "answers": [{"text": "1783", "answer_start": 675}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which battle was the largest battle of the American Revolutionary war?", "id": "56cfb897234ae51400d9bee3", "answers": [{"text": "The Battle of Long Island", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which borough of New York was the Battle of Long Island fought?", "id": "56cfb897234ae51400d9bee4", "answers": [{"text": "Brooklyn", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the English army start to retreat and evacuate NYC during the Battle of Long Island?", "id": "56cfb897234ae51400d9bee6", "answers": [{"text": "1783", "answer_start": 675}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the American Revolutionary War, was fought in August 1776 entirely within the modern-day borough of Brooklyn. After the battle, in which the Americans were defeated, leaving subsequent smaller armed engagements following in its wake, the city became the British military and political base of operations in North America. The city was a haven for Loyalist refugees, as well as escaped slaves who joined the British lines for freedom newly promised by the Crown for all fighters. As many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation. When the British forces evacuated at the close of the war in 1783, they transported 3,000 freedmen for resettlement in Nova Scotia. They resettled other freedmen in England and the Caribbean."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what date did the peace conference on Staten Island occur?", "id": "56cee30faab44d1400b88bf1", "answers": [{"text": "September 11, 1776", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the British representative at the Conference House meeting?", "id": "56cee30faab44d1400b88bf2", "answers": [{"text": "Lord Howe", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What notable catastrophe took place under the British occupation?", "id": "56cee30faab44d1400b88bf3", "answers": [{"text": "Great Fire of New York", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what modern-day borough did the Great Fire happen?", "id": "56cee30faab44d1400b88bf4", "answers": [{"text": "Manhattan", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What noted religious building was destroyed in the Great Fire?", "id": "56cee30faab44d1400b88bf5", "answers": [{"text": "Trinity Church", "answer_start": 425}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the English general who met with Benjamin Franklin on Septermber 11, 1776?", "id": "56cfb961234ae51400d9beff", "answers": [{"text": "Lord Howe", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which natural disaster happened after English occupation of Lower Manhattan?", "id": "56cfb961234ae51400d9bf00", "answers": [{"text": "the Great Fire of New York", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates, including Benjamin Franklin, and British general Lord Howe on September 11, 1776. Shortly after the British occupation began, the Great Fire of New York occurred, a large conflagration on the West Side of Lower Manhattan, which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city, including Trinity Church."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did New York become the United States capital?", "id": "56cee398aab44d1400b88bfb", "answers": [{"text": "1785", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the United States' first President?", "id": "56cee398aab44d1400b88bfc", "answers": [{"text": "George Washington", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what building did the Supreme Court of the United States first sit?", "id": "56cee398aab44d1400b88bfd", "answers": [{"text": "Federal Hall", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what street did the writing of the Bill of Rights occur?", "id": "56cee398aab44d1400b88bfe", "answers": [{"text": "Wall Street", "answer_start": 533}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the second largest city in the United States in 1790?", "id": "56cee398aab44d1400b88bff", "answers": [{"text": "Philadelphia", "answer_start": 578}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which organization made New York the national capital in 1785?", "id": "56cfbab4234ae51400d9bf19", "answers": [{"text": "Congress of the Confederation", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "New York City became the first what under the new Constitution of the United States?", "id": "56cfbab4234ae51400d9bf1b", "answers": [{"text": "capital", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The first president, George Washington, took office in what year?", "id": "56cfbab4234ae51400d9bf1c", "answers": [{"text": "1789", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By which year, did New York City become the largest city in the United States?", "id": "56cfbab4234ae51400d9bf1d", "answers": [{"text": "1790", "answer_start": 549}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1785, the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York the national capital shortly after the war. New York was the last capital of the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation and the first capital under the Constitution of the United States. In 1789, the first President of the United States, George Washington, was inaugurated; the first United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States each assembled for the first time, and the United States Bill of Rights was drafted, all at Federal Hall on Wall Street. By 1790, New York had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did the state of New York pass a law to free the slaves?", "id": "56cee43eaab44d1400b88c05", "answers": [{"text": "1799", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What borough was home to a notable population of free African-Americans?", "id": "56cee43eaab44d1400b88c06", "answers": [{"text": "Manhattan", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with John Jay, who founded the New York Manumission Society?", "id": "56cee43eaab44d1400b88c07", "answers": [{"text": "Alexander Hamilton", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the state of New York eliminate slavery?", "id": "56cee43eaab44d1400b88c08", "answers": [{"text": "1827", "answer_start": 571}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1840, about how many African-Americans lived in New York City?", "id": "56cee43eaab44d1400b88c09", "answers": [{"text": "16,000", "answer_start": 846}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The gradual abolition act in New York was formed in what year?", "id": "56cfbb5f234ae51400d9bf2b", "answers": [{"text": "1799", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was slavery completely outlawed in the state of New York?", "id": "56cfbb5f234ae51400d9bf2c", "answers": [{"text": "1827", "answer_start": 571}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Under New York State's gradual abolition act of 1799, children of slave mothers were born to be eventually liberated but were held in indentured servitude until their mid-to-late twenties. Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves, a significant free-black population gradually developed in Manhattan. Under such influential United States founders as Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, the New York Manumission Society worked for abolition and established the African Free School to educate black children. It was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state, and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination. New York interracial abolitionist activism continued; among its leaders were graduates of the African Free School. The city's black population reached more than 16,000 in 1840."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What plan of 1811 spread a grid of streets across Manhattan?", "id": "56cee4d1aab44d1400b88c0f", "answers": [{"text": "Commissioners' Plan", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Erie Canal finish building?", "id": "56cee4d1aab44d1400b88c10", "answers": [{"text": "1825", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What political machine controlled New York politics in this era?", "id": "56cee4d1aab44d1400b88c11", "answers": [{"text": "Tammany Hall", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with German immigrants, immigrants of what nationality supported Tammany Hall?", "id": "56cee4d1aab44d1400b88c12", "answers": [{"text": "Irish", "answer_start": 548}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Erie Canal was finished being built in what year?", "id": "56cfbc57234ae51400d9bf31", "answers": [{"text": "1825", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the 19th century, the city was transformed by development relating to its status as a trading center, as well as by European immigration. The city adopted the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, which expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan. The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal through central New York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior via the Hudson River and the Great Lakes. Local politics became dominated by Tammany Hall, a political machine supported by Irish and German immigrants."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the first urban landscaped park in the United States?", "id": "56cee50caab44d1400b88c17", "answers": [{"text": "Central Park", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Central Park founded?", "id": "56cee50caab44d1400b88c18", "answers": [{"text": "1857", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Central park, in 1857, became the first park in America to become what?", "id": "56cfbc81234ae51400d9bf3b", "answers": [{"text": "first landscaped", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s, including William Cullen Bryant, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, Rufus Wilmot Griswold, John Keese, Nathaniel Parker Willis, and Edgar Allan Poe. Public-minded members of the contemporaneous business elite lobbied for the establishment of Central Park, which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What event brought many Irish immigrants to the United States?", "id": "56cee5a1aab44d1400b88c23", "answers": [{"text": "Great Irish Famine", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1860, approximately how many people of Irish extraction were in New York?", "id": "56cee5a1aab44d1400b88c24", "answers": [{"text": "200,000", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1860, what fraction of the city population was composed of Irish immigrants?", "id": "56cee5a1aab44d1400b88c25", "answers": [{"text": "a quarter", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1860, what percentage of the city population was composed of German immigrants?", "id": "56cee5a1aab44d1400b88c26", "answers": [{"text": "25%", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What events provoked the immigration of people from Germany?", "id": "56cee5a1aab44d1400b88c27", "answers": [{"text": "revolutions", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which event brought upon a lot of Irish immigrants to NYC?", "id": "56cfbef5234ae51400d9bf41", "answers": [{"text": "Great Irish Famine", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many immigrants that were Irish were living in New York in 1860?", "id": "56cfbef5234ae51400d9bf42", "answers": [{"text": "Over 200,000", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants. Over 200,000 were living in New York by 1860, upwards of a quarter of the city's population. There was also extensive immigration from the German provinces, where revolutions had disrupted societies, and Germans comprised another 25% of New York's population by 1860."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the mayor of New York City in 1861? ", "id": "56cee638aab44d1400b88c31", "answers": [{"text": "Fernando Wood", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the commutation fee to avoid being conscripted during the American Civil War?", "id": "56cee638aab44d1400b88c32", "answers": [{"text": "$300", "answer_start": 441}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "People of what ethnicity most visibly participated in the Draft Riots of 1863?", "id": "56cee638aab44d1400b88c33", "answers": [{"text": "Irish", "answer_start": 591}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many people died during the Draft Riots of 1863?", "id": "56cee638aab44d1400b88c34", "answers": [{"text": "120", "answer_start": 1073}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the approximate African-American population of New York City in 1865?", "id": "56cee638aab44d1400b88c35", "answers": [{"text": "10,000", "answer_start": 1304}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Draft Riots caused which building to burn down in 1863?", "id": "56cfcf61234ae51400d9bf5c", "answers": [{"text": "Colored Orphan Asylum", "answer_start": 836}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Democratic Party candidates were consistently elected to local office, increasing the city's ties to the South and its dominant party. In 1861, Mayor Fernando Wood called on the aldermen to declare independence from Albany and the United States after the South seceded, but his proposal was not acted on. Anger at new military conscription laws during the American Civil War (1861\u20131865), which spared wealthier men who could afford to pay a $300 (equivalent to $5,766 in 2016) commutation fee to hire a substitute, led to the Draft Riots of 1863, whose most visible participants were ethnic Irish working class. The situation deteriorated into attacks on New York's elite, followed by attacks on black New Yorkers and their property after fierce competition for a decade between Irish immigrants and blacks for work. Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground, but more than 200 children escaped harm due to efforts of the New York City Police Department, which was mainly made up of Irish immigrants. According to historian James M. McPherson (2001), at least 120 people were killed. In all, eleven black men were lynched over five days, and the riots forced hundreds of blacks to flee the city for Williamsburg, Brooklyn, as well as New Jersey; the black population in Manhattan fell below 10,000 by 1865, which it had last been in 1820. The white working class had established dominance. Violence by longshoremen against black men was especially fierce in the docks area. It was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was the modern City of New York founded?", "id": "56cee6a3aab44d1400b88c3b", "answers": [{"text": "1898", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the subway begin operation?", "id": "56cee6a3aab44d1400b88c3c", "answers": [{"text": "1904", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Portions of what modern-day borough were included in the County of New York?", "id": "56cee6a3aab44d1400b88c3d", "answers": [{"text": "the Bronx", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The subway of New York was first available in what year?", "id": "56cfcffa234ae51400d9bf5f", "answers": [{"text": "1904", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then a separate city), the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens. The opening of the subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did the General Slocum disaster occur?", "id": "56cee70daab44d1400b88c51", "answers": [{"text": "1904", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people died on the General Slocum?", "id": "56cee70daab44d1400b88c52", "answers": [{"text": "1,021", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what building did the city's deadliest industrial disaster occur?", "id": "56cee70daab44d1400b88c53", "answers": [{"text": "Triangle Shirtwaist Factory", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people died in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire?", "id": "56cee70daab44d1400b88c54", "answers": [{"text": "146", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The growth of what organization was prompted by the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire?", "id": "56cee70daab44d1400b88c55", "answers": [{"text": "International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A catastrophe in 1911 that killed 146 workers was called what?", "id": "56cfd219234ae51400d9bf64", "answers": [{"text": "Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1904, the steamship General Slocum caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people on board. In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and major improvements in factory safety standards."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many non-white people lived in New York in 1890?", "id": "56cee774aab44d1400b88c5b", "answers": [{"text": "36,620", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the Prohibition-era African-American cultural flourishing in New York?", "id": "56cee774aab44d1400b88c5c", "answers": [{"text": "Harlem Renaissance", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the population of people in New York that were not Caucasian in 1890?", "id": "56cfda93234ae51400d9bf7b", "answers": [{"text": "36,620", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York's non-white population was 36,620 in 1890. New York City was a prime destination in the early twentieth century for African Americans during the Great Migration from the American South, and by 1916, New York City was home to the largest urban African diaspora in North America. The Harlem Renaissance of literary and cultural life flourished during the era of Prohibition. The larger economic boom generated construction of skyscrapers competing in height and creating an identifiable skyline."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In the early 1920s, what was the second most highly populated city in the world?", "id": "56cee7edaab44d1400b88c67", "answers": [{"text": "London", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term for a city with a population of over 10 million?", "id": "56cee7edaab44d1400b88c68", "answers": [{"text": "megacity", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was mayor of New York during the Great Depression?", "id": "56cee7edaab44d1400b88c69", "answers": [{"text": "Fiorello La Guardia", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For about how many years did Tammany Hall control New York political life?", "id": "56cee7edaab44d1400b88c6a", "answers": [{"text": "eighty", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the 1930s, New York City had more than 10 million people becoming the first what in history?", "id": "56cfdb8d234ae51400d9bf83", "answers": [{"text": "megacity", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York became the most populous urbanized area in the world in the early 1920s, overtaking London. The metropolitan area surpassed the 10 million mark in the early 1930s, becoming the first megacity in human history. The difficult years of the Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello La Guardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was construction finished on the United Nations Headquarters?", "id": "56cee873aab44d1400b88c75", "answers": [{"text": "1952", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Prior to New York, what city was the center of the world of art?", "id": "56cee873aab44d1400b88c76", "answers": [{"text": "Paris", "answer_start": 483}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What artistic movement caused New York to overtake Paris as the global art center?", "id": "56cee873aab44d1400b88c77", "answers": [{"text": "abstract expressionism", "answer_start": 408}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The headquarters what organization was done being build in 1952 in New York?", "id": "56cfdc1e234ae51400d9bf85", "answers": [{"text": "United Nations", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Returning World War II veterans created a post-war economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern Queens. New York emerged from the war unscathed as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The United Nations Headquarters was completed in 1952, solidifying New York's global geopolitical influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The Stonewall riots are named after what building?", "id": "56cee90caab44d1400b88c85", "answers": [{"text": "the Stonewall Inn", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what neighborhood did the Stonewall riots occur?", "id": "56cee90caab44d1400b88c86", "answers": [{"text": "Greenwich Village", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did the Stonewall riots take place?", "id": "56cee90caab44d1400b88c87", "answers": [{"text": "June 28, 1969", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what borough did the Stonewall riots happen?", "id": "56cee90caab44d1400b88c88", "answers": [{"text": "Manhattan", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event provoked the Stonewall riots?", "id": "56cee90caab44d1400b88c89", "answers": [{"text": "a police raid", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the Stonewall riots happen?", "id": "56cfdc71234ae51400d9bf88", "answers": [{"text": "Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. They are widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for LGBT rights in the United States."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did the population of New York first reach an all-time high in this period?", "id": "56ceeaf2aab44d1400b88c9f", "answers": [{"text": "2000", "answer_start": 704}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the population of New York reach an all-time high for the second time in this period?", "id": "56ceeaf2aab44d1400b88ca0", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 738}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of a new sector of the New York economy that appeared in the 1990s?", "id": "56ceeaf2aab44d1400b88ca1", "answers": [{"text": "Silicon Alley", "answer_start": 606}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what decade did the crime rate drop significantly?", "id": "56ceeaf2aab44d1400b88ca2", "answers": [{"text": "1990s", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what decade was there a significant decline in industrial jobs?", "id": "56ceeaf2aab44d1400b88ca3", "answers": [{"text": "1970s", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which decade did massive job losses happen in NYC due to industrial issues?", "id": "56cfdceb234ae51400d9bf95", "answers": [{"text": "1970s", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the 1970s, job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates. While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s. By the mid 1990s, crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies, improving economic opportunities, gentrification, and new residents, both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America. Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alley, emerged in the city's economy. New York's population reached all-time highs in the 2000 Census and then again in the 2010 Census."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the aircraft that crashed into the World Trade Center's North Tower on September 11, 2001?", "id": "56ceeb94aab44d1400b88cb1", "answers": [{"text": "American Airlines Flight 11", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the aircraft that crashed into the World Trade Center's South Tower on September 11, 2001?", "id": "56ceeb94aab44d1400b88cb2", "answers": [{"text": "United Airlines Flight 175", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many firefighters died in the World Trade Center attack?", "id": "56ceeb94aab44d1400b88cb3", "answers": [{"text": "343", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did the World Trade Center PATH begin operation?", "id": "56ceeb94aab44d1400b88cb4", "answers": [{"text": "July 19, 1909", "answer_start": 727}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How tall is One World Trade Center in meters?", "id": "56ceeb94aab44d1400b88cb5", "answers": [{"text": "541.3", "answer_start": 1154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Hudson Terminal which was also demolished was build in what year?", "id": "56cfdde6234ae51400d9bfa6", "answers": [{"text": "1909", "answer_start": 736}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many leader terrorists of Al Quada were involved with the 9/11 attacks directly that day?", "id": "56cfdde6234ae51400d9bfa8", "answers": [{"text": "10", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the plane named that crashed into the World Trade Center?", "id": "56cfdde6234ae51400d9bfa9", "answers": [{"text": "American Airlines Flight 11", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and later destroyed them, killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement officers who were in the towers and in the surrounding area. The rebuilding of the area, has created a new One World Trade Center, and a 9/11 memorial and museum along with other new buildings and infrastructure. The World Trade Center PATH station, which opened on July 19, 1909 as the Hudson Terminal, was also destroyed in the attack. A temporary station was built and opened on November 23, 2003. A permanent station, the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, is currently under construction. The new One World Trade Center is the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere and the fourth-tallest building in the world by pinnacle height, with its spire reaching a symbolic 1,776 feet (541.3 m) in reference to the year of American independence."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what date did the Occupy Wall Street protests commence?", "id": "56cef300aab44d1400b88cff", "answers": [{"text": "September 17, 2011", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what park did the Occupy Wall Street protests occur?", "id": "56cef300aab44d1400b88d00", "answers": [{"text": "Zuccotti Park", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what borough did the Occupy Wall Street protests take place?", "id": "56cef300aab44d1400b88d01", "answers": [{"text": "Manhattan", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what district of Manhattan were the Occupy Wall Street protests?", "id": "56cef300aab44d1400b88d02", "answers": [{"text": "Financial District", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Occupy Wall Street protests that took place in Zuccotti Park was on which date?", "id": "56cfde18234ae51400d9bfaf", "answers": [{"text": "September 17, 2011", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Occupy Wall Street protests in Zuccotti Park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan began on September 17, 2011, receiving global attention and spawning the Occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What individual established the National Review?", "id": "56cef532aab44d1400b88d19", "answers": [{"text": "William F. Buckley, Jr.", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the National Review founded?", "id": "56cef532aab44d1400b88d1a", "answers": [{"text": "1955", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What public figure defended New York in January 2016?", "id": "56cef532aab44d1400b88d1b", "answers": [{"text": "Donald Trump", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A presidential candidate from what party derided the city for its liberalism?", "id": "56cef532aab44d1400b88d1c", "answers": [{"text": "Republican", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "When one Republican presidential candidate for the 2016 election ridiculed the liberalism of \"New York values\" in January 2016, Donald Trump, leading in the polls, vigorously defended his city. The National Review, a conservative magazine published in the city since its founding by William F. Buckley, Jr. in 1955, commented, \"By hearkening back to New York's heart after 9/11, for a moment Trump transcended politics. How easily we forget, but for weeks after the terror attacks, New York was America.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what geographical region of the United States is New York City located?", "id": "56cef595aab44d1400b88d21", "answers": [{"text": "Northeastern", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what geographical region of New York state is New York City located?", "id": "56cef595aab44d1400b88d22", "answers": [{"text": "southeastern", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "New York City is about half the distance between Washington DC and what city?", "id": "56cef595aab44d1400b88d23", "answers": [{"text": "Boston", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "New York City is adjacent to what ocean?", "id": "56cef595aab44d1400b88d24", "answers": [{"text": "Atlantic", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What river is New York City located on?", "id": "56cef595aab44d1400b88d25", "answers": [{"text": "Hudson River", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "New York City is at the base of which American river?", "id": "56cfde76234ae51400d9bfb1", "answers": [{"text": "Hudson", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Hudson River flows into which body of water?", "id": "56cfde76234ae51400d9bfb2", "answers": [{"text": "Atlantic Ocean", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The three islands that make up New York city are named what?", "id": "56cfde76234ae51400d9bfb3", "answers": [{"text": "Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island.", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York City is situated in the Northeastern United States, in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between Washington, D.C. and Boston. The location at the mouth of the Hudson River, which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean, has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port. Most of New York City is built on the three islands of Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The Hudson River serves as a dividing line between New York and what state?", "id": "56cef613aab44d1400b88d2b", "answers": [{"text": "New Jersey", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What river flows between the Hudson and East Rivers?", "id": "56cef613aab44d1400b88d2c", "answers": [{"text": "Harlem River", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the city's sole fresh water river?", "id": "56cef613aab44d1400b88d2d", "answers": [{"text": "Bronx River", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Into what body of water does the Hudson River terminate?", "id": "56cef613aab44d1400b88d2e", "answers": [{"text": "New York Bay", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Between New York City and what city is the Hudson River an estuary?", "id": "56cef613aab44d1400b88d2f", "answers": [{"text": "Troy, New York", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Hudson River separates NYC from which US state?", "id": "56cfdef3234ae51400d9bfc1", "answers": [{"text": "New Jersey", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The single only freshwater river in NYC is what river?", "id": "56cfdef3234ae51400d9bfc2", "answers": [{"text": "The Bronx River", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which river seperates The Bronx from Manhatten?", "id": "56cfdef3234ae51400d9bfc3", "answers": [{"text": "The Harlem River", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay. Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is an estuary. The Hudson River separates the city from the U.S. state of New Jersey. The East River\u2014a tidal strait\u2014flows from Long Island Sound and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The Harlem River, another tidal strait between the East and Hudson Rivers, separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx. The Bronx River, which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County, is the only entirely fresh water river in the city."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What Manhattan development is the product of land reclamation?", "id": "56cef671aab44d1400b88d3b", "answers": [{"text": "Battery Park City", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city's land has been altered substantially by human intervention, with considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times; reclamation is most prominent in Lower Manhattan, with developments such as Battery Park City in the 1970s and 1980s. Some of the natural relief in topography has been evened out, especially in Manhattan."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the total area of New York City in square miles?", "id": "56cef84faab44d1400b88d53", "answers": [{"text": "468.9", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In square miles, how much of the city's total area is composed of water?", "id": "56cef84faab44d1400b88d54", "answers": [{"text": "164.1", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In square miles, how much of the city's total area is land?", "id": "56cef84faab44d1400b88d55", "answers": [{"text": "304.8", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of New York City's highest point?", "id": "56cef84faab44d1400b88d56", "answers": [{"text": "Todt Hill", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what island is New York City's highest point located?", "id": "56cef84faab44d1400b88d57", "answers": [{"text": "Staten Island", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many square miles in NYC?", "id": "56cfe133234ae51400d9bfdf", "answers": [{"text": "468.9", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many square miles are water in NYC?", "id": "56cfe133234ae51400d9bfe0", "answers": [{"text": "164.1", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many square miles are land in NYC?", "id": "56cfe133234ae51400d9bfe1", "answers": [{"text": "304.8", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The highest peak in the city is what location?", "id": "56cfe133234ae51400d9bfe2", "answers": [{"text": "Todt Hill", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many feet above sea level is Todt Hil?", "id": "56cfe133234ae51400d9bfe3", "answers": [{"text": "409.8", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city's total area is 468.9 square miles (1,214 km2). 164.1 sq mi (425 km2) of this is water and 304.8 sq mi (789 km2) is land. The highest point in the city is Todt Hill on Staten Island, which, at 409.8 feet (124.9 m) above sea level, is the highest point on the Eastern Seaboard south of Maine. The summit of the ridge is mostly covered in woodlands as part of the Staten Island Greenbelt."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What structure is an example of saltbox architecture?", "id": "56cf1988aab44d1400b88d71", "answers": [{"text": "Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what borough is the Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House located?", "id": "56cf1988aab44d1400b88d72", "answers": [{"text": "Brooklyn", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What building is the priciest office tower in the world?", "id": "56cf1988aab44d1400b88d73", "answers": [{"text": "One World Trade Center", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what borough is One World Trade Center located?", "id": "56cf1988aab44d1400b88d74", "answers": [{"text": "Manhattan", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did construction on the oldest part of Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House begin?", "id": "56cf1988aab44d1400b88d75", "answers": [{"text": "1656", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The most expensive office tower built in the world today is what?", "id": "56cfe15f234ae51400d9bfe9", "answers": [{"text": "One World Trade Center", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods, from the saltbox style Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, the oldest section of which dates to 1656, to the modern One World Trade Center, the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and currently the most expensive new office tower in the world."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many high-rises were present in New York City in 2011?", "id": "56cf1a05aab44d1400b88d7b", "answers": [{"text": "5,937", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city has the most high-rise buildings in the world?", "id": "56cf1a05aab44d1400b88d7c", "answers": [{"text": "Hong Kong", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many structures in New York City are over 100m tall?", "id": "56cf1a05aab44d1400b88d7d", "answers": [{"text": "550", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the Woolworth Building completed?", "id": "56cf1a05aab44d1400b88d7e", "answers": [{"text": "1913", "answer_start": 425}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many buildings in New York City are over 200m high?", "id": "56cf1a05aab44d1400b88d7f", "answers": [{"text": "50", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "NYC has the highest quantity of skyscrapers after which other world city?", "id": "56cfe1ae234ae51400d9bff3", "answers": [{"text": "Hong Kong", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many buildings located in NYC are at least 330 feet in height?", "id": "56cfe1ae234ae51400d9bff4", "answers": [{"text": "550", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Manhattan's skyline, with its many skyscrapers, is universally recognized, and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world. As of 2011, New York City had 5,937 high-rise buildings, of which 550 completed structures were at least 330 feet (100 m) high, both second in the world after Hong Kong, with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller than 656 feet (200 m). These include the Woolworth Building (1913), an early gothic revival skyscraper built with massively scaled gothic detailing."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was the Empire State Building completed?", "id": "56cf1aa6aab44d1400b88d85", "answers": [{"text": "1931", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Chrysler Building reflects what architectural style?", "id": "56cf1aa6aab44d1400b88d86", "answers": [{"text": "Art Deco", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What floor of the Chrysler Building has sculptures of eagles at its corners?", "id": "56cf1aa6aab44d1400b88d87", "answers": [{"text": "61st", "answer_start": 413}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What building known for its bronze-tinted I-beams was completed in 1957?", "id": "56cf1aa6aab44d1400b88d88", "answers": [{"text": "Seagram Building", "answer_start": 604}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the full name of the organization known by the acronym AIA?", "id": "56cf1aa6aab44d1400b88d89", "answers": [{"text": "American Institute of Architects", "answer_start": 855}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which animal decorates the corners of the Chrysler Building?", "id": "56cfe201234ae51400d9bffd", "answers": [{"text": "eagles", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Empire State Building constructed?", "id": "56cfe201234ae51400d9bffe", "answers": [{"text": "1931", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Chrysler building built in NYC?", "id": "56cfe201234ae51400d9bfff", "answers": [{"text": "1930", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The 1916 Zoning Resolution required setbacks in new buildings, and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size, to allow sunlight to reach the streets below. The Art Deco style of the Chrysler Building (1930) and Empire State Building (1931), with their tapered tops and steel spires, reflected the zoning requirements. The buildings have distinctive ornamentation, such as the eagles at the corners of the 61st floor on the Chrysler Building, and are considered some of the finest examples of the Art Deco style. A highly influential example of the international style in the United States is the Seagram Building (1957), distinctive for its fa\u00e7ade using visible bronze-toned I-beams to evoke the building's structure. The Cond\u00e9 Nast Building (2000) is a prominent example of green design in American skyscrapers and has received an award from the American Institute of Architects as well as AIA New York State for its design."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what borough is the Riverdale neighborhood located?", "id": "56cf1ba9aab44d1400b88d8f", "answers": [{"text": "the Bronx", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what borough is the Ditmas Park neighborhood located?", "id": "56cf1ba9aab44d1400b88d90", "answers": [{"text": "Brooklyn", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what borough is the Douglaston neighborhood located?", "id": "56cf1ba9aab44d1400b88d91", "answers": [{"text": "Queens", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Brownstone rowhouse construction is most often associated with the period beginning in 1870 and ending in what year?", "id": "56cf1ba9aab44d1400b88d92", "answers": [{"text": "1930", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Tudor Revival, what is a common architectural style of single-family houses in New York?", "id": "56cf1ba9aab44d1400b88d93", "answers": [{"text": "Victorian", "answer_start": 535}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of housing structure makes up most of the large residential districts of NYC?", "id": "56cfe293234ae51400d9c007", "answers": [{"text": "brownstone rowhouses", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930. In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In neighborhoods such as Riverdale (in the Bronx), Ditmas Park (in Brooklyn), and Douglaston (in Queens), large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What event led to the decline in wooden construction in New York City?", "id": "56cf1c12aab44d1400b88d99", "answers": [{"text": "the Great Fire of 1835", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the 19th century, New York city required water towers in the roofs of buildings that were more than how many stories tall?", "id": "56cf1c12aab44d1400b88d9a", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 334}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What area was known for its garden apartments?", "id": "56cf1c12aab44d1400b88d9b", "answers": [{"text": "Jackson Heights", "answer_start": 542}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After the Great Fire of 1835, what became the most widespread building materials?", "id": "56cfe340234ae51400d9c009", "answers": [{"text": "Stone and brick", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To prevent high water pressures at lower elevations what were built on many of the city's buildings?", "id": "56cfe340234ae51400d9c00a", "answers": [{"text": "wooden roof-mounted water towers", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1835. A distinctive feature of many of the city's buildings is the wooden roof-mounted water towers. In the 1800s, the city required their installation on buildings higher than six stories to prevent the need for excessively high water pressures at lower elevations, which could break municipal water pipes. Garden apartments became popular during the 1920s in outlying areas, such as Jackson Heights."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the United States Geological Survey released its seismic hazard analysis?", "id": "56cf1c53aab44d1400b88d9f", "answers": [{"text": "July 2014", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to the United States Geological Survey, an updated analysis of seismic hazard in July 2014 revealed a \"slightly lower hazard for tall buildings\" in New York City than previously assessed. Scientists estimated this lessened risk based upon a lower likelihood than previously thought of slow shaking near the city, which would be more likely to cause damage to taller structures from an earthquake in the vicinity of the city."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many of New York's boroughs would be counted among the United States' ten most populated cities if they were independent?", "id": "56cf1caaaab44d1400b88da1", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many boroughs does New York City have?", "id": "56cf1caaaab44d1400b88da2", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which four boroughs of NYC would be among the the most populous cities in the US if they were independent cities?", "id": "56cfe3ae234ae51400d9c00d", "answers": [{"text": "Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the five boroughs of New York City, many with a definable history and character to call their own. If the boroughs were each independent cities, four of the boroughs (Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx) would be among the ten most populous cities in the United States."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of New York City's climate using the K\u00f6ppen climate classification?", "id": "56cf1d3baab44d1400b88da5", "answers": [{"text": "humid subtropical", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many sunny days does New York average each year?", "id": "56cf1d3baab44d1400b88da6", "answers": [{"text": "234", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many hours of sunshine does New York receive every year?", "id": "56cf1d3baab44d1400b88da7", "answers": [{"text": "2,535", "answer_start": 529}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The suburbs of the city lie between the humid subtropical and what other climate zone?", "id": "56cf1d3baab44d1400b88da8", "answers": [{"text": "humid continental", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What month in New York City is the coldest?", "id": "56cf1d3baab44d1400b88da9", "answers": [{"text": "January", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of climate does NYC possess?", "id": "56cfe43c234ae51400d9c00f", "answers": [{"text": "humid subtropical", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many days on average does NYC get sunshine annually?", "id": "56cfe43c234ae51400d9c010", "answers": [{"text": "234", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What planting zone does the city land in?", "id": "56cfe43c234ae51400d9c011", "answers": [{"text": "USDA 7b", "answer_start": 585}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Under the K\u00f6ppen climate classification, using the 0 \u00b0C (32 \u00b0F) coldest month (January) isotherm, New York City itself experiences a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) and is thus the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this categorization. The suburbs to the immediate north and west lie in the transition zone from a humid subtropical (Cfa) to a humid continental climate (Dfa). The area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually, and averages 57% of possible sunshine annually, accumulating 2,535 hours of sunshine per annum. The city falls under USDA 7b Plant Hardiness zone."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What mountains serve as a barrier to keep New York City comparatively warmer in the winter?", "id": "56cf2b33aab44d1400b88daf", "answers": [{"text": "Appalachians", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is New York City's daily January mean temperature in degrees celsius?", "id": "56cf2b33aab44d1400b88db0", "answers": [{"text": "0.3", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the average humidity in July as a percentage?", "id": "56cf2b33aab44d1400b88db1", "answers": [{"text": "72%", "answer_start": 838}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On average, how often do New York temperatures exceed 90 degrees Fahrenheit each year?", "id": "56cf2b33aab44d1400b88db2", "answers": [{"text": "17", "answer_start": 985}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did New York record its highest temperature ever?", "id": "56cf2b33aab44d1400b88db3", "answers": [{"text": "July 9, 1936", "answer_start": 1297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the highest temperature recorded in NYC?", "id": "56cfe4b4234ae51400d9c01b", "answers": [{"text": "106", "answer_start": 1279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the lowest temperature recorded in NYC?", "id": "56cfe4b4234ae51400d9c01c", "answers": [{"text": "1934", "answer_start": 1267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The highest temperature ever recorded in NYC was in what year?", "id": "56cfe4b4234ae51400d9c01d", "answers": [{"text": "1936", "answer_start": 1305}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Winters are cold and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachians keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis. The daily mean temperature in January, the area's coldest month, is 32.6 \u00b0F (0.3 \u00b0C); however, temperatures usually drop to 10 \u00b0F (\u221212 \u00b0C) several times per winter, and reach 50 \u00b0F (10 \u00b0C) several days each winter month. Spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from chilly to warm, although they are usually mild with low humidity. Summers are typically warm to hot and humid, with a daily mean temperature of 76.5 \u00b0F (24.7 \u00b0C) in July and an average humidity level of 72%. Nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon, while daytime temperatures exceed 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed 100 \u00b0F (38 \u00b0C). In the warmer months, the dew point, a measure of atmospheric moisture, ranges from 57.3 \u00b0F (14.1 \u00b0C) in June to 62.0 \u00b0F (16.7 \u00b0C) in August. Extreme temperatures have ranged from \u221215 \u00b0F (\u221226 \u00b0C), recorded on February 9, 1934, up to 106 \u00b0F (41 \u00b0C) on July 9, 1936."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In millimeters, how much precipitation does New York receive a year?", "id": "56cf2ba4aab44d1400b88db9", "answers": [{"text": "1,270", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In centimeters, what is the average winter snowfall?", "id": "56cf2ba4aab44d1400b88dba", "answers": [{"text": "66", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Hurricane Sandy strike New York?", "id": "56cf2ba4aab44d1400b88dbb", "answers": [{"text": "October 29, 2012", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many inches of precipitation does NYC get in a year?", "id": "56cfe53a234ae51400d9c023", "answers": [{"text": "49.9", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which natural disaster occurred on October 29, 2012 in NYC?", "id": "56cfe53a234ae51400d9c024", "answers": [{"text": "Hurricane Sandy", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The mean snowfall between 1981 and 2010 in NYC has been how many inches?", "id": "56cfe53a234ae51400d9c025", "answers": [{"text": "25.8", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city receives 49.9 inches (1,270 mm) of precipitation annually, which is fairly spread throughout the year. Average winter snowfall between 1981 and 2010 has been 25.8 inches (66 cm), but this varies considerably from year to year. Hurricanes and tropical storms are rare in the New York area, but are not unheard of and always have the potential to strike the area. Hurricane Sandy brought a destructive storm surge to New York City on the evening of October 29, 2012, flooding numerous streets, tunnels, and subway lines in Lower Manhattan and other areas of the city and cutting off electricity in many parts of the city and its suburbs. The storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the city and the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the New York City department that operates the park system?", "id": "56cf2c09aab44d1400b88dbf", "answers": [{"text": "New York City Department of Parks and Recreation", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the state office that operates New York City parks?", "id": "56cf2c09aab44d1400b88dc0", "answers": [{"text": "New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What federal service operates New York City parks?", "id": "56cf2c09aab44d1400b88dc1", "answers": [{"text": "National Park Service", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The City of New York has a complex park system, with various lands operated by the National Park Service, the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What city was rated as having the best park system by The Trust for Public Land?", "id": "56cf2c48aab44d1400b88dc5", "answers": [{"text": "Minneapolis", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city had the second highest ParkScore rating?", "id": "56cf2c48aab44d1400b88dc6", "answers": [{"text": "New York City", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The 2013 ParkScore rating for NYC made NYC second in best park system to what other US city?", "id": "56cfe594234ae51400d9c02d", "answers": [{"text": "Minneapolis", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported that the park system in New York City was the second best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities, behind the park system of Minneapolis. ParkScore ranks urban park systems by a formula that analyzes median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of city residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How large is the Gateway National recreation Area in hectares?", "id": "56cf2fb5aab44d1400b88ddd", "answers": [{"text": "10,521.83", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how large is the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge in acres?", "id": "56cf2fb5aab44d1400b88dde", "answers": [{"text": "9,000", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What fort is located on the Rockaway Peninsula?", "id": "56cf2fb5aab44d1400b88ddf", "answers": [{"text": "Fort Tilden", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What park is located on the Rockaway Peninsula?", "id": "56cf2fb5aab44d1400b88de0", "answers": [{"text": "Jacob Riis Park", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What body of water is Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge adjacent to?", "id": "56cf2fb5aab44d1400b88de1", "answers": [{"text": "Jamaica Bay", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many acres of land does Gateway Nation Recreation contain?", "id": "56cfe608234ae51400d9c02f", "answers": [{"text": "over 26,000", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Gateway National Recreation Area contains over 26,000 acres (10,521.83 ha) in total, most of it surrounded by New York City, including the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge in Brooklyn and Queens, over 9,000 acres (36 km2) of salt marsh, islands, and water, including most of Jamaica Bay. Also in Queens, the park includes a significant portion of the western Rockaway Peninsula, most notably Jacob Riis Park and Fort Tilden. In Staten Island, the park includes Fort Wadsworth, with historic pre-Civil War era Battery Weed and Fort Tompkins, and Great Kills Park, with beaches, trails, and a marina."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What body administers the Ellis Island Immigration Museum?", "id": "56cf306baab44d1400b88de7", "answers": [{"text": "National Park Service", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the common name for the General Grant National Memorial?", "id": "56cf306baab44d1400b88de8", "answers": [{"text": "Grant's Tomb", "answer_start": 476}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what neighborhood is the Stonewall Inn located?", "id": "56cf306baab44d1400b88de9", "answers": [{"text": "Greenwich Village", "answer_start": 736}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What movement is the Stonewall Inn most famously associated with?", "id": "56cf306baab44d1400b88dea", "answers": [{"text": "gay rights movement", "answer_start": 784}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Statue of Liberty is taken care of by what organization?", "id": "56cfe6d2234ae51400d9c045", "answers": [{"text": "National Park Service", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Statue of Liberty is also in what other US state?", "id": "56cfe6d2234ae51400d9c046", "answers": [{"text": "New Jersey", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Ellis Island is considered in New York state and which other?", "id": "56cfe6d2234ae51400d9c047", "answers": [{"text": "New Jersey", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which landmark is considered the spark for LGBT rights?", "id": "56cfe6d2234ae51400d9c048", "answers": [{"text": "Stonewall Inn", "answer_start": 719}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The landmark, General Grant National Memorial, is also called what?", "id": "56cfe6d2234ae51400d9c049", "answers": [{"text": "Grant's Tomb", "answer_start": 476}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum are managed by the National Park Service and are in both the states of New York and New Jersey. They are joined in the harbor by Governors Island National Monument, in New York. Historic sites under federal management on Manhattan Island include Castle Clinton National Monument; Federal Hall National Memorial; Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site; General Grant National Memorial (\"Grant's Tomb\"); African Burial Ground National Monument; and Hamilton Grange National Memorial. Hundreds of private properties are listed on the National Register of Historic Places or as a National Historic Landmark such as, for example, the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village as the catalyst of the modern gay rights movement."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many state parks exist in New York City?", "id": "56cf30beaab44d1400b88df9", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How large is Riverbank State Park in acres?", "id": "56cf30beaab44d1400b88dfa", "answers": [{"text": "28", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many meters is Riverbank State Park elevated above the Hudson River?", "id": "56cf30beaab44d1400b88dfb", "answers": [{"text": "21", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many New York state parks are within New York City?", "id": "56cfe709234ae51400d9c04f", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Riverbank State park's highest point is how high above the Hudson River?", "id": "56cfe709234ae51400d9c050", "answers": [{"text": "69 feet", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There are seven state parks within the confines of New York City, including Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve, a natural area which includes extensive riding trails, and Riverbank State Park, a 28-acre (110,000 m2) facility that rises 69 feet (21 m) over the Hudson River."}, {"qas": [{"question": "New York has approximately how many acres of parks?", "id": "56cf322eaab44d1400b88e09", "answers": [{"text": "28,000", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many miles of public beach are located in New York City?", "id": "56cf322eaab44d1400b88e0a", "answers": [{"text": "14", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the biggest public park in the city?", "id": "56cf322eaab44d1400b88e0b", "answers": [{"text": "Pelham Bay Park", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How large is Pelham Bay Park in hectares?", "id": "56cf322eaab44d1400b88e0c", "answers": [{"text": "1,093", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "New York City has how many acres of land dedicated to parks?", "id": "56cfe77b234ae51400d9c053", "answers": [{"text": "over 28,000", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long are all the public beaches together in miles?", "id": "56cfe77b234ae51400d9c054", "answers": [{"text": "14", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the largest park in New York City?", "id": "56cfe77b234ae51400d9c055", "answers": [{"text": "Pelham Bay Park", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many acres of land does Pelham Bay park have?", "id": "56cfe77b234ae51400d9c056", "answers": [{"text": "2,700", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York City has over 28,000 acres (110 km2) of municipal parkland and 14 miles (23 km) of public beaches. Parks in New York City include Central Park, Prospect Park, Flushing Meadows\u2013Corona Park, Forest Park, and Washington Square Park. The largest municipal park in the city is Pelham Bay Park with 2,700 acres (1,093 ha)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the military base in New York City?", "id": "56cf3297aab44d1400b88e11", "answers": [{"text": "Fort Hamilton", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Fort Hamilton founded?", "id": "56cf3297aab44d1400b88e12", "answers": [{"text": "1825", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what borough is Fort Hamilton located?", "id": "56cf3297aab44d1400b88e13", "answers": [{"text": "Brooklyn", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What division is based at Fort Hamilton?", "id": "56cf3297aab44d1400b88e14", "answers": [{"text": "North Atlantic Division", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What brigade is headquartered at Fort Hamilton?", "id": "56cf3297aab44d1400b88e15", "answers": [{"text": "1179th Transportation Brigade", "answer_start": 463}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The U.S. military has only one active location in NYC named what?", "id": "56cfe836234ae51400d9c063", "answers": [{"text": "Fort Hamilton", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Fort Hamilton built?", "id": "56cfe836234ae51400d9c064", "answers": [{"text": "1825", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which borough can Fort Hamilton be found?", "id": "56cfe836234ae51400d9c065", "answers": [{"text": "Brooklyn", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Fort Wadsworth and Fort Totten are located in which area of New York City?", "id": "56cfe836234ae51400d9c067", "answers": [{"text": "Queens", "answer_start": 771}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York City is home to Fort Hamilton, the U.S. military's only active duty installation within the city. Established in 1825 in Brooklyn on the site of a small battery utilized during the American Revolution, it is one of America's longest serving military forts. Today Fort Hamilton serves as the headquarters of the North Atlantic Division of the United States Army Corps of Engineers as well as for the New York City Recruiting Battalion. It also houses the 1179th Transportation Brigade, the 722nd Aeromedical Staging Squadron, and a military entrance processing station. Other formerly active military reservations still utilized for National Guard and military training or reserve operations in the city include Fort Wadsworth in Staten Island and Fort Totten in Queens."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the population of New York City in 2014?", "id": "56cf331faab44d1400b88e1b", "answers": [{"text": "8,491,079", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the US city with the second largest population?", "id": "56cf331faab44d1400b88e1c", "answers": [{"text": "Los Angeles", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people moved to New York City between April 2010 and July 2014?", "id": "56cf331faab44d1400b88e1d", "answers": [{"text": "316,000", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Approximately what percentage is New York City's population of the entire state's population?", "id": "56cf331faab44d1400b88e1e", "answers": [{"text": "40%", "answer_start": 512}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About what percentage is New York City's population of the New York metropolitan area's population?", "id": "56cf331faab44d1400b88e1f", "answers": [{"text": "40%", "answer_start": 512}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the population of NYC as of 2014?", "id": "56cfe890234ae51400d9c07d", "answers": [{"text": "8,491,079", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The second largest city in the US is what?", "id": "56cfe890234ae51400d9c07e", "answers": [{"text": "Los Angeles", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of people that live in the state of New York live in New York City?", "id": "56cfe890234ae51400d9c07f", "answers": [{"text": "40", "answer_start": 512}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York City is the most-populous city in the United States, with an estimated record high of 8,491,079 residents as of 2014, incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since the 2010 United States Census. More than twice as many people live in New York City as in the second-most populous U.S. city (Los Angeles), and within a smaller area. New York City gained more residents between April 2010 and July 2014 (316,000) than any other U.S. city. New York City's population amounts to about 40% of New York State's population and a similar percentage of the New York metropolitan area population."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many people live in a square mile of New York City?", "id": "56cf33c4aab44d1400b88e2f", "answers": [{"text": "27,858", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the population density of Manhattan per square kilometer?", "id": "56cf33c4aab44d1400b88e30", "answers": [{"text": "27,673", "answer_start": 486}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Some cities in what county have a higher population density than New York City?", "id": "56cf33c4aab44d1400b88e31", "answers": [{"text": "Hudson County", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2014, the city had an estimated population density of 27,858 people per square mile (10,756/km\u00b2), rendering it the most densely populated of all municipalities housing over 100,000 residents in the United States; however, several small cities (of fewer than 100,000) in adjacent Hudson County, New Jersey are more dense overall, as per the 2000 Census. Geographically co-extensive with New York County, the borough of Manhattan's population density of 71,672 people per square mile (27,673/km\u00b2) makes it the highest of any county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual American city."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of the city's population is Caucasian?", "id": "56cf3442aab44d1400b88e35", "answers": [{"text": "44%", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of the city's population is African-American?", "id": "56cf3442aab44d1400b88e36", "answers": [{"text": "25.5%", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ethnicity is growing the quickest in New York City?", "id": "56cf3442aab44d1400b88e37", "answers": [{"text": "Asians", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of the population identifies as Hispanic?", "id": "56cf3442aab44d1400b88e38", "answers": [{"text": "28.6%", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what percentage did the non-Hispanic white population decrease?", "id": "56cf3442aab44d1400b88e39", "answers": [{"text": "3", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As of 2010, what percentage made up white people in NYC?", "id": "56cfe931234ae51400d9c089", "answers": [{"text": "44", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Since what event did the first time black people decline in living in NYC?", "id": "56cfe931234ae51400d9c08a", "answers": [{"text": "the Civil War", "answer_start": 434}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which race of people made it the highest growing ethnicity between 2000-2010 in NYC?", "id": "56cfe931234ae51400d9c08b", "answers": [{"text": "Asians", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of Africans make up NYC?", "id": "56cfe931234ae51400d9c08c", "answers": [{"text": "25.5", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city's population in 2010 was 44% white (33.3% non-Hispanic white), 25.5% black (23% non-Hispanic black), 0.7% Native American, and 12.7% Asian. Hispanics of any race represented 28.6% of the population, while Asians constituted the fastest-growing segment of the city's population between 2000 and 2010; the non-Hispanic white population declined 3 percent, the smallest recorded decline in decades; and for the first time since the Civil War, the number of blacks declined over a decade."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many immigrants arrived at Ellis Island from 1892 to 1924?", "id": "56cf34c5aab44d1400b88e49", "answers": [{"text": "12 million", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "'Melting pot' was first used to describe neighborhoods in what area of the city?", "id": "56cf34c5aab44d1400b88e4a", "answers": [{"text": "Lower East Side", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ethnicity comprised the largest number of immigrants at the beginning of the twentieth century?", "id": "56cf34c5aab44d1400b88e4b", "answers": [{"text": "Germans", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of the population was Caucasian in 1940?", "id": "56cf34c5aab44d1400b88e4c", "answers": [{"text": "92%", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the ethnicity of the second largest group of immigrants in 1900?", "id": "56cf34c5aab44d1400b88e4d", "answers": [{"text": "Irish", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Between 1892-1924, how many immigrants came through Ellis Island?", "id": "56cfe987234ae51400d9c099", "answers": [{"text": "more than 12 million", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the year 1942, what percentage of white Americans made up New York City?", "id": "56cfe987234ae51400d9c09b", "answers": [{"text": "92", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Throughout its history, the city has been a major port of entry for immigrants into the United States; more than 12 million European immigrants were received at Ellis Island between 1892 and 1924. The term \"melting pot\" was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side. By 1900, Germans constituted the largest immigrant group, followed by the Irish, Jews, and Italians. In 1940, whites represented 92% of the city's population."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of the population was born outside the United States?", "id": "56cf3569aab44d1400b88e53", "answers": [{"text": "37%", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what country did the largest number of foreign-born immigrants originate as of 2011?", "id": "56cf3569aab44d1400b88e54", "answers": [{"text": "Dominican Republic", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many immigrants from Bangladesh lived in the city in 2013?", "id": "56cf3569aab44d1400b88e55", "answers": [{"text": "74,000", "answer_start": 428}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country was the second largest source of foreign-born New Yorkers in 2011?", "id": "56cf3569aab44d1400b88e56", "answers": [{"text": "China", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of the population of NYC was born in another country?", "id": "56cfe9c0234ae51400d9c09f", "answers": [{"text": "37", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born. In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago, while the Bangladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city, counting over 74,000 by 2013."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What New York borough contains the highest population of Asian-Americans?", "id": "56cf3629aab44d1400b88e64", "answers": [{"text": "Queens", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What borough housed the first Chinatown in New York?", "id": "56cf3629aab44d1400b88e65", "answers": [{"text": "Manhattan", "answer_start": 624}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As of 2012, what percentage of the New York City population was ethnically Chinese?", "id": "56cf3629aab44d1400b88e66", "answers": [{"text": "6.3%", "answer_start": 1077}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What borough is home to a large Tibetan population?", "id": "56cf3629aab44d1400b88e67", "answers": [{"text": "Queens", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of the New York City population is Japanese?", "id": "56cf3629aab44d1400b88e68", "answers": [{"text": "0.3%", "answer_start": 1536}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Asian Americans in New York City, according to the 2010 Census, number more than one million, greater than the combined totals of San Francisco and Los Angeles. New York contains the highest total Asian population of any U.S. city proper. The New York City borough of Queens is home to the state's largest Asian American population and the largest Andean (Colombian, Ecuadorian, Peruvian, and Bolivian) populations in the United States, and is also the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world. The Chinese population constitutes the fastest-growing nationality in New York State; multiple satellites of the original Manhattan Chinatown (\u7d10\u7d04\u83ef\u57e0), in Brooklyn (\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u6797\u83ef\u57e0), and around Flushing, Queens (\u6cd5\u62c9\u76db\u83ef\u57e0), are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves, while also expanding rapidly eastward into suburban Nassau County (\u62ff\u9a37\u7e23) on Long Island (\u9577\u5cf6), as the New York metropolitan region and New York State have become the top destinations for new Chinese immigrants, respectively, and large-scale Chinese immigration continues into New York City and surrounding areas. In 2012, 6.3% of New York City was of Chinese ethnicity, with nearly three-fourths living in either Queens or Brooklyn, geographically on Long Island. A community numbering 20,000 Korean-Chinese (Chaoxianzu (Chinese: \u671d\u9c9c\u65cf) or Joseonjok (Hangul: \uc870\uc120\uc871)) is centered in Flushing, Queens, while New York City is also home to the largest Tibetan population outside China, India, and Nepal, also centered in Queens. Koreans made up 1.2% of the city's population, and Japanese 0.3%. Filipinos were the largest Southeast Asian ethnic group at 0.8%, followed by Vietnamese, who made up 0.2% of New York City's population in 2010. Indians are the largest South Asian group, comprising 2.4% of the city's population, with Bangladeshis and Pakistanis at 0.7% and 0.5%, respectively. Queens is the preferred borough of settlement for Asian Indians, Koreans, and Filipinos, as well as Malaysians and other Southeast Asians; while Brooklyn is receiving large numbers of both West Indian as well as Asian Indian immigrants."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many non-Hispanic whites lived in New York City in 2012?", "id": "56cf36e5aab44d1400b88e6e", "answers": [{"text": "2.7 million", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the non-Hispanic white population of Houston?", "id": "56cf36e5aab44d1400b88e6f", "answers": [{"text": "550,000", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many New Yorkers are of Polish ancestry?", "id": "56cf36e5aab44d1400b88e70", "answers": [{"text": "201,000", "answer_start": 511}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many New York City residents are of Greek heritage?", "id": "56cf36e5aab44d1400b88e71", "answers": [{"text": "65,000", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What borough has the largest population of ethnic Albanians?", "id": "56cf36e5aab44d1400b88e72", "answers": [{"text": "the Bronx", "answer_start": 1437}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "NYC has the largest white population by how many people?", "id": "56cfed4d234ae51400d9c0df", "answers": [{"text": "2.7 million", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York City has the largest European and non-Hispanic white population of any American city. At 2.7 million in 2012, New York's non-Hispanic white population is larger than the non-Hispanic white populations of Los Angeles (1.1 million), Chicago (865,000), and Houston (550,000) combined. The European diaspora residing in the city is very diverse. According to 2012 Census estimates, there were roughly 560,000 Italian Americans, 385,000 Irish Americans, 253,000 German Americans, 223,000 Russian Americans, 201,000 Polish Americans, and 137,000 English Americans. Additionally, Greek and French Americans numbered 65,000 each, with those of Hungarian descent estimated at 60,000 people. Ukrainian and Scottish Americans numbered 55,000 and 35,000, respectively. People identifying ancestry from Spain numbered 30,838 total in 2010. People of Norwegian and Swedish descent both stood at about 20,000 each, while people of Czech, Lithuanian, Portuguese, Scotch-Irish, and Welsh descent all numbered between 12,000\u201314,000 people. Arab Americans number over 160,000 in New York City, with the highest concentration in Brooklyn. Central Asians, primarily Uzbek Americans, are a rapidly growing segment of the city's non-Hispanic white population, enumerating over 30,000, and including over half of all Central Asian immigrants to the United States, most settling in Queens or Brooklyn. Albanian Americans are most highly concentrated in the Bronx."}, {"qas": [{"question": "About how many people live in New York City's metropolitan area?", "id": "56cf37b9aab44d1400b88e82", "answers": [{"text": "20 million", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As of 2012, how many Jewish people lived in the New York metropolitan area?", "id": "56cf37b9aab44d1400b88e83", "answers": [{"text": "1.5 million", "answer_start": 567}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of the total Indian-American population of the United States lives in the New York metropolitan area?", "id": "56cf37b9aab44d1400b88e84", "answers": [{"text": "20%", "answer_start": 713}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Hispanic people live in the New York metropolitan area?", "id": "56cf37b9aab44d1400b88e85", "answers": [{"text": "4.8 million", "answer_start": 1147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Approximately how many Chinatowns exist in New York City?", "id": "56cf37b9aab44d1400b88e86", "answers": [{"text": "6", "answer_start": 1182}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The wider New York City metropolitan area, with over 20 million people, about 50% greater than the second-place Los Angeles metropolitan area in the United States, is also ethnically diverse. The New York region continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the United States, substantially exceeding the combined totals of Los Angeles and Miami, the next most popular gateway regions. It is home to the largest Jewish as well as Israeli communities outside Israel, with the Jewish population in the region numbering over 1.5 million in 2012 and including many diverse Jewish sects from around the Middle East and Eastern Europe. The metropolitan area is also home to 20% of the nation's Indian Americans and at least 20 Little India enclaves, as well as 15% of all Korean Americans and four Koreatowns; the largest Asian Indian population in the Western Hemisphere; the largest Russian American, Italian American, and African American populations; the largest Dominican American, Puerto Rican American, and South American and second-largest overall Hispanic population in the United States, numbering 4.8 million; and includes at least 6 established Chinatowns within New York City alone, with the urban agglomeration comprising a population of 779,269 overseas Chinese as of 2013 Census estimates, the largest outside of Asia."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In 2013, how many people of Puerto Rican ancestry lived in New York City?", "id": "56cf3862aab44d1400b88e8c", "answers": [{"text": "1.3 million", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What nation provided the most legal immigrants to New York City in the Caribbean?", "id": "56cf3862aab44d1400b88e8d", "answers": [{"text": "the Dominican Republic", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Out of all African nations, which provided the most legal immigrants in 2013?", "id": "56cf3862aab44d1400b88e8e", "answers": [{"text": "Egypt", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Out of all nations in Central America, which provided the most legal immigrants in 2013?", "id": "56cf3862aab44d1400b88e8f", "answers": [{"text": "El Salvador", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of all the countries in South America, which provided the most legal immigrants in 2013?", "id": "56cf3862aab44d1400b88e90", "answers": [{"text": "Ecuador", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Ecuador, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, and Brazil were the top source countries from South America for legal immigrants to the New York City region in 2013; the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Haiti, and Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean; Egypt, Ghana, and Nigeria from Africa; and El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala in Central America. Amidst a resurgence of Puerto Rican migration to New York City, this population had increased to approximately 1.3 million in the metropolitan area as of 2013."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many self-identified LGB people live in the New York metropolitan area?", "id": "56cf38dcaab44d1400b88ea0", "answers": [{"text": "568,903", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did New York legalize gay marriage?", "id": "56cf38dcaab44d1400b88ea1", "answers": [{"text": "June 24, 2011", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many days after gay marriage was legalized were gay marriages allowed to take place?", "id": "56cf38dcaab44d1400b88ea2", "answers": [{"text": "30", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people identify as gay or bisexual in NYC?", "id": "56cfedcd234ae51400d9c0e5", "answers": [{"text": "568,903", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Same-sex marriage became legal on what date in New York?", "id": "56cfedcd234ae51400d9c0e7", "answers": [{"text": "June 24, 2011", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Since Gay marriage became legal, how many days did people have to wait to marry?", "id": "56cfedcd234ae51400d9c0e8", "answers": [{"text": "30", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The New York metropolitan area is home to a self-identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at 568,903 individuals, the largest in the United States and one of the world's largest. Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of New Yorkers are Christians?", "id": "56cf3934aab44d1400b88ea6", "answers": [{"text": "59%", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of New Yorkers follow the Catholic faith?", "id": "56cf3934aab44d1400b88ea7", "answers": [{"text": "33%", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many Jews live in New York City?", "id": "56cf3934aab44d1400b88ea8", "answers": [{"text": "1.1 million", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What borough has the largest population of Jewish people?", "id": "56cf3934aab44d1400b88ea9", "answers": [{"text": "Brooklyn", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the third most popular faith in New York City?", "id": "56cf3934aab44d1400b88eaa", "answers": [{"text": "Islam", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the most prominent religion in New York as of 2014?", "id": "56cfee38234ae51400d9c0ed", "answers": [{"text": "Christianity", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The second most prominent religion in New York is what?", "id": "56cfee38234ae51400d9c0ee", "answers": [{"text": "Judaism", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Half the population of Jews live in what borough of New York City?", "id": "56cfee38234ae51400d9c0ef", "answers": [{"text": "Brooklyn", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of people in 2014 had no religion?", "id": "56cfee38234ae51400d9c0f0", "answers": [{"text": "24", "answer_start": 483}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The third most popular religion in NYC is what?", "id": "56cfee38234ae51400d9c0f1", "answers": [{"text": "Islam", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Christianity (59%), particularly Catholicism (33%), was the most prevalently practiced religion in New York as of 2014, followed by Judaism, with approximately 1.1 million Jews in New York City, over half living in Brooklyn. Islam ranks third in New York City, with official estimates ranging between 600,000 and 1,000,000 observers and including 10% of the city's public schoolchildren, followed by Hinduism, Buddhism, and a variety of other religions, as well as atheism. In 2014, 24% self-identified with no organized religious affiliation."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is New York City's Gini Coefficient?", "id": "56cf39b4aab44d1400b88eb0", "answers": [{"text": "0.5", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What borough has a Gini Coefficient of 0.6?", "id": "56cf39b4aab44d1400b88eb1", "answers": [{"text": "Manhattan", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What previous mayor of New York is a billionaire?", "id": "56cf39b4aab44d1400b88eb2", "answers": [{"text": "Michael R. Bloomberg", "answer_start": 599}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2014, millionaires made up what percentage of New York City's population?", "id": "56cf39b4aab44d1400b88eb3", "answers": [{"text": "4.6%", "answer_start": 722}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the average weekly wage in Manhattan?", "id": "56cf39b4aab44d1400b88eb4", "answers": [{"text": "$2,749", "answer_start": 358}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The average weekly earnings for a worker in NYC was what in 2014?", "id": "56cfee80234ae51400d9c0ff", "answers": [{"text": "2,749", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By 2013, which city had the most billionaires living in the city?", "id": "56cfee80234ae51400d9c100", "answers": [{"text": "New York City", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York City has a high degree of income disparity as indicated by its Gini Coefficient of 0.5 for the city overall and 0.6 for Manhattan. The disparity is driven by wage growth in high-income brackets, while wages have stagnated for middle and lower-income brackets. In the first quarter of 2014, the average weekly wage in New York County (Manhattan) was $2,749, representing the highest total among large counties in the United States. In 2013, New York City had the highest number of billionaires of any city in the world, higher than the next five U.S. cities combined, including former Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg. New York also had the highest density of millionaires per capita among major U.S. cities in 2014, at 4.6% of residents. Lower Manhattan has been experiencing a baby boom, with the area south of Canal Street witnessing 1,086 births in 2010, 12% greater than 2009 and over twice the number born in 2001."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the common name for New York's high technology sector?", "id": "56cf3aa2aab44d1400b88ec0", "answers": [{"text": "Silicon Alley", "answer_start": 632}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who created the Global Economic Power Index that ranked New York first?", "id": "56cf3aa2aab44d1400b88ec1", "answers": [{"text": "The Atlantic", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Port of New York and New Jersey deal with unprecedented cargo volume?", "id": "56cf3aa2aab44d1400b88ec2", "answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 852}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was New York ranked first on the Global Economic Power Index?", "id": "56cf3aa2aab44d1400b88ec3", "answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York is a global hub of international business and commerce. In 2012, New York City topped the first Global Economic Power Index, published by The Atlantic (to be differentiated from a namesake list published by the Martin Prosperity Institute), with cities ranked according to criteria reflecting their presence on similar lists as published by other entities. The city is a major center for banking and finance, retailing, world trade, transportation, tourism, real estate, new media as well as traditional media, advertising, legal services, accountancy, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the United States; while Silicon Alley, metonymous for New York's broad-spectrum high technology sphere, continues to expand. The Port of New York and New Jersey is also a major economic engine, handling record cargo volume in the first half of 2014."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What fraction of New Yorkers in the private sector are employed by foreign companies?", "id": "56cf4722aab44d1400b88f06", "answers": [{"text": "One out of ten", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What publication ranked New York first in the 2013 American Cities of the Future rankings?", "id": "56cf4722aab44d1400b88f07", "answers": [{"text": "FDi Magazine", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Many Fortune 500 corporations are headquartered in New York City, as are a large number of foreign corporations. One out of ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company. New York City has been ranked first among cities across the globe in attracting capital, business, and tourists. This ability to attract foreign investment helped New York City top the FDi Magazine American Cities of the Future ranking for 2013."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the 2015 assessed value of all the property in New York?", "id": "56cf4837aab44d1400b88f24", "answers": [{"text": "US$914.8 billion", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much was Time Warner Center worth in 2006?", "id": "56cf4837aab44d1400b88f25", "answers": [{"text": "US$1.1 billion", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the price per square foot of 450 Park Avenue when it sold in July 2007?", "id": "56cf4837aab44d1400b88f26", "answers": [{"text": "$1,589", "answer_start": 432}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the price per square meter of 660 Madison Avenue in June 2007?", "id": "56cf4837aab44d1400b88f27", "answers": [{"text": "$15,887", "answer_start": 565}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of the top 10 zip codes with the most expensive housing prices in the United States, how many are in Manhattan?", "id": "56cf4837aab44d1400b88f28", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 678}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which building has the highest market value in NYC?", "id": "56cff16a234ae51400d9c128", "answers": [{"text": "Time Warner Center", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The previous record beaten by Park Avenue was for what real estate?", "id": "56cff16a234ae51400d9c12a", "answers": [{"text": "660 Madison Avenue", "answer_start": 606}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Real estate is a major force in the city's economy, as the total value of all New York City property was assessed at US$914.8 billion for the 2015 fiscal year. The Time Warner Center is the property with the highest-listed market value in the city, at US$1.1 billion in 2006. New York City is home to some of the nation's\u2014and the world's\u2014most valuable real estate. 450 Park Avenue was sold on July 2, 2007 for US$510 million, about $1,589 per square foot ($17,104/m\u00b2), breaking the barely month-old record for an American office building of $1,476 per square foot ($15,887/m\u00b2) set in the June 2007 sale of 660 Madison Avenue. According to Forbes, in 2014, Manhattan was home to six of the top ten zip codes in the United States by median housing price."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the popular name of New York's advertising industry?", "id": "56cf48a3aab44d1400b88f2e", "answers": [{"text": "Madison Avenue", "answer_start": 295}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many people work in the New York fashion industry?", "id": "56cf48a3aab44d1400b88f2f", "answers": [{"text": "180,000", "answer_start": 363}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how much does it cost per year to pay workers in the New York fashion industry?", "id": "56cf48a3aab44d1400b88f30", "answers": [{"text": "$11 billion", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With Interpublic Group, what company has a combined annual revenue of roughly US$21 billion?", "id": "56cf48a3aab44d1400b88f31", "answers": [{"text": "Omnicom Group", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "NYC's fashion industry employs how many people?", "id": "56cff1bb234ae51400d9c137", "answers": [{"text": "180,000", "answer_start": 363}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Two highest advertising agencies in the world located in NYC are called what?", "id": "56cff1bb234ae51400d9c138", "answers": [{"text": "Omnicom Group and Interpublic Group", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As of 2013, the global advertising agencies of Omnicom Group and Interpublic Group, both based in Manhattan, had combined annual revenues of approximately US$21 billion, reflecting New York City's role as the top global center for the advertising industry, which is metonymously referred to as \"Madison Avenue\". The city's fashion industry provides approximately 180,000 employees with $11 billion in annual wages."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many New Yorkers work in the food processing field?", "id": "56cf49d7aab44d1400b88f46", "answers": [{"text": "19,000", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the annual revenue of the food processing industry?", "id": "56cf49d7aab44d1400b88f47", "answers": [{"text": "US$5 billion", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what borough is the garment business prominent?", "id": "56cf49d7aab44d1400b88f48", "answers": [{"text": "Brooklyn", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Other important sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions, and universities. Manufacturing accounts for a significant but declining share of employment, although the city's garment industry is showing a resurgence in Brooklyn. Food processing is a US$5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What dollar amount of chocolate does New York export annually?", "id": "56cf4a29aab44d1400b88f56", "answers": [{"text": "US$234 million", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the \"Chocolate District\" located?", "id": "56cf4a29aab44d1400b88f57", "answers": [{"text": "Brooklyn", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what borough is Godiva based?", "id": "56cf4a29aab44d1400b88f58", "answers": [{"text": "Manhattan", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the number one specialty food export of New York?", "id": "56cf4a29aab44d1400b88f59", "answers": [{"text": "Chocolate", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of food is NYC's leading food export?", "id": "56cff221234ae51400d9c13f", "answers": [{"text": "Chocolate", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which one of the world's largest chocolate makers is stationed in Manhattan?", "id": "56cff221234ae51400d9c140", "answers": [{"text": "Godiva", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chocolate is New York City's leading specialty-food export, with up to US$234 million worth of exports each year. Entrepreneurs were forming a \"Chocolate District\" in Brooklyn as of 2014, while Godiva, one of the world's largest chocolatiers, continues to be headquartered in Manhattan."}, {"qas": [{"question": "As of 2013, how many people worked for a securities business in New York?", "id": "56cf4ed5aab44d1400b88fa2", "answers": [{"text": "163,400", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of New York private sector jobs are in the securities industry?", "id": "56cf4ed5aab44d1400b88fa3", "answers": [{"text": "5", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much tax revenue does the securities industry generate?", "id": "56cf4ed5aab44d1400b88fa4", "answers": [{"text": "US$3.8 billion", "answer_start": 408}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the average income in the New York securities industry?", "id": "56cf4ed5aab44d1400b88fa5", "answers": [{"text": "US$360,700", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of the city's wages does the securities industry provide?", "id": "56cf4ed5aab44d1400b88fa6", "answers": [{"text": "22", "answer_start": 448}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "22 Percent of NYC's total wages are from what industry?", "id": "56cff29a234ae51400d9c149", "answers": [{"text": "The city's securities", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York City's most important economic sector lies in its role as the headquarters for the U.S.financial industry, metonymously known as Wall Street. The city's securities industry, enumerating 163,400 jobs in August 2013, continues to form the largest segment of the city's financial sector and an important economic engine, accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of the city's private sector jobs, 8.5 percent (US$3.8 billion) of its tax revenue, and 22 percent of the city's total wages, including an average salary of US$360,700. Many large financial companies are headquartered in New York City, and the city is also home to a burgeoning number of financial startup companies."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what street is the New York Stock Exchange headquartered?", "id": "56cf5478aab44d1400b88ffc", "answers": [{"text": "Wall Street", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the street address of NASDAQ?", "id": "56cf5478aab44d1400b88ffd", "answers": [{"text": "165 Broadway", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2012, how many investment banking fees were paid out to Wall Street?", "id": "56cf5478aab44d1400b88ffe", "answers": [{"text": "$40 billion", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2013-4, what percentage of New York state tax revenues came from the securities business on Wall Street?", "id": "56cf5478aab44d1400b88fff", "answers": [{"text": "19%", "answer_start": 667}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the previous overseer of the London interbank offered rate?", "id": "56cf5478aab44d1400b89000", "answers": [{"text": "British Bankers Association", "answer_start": 1036}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The New York Stock exchange is located where in NYC?", "id": "56cff54e234ae51400d9c16a", "answers": [{"text": "Wall Street", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The NASDAQ is located on what street in NYC?", "id": "56cff54e234ae51400d9c16b", "answers": [{"text": "165 Broadway", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Lower Manhattan is the third-largest central business district in the United States and is home to the New York Stock Exchange, on Wall Street, and the NASDAQ, at 165 Broadway, representing the world's largest and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013. Investment banking fees on Wall Street totaled approximately $40 billion in 2012, while in 2013, senior New York City bank officers who manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as $324,000 annually. In fiscal year 2013\u201314, Wall Street's securities industry generated 19% of New York State's tax revenue. New York City remains the largest global center for trading in public equity and debt capital markets, driven in part by the size and financial development of the U.S. economy.:31\u201332 In July 2013, NYSE Euronext, the operator of the New York Stock Exchange, took over the administration of the London interbank offered rate from the British Bankers Association. New York also leads in hedge fund management; private equity; and the monetary volume of mergers and acquisitions. Several investment banks and investment mangers headquartered in Manhattan are important participants in other global financial centers.:34\u201335 New York is also the principal commercial banking center of the United States."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many square meters of office space does Manhattan have?", "id": "56cf552daab44d1400b89022", "answers": [{"text": "46.5 million", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many million square feet of office space is present in Midtown Manhattan?", "id": "56cf552daab44d1400b89023", "answers": [{"text": "400", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much office space did Manhatten possess in 2015?", "id": "56cff567234ae51400d9c16f", "answers": [{"text": "500 million square feet", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Many of the world's largest media conglomerates are also based in the city. Manhattan contained over 500 million square feet (46.5 million m2) of office space in 2015, making it the largest office market in the United States, while Midtown Manhattan, with nearly 400 million square feet (37.2 million m2) in 2015, is the largest central business district in the world."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what borough is Silicon Alley located?", "id": "56cf55aeaab44d1400b89030", "answers": [{"text": "Manhattan", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the street address of the headquarters of Verizon Communciations?", "id": "56cf55aeaab44d1400b89031", "answers": [{"text": "140 West Street", "answer_start": 1090}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Verizon spend on fiber optic upgrades in New York City?", "id": "56cf55aeaab44d1400b89032", "answers": [{"text": "US$3 billion", "answer_start": 1174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Approximately how many tech sector jobs are in New York City?", "id": "56cf55aeaab44d1400b89033", "answers": [{"text": "300,000", "answer_start": 1284}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The technology sector of work in NYC has how many employees in its service?", "id": "56cff593234ae51400d9c171", "answers": [{"text": "300,000", "answer_start": 1284}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Silicon Alley, centered in Manhattan, has evolved into a metonym for the sphere encompassing the New York City metropolitan region's high technology industries involving the Internet, new media, telecommunications, digital media, software development, biotechnology, game design, financial technology (\"fintech\"), and other fields within information technology that are supported by its entrepreneurship ecosystem and venture capital investments. In the first half of 2015, Silicon Alley generated over US$3.7 billion in venture capital investment across a broad spectrum of high technology enterprises, most based in Manhattan, with others in Brooklyn, Queens, and elsewhere in the region. High technology startup companies and employment are growing in New York City and the region, bolstered by the city's position in North America as the leading Internet hub and telecommunications center, including its vicinity to several transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines, New York's intellectual capital, and its extensive outdoor wireless connectivity. Verizon Communications, headquartered at 140 West Street in Lower Manhattan, was at the final stages in 2014 of completing a US$3 billion fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade throughout New York City. As of 2014, New York City hosted 300,000 employees in the tech sector."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Along with Cornell University, what institution is involved in the building of Cornell Tech?", "id": "56cf566aaab44d1400b89042", "answers": [{"text": "Technion-Israel Institute of Technology", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the cost to build Cornell Tech?", "id": "56cf566aaab44d1400b89043", "answers": [{"text": "US$2 billion", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what island is Cornell Tech located?", "id": "56cf566aaab44d1400b89044", "answers": [{"text": "Roosevelt Island", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how much capital did Accelerator raise as of the middle of 2014?", "id": "56cf566aaab44d1400b89045", "answers": [{"text": "US$30 million", "answer_start": 571}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How large is the Alexandria Center for Life Science in square meters?", "id": "56cf566aaab44d1400b89046", "answers": [{"text": "65,000", "answer_start": 810}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2011, what school was built on Roosevelt Island?", "id": "56cff61d234ae51400d9c17f", "answers": [{"text": "Cornell Tech", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The biotechnology sector is also growing in New York City, based upon the city's strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support. On December 19, 2011, then Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg announced his choice of Cornell University and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology to build a US$2 billion graduate school of applied sciences called Cornell Tech on Roosevelt Island with the goal of transforming New York City into the world's premier technology capital. By mid-2014, Accelerator, a biotech investment firm, had raised more than US$30 million from investors, including Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer, and Johnson & Johnson, for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the Alexandria Center for Life Science, which encompasses more than 700,000 square feet (65,000 m2) on East 29th Street and promotes collaboration among scientists and entrepreneurs at the center and with nearby academic, medical, and research institutions. The New York City Economic Development Corporation's Early Stage Life Sciences Funding Initiative and venture capital partners, including Celgene, General Electric Ventures, and Eli Lilly, committed a minimum of US$100 million to help launch 15 to 20 ventures in life sciences and biotechnology."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many tourists visited New York in 2011?", "id": "56cf56b2aab44d1400b89056", "answers": [{"text": "51 million", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people came to visit New York in 2013?", "id": "56cf56b2aab44d1400b89057", "answers": [{"text": "54 million", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the record number of tourists that have visited New York in a year?", "id": "56cf56b2aab44d1400b89058", "answers": [{"text": "56.4 million", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money did tourism create for New York in 2014?", "id": "56cf56b2aab44d1400b89059", "answers": [{"text": "US$61.3 billion", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many tourists that visited NYC in 2014 broke the record?", "id": "56cff665234ae51400d9c187", "answers": [{"text": "56.4 million", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many tourists visited NYC in 2013?", "id": "56cff665234ae51400d9c189", "answers": [{"text": "54 million", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Tourism is a vital industry for New York City, which has witnessed a growing combined volume of international and domestic tourists \u2013 receiving approximately 51 million tourists in 2011, 54 million in 2013, and a record 56.4 million in 2014. Tourism generated an all-time high US$61.3 billion in overall economic impact for New York City in 2014."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What English phrase does I \u2764 NY represent?", "id": "56cf571faab44d1400b89069", "answers": [{"text": "I Love New York", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was I \u2764 NY first used in advertisements?", "id": "56cf571faab44d1400b8906a", "answers": [{"text": "1977", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who owns the trademark to I \u2764 NY?", "id": "56cf571faab44d1400b8906b", "answers": [{"text": "New York State Empire State Development", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the state song of New York?", "id": "56cf571faab44d1400b8906c", "answers": [{"text": "I Love New York", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "I Love New York was established as advertising in what year?", "id": "56cff6a7234ae51400d9c18d", "answers": [{"text": "1977", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the state song of New York?", "id": "56cff6a7234ae51400d9c18e", "answers": [{"text": "I Love New York", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "I Love New York (stylized I \u2764 NY) is both a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promote tourism in New York City, and later to promote New York State as well. The trademarked logo, owned by New York State Empire State Development, appears in souvenir shops and brochures throughout the city and state, some licensed, many not. The song is the state song of New York."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what neighborhood does the Halloween Parade take place?", "id": "56cf578daab44d1400b89089", "answers": [{"text": "Greenwich Village", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company sponsors the Thanksgiving Day parade?", "id": "56cf578daab44d1400b8908a", "answers": [{"text": "Macy's", "answer_start": 445}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what location is a Christmas tree famously lit every year?", "id": "56cf578daab44d1400b8908b", "answers": [{"text": "Rockefeller Center", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where in Central Park are performances offered at no cost?", "id": "56cf578daab44d1400b8908c", "answers": [{"text": "Summerstage", "answer_start": 705}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what borough is the Unisphere located?", "id": "56cf578daab44d1400b8908d", "answers": [{"text": "Queens", "answer_start": 828}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Major tourist destinations include Times Square; Broadway theater productions; the Empire State Building; the Statue of Liberty; Ellis Island; the United Nations Headquarters; museums such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art; greenspaces such as Central Park and Washington Square Park; Rockefeller Center; the Manhattan Chinatown; luxury shopping along Fifth and Madison Avenues; and events such as the Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village; the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade; the lighting of the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree; the St. Patrick's Day parade; seasonal activities such as ice skating in Central Park in the wintertime; the Tribeca Film Festival; and free performances in Central Park at Summerstage. Major attractions in the boroughs outside Manhattan include Flushing Meadows-Corona Park and the Unisphere in Queens; the Bronx Zoo; Coney Island, Brooklyn; and the New York Botanical Garden in the Bronx. The New York Wheel, a 630-foot ferris wheel, was under construction at the northern shore of Staten Island in 2015, overlooking the Statue of Liberty, New York Harbor, and the Lower Manhattan skyline."}, {"qas": [{"question": "About how many hotel rooms are there in Manhattan?", "id": "56cf57c2aab44d1400b89093", "answers": [{"text": "90,000", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the percentage increase of Manhattan hotel rooms between 2013 and 2014?", "id": "56cf57c2aab44d1400b89094", "answers": [{"text": "10%", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who owns the Waldorf Astoria?", "id": "56cf57c2aab44d1400b89095", "answers": [{"text": "Anbang Insurance Group", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the October 2014 purchase price of the Waldorf Astoria?", "id": "56cf57c2aab44d1400b89096", "answers": [{"text": "US$1.95 billion", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The hotel that sold for the most money in 2014 was which in NYC?", "id": "56cff757234ae51400d9c199", "answers": [{"text": "Waldorf Astoria New York", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many hotel rooms are located in NYC as of the end of 2014?", "id": "56cff757234ae51400d9c19a", "answers": [{"text": "90,000", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who bought the Waldorf Astoria hotel in NYC in 2014?", "id": "56cff757234ae51400d9c19b", "answers": [{"text": "Anbang Insurance Group", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Waldorf Astoria hotel sold for how many dollars?", "id": "56cff757234ae51400d9c19c", "answers": [{"text": "1.95 billion", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90,000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014, a 10% increase from 2013. In October 2014, the Anbang Insurance Group, based in China, purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for US$1.95 billion, making it the world's most expensive hotel ever sold."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Approximately how many feature films are made in New York City every year?", "id": "56cfac79234ae51400d9be4f", "answers": [{"text": "200", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many New Yorkers work in the television and film industry?", "id": "56cfac79234ae51400d9be50", "answers": [{"text": "130,000", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money does the New York film and television industry create every year?", "id": "56cfac79234ae51400d9be51", "answers": [{"text": "$7.1 billion", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What United States city is the second most popular for pilot episode location filming?", "id": "56cfac79234ae51400d9be52", "answers": [{"text": "Los Angeles", "answer_start": 815}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York is a prominent location for the American entertainment industry, with many films, television series, books, and other media being set there. As of 2012, New York City was the second largest center for filmmaking and television production in the United States, producing about 200 feature films annually, employing 130,000 individuals, and generating an estimated $7.1 billion in direct expenditures, and by volume, New York is the world leader in independent film production; one-third of all American independent films are produced in New York City. The Association of Independent Commercial Producers is also based in New York. In the first five months of 2014 alone, location filming for television pilots in New York City exceeded the record production levels for all of 2013, with New York surpassing Los Angeles as the top North American city for the same distinction during the 2013/2014 cycle."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Along with Warner Music Group, what top three record label is based in New York City?", "id": "56cfacff234ae51400d9be57", "answers": [{"text": "Sony Music Entertainment", "answer_start": 596}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city is North America's biggest media market?", "id": "56cfacff234ae51400d9be58", "answers": [{"text": "New York City", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Out of the top eight advertising agency networks in the world, how many are based in New York?", "id": "56cfacff234ae51400d9be59", "answers": [{"text": "Seven", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York City is additionally a center for the advertising, music, newspaper, digital media, and publishing industries and is also the largest media market in North America. Some of the city's media conglomerates and institutions include Time Warner, the Thomson Reuters Corporation, the Associated Press, Bloomberg L.P., the News Corporation, The New York Times Company, NBCUniversal, the Hearst Corporation, AOL, and Viacom. Seven of the world's top eight global advertising agency networks have their headquarters in New York. Two of the top three record labels' headquarters are in New York: Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group. Universal Music Group also has offices in New York. New media enterprises are contributing an increasingly important component to the city's central role in the media sphere."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many people work in the New York publishing industry?", "id": "56cfad77234ae51400d9be5d", "answers": [{"text": "25,000", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which New York-based newspaper has won the Pulitzer Prize for journalism?", "id": "56cfad77234ae51400d9be5e", "answers": [{"text": "The New York Times", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with the New York Times, what national daily newspaper is based in New York?", "id": "56cfad77234ae51400d9be5f", "answers": [{"text": "The Wall Street Journal", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the founding year of the New York Daily News?", "id": "56cfad77234ae51400d9be60", "answers": [{"text": "1919", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the founder of the New York Post?", "id": "56cfad77234ae51400d9be61", "answers": [{"text": "Alexander Hamilton", "answer_start": 491}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many newspaper offices are located in New York?", "id": "56cffb63234ae51400d9c1e5", "answers": [{"text": "More than 200", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many magazines can call NYC home?", "id": "56cffb63234ae51400d9c1e6", "answers": [{"text": "350", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many national newspapers out of the three are from New York?", "id": "56cffb63234ae51400d9c1e7", "answers": [{"text": "2", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two national newspapers are located in New York?", "id": "56cffb63234ae51400d9c1e8", "answers": [{"text": "The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the New York Daily News founded?", "id": "56cffb63234ae51400d9c1e9", "answers": [{"text": "1919", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city, and the publishing industry employs about 25,000 people. Two of the three national daily newspapers in the United States are New York papers: The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times, which has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism. Major tabloid newspapers in the city include: The New York Daily News, which was founded in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson and The New York Post, founded in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton. The city also has a comprehensive ethnic press, with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages. El Diario La Prensa is New York's largest Spanish-language daily and the oldest in the nation. The New York Amsterdam News, published in Harlem, is a prominent African American newspaper. The Village Voice is the largest alternative newspaper."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Along with ABC and NBC, what other major broadcaster is based in New York?", "id": "56cfafaf234ae51400d9be67", "answers": [{"text": "CBS", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the city's public television service?", "id": "56cfafaf234ae51400d9be68", "answers": [{"text": "NYCTV", "answer_start": 392}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What comedy channel on cable television is headquartered in New York?", "id": "56cfafaf234ae51400d9be69", "answers": [{"text": "Comedy Central", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What cable news channel is based in New York?", "id": "56cfafaf234ae51400d9be6a", "answers": [{"text": "Fox News", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The television industry developed in New York and is a significant employer in the city's economy. The three major American broadcast networks are all headquartered in New York: ABC, CBS, and NBC. Many cable networks are based in the city as well, including MTV, Fox News, HBO, Showtime, Bravo, Food Network, AMC, and Comedy Central. The City of New York operates a public broadcast service, NYCTV, that has produced several original Emmy Award-winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods and city government."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the first public-access TV channel in the country?", "id": "56cfb021234ae51400d9be6f", "answers": [{"text": "Manhattan Neighborhood Network", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Manhattan Neighborhood Network begin?", "id": "56cfb021234ae51400d9be70", "answers": [{"text": "1971", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the primary public television station in New York?", "id": "56cfb021234ae51400d9be71", "answers": [{"text": "WNET", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the largest public radio station in the US by audience size?", "id": "56cfb021234ae51400d9be72", "answers": [{"text": "WNYC", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the city cease to own WNYC?", "id": "56cfb021234ae51400d9be73", "answers": [{"text": "1997", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The public-assess TV channel that has been around the longest in the US in what?", "id": "56cffbdd234ae51400d9c1f3", "answers": [{"text": "Manhattan Neighborhood Network", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Manhattan Neighborhood Network created?", "id": "56cffbdd234ae51400d9c1f4", "answers": [{"text": "1971", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The largest public radio station by listeners is what in New York?", "id": "56cffbdd234ae51400d9c1f5", "answers": [{"text": "WNYC", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York is also a major center for non-commercial educational media. The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971. WNET is the city's major public television station and a primary source of national Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) television programming. WNYC, a public radio station owned by the city until 1997, has the largest public radio audience in the United States."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What city department runs the public school system?", "id": "56cfb0ab234ae51400d9be79", "answers": [{"text": "New York City Department of Education", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many students are in New York City public schools?", "id": "56cfb0ab234ae51400d9be7a", "answers": [{"text": "1.1 million", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many public schools are there in New York City?", "id": "56cfb0ab234ae51400d9be7b", "answers": [{"text": "1,700", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many high schools for gifted students does New York City have?", "id": "56cfb0ab234ae51400d9be7c", "answers": [{"text": "nine", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many students regularly attend schools in NYC?", "id": "56cffc18234ae51400d9c1f9", "answers": [{"text": "1.1 million", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many highschools are specialized in NYC?", "id": "56cffc18234ae51400d9c1fb", "answers": [{"text": "nine", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The New York City Public Schools system, managed by the New York City Department of Education, is the largest public school system in the United States, serving about 1.1 million students in more than 1,700 separate primary and secondary schools. The city's public school system includes nine specialized high schools to serve academically and artistically gifted students."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What institution aids in the creation of charter schools in New York?", "id": "56cfb0d5234ae51400d9be81", "answers": [{"text": "New York City Charter School Center", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many private schools does New York have?", "id": "56cfb0d5234ae51400d9be82", "answers": [{"text": "900", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The New York City Charter School Center assists the setup of new charter schools. There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city."}, {"qas": [{"question": "About how many students attend schools in the City University of New York system?", "id": "56cfb1a2234ae51400d9be85", "answers": [{"text": "half million", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What fraction of Manhattan residents graduated from college?", "id": "56cfb1a2234ae51400d9be86", "answers": [{"text": "three out of five", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What fraction of Manhattan residents have graduate degrees?", "id": "56cfb1a2234ae51400d9be87", "answers": [{"text": "one out of four", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The City University of New York system consists of how many institutions?", "id": "56cfb1a2234ae51400d9be88", "answers": [{"text": "24", "answer_start": 761}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many students in New York partcipate in higher education?", "id": "56cfb1a2234ae51400d9be89", "answers": [{"text": "600,000", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Over 600,000 students are enrolled in New York City's over 120 higher education institutions, the highest number of any city in the United States, including over half million in the City University of New York (CUNY) system alone in 2014. In 2005, three out of five Manhattan residents were college graduates, and one out of four had a postgraduate degree, forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people in any American city. New York City is home to such notable private universities as Barnard College, Columbia University, Cooper Union, Fordham University, New York University, New York Institute of Technology, Pace University, and Yeshiva University. The public CUNY system is one of the largest universities in the nation, comprising 24 institutions across all five boroughs: senior colleges, community colleges, and other graduate/professional schools. The public State University of New York (SUNY) system also serves New York City, as well as the rest of the state. The city also has other smaller private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as St. John's University, The Juilliard School, Manhattan College, The College of Mount Saint Vincent, The New School, Pratt Institute, The School of Visual Arts, The King's College, and Wagner College."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the largest library in the United States?", "id": "56cffcb0234ae51400d9c208", "answers": [{"text": "The New York Public Library", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the second largest library in the US?", "id": "56cffcb0234ae51400d9c209", "answers": [{"text": "Queens Borough Public Library", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the library system in Queens?", "id": "56d103ff17492d1400aab728", "answers": [{"text": "Queens Borough Public Library", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Brooklyn's public library system called?", "id": "56d103ff17492d1400aab729", "answers": [{"text": "Brooklyn Public Library", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Staten Island and the Bronx, what borough is served by the New York Public Library?", "id": "56d103ff17492d1400aab72a", "answers": [{"text": "Manhattan", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The New York Public Library, which has the largest collection of any public library system in the United States, serves Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island. Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library, the nation's second largest public library system, while the Brooklyn Public Library serves Brooklyn."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The largest municipal healthcare in the US is what?", "id": "56cffd07234ae51400d9c215", "answers": [{"text": "New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many hospitals does HHC operate?", "id": "56cffd07234ae51400d9c217", "answers": [{"text": "11", "answer_start": 538}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the yearly revenue of the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation?", "id": "56d1046317492d1400aab734", "answers": [{"text": "$6.7 billion", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many patients are served annually by HHC?", "id": "56d1046317492d1400aab735", "answers": [{"text": "1.4 million", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many uninsured New Yorkers take advantage of HHC?", "id": "56d1046317492d1400aab736", "answers": [{"text": "475,000", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation founded?", "id": "56d1046317492d1400aab737", "answers": [{"text": "1969", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many nursing homes does HHC operate?", "id": "56d1046317492d1400aab738", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 563}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC) operates the public hospitals and clinics in New York City. A public benefit corporation with $6.7 billion in annual revenues, HHC is the largest municipal healthcare system in the United States serving 1.4 million patients, including more than 475,000 uninsured city residents. HHC was created in 1969 by the New York State Legislature as a public benefit corporation (Chapter 1016 of the Laws 1969). It is similar to a municipal agency but has a Board of Directors. HHC operates 11 acute care hospitals, five nursing homes, six diagnostic and treatment centers, and more than 70 community-based primary care sites, serving primarily the poor and working class. HHC's MetroPlus Health Plan is one of the New York area's largest providers of government-sponsored health insurance and is the plan of choice for nearly half million New Yorkers."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The public hospital that has been around the longest in the US is what?", "id": "56cffd56234ae51400d9c21d", "answers": [{"text": "Bellevue Hospital", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the president of HHC?", "id": "56cffd56234ae51400d9c21e", "answers": [{"text": "Ramanathan Raju", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first public hospital founded in the United States?", "id": "56d1053c17492d1400aab748", "answers": [{"text": "Bellevue Hospital", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom becomes sick in New York City, what hospital does he go to?", "id": "56d1053c17492d1400aab749", "answers": [{"text": "Bellevue Hospital", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the HHC president?", "id": "56d1053c17492d1400aab74a", "answers": [{"text": "Ramanathan Raju, MD", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what state did the president of HHC previously work?", "id": "56d1053c17492d1400aab74b", "answers": [{"text": "Illinois", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the president of HHC's previous job title?", "id": "56d1053c17492d1400aab74c", "answers": [{"text": "CEO", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The most well-known hospital in the HHC system is Bellevue Hospital, the oldest public hospital in the United States. Bellevue is the designated hospital for treatment of the President of the United States and other world leaders if they become sick or injured while in New York City. The president of HHC is Ramanathan Raju, MD, a surgeon and former CEO of the Cook County health system in Illinois."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The largest police presence in the US is NYPD with how many people?", "id": "56cffd93234ae51400d9c221", "answers": [{"text": "35,000", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "NYPD officers have a nickname that is known as what?", "id": "56cffd93234ae51400d9c222", "answers": [{"text": "New York's Finest", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the acronym NYPD stand for?", "id": "56d1057217492d1400aab75c", "answers": [{"text": "New York City Police Department", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many police work for the NYPD?", "id": "56d1057217492d1400aab75d", "answers": [{"text": "35,000", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the nickname given to New York City Police Department officers?", "id": "56d1057217492d1400aab75e", "answers": [{"text": "New York's Finest", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The New York City Police Department (NYPD) has been the largest police force in the United States by a significant margin, with over 35,000 sworn officers. Members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by politicians, the media, and their own police cars by the nickname, New York's Finest."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the low record for homicides in 2014 in NYC?", "id": "56cffde2234ae51400d9c22b", "answers": [{"text": "328", "answer_start": 1033}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage decrease in violent crime did the city see between 1993 and 2005?", "id": "56d1062317492d1400aab76a", "answers": [{"text": "75%", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As of 2002, to what city did New York have a comparable crime rate?", "id": "56d1062317492d1400aab76b", "answers": [{"text": "Provo, Utah", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the city have less than 500 homicides?", "id": "56d1062317492d1400aab76c", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 599}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many homicides were there in New York City in 2014?", "id": "56d1062317492d1400aab76d", "answers": [{"text": "328", "answer_start": 1033}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the first half of 2010, what percentage of shooting victims were African-American or Hispanic?", "id": "56d1062317492d1400aab76e", "answers": [{"text": "95.9%", "answer_start": 789}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2012, New York City had the lowest overall crime rate and the second lowest murder rate among the largest U.S. cities, having become significantly safer after a spike in crime in the 1970s through 1990s. Violent crime in New York City decreased more than 75% from 1993 to 2005, and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases. By 2002, New York City's crime rate was similar to that of Provo, Utah, and was ranked 197th in crime among the 216 U.S. cities with populations greater than 100,000. In 2005 the homicide rate was at its lowest level since 1966, and in 2007 the city recorded fewer than 500 homicides for the first time ever since crime statistics were first published in 1963. In the first six months of 2010, 95.1% of all murder victims and 95.9% of all shooting victims in New York City were black or Hispanic; additionally, 90.2 percent of those arrested for murder and 96.7 percent of those arrested for shooting someone were black or Hispanic. New York experienced a record low of 328 homicides in 2014 and has a far lower murder rate than other major American cities."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The first major crime groups in NYC were in the 1820s known as what?", "id": "56cffe23234ae51400d9c22d", "answers": [{"text": "Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group controlled the Mafia in New York in the 20th century?", "id": "56d1070517492d1400aab778", "answers": [{"text": "the Five Families", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Forth Thieves and Roach Guards were two gangs that operated in what area of New York in the 1820s?", "id": "56d1070517492d1400aab779", "answers": [{"text": "the Five Points", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was a notable 20th century gang in New York?", "id": "56d1070517492d1400aab77a", "answers": [{"text": "the Black Spades", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Organized crime has long been associated with New York City, beginning with the Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards in the Five Points in the 1820s. The 20th century saw a rise in the Mafia, dominated by the Five Families, as well as in gangs, including the Black Spades. The Mafia presence has declined in the city in the 21st century."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the largest fire department force in the world?", "id": "56cffe95234ae51400d9c22f", "answers": [{"text": "Tokyo Fire Department", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the second largest fire department force in the world?", "id": "56cffe95234ae51400d9c230", "answers": [{"text": "The New York City Fire Department", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the The New York City Fire Department's motto?", "id": "56cffe95234ae51400d9c232", "answers": [{"text": "New York's Bravest", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does FDNY stand for?", "id": "56d1076317492d1400aab78c", "answers": [{"text": "New York City Fire Department", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city is home to the largest municipal fire department in the world?", "id": "56d1076317492d1400aab78d", "answers": [{"text": "Tokyo", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many firefighters work for the New York City Fire Department?", "id": "56d1076317492d1400aab78e", "answers": [{"text": "11,080", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The FDNY employs about how many paramedics and EMTs?", "id": "56d1076317492d1400aab78f", "answers": [{"text": "3,300", "answer_start": 459}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the motto of the New York City Fire Department?", "id": "56d1076317492d1400aab790", "answers": [{"text": "New York's Bravest", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The New York City Fire Department (FDNY), provides fire protection, technical rescue, primary response to biological, chemical, and radioactive hazards, and emergency medical services for the five boroughs of New York City. The New York City Fire Department is the largest municipal fire department in the United States and the second largest in the world after the Tokyo Fire Department. The FDNY employs approximately 11,080 uniformed firefighters and over 3,300 uniformed EMTs and paramedics. The FDNY's motto is New York's Bravest."}, {"qas": [{"question": "New York is home to what largest transportation system in the world?", "id": "56cfff2d234ae51400d9c237", "answers": [{"text": "subway systems", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What types of fires can start in parks and woodlands?", "id": "56d107ab17492d1400aab796", "answers": [{"text": "brush fires", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The New York City Fire Department faces highly multifaceted firefighting challenges in many ways unique to New York. In addition to responding to building types that range from wood-frame single family homes to high-rise structures, there are many secluded bridges and tunnels, as well as large parks and wooded areas that can give rise to brush fires. New York is also home to one of the largest subway systems in the world, consisting of hundreds of miles of tunnel with electrified track."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the address for The New York City Fire Department headquarters?", "id": "56cfff79234ae51400d9c239", "answers": [{"text": "9 MetroTech Center", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which island is home to the Fire academy in NYC?", "id": "56cfff79234ae51400d9c23a", "answers": [{"text": "Randalls Island", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which borough of NYC is home to the The New York City Fire Department headquarters?", "id": "56cfff79234ae51400d9c23b", "answers": [{"text": "Brooklyn", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the street address of the New York Fire Department headquarters?", "id": "56d1081117492d1400aab798", "answers": [{"text": "9 MetroTech Center", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what borough is the FDNY headquartered?", "id": "56d1081117492d1400aab799", "answers": [{"text": "Brooklyn", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the fire department's training academy located?", "id": "56d1081117492d1400aab79a", "answers": [{"text": "Randalls Island", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the street address of the Bureau of Fire Communications alarm office in Brooklyn?", "id": "56d1081117492d1400aab79b", "answers": [{"text": "11 Metrotech Center", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The FDNY headquarters is located at 9 MetroTech Center in Downtown Brooklyn, and the FDNY Fire Academy is located on Randalls Island. There are three Bureau of Fire Communications alarm offices which receive and dispatch alarms to appropriate units. One office, at 11 Metrotech Center in Brooklyn, houses Manhattan/Citywide, Brooklyn, and Staten Island Fire Communications. The Bronx and Queens offices are in separate buildings."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Jazz became popular during which decade in NYC?", "id": "56cfffb0234ae51400d9c23f", "answers": [{"text": "1940s", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which decade did hip hop start to surface in NYC?", "id": "56cfffb0234ae51400d9c240", "answers": [{"text": "1970s", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the cultural development that defined the black American literary canon?", "id": "56d108f917492d1400aab7b4", "answers": [{"text": "the Harlem Renaissance", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What musical style was prominent in New York in the 1940s?", "id": "56d108f917492d1400aab7b5", "answers": [{"text": "jazz", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What artistic style was prominent in New York in the 1950s?", "id": "56d108f917492d1400aab7b6", "answers": [{"text": "abstract expressionism", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the new musical style that emerged from New York in the 1970s?", "id": "56d108f917492d1400aab7b7", "answers": [{"text": "hip hop", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Numerous major American cultural movements began in the city, such as the Harlem Renaissance, which established the African-American literary canon in the United States. The city was a center of jazz in the 1940s, abstract expressionism in the 1950s, and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s. The city's punk and hardcore scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s. New York has long had a flourishing scene for Jewish American literature."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The fashion capital of the world is what city in the US?", "id": "56d000c5234ae51400d9c24d", "answers": [{"text": "New York City", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "One of the biggest fashion shows in the world is named what in New York?", "id": "56d000c5234ae51400d9c24e", "answers": [{"text": "New York Fashion Week", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what other name is abstract expressionism known?", "id": "56d1099d17492d1400aab7c4", "answers": [{"text": "the New York School", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the prominent fashion event that occurs in New York?", "id": "56d1099d17492d1400aab7c5", "answers": [{"text": "New York Fashion Week", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who ranked New York as the fashion capital of the world?", "id": "56d1099d17492d1400aab7c6", "answers": [{"text": "the Global Language Monitor", "answer_start": 722}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city is the birthplace of many cultural movements, including the Harlem Renaissance in literature and visual art; abstract expressionism (also known as the New York School) in painting; and hip hop, punk, salsa, disco, freestyle, Tin Pan Alley, and Jazz in music. New York City has been considered the dance capital of the world. The city is also widely celebrated in popular lore, frequently the setting for books, movies (see List of films set in New York City), and television programs. New York Fashion Week is one of the world's preeminent fashion events and is afforded extensive coverage by the media. New York has also frequently been ranked the top fashion capital of the world on the annual list compiled by the Global Language Monitor."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The Broadway Musical began in what decade?", "id": "56d0036a234ae51400d9c252", "answers": [{"text": "1880s", "answer_start": 507}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Approximately how many galleries of art are in New York City?", "id": "56d10a4717492d1400aab7d4", "answers": [{"text": "500", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Broadway, what New York thoroughfare is associated with Broadway musicals?", "id": "56d10a4717492d1400aab7d5", "answers": [{"text": "42nd Street", "answer_start": 559}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Hart's writing partner?", "id": "56d10a4717492d1400aab7d6", "answers": [{"text": "Harrigan", "answer_start": 722}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many cultural and artistic organizations are in New York City?", "id": "56d10a4717492d1400aab7d7", "answers": [{"text": "2,000", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What technological development led resulted in elaborate stage productions? ", "id": "56d10a4717492d1400aab7d8", "answers": [{"text": "electric lighting", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York City has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries of all sizes. The city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the National Endowment for the Arts. Wealthy business magnates in the 19th century built a network of major cultural institutions, such as the famed Carnegie Hall and The Metropolitan Museum of Art, that would become internationally established. The advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theater productions, and in the 1880s, New York City theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street began featuring a new stage form that became known as the Broadway musical. Strongly influenced by the city's immigrants, productions such as those of Harrigan and Hart, George M. Cohan, and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many people attended Broadway shows during the 2013-2014 season?", "id": "56d003cd234ae51400d9c257", "answers": [{"text": "12.21 million", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the nickname of the Times Square Theater District?", "id": "56d10ab417492d1400aab7e4", "answers": [{"text": "The Great White Way", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the dollar amount of the tickets sold on Broadway in 2013-14?", "id": "56d10ab417492d1400aab7e5", "answers": [{"text": "US$1.27 billion", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the percentage increase in the Broadway ticket revenue from 2012-3 to 2013-4?", "id": "56d10ab417492d1400aab7e6", "answers": [{"text": "11.4%", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people attended a Broadway show in the 2013-4 season?", "id": "56d10ab417492d1400aab7e7", "answers": [{"text": "12.21 million", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2012-3, what number of people saw a show on Broadway?", "id": "56d10ab417492d1400aab7e8", "answers": [{"text": "11.57 million", "answer_start": 518}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Forty of the city's theaters, with more than 500 seats each, are collectively known as Broadway, after the major thoroughfare that crosses the Times Square Theater District, sometimes referred to as \"The Great White Way\". According to The Broadway League, Broadway shows sold approximately US$1.27 billion worth of tickets in the 2013\u20132014 season, an 11.4% increase from US$1.139 billion in the 2012\u20132013 season. Attendance in 2013\u20132014 stood at 12.21 million, representing a 5.5% increase from the 2012\u20132013 season's 11.57 million."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many restaurants are there in NYC?", "id": "56d00431234ae51400d9c25b", "answers": [{"text": "24,000", "answer_start": 776}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many mobile food vendors operate in New York City?", "id": "56d10c8c17492d1400aab810", "answers": [{"text": "4,000", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many restaurants is New York home to?", "id": "56d10c8c17492d1400aab811", "answers": [{"text": "24,000", "answer_start": 776}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What public department inspects the restaurants of New York?", "id": "56d10c8c17492d1400aab812", "answers": [{"text": "New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene", "answer_start": 686}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to Michelin, about how many fine dining restaurants exist in New York?", "id": "56d10c8c17492d1400aab813", "answers": [{"text": "one thousand", "answer_start": 575}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York City's food culture includes a variety of international cuisines influenced by the city's immigrant history. Central European and Italian immigrants originally made the city famous for bagels, cheesecake, and New York-style pizza, while Chinese and other Asian restaurants, sandwich joints, trattorias, diners, and coffeehouses have become ubiquitous. Some 4,000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city, many immigrant-owned, have made Middle Eastern foods such as falafel and kebabs popular examples of modern New York street food. The city is also home to nearly one thousand of the finest and most diverse haute cuisine restaurants in the world, according to Michelin. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene assigns letter grades to the city's 24,000 restaurants based upon their inspection results."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The Brooklyn Dodgers were created in what year?", "id": "56d004e5234ae51400d9c266", "answers": [{"text": "1882", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which four of the world's most expensive stadiums are located in NYC?", "id": "56d004e5234ae51400d9c268", "answers": [{"text": "MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field", "answer_start": 691}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two sports stadiums of New York City were featured on US stamps?", "id": "56d004e5234ae51400d9c269", "answers": [{"text": "the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field", "answer_start": 869}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year were the Brooklyn Dodgers founded?", "id": "56d10dd217492d1400aab838", "answers": [{"text": "1882", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What professional soccer organization is headquartered in New York?", "id": "56d10dd217492d1400aab839", "answers": [{"text": "Major League Soccer", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many professional sports leagues have their headquarters in New York?", "id": "56d10dd217492d1400aab83a", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many major professional sports teams have been based at one time or another in New York?", "id": "56d10dd217492d1400aab83b", "answers": [{"text": "forty", "answer_start": 512}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York City is home to the headquarters of the National Football League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the National Hockey League, and Major League Soccer. The New York metropolitan area hosts the most sports teams in these five professional leagues. Participation in professional sports in the city predates all professional leagues, and the city has been continuously hosting professional sports since the birth of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1882. The city has played host to over forty major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing leagues, both current and historic. Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field) are located in the New York metropolitan area. Madison Square Garden, its predecessor, as well as the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field, are some of the most famous sporting venues in the world, the latter two having been commemorated on U.S. postage stamps."}, {"qas": [{"question": "NYC is known as the Capital of which sport?", "id": "56d00567234ae51400d9c273", "answers": [{"text": "Baseball", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Major League Baseball World Series has NYC teams won?", "id": "56d00567234ae51400d9c274", "answers": [{"text": "35", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "It is one of only five areas to contain two teams of what sport?", "id": "56d00567234ae51400d9c275", "answers": [{"text": "Baseball", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many minor league baseball teams are there in NYC?", "id": "56d00567234ae51400d9c277", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many World Series have New York teams won?", "id": "56d10e4617492d1400aab840", "answers": [{"text": "35", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Major League baseball league pennants have New York teams won?", "id": "56d10e4617492d1400aab841", "answers": [{"text": "73", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many professional baseball teams are located in New York?", "id": "56d10e4617492d1400aab842", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many times have two teams from New York played against each other in the World Series?", "id": "56d10e4617492d1400aab843", "answers": [{"text": "14", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the nickname for a World Series where two New York teams play against each other?", "id": "56d10e4617492d1400aab844", "answers": [{"text": "Subway Series", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York has been described as the \"Capital of Baseball\". There have been 35 Major League Baseball World Series and 73 pennants won by New York teams. It is one of only five metro areas (Los Angeles, Chicago, Baltimore\u2013Washington, and the San Francisco Bay Area being the others) to have two baseball teams. Additionally, there have been 14 World Series in which two New York City teams played each other, known as a Subway Series and occurring most recently in 2000. No other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once (Chicago in 1906, St. Louis in 1944, and the San Francisco Bay Area in 1989). The city's two current Major League Baseball teams are the New York Mets, who play at Citi Field in Queens, and the New York Yankees, who play at Yankee Stadium in the Bronx. who compete in six games of interleague play every regular season that has also come to be called the Subway Series. The Yankees have won a record 27 championships, while the Mets have won the World Series twice. The city also was once home to the Brooklyn Dodgers (now the Los Angeles Dodgers), who won the World Series once, and the New York Giants (now the San Francisco Giants), who won the World Series five times. Both teams moved to California in 1958. There are also two Minor League Baseball teams in the city, the Brooklyn Cyclones and Staten Island Yankees."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The New York Giants and the New York Jets place at which stadium in NYC?", "id": "56d005a1234ae51400d9c27e", "answers": [{"text": "MetLife Stadium", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the most recent superbowl held in NYC for football?", "id": "56d005a1234ae51400d9c27f", "answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along what the New York Jets, what NFL team is based in New York?", "id": "56d10e8f17492d1400aab84a", "answers": [{"text": "New York Giants", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What stadium do the New York Jets call home?", "id": "56d10e8f17492d1400aab84b", "answers": [{"text": "MetLife Stadium", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city is MetLife Stadium located in?", "id": "56d10e8f17492d1400aab84c", "answers": [{"text": "East Rutherford, New Jersey", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Super Bowl took place at MetLife Stadium?", "id": "56d10e8f17492d1400aab84d", "answers": [{"text": "Super Bowl XLVIII", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did a Super Bowl occur at MetLife Stadium?", "id": "56d10e8f17492d1400aab84e", "answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and the New York Jets, although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford, New Jersey, which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014."}, {"qas": [{"question": "There are two hockey teams located in NYC. What are they?", "id": "56d005d9234ae51400d9c283", "answers": [{"text": "The New York Islanders and the New York Rangers", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which town do the New Jersey Devils hockey team play?", "id": "56d005d9234ae51400d9c284", "answers": [{"text": "Newark", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what city are the New Jersey Devils located?", "id": "56d10ec217492d1400aab854", "answers": [{"text": "Newark, New Jersey", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sport do the New York Rangers play?", "id": "56d10ec217492d1400aab855", "answers": [{"text": "Hockey", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with the New York Rangers, what NHL franchise is based in New York?", "id": "56d10ec217492d1400aab856", "answers": [{"text": "New York Islanders", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The New York Islanders and the New York Rangers represent the city in the National Hockey League. Also within the metropolitan area are the New Jersey Devils, who play in nearby Newark, New Jersey."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which two national basketball teams play in NYC?", "id": "56d00638234ae51400d9c291", "answers": [{"text": "the Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "New York City's women's basketball team is called what?", "id": "56d00638234ae51400d9c292", "answers": [{"text": "New York Liberty", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The first college basketball championship took place in NYC in what year?", "id": "56d00638234ae51400d9c293", "answers": [{"text": "1938", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Women's National Basketball Association team is based in New York?", "id": "56d10f0617492d1400aab864", "answers": [{"text": "New York Liberty", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the collegiate basketball championship that takes place in New York?", "id": "56d10f0617492d1400aab865", "answers": [{"text": "National Invitation Tournament", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the inaugural National Invitation Tournament?", "id": "56d10f0617492d1400aab866", "answers": [{"text": "1938", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with the Brooklyn Nets, what NBA team is based in New York?", "id": "56d10f0617492d1400aab867", "answers": [{"text": "New York Knicks", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city's National Basketball Association teams are the Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks, while the New York Liberty is the city's Women's National Basketball Association. The first national college-level basketball championship, the National Invitation Tournament, was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city. The city is well known for its links to basketball, which is played in nearly every park in the city by local youth, many of whom have gone on to play for major college programs and in the NBA."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which borough of New York hosts the US Open Tennis championships?", "id": "56d006f6234ae51400d9c29b", "answers": [{"text": "Queens", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Wanamaker Mile is an event by which annual track and field meeting?", "id": "56d006f6234ae51400d9c29c", "answers": [{"text": "Millrose Games", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The oldest, longest horse races in the US are located in NYC called what?", "id": "56d006f6234ae51400d9c29d", "answers": [{"text": "Belmont Stakes", "answer_start": 686}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which years did NYC host the PGA golf championships?", "id": "56d006f6234ae51400d9c29e", "answers": [{"text": "1930 and 1939", "answer_start": 921}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves are held at which location in NYC?", "id": "56d006f6234ae51400d9c29f", "answers": [{"text": "Madison Square Garden", "answer_start": 609}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what borough is the National Tennis Center located?", "id": "56d1100317492d1400aab880", "answers": [{"text": "Queens", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What tennis Grand Slam event is held at the National Tennis Center?", "id": "56d1100317492d1400aab881", "answers": [{"text": "United States Open Tennis Championships", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people completed the New York Marathon in 2006?", "id": "56d1100317492d1400aab882", "answers": [{"text": "37,866", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What annual sporting competition features the Wanamaker Mile?", "id": "56d1100317492d1400aab883", "answers": [{"text": "Millrose Games", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what venue does the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves take place?", "id": "56d1100317492d1400aab884", "answers": [{"text": "Madison Square Garden", "answer_start": 609}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The annual United States Open Tennis Championships is one of the world's four Grand Slam tennis tournaments and is held at the National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Queens. The New York Marathon is one of the world's largest, and the 2004\u20132006 events hold the top three places in the marathons with the largest number of finishers, including 37,866 finishers in 2006. The Millrose Games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the Wanamaker Mile. Boxing is also a prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden each year. The city is also considered the host of the Belmont Stakes, the last, longest and oldest of horse racing's Triple Crown races, held just over the city's border at Belmont Park on the first or second Sunday of June. The city also hosted the 1932 U.S. Open golf tournament and the 1930 and 1939 PGA Championships, and has been host city for both events several times, most notably for nearby Winged Foot Golf Club."}, {"qas": [{"question": "A version of baseball played in city streets was nicknamed was in the 1930s?", "id": "56d0071a234ae51400d9c2a5", "answers": [{"text": "Stickball", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What street was renamed in the late 2000s to commemorate the street version of baseball?", "id": "56d1104317492d1400aab88a", "answers": [{"text": "Stickball Boulevard", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what borough is Stickball Boulevard located?", "id": "56d1104317492d1400aab88b", "answers": [{"text": "the Bronx", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Many sports are associated with New York's immigrant communities. Stickball, a street version of baseball, was popularized by youths in the 1930s, and a street in the Bronx was renamed Stickball Boulevard in the late 2000s to memorialize this."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which subway system is considered the largest in the world?", "id": "56d007a6234ae51400d9c2a7", "answers": [{"text": "New York City Subway system", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many stations does the  New York City Subway system contain?", "id": "56d007a6234ae51400d9c2a8", "answers": [{"text": "469", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which station is known as the world's biggest railroad station?", "id": "56d007a6234ae51400d9c2a9", "answers": [{"text": "Grand Central Station", "answer_start": 588}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people rode the New York City Subway in 2014?", "id": "56d110db17492d1400aab899", "answers": [{"text": "1.75 billion", "answer_start": 488}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the nickname given to Grand Central Terminal?", "id": "56d110db17492d1400aab89a", "answers": [{"text": "Grand Central Station", "answer_start": 588}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The iconic New York City Subway system is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by stations in operation, with 469, and by length of routes. New York's subway is notable for nearly the entire system remaining open 24 hours a day, in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to systems in most cities, including Hong Kong, London, Paris, Seoul, and Tokyo. The New York City Subway is also the busiest metropolitan rail transit system in the Western Hemisphere, with 1.75 billion passengers rides in 2014, while Grand Central Terminal, also popularly referred to as \"Grand Central Station\", is the world's largest railway station by number of train platforms."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many minutes does it take the average New Yorker to get to work?", "id": "56d00813234ae51400d9c2ad", "answers": [{"text": "38.4", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of New Yorkers use public transportation to get to work?", "id": "56d00813234ae51400d9c2af", "answers": [{"text": "54.6", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of people living in Manhattan own a car?", "id": "56d00813234ae51400d9c2b0", "answers": [{"text": "22", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2005, what percentage of New York residents used mass transit to get to work?", "id": "56d114ae17492d1400aab8ba", "answers": [{"text": "54.6%", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of Americans drive cars to work?", "id": "56d114ae17492d1400aab8bb", "answers": [{"text": "90%", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In minutes, how long does it take for the average New Yorker to get to work?", "id": "56d114ae17492d1400aab8bc", "answers": [{"text": "38.4", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of New York households don't own an automobile?", "id": "56d114ae17492d1400aab8bd", "answers": [{"text": "52%", "answer_start": 459}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of Manhattan residents own an automobile?", "id": "56d114ae17492d1400aab8be", "answers": [{"text": "22%", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Public transport is essential in New York City. 54.6% of New Yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit. This is in contrast to the rest of the United States, where about 90% of commuters drive automobiles to their workplace. According to the US Census Bureau, New York City residents spend an average of 38.4 minutes a day getting to work, the longest commute time in the nation among large cities. New York is the only US city in which a majority (52%) of households do not have a car; only 22% of Manhattanites own a car. Due to their high usage of mass transit, New Yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average, saving $19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban Americans."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The busiest bus station in the world in the world is called what?", "id": "56d0090d234ae51400d9c2b7", "answers": [{"text": "Port Authority Bus Terminal", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many buses visit the Port Authority Bus Terminal each day?", "id": "56d1179117492d1400aab90c", "answers": [{"text": "7,000", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many New Yorkers ride the bus on a daily basis?", "id": "56d1179117492d1400aab90d", "answers": [{"text": "200,000", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is New York's primary bus terminal?", "id": "56d1179117492d1400aab90e", "answers": [{"text": "Port Authority Bus Terminal", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York City's public bus fleet is the largest in North America, and the Port Authority Bus Terminal, the main intercity bus terminal of the city, serves 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters daily, making it the busiest bus station in the world."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The three airports that have the most people come through them in NYC are which?", "id": "56d009f6234ae51400d9c2b9", "answers": [{"text": "John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the second busiest airport in the New York metro area?", "id": "56d1186417492d1400aab912", "answers": [{"text": "Newark Liberty International Airport", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2011, what airport did the most international travelers in North America visit?", "id": "56d1186417492d1400aab913", "answers": [{"text": "John F. Kennedy International Airport", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city is Stewart International Airport located close to?", "id": "56d1186417492d1400aab914", "answers": [{"text": "Newburgh, New York", "answer_start": 717}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many travelers visited JFK, LaGuardia and Newark Liberty in 2012?", "id": "56d1186417492d1400aab915", "answers": [{"text": "109 million", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York's airspace is the busiest in the United States and one of the world's busiest air transportation corridors. The three busiest airports in the New York metropolitan area include John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport; 109 million travelers used these three airports in 2012, and the city's airspace is the busiest in the nation. JFK and Newark Liberty were the busiest and fourth busiest U.S. gateways for international air passengers, respectively, in 2012; as of 2011, JFK was the busiest airport for international passengers in North America. Plans have advanced to expand passenger volume at a fourth airport, Stewart International Airport near Newburgh, New York, by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Plans were announced in July 2015 to entirely rebuild LaGuardia Airport in a multibillion-dollar project to replace its aging facilities."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The world's most popular ferry route is which in NYC? ", "id": "56d00a2d234ae51400d9c2bb", "answers": [{"text": "The Staten Island Ferry", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many hours a day does the The Staten Island Ferry run?", "id": "56d00a2d234ae51400d9c2bc", "answers": [{"text": "24", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In kilometers, how long is the Staten Island Ferry route?", "id": "56d118e717492d1400aab92c", "answers": [{"text": "8.4", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Staring in State Island, in what borough does the Staten Island Ferry's route terminate?", "id": "56d118e717492d1400aab92d", "answers": [{"text": "Manhattan", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many passengers ride the Staten Island Ferry annually?", "id": "56d118e717492d1400aab92e", "answers": [{"text": "20 million", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Staten Island Ferry is the world's busiest ferry route, carrying approximately 20 million passengers on the 5.2-mile (8.4 km) route between Staten Island and Lower Manhattan and running 24 hours a day. Other ferry systems shuttle commuters between Manhattan and other locales within the city and the metropolitan area."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which bridge in NYC is the busiest in the world?", "id": "56d00b23234ae51400d9c2c3", "answers": [{"text": "The George Washington Bridge", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The biggest suspension bridge in the US is what?", "id": "56d00b23234ae51400d9c2c4", "answers": [{"text": "The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The bridge made with steel-wire is which in NYC?", "id": "56d00b23234ae51400d9c2c5", "answers": [{"text": "The Brooklyn Bridge", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Brooklyn Bridge was the worlds largest until what date?", "id": "56d00b23234ae51400d9c2c6", "answers": [{"text": "1903", "answer_start": 590}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the busiest bridge for cars in the world?", "id": "56d11aec17492d1400aab97d", "answers": [{"text": "George Washington Bridge", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Starting in Manhattan, the George Washington Bridge terminates in what New Jersey county?", "id": "56d11aec17492d1400aab97e", "answers": [{"text": "Bergen", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the longest suspension bridge in the United States?", "id": "56d11aec17492d1400aab97f", "answers": [{"text": "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What style of architecture was used to design the Brooklyn Bridge?", "id": "56d11aec17492d1400aab980", "answers": [{"text": "neo-Gothic", "answer_start": 408}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Brooklyn Bridge cease to be the world's longest suspension bridge?", "id": "56d11aec17492d1400aab981", "answers": [{"text": "1903", "answer_start": 590}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The George Washington Bridge is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge, connecting Manhattan to Bergen County, New Jersey. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the Americas and one of the world's longest. The Brooklyn Bridge is an icon of the city itself. The towers of the Brooklyn Bridge are built of limestone, granite, and Rosendale cement, and their architectural style is neo-Gothic, with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers. This bridge was also the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903, and is the first steel-wire suspension bridge."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which tunnel do 120,000 vehicles travel through a day in NYC?", "id": "56d00bc5234ae51400d9c2cb", "answers": [{"text": "The Lincoln Tunnel", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Holland Tunnel opened in what year?", "id": "56d00bc5234ae51400d9c2cc", "answers": [{"text": "1927", "answer_start": 614}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Queens-Midtown Tunnel was finished in what year?", "id": "56d00bc5234ae51400d9c2cd", "answers": [{"text": "1940", "answer_start": 810}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first person to drive through The Queens-Midtown Tunnel?", "id": "56d00bc5234ae51400d9c2ce", "answers": [{"text": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt", "answer_start": 816}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many vehicles utilize the Lincoln Tunnel daily?", "id": "56d11bca17492d1400aab9a1", "answers": [{"text": "120,000", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What body of water is above the Lincoln Tunnel?", "id": "56d11bca17492d1400aab9a2", "answers": [{"text": "Hudson River", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What borough is connected to New Jersey via the Lincoln Tunnel?", "id": "56d11bca17492d1400aab9a3", "answers": [{"text": "Manhattan", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what New Jersey city does the Holland Tunnel terminate?", "id": "56d11bca17492d1400aab9a4", "answers": [{"text": "Jersey City", "answer_start": 508}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who drove through the Queens-Midtown Tunnel before anyone else?", "id": "56d11bca17492d1400aab9a5", "answers": [{"text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", "answer_start": 826}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Manhattan Island is linked to New York City's outer boroughs and New Jersey by several tunnels as well. The Lincoln Tunnel, which carries 120,000 vehicles a day under the Hudson River between New Jersey and Midtown Manhattan, is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world. The tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sailed through New York Harbor and up the Hudson River to Manhattan's piers. The Holland Tunnel, connecting Lower Manhattan to Jersey City, New Jersey, was the world's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927. The Queens-Midtown Tunnel, built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting Manhattan with Queens and Brooklyn, was the largest non-federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940. President Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first person to drive through it. The Hugh L. Carey Tunnel runs underneath Battery Park and connects the Financial District at the southern tip of Manhattan to Red Hook in Brooklyn."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many daily bicycle riders are there in NYC?", "id": "56d00beb234ae51400d9c2d3", "answers": [{"text": "200,000", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Each day, about how many New Yorkers bike?", "id": "56d11cb517492d1400aab9b5", "answers": [{"text": "200,000", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About what percentage of New York City travel is done by bike or on foot?", "id": "56d11cb517492d1400aab9b6", "answers": [{"text": "21%", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company paid for 10,000 bikes for the city's bicycle sharing program?", "id": "56d11cb517492d1400aab9b7", "answers": [{"text": "Citibank", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Research by what institution of higher learning showed that most New Yorkers support bicycle sharing?", "id": "56d11cb517492d1400aab9b8", "answers": [{"text": "Quinnipiac University", "answer_start": 576}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who ranked New York as the most walkable large US city in 2015?", "id": "56d11cb517492d1400aab9b9", "answers": [{"text": "Walk Score", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York's high rate of public transit use, over 200,000 daily cyclists as of 2014, and many pedestrian commuters make it the most energy-efficient major city in the United States. Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21% of all modes for trips in the city; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8%. In both its 2011 and 2015 rankings, Walk Score named New York City the most walkable large city in the United States. Citibank sponsored the introduction of 10,000 public bicycles for the city's bike-share project in the summer of 2013. Research conducted by Quinnipiac University showed that a majority of New Yorkers support the initiative. New York City's numerical \"in-season cycling indicator\" of bicycling in the city hit an all-time high in 2013."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who supplies NYC with drinkable water?", "id": "56d00c3f234ae51400d9c2d6", "answers": [{"text": "Catskill Mountains watershed", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what mountain range does New York's drinking water come from?", "id": "56d11dd317492d1400aab9c9", "answers": [{"text": "Catskill Mountains", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much is being spent on a water purification plant at the Croton Watershed?", "id": "56d11dd317492d1400aab9ca", "answers": [{"text": "US$3.2 billion", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After the water purification plant at the Croton Watershed is built, how much more water will be added to the city's supply each day?", "id": "56d11dd317492d1400aab9cb", "answers": [{"text": "290 million gallons", "answer_start": 520}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percent increase in water supply will the city see after the Croton Watershed plant is finished?", "id": "56d11dd317492d1400aab9cc", "answers": [{"text": "20%", "answer_start": 575}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what geographical direction would a New Yorker travel to reach the Croton Watershed?", "id": "56d11dd317492d1400aab9cd", "answers": [{"text": "north", "answer_start": 374}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York City is supplied with drinking water by the protected Catskill Mountains watershed. As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system, New York is one of only four major cities in the United States the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require purification by water treatment plants. The Croton Watershed north of the city is undergoing construction of a US$3.2 billion water purification plant to augment New York City's water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily, representing a greater than 20% addition to the city's current availability of water. The ongoing expansion of New York City Water Tunnel No. 3, an integral part of the New York City water supply system, is the largest capital construction project in the city's history."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many members are on the NYC city council?", "id": "56d00cce234ae51400d9c2de", "answers": [{"text": "51", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many terms can the mayjor of NYC serve in total?", "id": "56d00cce234ae51400d9c2df", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the duration of a New York City councilperson's term?", "id": "56d11f3717492d1400aab9e0", "answers": [{"text": "four-year", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many councilors sit on the City Council?", "id": "56d11f3717492d1400aab9e1", "answers": [{"text": "51", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many terms in a row can a person serve as mayor?", "id": "56d11f3717492d1400aab9e2", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the official journal of New York City?", "id": "56d11f3717492d1400aab9e3", "answers": [{"text": "the City Record", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If someone serves three consecutive terms as mayor and wants to run again, how many years must they wait?", "id": "56d11f3717492d1400aab9e4", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Mayor and council members are elected to four-year terms. The City Council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries. Each term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a three consecutive-term limit, but can resume after a four-year break. The New York City Administrative Code, the New York City Rules, and the City Record are the code of local laws, compilation of regulations, and official journal, respectively."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which political party holds the majority of most office terms in NYC?", "id": "56d00d6d234ae51400d9c2e4", "answers": [{"text": "Democrats", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2008, what percentage of voters were democrats?", "id": "56d00d6d234ae51400d9c2e5", "answers": [{"text": "67", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which US president became the first to receive over 80 percent of NYC votes?", "id": "56d00d6d234ae51400d9c2e6", "answers": [{"text": "Barack Obama", "answer_start": 304}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the last year that a republican candidate won all four boroughs of NYC?", "id": "56d00d6d234ae51400d9c2e7", "answers": [{"text": "1924", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which president won all of NYC in 1924?", "id": "56d00d6d234ae51400d9c2e8", "answers": [{"text": "Calvin Coolidge", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What party are most public officials of New York members of?", "id": "56d120c117492d1400aaba0d", "answers": [{"text": "Democratic Party", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In November 2008, how many New Yorkers were registered as Democrats?", "id": "56d120c117492d1400aaba0e", "answers": [{"text": "67%", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the last presidential election when a Republican won New York City?", "id": "56d120c117492d1400aaba0f", "answers": [{"text": "1924", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many boroughs did Barack Obama win in the 2012 presidential election?", "id": "56d120c117492d1400aaba10", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What political party was Calvin Coolidge a member of?", "id": "56d120c117492d1400aaba11", "answers": [{"text": "Republican", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of November 2008, 67% of registered voters in the city are Democrats. New York City has not been carried by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since President Calvin Coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924. In 2012, Democrat Barack Obama became the first presidential candidate of any party to receive more than 80% of the overall vote in New York City, sweeping all five boroughs. Party platforms center on affordable housing, education, and economic development, and labor politics are of importance in the city."}, {"qas": [{"question": "As of 2012, how many physicians were working in New York City?", "id": "56d101b117492d1400aab712", "answers": [{"text": "43,523", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Cornell University/Technion-Israel Institute of Technology located?", "id": "56d101b117492d1400aab713", "answers": [{"text": "Roosevelt Island", "answer_start": 673}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As of 2004, how many Nobel Prize winners had roots in New York institutions?", "id": "56d101b117492d1400aab714", "answers": [{"text": "127", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Much of the scientific research in the city is done in medicine and the life sciences. New York City has the most post-graduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States, with 127 Nobel laureates having roots in local institutions as of 2004; while in 2012, 43,523 licensed physicians were practicing in New York City. Major biomedical research institutions include Memorial Sloan\u2013Kettering Cancer Center, Rockefeller University, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, and Weill Cornell Medical College, being joined by the Cornell University/Technion-Israel Institute of Technology venture on Roosevelt Island."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many people are admitted to HHC institutions annually?", "id": "56d104d117492d1400aab73e", "answers": [{"text": "225,000", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people visit HHC emergency rooms every year?", "id": "56d104d117492d1400aab73f", "answers": [{"text": "one million", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people visit HHC clinics annually?", "id": "56d104d117492d1400aab740", "answers": [{"text": "five million", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What fraction of general hospital discharges receive treatment at HHC?", "id": "56d104d117492d1400aab741", "answers": [{"text": "one-fifth", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What fraction of emergency room visits receive treatment at HHC?", "id": "56d104d117492d1400aab742", "answers": [{"text": "one third", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Each year HHC's facilities provide about 225,000 admissions, one million emergency room visits and five million clinic visits to New Yorkers. HHC facilities treat nearly one-fifth of all general hospital discharges and more than one third of emergency room and hospital-based clinic visits in New York City."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Being exposed to what type of pollution has been theorized to increase aggression?", "id": "56d106be17492d1400aab774", "answers": [{"text": "lead", "answer_start": 395}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The decrease in crime in New York is sometimes attributed to the decline of what street drug?", "id": "56d106be17492d1400aab775", "answers": [{"text": "crack", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Sociologists and criminologists have not reached consensus on the explanation for the dramatic decrease in the city's crime rate. Some attribute the phenomenon to new tactics used by the NYPD, including its use of CompStat and the broken windows theory. Others cite the end of the crack epidemic and demographic changes, including from immigration. Another theory is that widespread exposure to lead pollution from automobile exhaust, which can lower intelligence and increase aggression levels, incited the initial crime wave in the mid-20th century, most acutely affecting heavily trafficked cities like New York. A strong correlation was found demonstrating that violent crime rates in New York and other big cities began to fall after lead was removed from American gasoline in the 1970s. Another theory cited to explain New York City's falling homicide rate is the inverse correlation between the number of murders and the increasingly wetter climate in the city."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who commented on New York that \"culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather\"?", "id": "56d1089117492d1400aab7ac", "answers": [{"text": "Tom Wolfe", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what library can the book New York, culture capital of the world, 1940\u20131965 be found?", "id": "56d1089117492d1400aab7ad", "answers": [{"text": "the National Library of Australia", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What institution of higher education has described New York as the cultural capital of the world?", "id": "56d1089117492d1400aab7ae", "answers": [{"text": "Baruch College", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Latvia, the consulate of what country has called New York the cultural capital of the world?", "id": "56d1089117492d1400aab7af", "answers": [{"text": "Iceland", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York City has been described as the cultural capital of the world by the diplomatic consulates of Iceland and Latvia and by New York's Baruch College. A book containing a series of essays titled New York, culture capital of the world, 1940\u20131965 has also been published as showcased by the National Library of Australia. In describing New York, author Tom Wolfe said, \"Culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what borough is the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts located?", "id": "56d10b9a17492d1400aab7f8", "answers": [{"text": "Manhattan", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what part of Manhattan can you find Lincoln Square?", "id": "56d10b9a17492d1400aab7f9", "answers": [{"text": "Upper West Side", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what square is the theater named after Lee Strasberg located?", "id": "56d10b9a17492d1400aab7fa", "answers": [{"text": "Union Square", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what institution of higher education is the Tisch School of the Arts located?", "id": "56d10b9a17492d1400aab7fb", "answers": [{"text": "New York University", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what New York park can one find performances at no cost?", "id": "56d10b9a17492d1400aab7fc", "answers": [{"text": "Central Park", "answer_start": 499}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, anchoring Lincoln Square on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, is home to numerous influential arts organizations, including the Metropolitan Opera, New York City Opera, New York Philharmonic, and New York City Ballet, as well as the Vivian Beaumont Theater, the Juilliard School, Jazz at Lincoln Center, and Alice Tully Hall. The Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute is in Union Square, and Tisch School of the Arts is based at New York University, while Central Park SummerStage presents performances of free plays and music in Central Park."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What New York thoroughfare is Museum Mile located on?", "id": "56d10c1f17492d1400aab806", "answers": [{"text": "Fifth Avenue", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what borough is Museum Mile located?", "id": "56d10c1f17492d1400aab807", "answers": [{"text": "Manhattan", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Guggenheim built?", "id": "56d10c1f17492d1400aab808", "answers": [{"text": "1959", "answer_start": 672}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the grand opening of the Museum for African Art on 110th Street?", "id": "56d10c1f17492d1400aab809", "answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 693}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what part of Manhattan is the Museum Mile located?", "id": "56d10c1f17492d1400aab80a", "answers": [{"text": "Upper East Side", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York City is home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites, many of which are internationally known. Museum Mile is the name for a section of Fifth Avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, in an area sometimes called Upper Carnegie Hill. The Mile, which contains one of the densest displays of culture in the world, is actually three blocks longer than one mile (1.6 km). Ten museums occupy the length of this section of Fifth Avenue. The tenth museum, the Museum for African Art, joined the ensemble in 2009, however its Museum at 110th Street, the first new museum constructed on the Mile since the Guggenheim in 1959, opened in late 2012. In addition to other programming, the museums collaborate for the annual Museum Mile Festival, held each year in June, to promote the museums and increase visitation. Many of the world's most lucrative art auctions are held in New York City."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Along with New Yorkese, what is another name for the New York dialect?", "id": "56d10ccf17492d1400aab820", "answers": [{"text": "Brooklynese", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The New York area is home to a distinctive regional speech pattern called the New York dialect, alternatively known as Brooklynese or New Yorkese. It has generally been considered one of the most recognizable accents within American English. The classic version of this dialect is centered on middle and working-class people of European descent. However, the influx of non-European immigrants in recent decades has led to changes in this distinctive dialect, and the traditional form of this speech pattern is no longer as prevalent among general New Yorkers as in the past."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What sitcom did the Archie Bunker character feature in?", "id": "56d10d4e17492d1400aab828", "answers": [{"text": "All in the Family", "answer_start": 1120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What actor performed the role of Archie Bunker?", "id": "56d10d4e17492d1400aab829", "answers": [{"text": "Carroll O'Connor", "answer_start": 1149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the transliteration of the way in which New Yorkers are perceived to pronounce the name of their city?", "id": "56d10d4e17492d1400aab82a", "answers": [{"text": "New Yawk", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The traditional New York area accent is characterized as non-rhotic, so that the sound [\u0279] does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant; hence the pronunciation of the city name as \"New Yawk.\" There is no [\u0279] in words like park [p\u0251\u0259k] or [p\u0252\u0259k] (with vowel backed and diphthongized due to the low-back chain shift), butter [b\u028c\u027e\u0259], or here [hi\u0259]. In another feature called the low back chain shift, the [\u0254] vowel sound of words like talk, law, cross, chocolate, and coffee and the often homophonous [\u0254r] in core and more are tensed and usually raised more than in General American. In the most old-fashioned and extreme versions of the New York dialect, the vowel sounds of words like \"girl\" and of words like \"oil\" became a diphthong [\u025c\u026a]. This would often be misperceived by speakers of other accents as a reversal of the er and oy sounds, so that girl is pronounced \"goil\" and oil is pronounced \"erl\"; this leads to the caricature of New Yorkers saying things like \"Joizey\" (Jersey), \"Toidy-Toid Street\" (33rd St.) and \"terlet\" (toilet). The character Archie Bunker from the 1970s sitcom All in the Family (played by Carroll O'Connor) was a notable example of having used this pattern of speech, which continues to fade in its overall presence."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What Major League Soccer franchise is based in New York?", "id": "56d10f6117492d1400aab86c", "answers": [{"text": "New York City FC", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What stadium does the New York City FC call home?", "id": "56d10f6117492d1400aab86d", "answers": [{"text": "Yankee Stadium", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what city are the New York Red Bulls based?", "id": "56d10f6117492d1400aab86e", "answers": [{"text": "Harrison, New Jersey", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What famous soccer player played for the New York Cosmos?", "id": "56d10f6117492d1400aab86f", "answers": [{"text": "Pel\u00e9", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what institution of higher education is James M. Shuart Stadium located?", "id": "56d10f6117492d1400aab870", "answers": [{"text": "Hofstra University", "answer_start": 629}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In soccer, New York City is represented by New York City FC of Major League Soccer, who play their home games at Yankee Stadium. The New York Red Bulls play their home games at Red Bull Arena in nearby Harrison, New Jersey. Historically, the city is known for the New York Cosmos, the highly successful former professional soccer team which was the American home of Pel\u00e9, one of the world's most famous soccer players. A new version of the New York Cosmos was formed in 2010, and began play in the second division North American Soccer League in 2013. The Cosmos play their home games at James M. Shuart Stadium on the campus of Hofstra University, just outside the New York City limits in Hempstead, New York."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What fraction of United States rail riders call the New York City Metropolitan Area home?", "id": "56d1109d17492d1400aab894", "answers": [{"text": "two-thirds", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Mass transit in New York City, most of which runs 24 hours a day, accounts for one in every three users of mass transit in the United States, and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in the New York City Metropolitan Area."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many rail lines are there on New York City's commuter rail network?", "id": "56d115a317492d1400aab8d4", "answers": [{"text": "20", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many stations does New York City's commuter rail network have?", "id": "56d115a317492d1400aab8d5", "answers": [{"text": "250", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The AirTrain has a station at what airport?", "id": "56d115a317492d1400aab8d6", "answers": [{"text": "JFK International Airport", "answer_start": 412}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Amtrak station in New York sees the most use?", "id": "56d115a317492d1400aab8d7", "answers": [{"text": "Pennsylvania Station", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what borough is Pennsylvania Station located?", "id": "56d115a317492d1400aab8d8", "answers": [{"text": "Manhattan", "answer_start": 771}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York City's commuter rail network is the largest in North America. The rail network, connecting New York City to its suburbs, consists of the Long Island Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad, and New Jersey Transit. The combined systems converge at Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station and contain more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines. In Queens, the elevated AirTrain people mover system connects JFK International Airport to the New York City Subway and the Long Island Rail Road; a separate AirTrain system is planned alongside the Grand Central Parkway to connect LaGuardia Airport to these transit systems. For intercity rail, New York City is served by Amtrak, whose busiest station by a significant margin is Pennsylvania Station on the West Side of Manhattan, from which Amtrak provides connections to Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. along the Northeast Corridor, as well as long-distance train service to other North American cities."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many 24-hour rapid transit systems are located in New York?", "id": "56d1170417492d1400aab8fc", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What 24-hour rapid transit system is in Philadelphia?", "id": "56d1170417492d1400aab8fd", "answers": [{"text": "PATCO Speedline", "answer_start": 496}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What 24-hour rapid transit system is outside the United States?", "id": "56d1170417492d1400aab8fe", "answers": [{"text": "Copenhagen Metro", "answer_start": 542}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the acronym PATH stand for?", "id": "56d1170417492d1400aab8ff", "answers": [{"text": "Port Authority Trans-Hudson", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Staten Island Railway rapid transit system solely serves Staten Island, operating 24 hours a day. The Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH train) links Midtown and Lower Manhattan to northeastern New Jersey, primarily Hoboken, Jersey City, and Newark. Like the New York City Subway, the PATH operates 24 hours a day; meaning three of the six rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly in New York (the others are a portion of the Chicago 'L', the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia, and the Copenhagen Metro)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Along with the East Side Access project and 7 Subway Extension, what heavy-rail project is being built in New York City?", "id": "56d1174417492d1400aab904", "answers": [{"text": "the Second Avenue Subway", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Multibillion US$ heavy-rail transit projects under construction in New York City include the Second Avenue Subway, the East Side Access project, and the 7 Subway Extension."}, {"qas": [{"question": "About how many yellow cabs operate in New York?", "id": "56d1191d17492d1400aab932", "answers": [{"text": "12,000", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does the aerial tramway that starts on Roosevelt Island terminate?", "id": "56d1191d17492d1400aab933", "answers": [{"text": "Manhattan Island", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Other features of the city's transportation infrastructure encompass more than 12,000 yellow taxicabs; various competing startup transportation network companies; and an aerial tramway that transports commuters between Roosevelt Island and Manhattan Island."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What industry is Broadway associated with?", "id": "56d1196917492d1400aab93f", "answers": [{"text": "the theater", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What industry is Wall Street associated with?", "id": "56d1196917492d1400aab940", "answers": [{"text": "finance", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What industry is Madison Avenue associated with?", "id": "56d1196917492d1400aab941", "answers": [{"text": "advertising", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What New York street is associated with fashion?", "id": "56d1196917492d1400aab942", "answers": [{"text": "Seventh Avenue", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Despite New York's heavy reliance on its vast public transit system, streets are a defining feature of the city. Manhattan's street grid plan greatly influenced the city's physical development. Several of the city's streets and avenues, like Broadway, Wall Street, Madison Avenue, and Seventh Avenue are also used as metonyms for national industries there: the theater, finance, advertising, and fashion organizations, respectively."}, {"qas": [{"question": "At what time are drivers in New York most likely to experience traffic jams?", "id": "56d119ec17492d1400aab947", "answers": [{"text": "rush hour", "answer_start": 477}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What geographical portion of Connecticut is linked to New York via highway?", "id": "56d119ec17492d1400aab948", "answers": [{"text": "southwestern", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of New Jersey can be reached from New York by taking the expressway?", "id": "56d119ec17492d1400aab949", "answers": [{"text": "northern", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York City also has an extensive web of expressways and parkways, which link the city's boroughs to each other as well as to northern New Jersey, Westchester County, Long Island, and southwestern Connecticut through various bridges and tunnels. Because these highways serve millions of outer borough and suburban residents who commute into Manhattan, it is quite common for motorists to be stranded for hours in traffic jams that are a daily occurrence, particularly during rush hour."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What island is the borough of Brooklyn located on?", "id": "56d11a7617492d1400aab96f", "answers": [{"text": "Long Island", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Queens is located on what part of Long Island?", "id": "56d11a7617492d1400aab970", "answers": [{"text": "the west end", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The borough of Staten Island is primarily located on what island?", "id": "56d11a7617492d1400aab971", "answers": [{"text": "Staten Island", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York City is located on one of the world's largest natural harbors, and the boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island are (primarily) coterminous with islands of the same names, while Queens and Brooklyn are located at the west end of the larger Long Island, and The Bronx is located at the southern tip of New York State's mainland. This situation of boroughs separated by water led to the development of an extensive infrastructure of bridges and tunnels. Nearly all of the city's major bridges and tunnels are notable, and several have broken or set records."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What architectural style does the Throgs Neck Bridge reflect?", "id": "56d11b4a17492d1400aab993", "answers": [{"text": "Structural Expressionism", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Queensboro Bridge utilized what type of construction?", "id": "56d11b4a17492d1400aab994", "answers": [{"text": "cantilever", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Queensboro Bridge is an important piece of cantilever architecture. The Manhattan Bridge, Throgs Neck Bridge, Triborough Bridge, and Verrazano-Narrows Bridge are all examples of Structural Expressionism."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many clean diesel and hybrid taxicabs did New York City have in 2010?", "id": "56d11c0717492d1400aab9ab", "answers": [{"text": "3,715", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of the New York City cab fleet was clean diesel or hybrid in 2010?", "id": "56d11c0717492d1400aab9ac", "answers": [{"text": "28%", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York City has focused on reducing its environmental impact and carbon footprint. Mass transit use in New York City is the highest in the United States. Also, by 2010, the city had 3,715 hybrid taxis and other clean diesel vehicles, representing around 28% of New York's taxi fleet in service, the most of any city in North America."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What percent reduction of greenhouse gases does Mayor de Blasio want to see by 2050?", "id": "56d11d3317492d1400aab9c3", "answers": [{"text": "80%", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of a notable green office building in New York?", "id": "56d11d3317492d1400aab9c4", "answers": [{"text": "Hearst Tower", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What legal case sought to compel the Environmental Protection Agency to regular greenhouse gases?", "id": "56d11d3317492d1400aab9c5", "answers": [{"text": "Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city government was a petitioner in the landmark Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency Supreme Court case forcing the EPA to regulate greenhouse gases as pollutants. The city is also a leader in the construction of energy-efficient green office buildings, including the Hearst Tower among others. Mayor Bill de Blasio has committed to an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions between 2014 and 2050 to reduce the city's contributions to climate change, beginning with a comprehensive \"Green Buildings\" plan."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How long is Newtown Creek in kilometers?", "id": "56d11e7b17492d1400aab9d3", "answers": [{"text": "6", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many cubic meters of oil is supposed to be in Newtown Creek?", "id": "56d11e7b17492d1400aab9d4", "answers": [{"text": "110,000", "answer_start": 519}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What notable accidental fossil fuel discharge occurred at Newtown Creek?", "id": "56d11e7b17492d1400aab9d5", "answers": [{"text": "the Greenpoint oil spill", "answer_start": 557}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Newtown Creek, a 3.5-mile (6-kilometer) a long estuary that forms part of the border between the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, has been designated a Superfund site for environmental clean-up and remediation of the waterway's recreational and economic resources for many communities. One of the most heavily used bodies of water in the Port of New York and New Jersey, it had been one of the most contaminated industrial sites in the country, containing years of discarded toxins, an estimated 30 million US gallons (110,000 m3) of spilled oil, including the Greenpoint oil spill, raw sewage from New York City's sewer system, and other accumulation."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of government does New York City have?", "id": "56d11eb317492d1400aab9d9", "answers": [{"text": "mayor-council", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did New York City adopt the mayor-council form of government?", "id": "56d11eb317492d1400aab9da", "answers": [{"text": "1898", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York City has been a metropolitan municipality with a mayor-council form of government since its consolidation in 1898. The government of New York is more centralized than that of most other U.S. cities. In New York City, the city government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What numbered department of the Supreme Court is located in Brooklyn?", "id": "56d11faa17492d1400aab9eb", "answers": [{"text": "Second", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what borough is the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court located?", "id": "56d11faa17492d1400aab9ec", "answers": [{"text": "Manhattan", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What branch of government are the administrative courts a part of?", "id": "56d11faa17492d1400aab9ed", "answers": [{"text": "executive", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the state Unified Court System, of which the Criminal Court and the Civil Court are the local courts, while the New York Supreme Court conducts major trials and appeals. Manhattan hosts the First Department of the Supreme Court, Appellate Division while Brooklyn hosts the Second Department. There are also several extrajudicial administrative courts, which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified Court System."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what borough is the main courthouse of the District Court for the Southern District of New York located?", "id": "56d1204617492d1400aab9f9", "answers": [{"text": "Manhattan", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What federal district court has its main courthouse in Brooklyn?", "id": "56d1204617492d1400aab9fa", "answers": [{"text": "the Eastern District of New York", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What square is home to the US Court of International Trade?", "id": "56d1204617492d1400aab9fb", "answers": [{"text": "Foley Square", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What federal district court has jurisdiction over Staten Island?", "id": "56d1204617492d1400aab9fc", "answers": [{"text": "the District Court for the Eastern District of New York", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what borough is the New York City Hall found?", "id": "56d1204617492d1400aab9fd", "answers": [{"text": "Manhattan", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Uniquely among major American cities, New York is divided between, and is host to the main branches of, two different US district courts: the District Court for the Southern District of New York, whose main courthouse is on Foley Square near City Hall in Manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes Manhattan and the Bronx, and the District Court for the Eastern District of New York, whose main courthouse is in Brooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. The US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and US Court of International Trade are also based in New York, also on Foley Square in Manhattan."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Four-fifths of the ZIP codes that provide the highest amount of political contributions in the United States are located in what borough?", "id": "56d1218c17492d1400aaba1d", "answers": [{"text": "Manhattan", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ZIP code was responsible for the greatest amount of contributions in the 2004 presidential election for both candidates?", "id": "56d1218c17492d1400aaba1e", "answers": [{"text": "10021", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money in cents does New York City receive for every dollar paid in federal taxes?", "id": "56d1218c17492d1400aaba1f", "answers": [{"text": "83", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much more money does the city give to the state of New York annually than it receives?", "id": "56d1218c17492d1400aaba20", "answers": [{"text": "$11 billion", "answer_start": 593}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Each year, how much more money does New York City give to the federal government than it gets back?", "id": "56d1218c17492d1400aaba21", "answers": [{"text": "$11.4 billion", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New York is the most important source of political fundraising in the United States, as four of the top five ZIP codes in the nation for political contributions are in Manhattan. The top ZIP code, 10021 on the Upper East Side, generated the most money for the 2004 presidential campaigns of George W. Bush and John Kerry. The city has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state governments. It receives 83 cents in services for every $1 it sends to the federal government in taxes (or annually sends $11.4 billion more than it receives back). The city also sends an additional $11 billion more each year to the state of New York than it receives back."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the new name of the Sister City Program of the City of New York, Inc.?", "id": "56d121d817492d1400aaba2d", "answers": [{"text": "New York City Global Partners", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Sister City Program of the City of New York, Inc. have its name changed?", "id": "56d121d817492d1400aaba2e", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2006, the Sister City Program of the City of New York, Inc. was restructured and renamed New York City Global Partners. New York City has expanded its international outreach via this program to a network of cities worldwide, promoting the exchange of ideas and innovation between their citizenry and policymakers, according to the city's website. New York's historic sister cities are denoted below by the year they joined New York City's partnership network."}]}, {"title": "To_Kill_a_Mockingbird", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "When did To Kill a Mockingbird first get circulated?", "id": "56ce30f5aab44d1400b88520", "answers": [{"text": "1960", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What prize did To Kill a Mockingbird win?", "id": "56ce30f5aab44d1400b88521", "answers": [{"text": "Pulitzer Prize", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote To Kill a Mockingbird?", "id": "56ce30f5aab44d1400b88523", "answers": [{"text": "Harper Lee", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote the novel To Kill a Mockingbird?", "id": "56d1073817492d1400aab786", "answers": [{"text": "Harper Lee", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was To Kill a Mockingbird first published?", "id": "56d1073817492d1400aab787", "answers": [{"text": "1960", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whom did Lee base the characters in To Kill a Mockingbird on?", "id": "56d1073817492d1400aab788", "answers": [{"text": "her family and neighbors", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960. It was immediately successful, winning the Pulitzer Prize, and has become a classic of modern American literature. The plot and characters are loosely based on the author's observations of her family and neighbors, as well as on an event that occurred near her hometown in 1936, when she was 10 years old."}, {"qas": [{"question": "To Kill a Mockingbird is widely read in which countries schools?", "id": "56ce31f5aab44d1400b8854a", "answers": [{"text": "United States", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What genre of book is To Kill a Mockingbird?", "id": "56ce31f5aab44d1400b8854b", "answers": [{"text": "Southern Gothic novel", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Some of the central themes of the book are what exactly?", "id": "56ce31f5aab44d1400b8854c", "answers": [{"text": "racial injustice and the destruction of innocence", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which region of America was the novel set in?", "id": "56d10cda17492d1400aab823", "answers": [{"text": "Deep South", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has caused  the use of the novel in classrooms to be challenged?", "id": "56d10cda17492d1400aab824", "answers": [{"text": "racial epithets", "answer_start": 535}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As a Southern Gothic novel and a Bildungsroman, the primary themes of To Kill a Mockingbird involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence. Scholars have noted that Lee also addresses issues of class, courage, compassion, and gender roles in the American Deep South. The book is widely taught in schools in the United States with lessons that emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice. Despite its themes, To Kill a Mockingbird has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms, often challenged for its use of racial epithets."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who gathered impressions of To Kill a Mockingbird from other authors and famous people?", "id": "56ce330daab44d1400b88556", "answers": [{"text": "Mary McDonough Murphy", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year did British librarians rank To Kill a Mockingbird ahead of the Bible?", "id": "56ce330daab44d1400b88557", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was To Kill a Mockingbird made into a movie?", "id": "56ce330daab44d1400b88558", "answers": [{"text": "1962", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did a play for the book begin to perform every year in Monroeville, Alabama?", "id": "56ce330daab44d1400b88559", "answers": [{"text": "1990", "answer_start": 573}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the director of the adaptation of the movie?", "id": "56ce330daab44d1400b8855a", "answers": [{"text": "Robert Mulligan", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "British librarians in 2006 ranked the book ahead of what famous volume?", "id": "56d114b117492d1400aab8c4", "answers": [{"text": "Bible", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote the screenplay for the 1962 film?", "id": "56d114b117492d1400aab8c5", "answers": [{"text": "Horton Foote", "answer_start": 553}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who directed the 1962 film?", "id": "56d114b117492d1400aab8c6", "answers": [{"text": "Robert Mulligan", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Harper Lee's hometown?", "id": "56d114b117492d1400aab8c7", "answers": [{"text": "Monroeville, Alabama", "answer_start": 661}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication. Literary analysis of it is sparse, considering the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education. Author Mary McDonough Murphy, who collected individual impressions of To Kill a Mockingbird by several authors and public figures, calls the book, \"an astonishing phenomenon\". In 2006, British librarians ranked the book ahead of the Bible as one \"every adult should read before they die\". It was adapted into an Oscar-winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan, with a screenplay by Horton Foote. Since 1990, a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee's hometown of Monroeville, Alabama."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did Harper Lee pass away?", "id": "56ce3363aab44d1400b88565", "answers": [{"text": "February 2016", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the only other work Harper Lee published?", "id": "56ce3363aab44d1400b88566", "answers": [{"text": "Go Set a Watchman", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of Lee's second published work?", "id": "56d1161117492d1400aab8de", "answers": [{"text": "Go Set a Watchman", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the second book published?", "id": "56d1161117492d1400aab8df", "answers": [{"text": "July 14, 2015", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Lee die?", "id": "56d1161117492d1400aab8e0", "answers": [{"text": "February 2016", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "To Kill a Mockingbird was Lee's only published book until Go Set a Watchman, an earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird, was published on July 14, 2015. Lee continued to respond to her work's impact until her death in February 2016, although she had refused any personal publicity for herself or the novel since 1964."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Harper Lee become childhood friends with?", "id": "56ce349aaab44d1400b8858a", "answers": [{"text": "Truman Capote", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Harper Lee pack up to go live in New York City?", "id": "56ce349aaab44d1400b8858c", "answers": [{"text": "1950", "answer_start": 569}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What job did Harper Lee start in New York City?", "id": "56ce349aaab44d1400b8858d", "answers": [{"text": "reservation clerk", "answer_start": 625}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which state did Harper Lee spend her childhood?", "id": "56ce349aaab44d1400b8858e", "answers": [{"text": "Alabama", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Harper Lee born?", "id": "56d11a1217492d1400aab953", "answers": [{"text": "1926", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the famous writer Lee became close friends with?", "id": "56d11a1217492d1400aab954", "answers": [{"text": "Truman Capote", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Lee attend college?", "id": "56d11a1217492d1400aab955", "answers": [{"text": "Huntingdon College", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Lee attend law school?", "id": "56d11a1217492d1400aab956", "answers": [{"text": "University of Alabama", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What publishing company bought To Kill a Mockingbird?", "id": "56d11a1217492d1400aab957", "answers": [{"text": "J. B. Lippincott", "answer_start": 894}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Born in 1926, Harper Lee grew up in the Southern town of Monroeville, Alabama, where she became close friends with soon-to-be famous writer Truman Capote. She attended Huntingdon College in Montgomery (1944\u201345), and then studied law at the University of Alabama (1945\u201349). While attending college, she wrote for campus literary magazines: Huntress at Huntingdon and the humor magazine Rammer Jammer at the University of Alabama. At both colleges, she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice, a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time. In 1950, Lee moved to New York City, where she worked as a reservation clerk for British Overseas Airways Corporation; there, she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in Monroeville. Hoping to be published, Lee presented her writing in 1957 to a literary agent recommended by Capote. An editor at J. B. Lippincott , who bought the manuscript, advised her to quit the airline and concentrate on writing. Donations from friends allowed her to write uninterrupted for a year."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The first draft of To Kill a Mockingbird was named what?", "id": "56ce355eaab44d1400b8859e", "answers": [{"text": "Go Set a Watchman", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the editor who got their hands on the first draft of To Kill a Mockingbird?", "id": "56ce355eaab44d1400b8859f", "answers": [{"text": "Tay Hohoff", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of  the editor who helped Lee finish her book?", "id": "56d11b1c17492d1400aab991", "answers": [{"text": "Therese von Hohoff Torrey", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After finishing the first draft and returning it to Lippincott, the manuscript, at that point titled \"Go Set a Watchman\", fell into the hands of Therese von Hohoff Torrey \u2014 known professionally as Tay Hohoff \u2014 a small, wiry veteran editor in her late 50s. Hohoff was impressed. \u201c[T]he spark of the true writer flashed in every line,\u201d she would later recount in a corporate history of Lippincott. But as Hohoff saw it, the manuscript was by no means fit for publication. It was, as she described it, \u201cmore a series of anecdotes than a fully conceived novel.\u201d During the next couple of years, she led Lee from one draft to the next until the book finally achieved its finished form and was retitled To Kill a Mockingbird."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What ailment did Harper Lee's mother suffer from?", "id": "56ce35b2aab44d1400b885b4", "answers": [{"text": "mental illness", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What profession did Harper Lee's father hold?", "id": "56ce35b2aab44d1400b885b5", "answers": [{"text": "lawyer", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Lee modeled the character Atticus after what laywer?", "id": "56d11b8d17492d1400aab997", "answers": [{"text": "Her father", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Lee had lost her mother, who suffered from mental illness, six years before she met Hohoff at Lippincott\u2019s offices. Her father, a lawyer on whom Atticus was modeled, would die two years after the publication of To Kill a Mockingbird."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What date did To Kill a Mockingbird begin to circulate?", "id": "56ce3631aab44d1400b885d1", "answers": [{"text": "July 11, 1960", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did Lee spend writing the book?", "id": "56d11d0f17492d1400aab9bf", "answers": [{"text": "over two and a half years", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What publication's partial reprinting gave the book wide public exposure?", "id": "56d11d0f17492d1400aab9c0", "answers": [{"text": "Reader's Digest Condensed Books", "answer_start": 917}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Ultimately, Lee spent over two and a half years writing To Kill a Mockingbird. The book was published on July 11, 1960. After rejecting the \"Watchman\" title, it was initially re-titled Atticus, but Lee renamed it \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" to reflect that the story went beyond just a character portrait. The editorial team at Lippincott warned Lee that she would probably sell only several thousand copies. In 1964, Lee recalled her hopes for the book when she said, \"I never expected any sort of success with 'Mockingbird.' ... I was hoping for a quick and merciful death at the hands of the reviewers but, at the same time, I sort of hoped someone would like it enough to give me encouragement. Public encouragement. I hoped for a little, as I said, but I got rather a whole lot, and in some ways this was just about as frightening as the quick, merciful death I'd expected.\" Instead of a \"quick and merciful death\", Reader's Digest Condensed Books chose the book for reprinting in part, which gave it a wide readership immediately. Since the original publication, the book has never been out of print."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where is the setting for To Kill a Mockingbird?", "id": "56ce623aaab44d1400b88721", "answers": [{"text": "Maycomb, Alabama", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many years does the story of To Kill a Mockingbird take place?", "id": "56ce623aaab44d1400b88722", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many children does the protagonist, Atticus Finch, have?", "id": "56ce623aaab44d1400b88723", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 778}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Atticus Finch's children make friends with whom during the story?", "id": "56ce623aaab44d1400b88724", "answers": [{"text": "Dill", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the town the story takes place in?", "id": "56d11fcf17492d1400aab9f1", "answers": [{"text": "Maycomb, Alabama", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what historical era does the book take place?", "id": "56d11fcf17492d1400aab9f2", "answers": [{"text": "the Great Depression", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the main character of the book?", "id": "56d11fcf17492d1400aab9f3", "answers": [{"text": "Jean Louise Finch (Scout)", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The story takes place during three years (1933\u201335) of the Great Depression in the fictional \"tired old town\" of Maycomb, Alabama, the seat of Maycomb County. It focuses on six-year-old Jean Louise Finch (Scout), who lives with her older brother, Jem, and their widowed father, Atticus, a middle-aged lawyer. Jem and Scout befriend a boy named Dill, who visits Maycomb to stay with his aunt each summer. The three children are terrified of, and fascinated by, their neighbor, the reclusive Arthur \"Boo\" Radley. The adults of Maycomb are hesitant to talk about Boo, and, for many years few have seen him. The children feed one another's imagination with rumors about his appearance and reasons for remaining hidden, and they fantasize about how to get him out of his house. After two summers of friendship with Dill, Scout and Jem find that someone leaves them small gifts in a tree outside the Radley place. Several times the mysterious Boo makes gestures of affection to the children, but, to their disappointment, he never appears in person."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the woman who was allegedly raped in the book?", "id": "56ce6318aab44d1400b8872d", "answers": [{"text": "Mayella Ewell", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of Atticus' client in the rape trial?", "id": "56d121d317492d1400aaba27", "answers": [{"text": "Tom Robinson", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who stopped the mob by shaming them?", "id": "56d121d317492d1400aaba29", "answers": [{"text": "Scout, Jem, and Dill", "answer_start": 508}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Judge Taylor appoints Atticus to defend Tom Robinson, a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman, Mayella Ewell. Although many of Maycomb's citizens disapprove, Atticus agrees to defend Tom to the best of his ability. Other children taunt Jem and Scout for Atticus's actions, calling him a \"nigger-lover\". Scout is tempted to stand up for her father's honor by fighting, even though he has told her not to. Atticus faces a group of men intent on lynching Tom. This danger is averted when Scout, Jem, and Dill shame the mob into dispersing by forcing them to view the situation from Atticus' and Tom's points of view."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are the names of Atticus Finch's children in the book?", "id": "56ce63f7aab44d1400b88735", "answers": [{"text": "Jem and Scout", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where do Jem, Scout, and Dill observe the trial of Tom Robinson?", "id": "56ce63f7aab44d1400b88736", "answers": [{"text": "balcony", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where do the three children watch the trial?", "id": "56d1232217492d1400aaba45", "answers": [{"text": "the colored balcony", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens to Tom when he attempts to escape prison?", "id": "56d1232217492d1400aaba47", "answers": [{"text": "shot and killed", "answer_start": 584}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Atticus does not want Jem and Scout to be present at Tom Robinson's trial. No seat is available on the main floor, so by invitation of Rev. Sykes, Jem, Scout, and Dill watch from the colored balcony. Atticus establishes that the accusers\u2014Mayella and her father, Bob Ewell, the town drunk\u2014are lying. It also becomes clear that the friendless Mayella made sexual advances toward Tom, and that her father caught her and beat her. Despite significant evidence of Tom's innocence, the jury convicts him. Jem's faith in justice becomes badly shaken, as is Atticus', when the hapless Tom is shot and killed while trying to escape from prison."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Bob Ewell attack during the story?", "id": "56ce6488aab44d1400b8873e", "answers": [{"text": "Jem and Scout", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event did Jem and Scout attend right before they were attacked at night?", "id": "56ce6488aab44d1400b8873f", "answers": [{"text": "Halloween pageant", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who saved Jem and Scout from Bob Ewell?", "id": "56ce6488aab44d1400b88740", "answers": [{"text": "Boo Radley", "answer_start": 590}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who attacked Scout and Jem?", "id": "56d123c417492d1400aaba4b", "answers": [{"text": "Bob Ewell", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who rescued Scout and Jem?", "id": "56d123c417492d1400aaba4c", "answers": [{"text": "Boo Radley", "answer_start": 590}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Despite Tom's conviction, Bob Ewell is humiliated by the events of the trial, Atticus explaining that he \"destroyed [Ewell's] last shred of credibility at that trial.\" Ewell vows revenge, spitting in Atticus' face, trying to break into the judge's house, and menacing Tom Robinson's widow. Finally, he attacks the defenseless Jem and Scout while they walk home on a dark night after the school Halloween pageant. One of Jem's arms is broken in the struggle, but amid the confusion someone comes to the children's rescue. The mysterious man carries Jem home, where Scout realizes that he is Boo Radley."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the police officer who discovered Bob Ewell's body?", "id": "56ce6635aab44d1400b8874f", "answers": [{"text": "Sheriff Tate", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to Sheriff Tate's story, how did Ewell die?", "id": "56d1255017492d1400aaba75", "answers": [{"text": "fell on his own knife", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Sheriff Tate arrives and discovers that Bob Ewell has died during the fight. The sheriff argues with Atticus about the prudence and ethics of charging Jem (whom Atticus believes to be responsible) or Boo (whom Tate believes to be responsible). Atticus eventually accepts the sheriff's story that Ewell simply fell on his own knife. Boo asks Scout to walk him home, and after she says goodbye to him at his front door he disappears again. While standing on the Radley porch, Scout imagines life from Boo's perspective, and regrets that they had never repaid him for the gifts he had given them."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Harper Lee has stated that To Kill a Mockingbird is not what genre of book?", "id": "56ce67f4aab44d1400b88761", "answers": [{"text": "autobiography", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Harper Lee's father represent two black men accused of murder?", "id": "56ce67f4aab44d1400b88762", "answers": [{"text": "1919", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what age did Harper Lee's mother die?", "id": "56ce67f4aab44d1400b88764", "answers": [{"text": "25", "answer_start": 733}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What titles did Lee's father maintain at the local newspaper?", "id": "56d126c117492d1400aaba94", "answers": [{"text": "editor and publisher", "answer_start": 508}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Lee has said that To Kill a Mockingbird is not an autobiography, but rather an example of how an author \"should write about what he knows and write truthfully\". Nevertheless, several people and events from Lee's childhood parallel those of the fictional Scout. Lee's father, Amasa Coleman Lee, was an attorney, similar to Atticus Finch, and in 1919, he defended two black men accused of murder. After they were convicted, hanged and mutilated, he never tried another criminal case. Lee's father was also the editor and publisher of the Monroeville newspaper. Although more of a proponent of racial segregation than Atticus, he gradually became more liberal in his later years. Though Scout's mother died when she was a baby, Lee was 25 when her mother, Frances Cunningham Finch, died. Lee's mother was prone to a nervous condition that rendered her mentally and emotionally absent. Lee had a brother named Edwin, who\u2014like the fictional Jem\u2014was four years older than his sister. As in the novel, a black housekeeper came daily to care for the Lee house and family."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Truman Capote live in relation to Lee?", "id": "56ce68dcaab44d1400b8876c", "answers": [{"text": "next door", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Lee and Capote go to Kansas together?", "id": "56ce68dcaab44d1400b8876d", "answers": [{"text": "1960", "answer_start": 734}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Murders were the base for which story that Capote wrote?", "id": "56ce68dcaab44d1400b8876e", "answers": [{"text": "In Cold Blood", "answer_start": 869}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the character Dill modeled after?", "id": "56d128d017492d1400aabace", "answers": [{"text": "Truman Capote", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Lee and Capote write their childhood stories on?", "id": "56d128d017492d1400aabacf", "answers": [{"text": "old Underwood typewriter", "answer_start": 568}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term did Capote use to describe Lee and himself?", "id": "56d128d017492d1400aabad0", "answers": [{"text": "apart people", "answer_start": 716}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Lee modeled the character of Dill on her childhood friend, Truman Capote, known then as Truman Persons. Just as Dill lived next door to Scout during the summer, Capote lived next door to Lee with his aunts while his mother visited New York City. Like Dill, Capote had an impressive imagination and a gift for fascinating stories. Both Lee and Capote were atypical children: both loved to read. Lee was a scrappy tomboy who was quick to fight, but Capote was ridiculed for his advanced vocabulary and lisp. She and Capote made up and acted out stories they wrote on an old Underwood typewriter Lee's father gave them. They became good friends when both felt alienated from their peers; Capote called the two of them \"apart people\". In 1960, Capote and Lee traveled to Kansas together to investigate the multiple murders that were the basis for Capote's nonfiction novel In Cold Blood."}, {"qas": [{"question": "At what age was Lee when a white woman accused a black guy of rape?", "id": "56ce6aabaab44d1400b88775", "answers": [{"text": "10", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the black man who was accused of rape in Lee's town when she was 10?", "id": "56ce6aabaab44d1400b88776", "answers": [{"text": "Walter Lett", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the black teenager that Tom Robinson was supposedly based on?", "id": "56ce6aabaab44d1400b88777", "answers": [{"text": "Emmett Till", "answer_start": 870}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Emmett Till's death sparked which political movement in the '50s?", "id": "56ce6aabaab44d1400b88778", "answers": [{"text": "Civil Rights Movement", "answer_start": 1023}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What purpose did Tom Robinson's trial serve in the book?", "id": "56d12cb517492d1400aabb54", "answers": [{"text": "display Southern prejudices", "answer_start": 841}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who's death was a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement?", "id": "56d12cb517492d1400aabb55", "answers": [{"text": "Emmett Till", "answer_start": 870}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The origin of Tom Robinson is less clear, although many have speculated that his character was inspired by several models. When Lee was 10 years old, a white woman near Monroeville accused a black man named Walter Lett of raping her. The story and the trial were covered by her father's newspaper which reported that Lett was convicted and sentenced to death. After a series of letters appeared claiming Lett had been falsely accused, his sentence was commuted to life in prison. He died there of tuberculosis in 1937. Scholars believe that Robinson's difficulties reflect the notorious case of the Scottsboro Boys, in which nine black men were convicted of raping two white women on negligible evidence. However, in 2005, Lee stated that she had in mind something less sensational, although the Scottsboro case served \"the same purpose\" to display Southern prejudices. Emmett Till, a black teenager who was murdered for flirting with a white woman in Mississippi in 1955, and whose death is credited as a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement, is also considered a model for Tom Robinson."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What two forms of humor are most found in To Kill a Mockingbird?", "id": "56ce6d47aab44d1400b8877d", "answers": [{"text": "Satire and irony", "answer_start": 1137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " Lee uses which writing styles to express humor in a tragic story?", "id": "56d13b3ae7d4791d00902049", "answers": [{"text": "parody, satire, and irony", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Writing about Lee's style and use of humor in a tragic story, scholar Jacqueline Tavernier-Courbin states: \"Laughter ... [exposes] the gangrene under the beautiful surface but also by demeaning it; one can hardly ... be controlled by what one is able to laugh at.\" Scout's precocious observations about her neighbors and behavior inspire National Endowment of the Arts director David Kipen to call her \"hysterically funny\". To address complex issues, however, Tavernier-Courbin notes that Lee uses parody, satire, and irony effectively by using a child's perspective. After Dill promises to marry her, then spends too much time with Jem, Scout reasons the best way to get him to pay attention to her is to beat him up, which she does several times. Scout's first day in school is a satirical treatment of education; her teacher says she must undo the damage Atticus has wrought in teaching her to read and write, and forbids Atticus from teaching her further. Lee treats the most unfunny situations with irony, however, as Jem and Scout try to understand how Maycomb embraces racism and still tries sincerely to remain a decent society. Satire and irony are used to such an extent that Tavernier-Courbin suggests one interpretation for the book's title: Lee is doing the mocking\u2014of education, the justice system, and her own society by using them as subjects of her humorous disapproval."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where does Jem trap a fellow peer of school in the story?", "id": "56ce6dabaab44d1400b8877f", "answers": [{"text": "church basement", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the maid who works in the Finch's household?", "id": "56ce6dabaab44d1400b88780", "answers": [{"text": "Calpurnia", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does Scout respond to the audience?", "id": "56d14361e7d4791d00902051", "answers": [{"text": "distracted and embarrassed", "answer_start": 510}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What saves Scout's life?", "id": "56d14361e7d4791d00902052", "answers": [{"text": "ham costume", "answer_start": 572}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Critics also note the entertaining methods used to drive the plot. When Atticus is out of town, Jem locks a Sunday school classmate in the church basement with the furnace during a game of Shadrach. This prompts their black housekeeper Calpurnia to escort Scout and Jem to her church, which allows the children a glimpse into her personal life, as well as Tom Robinson's. Scout falls asleep during the Halloween pageant and makes a tardy entrance onstage, causing the audience to laugh uproariously. She is so distracted and embarrassed that she prefers to go home in her ham costume, which saves her life."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What genre of book is To Kill a Mockingbird typically called?", "id": "56ce6f81aab44d1400b8878b", "answers": [{"text": "Southern Gothic and coming-of-age or Bildungsroman novel", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term did Lee use to describe the town's courthouse?", "id": "56d147d5e7d4791d00902057", "answers": [{"text": "Gothic", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does Scout revere above everyone else?", "id": "56d147d5e7d4791d00902058", "answers": [{"text": "Atticus", "answer_start": 731}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Scholars have characterized To Kill a Mockingbird as both a Southern Gothic and coming-of-age or Bildungsroman novel. The grotesque and near-supernatural qualities of Boo Radley and his house, and the element of racial injustice involving Tom Robinson contribute to the aura of the Gothic in the novel. Lee used the term \"Gothic\" to describe the architecture of Maycomb's courthouse and in regard to Dill's exaggeratedly morbid performances as Boo Radley. Outsiders are also an important element of Southern Gothic texts and Scout and Jem's questions about the hierarchy in the town cause scholars to compare the novel to Catcher in the Rye and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Despite challenging the town's systems, Scout reveres Atticus as an authority above all others, because he believes that following one's conscience is the highest priority, even when the result is social ostracism. However, scholars debate about the Southern Gothic classification, noting that Boo Radley is in fact human, protective, and benevolent. Furthermore, in addressing themes such as alcoholism, incest, rape, and racial violence, Lee wrote about her small town realistically rather than melodramatically. She portrays the problems of individual characters as universal underlying issues in every society."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the neighbor that Jem speaks too after Tom Robinson's trial?", "id": "56ce70aaaab44d1400b8878f", "answers": [{"text": "Miss Maudie", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What des Jem struggle to understand?", "id": "56d18bcde7d4791d0090205e", "answers": [{"text": "separations of race and class", "answer_start": 459}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As children coming of age, Scout and Jem face hard realities and learn from them. Lee seems to examine Jem's sense of loss about how his neighbors have disappointed him more than Scout's. Jem says to their neighbor Miss Maudie the day after the trial, \"It's like bein' a caterpillar wrapped in a cocoon ... I always thought Maycomb folks were the best folks in the world, least that's what they seemed like\". This leads him to struggle with understanding the separations of race and class. Just as the novel is an illustration of the changes Jem faces, it is also an exploration of the realities Scout must face as an atypical girl on the verge of womanhood. As one scholar writes, \"To Kill a Mockingbird can be read as a feminist Bildungsroman, for Scout emerges from her childhood experiences with a clear sense of her place in her community and an awareness of her potential power as the woman she will one day be.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Montgomery Bus Boycott take place?", "id": "56ce98e7aab44d1400b888bf", "answers": [{"text": "1955", "answer_start": 531}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Many reviewers consider the second part of the book to be about what issue?", "id": "56d198dce7d4791d0090206f", "answers": [{"text": "race relations", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The second part of the novel deals with what book reviewer Harding LeMay termed \"the spirit-corroding shame of the civilized white Southerner in the treatment of the Negro\". In the years following its release, many reviewers considered To Kill a Mockingbird a novel primarily concerned with race relations. Claudia Durst Johnson considers it \"reasonable to believe\" that the novel was shaped by two events involving racial issues in Alabama: Rosa Parks' refusal to yield her seat on a city bus to a white person, which sparked the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott, and the 1956 riots at the University of Alabama after Autherine Lucy and Polly Myers were admitted (Myers eventually withdrew her application and Lucy was expelled, but reinstated in 1980). In writing about the historical context of the novel's construction, two other literary scholars remark: \"To Kill a Mockingbird was written and published amidst the most significant and conflict-ridden social change in the South since the Civil War and Reconstruction. Inevitably, despite its mid-1930s setting, the story told from the perspective of the 1950s voices the conflicts, tensions, and fears induced by this transition.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "The main jurors in Tom Robinson's trial were all which race?", "id": "56ce996caab44d1400b888c1", "answers": [{"text": "white", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Tom Robinson die in the novel?", "id": "56ce996caab44d1400b888c2", "answers": [{"text": "shot seventeen times", "answer_start": 1237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At the time of the novel's setting, what punishment was often received by black males for percieved sexual contact with a white woman?", "id": "56d19bdee7d4791d00902073", "answers": [{"text": "death", "answer_start": 453}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who comprised Tom's jury?", "id": "56d19bdee7d4791d00902074", "answers": [{"text": "poor white farmers", "answer_start": 511}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many times was Tom shot?", "id": "56d19bdee7d4791d00902075", "answers": [{"text": "seventeen", "answer_start": 1242}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Scholar Patrick Chura, who suggests Emmett Till was a model for Tom Robinson, enumerates the injustices endured by the fictional Tom that Till also faced. Chura notes the icon of the black rapist causing harm to the representation of the \"mythologized vulnerable and sacred Southern womanhood\". Any transgressions by black males that merely hinted at sexual contact with white females during the time the novel was set often resulted in a punishment of death for the accused. Tom Robinson's trial was juried by poor white farmers who convicted him despite overwhelming evidence of his innocence, as more educated and moderate white townspeople supported the jury's decision. Furthermore, the victim of racial injustice in To Kill a Mockingbird was physically impaired, which made him unable to commit the act he was accused of, but also crippled him in other ways. Roslyn Siegel includes Tom Robinson as an example of the recurring motif among white Southern writers of the black man as \"stupid, pathetic, defenseless, and dependent upon the fair dealing of the whites, rather than his own intelligence to save him\". Although Tom is spared from being lynched, he is killed with excessive violence during an attempted escape from prison, shot seventeen times."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Atticus is tasked with killing what animal in the novel?", "id": "56ce99a5aab44d1400b888c5", "answers": [{"text": "a rabid dog", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Atticus shooting the rabid dog symbolic of?", "id": "56d19cf4e7d4791d00902079", "answers": [{"text": "fight against the town's racism", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The theme of racial injustice appears symbolically in the novel as well. For example, Atticus must shoot a rabid dog, even though it is not his job to do so. Carolyn Jones argues that the dog represents prejudice within the town of Maycomb, and Atticus, who waits on a deserted street to shoot the dog, must fight against the town's racism without help from other white citizens. He is also alone when he faces a group intending to lynch Tom Robinson and once more in the courthouse during Tom's trial. Lee even uses dreamlike imagery from the mad dog incident to describe some of the courtroom scenes. Jones writes, \"[t]he real mad dog in Maycomb is the racism that denies the humanity of Tom Robinson .... When Atticus makes his summation to the jury, he literally bares himself to the jury's and the town's anger.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who does the cooking at the Finch's house?", "id": "56cf477faab44d1400b88f14", "answers": [{"text": "Calpurnia", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is Atticus Finch's sibling?", "id": "56cf477faab44d1400b88f15", "answers": [{"text": "Aunt Alexandra", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does Scout Tease and humiliate at their house?", "id": "56cf477faab44d1400b88f16", "answers": [{"text": "Walter Cunningham", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which author did Lee aspire to be like?", "id": "56d19e43e7d4791d0090207b", "answers": [{"text": "Jane Austen", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Both authors valued what over social standing?", "id": "56d19e43e7d4791d0090207c", "answers": [{"text": "individual worth", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In a 1964 interview, Lee remarked that her aspiration was \"to be ... the Jane Austen of South Alabama.\" Both Austen and Lee challenged the social status quo and valued individual worth over social standing. When Scout embarrasses her poorer classmate, Walter Cunningham, at the Finch home one day, Calpurnia, their black cook, chastises and punishes her for doing so. Atticus respects Calpurnia's judgment, and later in the book even stands up to his sister, the formidable Aunt Alexandra, when she strongly suggests they fire Calpurnia. One writer notes that Scout, \"in Austenian fashion\", satirizes women with whom she does not wish to identify. Literary critic Jean Blackall lists the priorities shared by the two authors: \"affirmation of order in society, obedience, courtesy, and respect for the individual without regard for status\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Are the Ewell's considered rich or poor?", "id": "56cf48feaab44d1400b88f36", "answers": [{"text": "poor", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two factors did Lee demonstrate intensified prejudice?", "id": "56d1a128e7d4791d0090207f", "answers": [{"text": "gender and class", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The children's non-judgmental attitude gave them a greater understanding of what?", "id": "56d1a128e7d4791d00902081", "answers": [{"text": "people's motives and behavior", "answer_start": 1038}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Scholars argue that Lee's approach to class and race was more complex \"than ascribing racial prejudice primarily to 'poor white trash' ... Lee demonstrates how issues of gender and class intensify prejudice, silence the voices that might challenge the existing order, and greatly complicate many Americans' conception of the causes of racism and segregation.\" Lee's use of the middle-class narrative voice is a literary device that allows an intimacy with the reader, regardless of class or cultural background, and fosters a sense of nostalgia. Sharing Scout and Jem's perspective, the reader is allowed to engage in relationships with the conservative antebellum Mrs. Dubose; the lower-class Ewells, and the Cunninghams who are equally poor but behave in vastly different ways; the wealthy but ostracized Mr. Dolphus Raymond; and Calpurnia and other members of the black community. The children internalize Atticus' admonition not to judge someone until they have walked around in that person's skin, gaining a greater understanding of people's motives and behavior."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Mrs. Dubose suffers from an addiction to what?", "id": "56cf4943aab44d1400b88f42", "answers": [{"text": "morphine", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the moral center of the novel?", "id": "56d1a35fe7d4791d00902085", "answers": [{"text": "Atticus", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The novel explores various forms of what trait?", "id": "56d1a35fe7d4791d00902086", "answers": [{"text": "courage", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The novel has been noted for its poignant exploration of different forms of courage. Scout's impulsive inclination to fight students who insult Atticus reflects her attempt to stand up for him and defend him. Atticus is the moral center of the novel, however, and he teaches Jem one of the most significant lessons of courage. In a statement that foreshadows Atticus' motivation for defending Tom Robinson and describes Mrs. Dubose, who is determined to break herself of a morphine addiction, Atticus tells Jem that courage is \"when you're licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who has written the only biography of Harper Lee?", "id": "56cf4ad1aab44d1400b88f64", "answers": [{"text": "Charles Shields", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote the only book length- biography of Harper Lee?", "id": "56d2021be7d4791d009025e2", "answers": [{"text": "Charles Shields", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to Shields, which of the books lessons are fundamental and universal?", "id": "56d2021be7d4791d009025e3", "answers": [{"text": "human dignity and respect for others", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does Scout think could be lonelier than Boo Radley?", "id": "56d2021be7d4791d009025e4", "answers": [{"text": "Mayella Ewell", "answer_start": 493}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Charles Shields, who has written the only book-length biography of Harper Lee to date, offers the reason for the novel's enduring popularity and impact is that \"its lessons of human dignity and respect for others remain fundamental and universal\". Atticus' lesson to Scout that \"you never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view\u2014until you climb around in his skin and walk around in it\" exemplifies his compassion. She ponders the comment when listening to Mayella Ewell's testimony. When Mayella reacts with confusion to Atticus' question if she has any friends, Scout offers that she must be lonelier than Boo Radley. Having walked Boo home after he saves their lives, Scout stands on the Radley porch and considers the events of the previous three years from Boo's perspective. One writer remarks, \"... [w]hile the novel concerns tragedy and injustice, heartache and loss, it also carries with it a strong sense [of] courage, compassion, and an awareness of history to be better human beings.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who are the main female role models for Scout during the story?", "id": "56cf4b12aab44d1400b88f68", "answers": [{"text": "Calpurnia and Miss Maudie", "answer_start": 1103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who are Scout's two primary female models?", "id": "56d20469e7d4791d009025fc", "answers": [{"text": "Calpurnia and Miss Maudie", "answer_start": 1103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who chastis Scout for the way she dresse and accuses her of ruining her family name?", "id": "56d20469e7d4791d009025fd", "answers": [{"text": "Mrs. Dubose", "answer_start": 817}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Tomboy Scout grows up tto become what?", "id": "56d20469e7d4791d009025fe", "answers": [{"text": "feminist", "answer_start": 1203}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Just as Lee explores Jem's development in coming to grips with a racist and unjust society, Scout realizes what being female means, and several female characters influence her development. Scout's primary identification with her father and older brother allows her to describe the variety and depth of female characters in the novel both as one of them and as an outsider. Scout's primary female models are Calpurnia and her neighbor Miss Maudie, both of whom are strong willed, independent, and protective. Mayella Ewell also has an influence; Scout watches her destroy an innocent man in order to hide her desire for him. The female characters who comment the most on Scout's lack of willingness to adhere to a more feminine role are also those who promote the most racist and classist points of view. For example, Mrs. Dubose chastises Scout for not wearing a dress and camisole, and indicates she is ruining the family name by not doing so, in addition to insulting Atticus' intentions to defend Tom Robinson. By balancing the masculine influences of Atticus and Jem with the feminine influences of Calpurnia and Miss Maudie, one scholar writes, \"Lee gradually demonstrates that Scout is becoming a feminist in the South, for with the use of first-person narration, she indicates that Scout/ Jean Louise still maintains the ambivalence about being a Southern lady she possessed as a child.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "In the book, which character was expected of molesting their child?", "id": "56cf4b72aab44d1400b88f75", "answers": [{"text": "Bob Ewell", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the only non-abusive father mentioned?", "id": "56d2581659d6e41400145edc", "answers": [{"text": "Atticus", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Absent mothers and abusive fathers are another theme in the novel. Scout and Jem's mother died before Scout could remember her, Mayella's mother is dead, and Mrs. Radley is silent about Boo's confinement to the house. Apart from Atticus, the fathers described are abusers. Bob Ewell, it is hinted, molested his daughter, and Mr. Radley imprisons his son in his house until Boo is remembered only as a phantom. Bob Ewell and Mr. Radley represent a form of masculinity that Atticus does not, and the novel suggests that such men as well as the traditionally feminine hypocrites at the Missionary Society can lead society astray. Atticus stands apart as a unique model of masculinity; as one scholar explains: \"It is the job of real men who embody the traditional masculine qualities of heroic individualism, bravery, and an unshrinking knowledge of and dedication to social justice and morality, to set the society straight.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which character is chastised in the book for marrying a black woman?", "id": "56cf4ba7aab44d1400b88f78", "answers": [{"text": "Dolphus Raymond", "answer_start": 755}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does Charles Lamb speculate were once children?", "id": "56d25ca259d6e41400145ef0", "answers": [{"text": "Lawyers", "answer_start": 399}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for Scout's pink cotton penitentiary?", "id": "56d25ca259d6e41400145ef2", "answers": [{"text": "frilly clothes", "answer_start": 1185}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Allusions to legal issues in To Kill a Mockingbird, particularly in scenes outside of the courtroom, has drawn the attention from legal scholars. Claudia Durst Johnson writes that \"a greater volume of critical readings has been amassed by two legal scholars in law journals than by all the literary scholars in literary journals\". The opening quote by the 19th-century essayist Charles Lamb reads: \"Lawyers, I suppose, were children once.\" Johnson notes that even in Scout and Jem's childhood world, compromises and treaties are struck with each other by spitting on one's palm and laws are discussed by Atticus and his children: is it right that Bob Ewell hunts and traps out of season? Many social codes are broken by people in symbolic courtrooms: Mr. Dolphus Raymond has been exiled by society for taking a black woman as his common-law wife and having interracial children; Mayella Ewell is beaten by her father in punishment for kissing Tom Robinson; by being turned into a non-person, Boo Radley receives a punishment far greater than any court could have given him. Scout repeatedly breaks codes and laws and reacts to her punishment for them. For example, she refuses to wear frilly clothes, saying that Aunt Alexandra's \"fanatical\" attempts to place her in them made her feel \"a pink cotton penitentiary closing in on [her]\". Johnson states, \"[t]he novel is a study of how Jem and Scout begin to perceive the complexity of social codes and how the configuration of relationships dictated by or set off by those codes fails or nurtures the inhabitants of (their) small worlds.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which animal serves as a symbol throughout the book?", "id": "56cf4ccdaab44d1400b88f7a", "answers": [{"text": "Songbirds", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Harper Lee's mother's maiden name was what?", "id": "56cf4ccdaab44d1400b88f7b", "answers": [{"text": "Finch", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which bird does Atticus Finch say is a \"sin to kill?\"", "id": "56cf4ccdaab44d1400b88f7c", "answers": [{"text": "mockingbird", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to Atticus, which bird is it a sin to shoot?", "id": "56d25eb659d6e41400145f06", "answers": [{"text": "mockingbird", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to Miss Maudie, which bird is never harmful?", "id": "56d25eb659d6e41400145f07", "answers": [{"text": "mockingbird", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Symbolically, killing a mockingbird is killing what according to Edwin Bruell?", "id": "56d25eb659d6e41400145f08", "answers": [{"text": "that which is innocent and harmless", "answer_start": 835}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Songbirds and their associated symbolism appear throughout the novel. The family's last name of Finch also shares Lee's mother's maiden name. The titular mockingbird is a key motif of this theme, which first appears when Atticus, having given his children air-rifles for Christmas, allows their Uncle Jack to teach them to shoot. Atticus warns them that, although they can \"shoot all the bluejays they want\", they must remember that \"it's a sin to kill a mockingbird\". Confused, Scout approaches her neighbor Miss Maudie, who explains that mockingbirds never harm other living creatures. She points out that mockingbirds simply provide pleasure with their songs, saying, \"They don't do one thing but sing their hearts out for us.\" Writer Edwin Bruell summarized the symbolism when he wrote in 1964, \"'To kill a mockingbird' is to kill that which is innocent and harmless\u2014like Tom Robinson.\" Scholars have noted that Lee often returns to the mockingbird theme when trying to make a moral point."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Reader's Digest included To Kill a Mockingbird in what program of theirs?", "id": "56cf4debaab44d1400b88f8c", "answers": [{"text": "Book of the Month Club", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The book's availablity increased through inclusion in what book service?", "id": "56d2675b59d6e41400145f76", "answers": [{"text": "Book of the Month Club", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Despite her editors' warnings that the book might not sell well, it quickly became a sensation, bringing acclaim to Lee in literary circles, in her hometown of Monroeville, and throughout Alabama. The book went through numerous subsequent printings and became widely available through its inclusion in the Book of the Month Club and editions released by Reader's Digest Condensed Books."}, {"qas": [{"question": "After one year when To Kill a Mockingbird first came out, how many languages has it been printed in?", "id": "56cf52eeaab44d1400b88fd2", "answers": [{"text": "ten", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Up til today, how many languages has To Kill a Mockingbird been printed in?", "id": "56cf52eeaab44d1400b88fd3", "answers": [{"text": "40", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many copies has To Kill a Mockingbird sold since it first came out?", "id": "56cf52eeaab44d1400b88fd4", "answers": [{"text": "30 million", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many copies of the book have been sold?", "id": "56d3965159d6e414001467c9", "answers": [{"text": "more than 30 million", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many languages has the book been translated into?", "id": "56d3965159d6e414001467ca", "answers": [{"text": "more than 40", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "One year after its publication To Kill a Mockingbird had been translated into ten languages. In the years since, it has sold more than 30 million copies and been translated into more than 40 languages. The novel has never been out of print in hardcover or paperback, and has become part of the standard literature curriculum. A 2008 survey of secondary books read by students between grades 9\u201312 in the U.S. indicates the novel is the most widely read book in these grades. A 1991 survey by the Book of the Month Club and the Library of Congress Center for the Book found that To Kill a Mockingbird was rated behind only the Bible in books that are \"most often cited as making a difference\".[note 1] It is considered by some to be the Great American Novel."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Public figure's impressions of the novel were formed into a book called what?", "id": "56cf5398aab44d1400b88fe2", "answers": [{"text": "Scout, Atticus, and Boo", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Harper Lee's sister?", "id": "56cf5398aab44d1400b88fe3", "answers": [{"text": "Alice Lee", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What book compiled Adults'  impressions and their impressions as children about the novel?", "id": "56d3996b59d6e414001467eb", "answers": [{"text": "Scout, Atticus, and Boo", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Many writers compare their perceptions of To Kill a Mockingbird as adults with when they first read it as children. Mary McDonagh Murphy interviewed celebrities including Oprah Winfrey, Rosanne Cash, Tom Brokaw, and Harper's sister Alice Lee, who read the novel and compiled their impressions of it as children and adults into a book titled Scout, Atticus, and Boo."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Atticus Finch's integrity has become a model for which job?", "id": "56cf542daab44d1400b88fec", "answers": [{"text": "lawyer", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Atticus Finch is a model of what for legal professionals?", "id": "56d39a7759d6e414001467fb", "answers": [{"text": "integrity", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "One of the most significant impacts To Kill a Mockingbird has had is Atticus Finch's model of integrity for the legal profession. As scholar Alice Petry explains, \"Atticus has become something of a folk hero in legal circles and is treated almost as if he were an actual person.\" Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law Center cites Atticus Finch as the reason he became a lawyer, and Richard Matsch, the federal judge who presided over the Timothy McVeigh trial, counts Atticus as a major judicial influence. One law professor at the University of Notre Dame stated that the most influential textbook he taught from was To Kill a Mockingbird, and an article in the Michigan Law Review claims, \"No real-life lawyer has done more for the self-image or public perception of the legal profession,\" before questioning whether, \"Atticus Finch is a paragon of honor or an especially slick hired gun\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year was a statue of Atticus build in Alabama?", "id": "56cf5472aab44d1400b88ff8", "answers": [{"text": "1997", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Harper Lee was given a membership to what in 2008?", "id": "56cf5472aab44d1400b88ff9", "answers": [{"text": "Alabama State Bar", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Alabama State Bar bestow on Lee in 2008?", "id": "56d39b8159d6e41400146804", "answers": [{"text": "honorary special membership", "answer_start": 675}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1992, an Alabama editorial called for the death of Atticus, saying that as liberal as Atticus was, he still worked within a system of institutionalized racism and sexism and should not be revered. The editorial sparked a flurry of responses from attorneys who entered the profession because of him and esteemed him as a hero. Critics of Atticus maintain he is morally ambiguous and does not use his legal skills to challenge the racist status quo in Maycomb. However, in 1997, the Alabama State Bar erected a monument to Atticus in Monroeville, marking his existence as the \"first commemorative milestone in the state's judicial history\". In 2008, Lee herself received an honorary special membership to the Alabama State Bar for creating Atticus who \"has become the personification of the exemplary lawyer in serving the legal needs of the poor\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "To Kill a Mockingbird was first studied in American schools in what year?", "id": "56cf54baaab44d1400b89010", "answers": [{"text": "1963", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The American Library Associated ranked To Kill a Mockingbird where on its most frequently challenged books of 2000-2009?", "id": "56cf54baaab44d1400b89011", "answers": [{"text": "21", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the book become a subject of classroom study?", "id": "56d39d2359d6e41400146821", "answers": [{"text": "1963", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to The American Library Association, what rank did the book have among the most frequently challenged books from 2000 to 2009?", "id": "56d39d2359d6e41400146822", "answers": [{"text": "21", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "To Kill a Mockingbird has been a source of significant controversy since its being the subject of classroom study as early as 1963. The book's racial slurs, profanity, and frank discussion of rape have led people to challenge its appropriateness in libraries and classrooms across the United States. The American Library Association reported that To Kill a Mockingbird was number 21 of the 100 most frequently challenged books of 2000\u20132009."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the first major controversy that surfaced from the book?", "id": "56cf550faab44d1400b8901e", "answers": [{"text": "1966", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event in the novel was heavily criticized for being a plot device?", "id": "56cf550faab44d1400b8901f", "answers": [{"text": "rape", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In letters to local newspapers, what subplot in the book received the most complaints?", "id": "56d3a1c459d6e4140014683d", "answers": [{"text": "Mayella Ewell's attraction to Tom Robinson", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to the National Education Association, what was the only book to receive more complaints in 1968?", "id": "56d3a1c459d6e4140014683e", "answers": [{"text": "Little Black Sambo", "answer_start": 827}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "One of the first incidents of the book being challenged was in Hanover, Virginia, in 1966: a parent protested that the use of rape as a plot device was immoral. Johnson cites examples of letters to local newspapers, which ranged from amusement to fury; those letters expressing the most outrage, however, complained about Mayella Ewell's attraction to Tom Robinson over the depictions of rape. Upon learning the school administrators were holding hearings to decide the book's appropriateness for the classroom, Harper Lee sent $10 to The Richmond News Leader suggesting it to be used toward the enrollment of \"the Hanover County School Board in any first grade of its choice\". The National Education Association in 1968 placed the novel second on a list of books receiving the most complaints from private organizations\u2014after Little Black Sambo."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What movement in the '60s did the novel help spark?", "id": "56cf55e2aab44d1400b89038", "answers": [{"text": "civil rights movement", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which book was credited with sparking the US Civil War?", "id": "56cf55e2aab44d1400b89039", "answers": [{"text": "Uncle Tom's Cabin", "answer_start": 909}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other book did Mark Childress compare it to?", "id": "56d3df022ccc5a1400d82f02", "answers": [{"text": "Uncle Tom's Cabin", "answer_start": 909}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The novel is cited as a factor in the success of the civil rights movement in the 1960s, however, in that it \"arrived at the right moment to help the South and the nation grapple with the racial tensions (of) the accelerating civil rights movement\". Its publication is so closely associated with the Civil Rights Movement that many studies of the book and biographies of Harper Lee include descriptions of important moments in the movement, despite the fact that she had no direct involvement in any of them. Civil Rights leader Andrew Young comments that part of the book's effectiveness is that it \"inspires hope in the midst of chaos and confusion\" and by using racial epithets portrays the reality of the times in which it was set. Young views the novel as \"an act of humanity\" in showing the possibility of people rising above their prejudices. Alabama author Mark Childress compares it to the impact of Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book that is popularly implicated in starting the U.S. Civil War. Childress states the novel \"gives white Southerners a way to understand the racism that they've been brought up with and to find another way. And most white people in the South were good people. Most white people in the South were not throwing bombs and causing havoc ... I think the book really helped them come to understand what was wrong with the system in the way that any number of treatises could never do, because it was popular art, because it was told from a child's point of view.\" "}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was Truman Capote's father?", "id": "56cf5655aab44d1400b8903c", "answers": [{"text": "Archulus Persons", "answer_start": 442}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was speculated to have wrote the book instead of Harper Lee?", "id": "56cf5655aab44d1400b8903d", "answers": [{"text": "Truman Capote", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Harper Lee's sister?", "id": "56cf5655aab44d1400b8903e", "answers": [{"text": "Alice", "answer_start": 851}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was rumored to have written the book instead of Lee?", "id": "56d3e2ac2ccc5a1400d82f13", "answers": [{"text": "Truman Capote", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Lee's notes to whom help disclaim this rumor?", "id": "56d3e2ac2ccc5a1400d82f14", "answers": [{"text": "her editor", "answer_start": 760}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Lee's childhood friend, author Truman Capote, wrote on the dust jacket of the first edition, \"Someone rare has written this very fine first novel: a writer with the liveliest sense of life, and the warmest, most authentic sense of humor. A touching book; and so funny, so likeable.\" This comment has been construed to suggest that Capote wrote the book or edited it heavily. In 2003, a Tuscaloosa newspaper quoted Capote's biological father, Archulus Persons, as claiming that Capote had written \"almost all\" of the book. In 2006, a Capote letter was donated to Monroeville's literary heritage museum; in a letter to a neighbor in Monroeville in 1959, Capote mentioned that Lee was writing a book that was to be published soon. Extensive notes between Lee and her editor at Lippincott also refute the rumor of Capote's authorship. Lee's older sister, Alice, responded to the rumor, saying: \"That's the biggest lie ever told.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which year did To Kill a Mockingbird win the Pulitzer Prize?", "id": "56cf572daab44d1400b89071", "answers": [{"text": "1961", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many weeks did To Kill a Mockingbird remain on the bestsellers list when it won the Pulitzer Prize?", "id": "56cf572daab44d1400b89072", "answers": [{"text": "41", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Paperback of the Year award from Bestsellers magazine was awarded when?", "id": "56cf572daab44d1400b89073", "answers": [{"text": "1962", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Harper Lee begin refusing interviews and questions about the book?", "id": "56cf572daab44d1400b89074", "answers": [{"text": "1964", "answer_start": 520}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What major award did the book receive in 1961?", "id": "56d3e4762ccc5a1400d82f21", "answers": [{"text": "the Pulitzer Prize", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Lee stop giving interviews about the book?", "id": "56d3e4762ccc5a1400d82f22", "answers": [{"text": "1964", "answer_start": 520}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the years immediately following the novel's publication, Harper Lee enjoyed the attention its popularity garnered her, granting interviews, visiting schools, and attending events honoring the book. In 1961, when To Kill a Mockingbird was in its 41st week on the bestseller list, it was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, stunning Lee. It also won the Brotherhood Award of the National Conference of Christians and Jews in the same year, and the Paperback of the Year award from Bestsellers magazine in 1962. Starting in 1964, Lee began to turn down interviews, complaining that the questions were monotonous, and grew concerned that attention she received bordered on the kind of publicity celebrities sought. Since the, she declined talking with reporters about the book. She also steadfastly refused to provide an introduction, writing in 1995: \"Introductions inhibit pleasure, they kill the joy of anticipation, they frustrate curiosity. The only good thing about Introductions is that in some cases they delay the dose to come. Mockingbird still says what it has to say; it has managed to survive the years without preamble.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which year was Lee awarded an induction into the Alabama Academy of Honor?", "id": "56cf586faab44d1400b890a5", "answers": [{"text": "2001", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2004, the novel as been picked by how many communities for citywide reading programs more than any other book?", "id": "56cf586faab44d1400b890a6", "answers": [{"text": "25", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2001, what city's mayor picked To Kill a Mockingbird as their favorite book?", "id": "56cf586faab44d1400b890a7", "answers": [{"text": "Chicago", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which city's mayor initiated a reading program with the book?", "id": "56d3e5de2ccc5a1400d82f2f", "answers": [{"text": "Chicago", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By 2004, how many communities were using the book as part of their reading programs?", "id": "56d3e5de2ccc5a1400d82f30", "answers": [{"text": "25", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2001, Lee was inducted into the Alabama Academy of Honor. In the same year, Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley initiated a reading program throughout the city's libraries, and chose his favorite book, To Kill a Mockingbird, as the first title of the One City, One Book program. Lee declared that \"there is no greater honor the novel could receive\". By 2004, the novel had been chosen by 25 communities for variations of the citywide reading program, more than any other novel. David Kipen of the National Endowment of the Arts, who supervised The Big Read, states \"people just seem to connect with it. It dredges up things in their own lives, their interactions across racial lines, legal encounters, and childhood. It's just this skeleton key to so many different parts of people's lives, and they cherish it.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which school granted Lee an honory doctorate in 2006?", "id": "56cf593eaab44d1400b890bf", "answers": [{"text": "University of Notre Dame", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which president of the US awarded Lee the Presidential Medal of Freedom?", "id": "56cf593eaab44d1400b890c0", "answers": [{"text": "George W. Bush", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Lee receive a  Presidential Medal of Freedom?", "id": "56cf593eaab44d1400b890c1", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What university awarded Lee an honorary doctorate in 2006?", "id": "56d3e7442ccc5a1400d82f3d", "answers": [{"text": "Notre Dame", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2007, which president awarded Lee the Presidential Medal of Freedom?", "id": "56d3e7442ccc5a1400d82f3e", "answers": [{"text": "George W. Bush", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2006, Lee was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Notre Dame. During the ceremony, the students and audience gave Lee a standing ovation, and the entire graduating class held up copies of To Kill a Mockingbird to honor her.[note 5] Lee was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 5, 2007 by President George W. Bush. In his remarks, Bush stated, \"One reason To Kill a Mockingbird succeeded is the wise and kind heart of the author, which comes through on every page ... To Kill a Mockingbird has influenced the character of our country for the better. It's been a gift to the entire world. As a model of good writing and humane sensibility, this book will be read and studied forever.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "A movie adaptation of the book was released in what year?", "id": "56cf59eaaab44d1400b890d1", "answers": [{"text": "1962", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who played Atticus Finch in the 1962 movie of the same title?", "id": "56cf59eaaab44d1400b890d2", "answers": [{"text": "Gregory Peck", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which actor received An Oscar for his role of Atticus Finch in the 1962 movie of the book?", "id": "56d3e8402ccc5a1400d82f43", "answers": [{"text": "Gregory Peck", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The book was made into the well-received 1962 film with the same title, starring Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch. The film's producer, Alan J. Pakula, remembered Universal Pictures executives questioning him about a potential script: \"They said, 'What story do you plan to tell for the film?' I said, 'Have you read the book?' They said, 'Yes.' I said, 'That's the story.'\" The movie was a hit at the box office, quickly grossing more than $20 million from a $2-million budget. It won three Oscars: Best Actor for Gregory Peck, Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Black-and-White, and Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium for Horton Foote. It was nominated for five more Oscars including Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Mary Badham, the actress who played Scout."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What item did Lee give the actor Gregory Peck after portraying Atticus Finch?", "id": "56cf5a6aaab44d1400b890e3", "answers": [{"text": "father's pocketwatch", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which one of Gregory Peck's relatives was named after Harper Lee?", "id": "56cf5a6aaab44d1400b890e4", "answers": [{"text": "grandson", "answer_start": 847}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What personal effect did Lee give to Peck?", "id": "56d3e9702ccc5a1400d82f51", "answers": [{"text": "her father's pocketwatch", "answer_start": 399}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which one of Peck's relatives was named Harper in honor of Lee?", "id": "56d3e9702ccc5a1400d82f52", "answers": [{"text": "grandson", "answer_start": 847}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Harper Lee was pleased with the movie, saying: \"In that film the man and the part met... I've had many, many offers to turn it into musicals, into TV or stage plays, but I've always refused. That film was a work of art.\" Peck met Lee's father, the model for Atticus, before the filming. Lee's father died before the film's release, and Lee was so impressed with Peck's performance that she gave him her father's pocketwatch, which he had with him the evening he was awarded the Oscar for best actor. Years later, he was reluctant to tell Lee that the watch was stolen out of his luggage in London Heathrow Airport. When Peck eventually did tell Lee, he said she responded, \"'Well, it's only a watch.' Harper\u2014she feels deeply, but she's not a sentimental person about things.\" Lee and Peck shared a friendship long after the movie was made. Peck's grandson was named \"Harper\" in her honor."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did Lee randomly show up at the Los Angeles  Public Library?", "id": "56cf5ab3aab44d1400b890e9", "answers": [{"text": "May 2005", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Peck's widow call Lee?", "id": "56d3ead62ccc5a1400d82f55", "answers": [{"text": "a national treasure", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In May 2005, Lee made an uncharacteristic appearance at the Los Angeles Public Library at the request of Peck's widow Veronique, who said of Lee: \"She's like a national treasure. She's someone who has made a difference...with this book. The book is still as strong as it ever was, and so is the film. All the kids in the United States read this book and see the film in the seventh and eighth grades and write papers and essays. My husband used to get thousands and thousands of letters from teachers who would send them to him.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who turned the novel into a play?", "id": "56cf5b0eaab44d1400b890f7", "answers": [{"text": "Christopher Sergel", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the play for To Kill a Mockingbird first performed?", "id": "56cf5b0eaab44d1400b890f8", "answers": [{"text": "1990", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What town labeled itself \"The Literary Capital of Alabama\"?", "id": "56d3ec6d2ccc5a1400d82f59", "answers": [{"text": "Monroeville", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who makes up the cast of the annual play based on the book performed in Monroeville?", "id": "56d3ec6d2ccc5a1400d82f5a", "answers": [{"text": "townspeople", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During the courtroom scene, what happens to the audience?", "id": "56d3ec6d2ccc5a1400d82f5b", "answers": [{"text": "racially segregated", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The book has also been adapted as a play by Christopher Sergel. It debuted in 1990 in Monroeville, a town that labels itself \"The Literary Capital of Alabama\". The play runs every May on the county courthouse grounds and townspeople make up the cast. White male audience members are chosen at the intermission to make up the jury. During the courtroom scene the production moves into the Monroe County Courthouse and the audience is racially segregated. Author Albert Murray said of the relationship of the town to the novel (and the annual performance): \"It becomes part of the town ritual, like the religious underpinning of Mardi Gras. With the whole town crowded around the actual courthouse, it's part of a central, civic education\u2014what Monroeville aspires to be.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What country did Sergel's play tour around in and perform in 2006?", "id": "56cf5b8eaab44d1400b89107", "answers": [{"text": "the UK", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The play was the opening act for the starting of the 2013 season at which location?", "id": "56cf5b8eaab44d1400b89108", "answers": [{"text": "Regent's Park Open Air Theatre", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who played Atticus Finch in the UK theater productions of the film in 2006 and 2011?", "id": "56d3ee6e2ccc5a1400d82f5f", "answers": [{"text": "Duncan Preston", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Sergel's play toured in the UK starting at West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds in 2006, and again in 2011 starting at the York Theatre Royal, both productions featuring Duncan Preston as Atticus Finch. The play also opened the 2013 season at Regent's Park Open Air Theatre in London where it played to full houses and starred Robert Sean Leonard as Atticus Finch, his first London appearance in 22 years. The production is returning to the venue to close the 2014 season, prior to a UK Tour."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was Go Set a Watchman introduced to the public?", "id": "56cf5c2caab44d1400b8911b", "answers": [{"text": "July 14, 2015", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Go Set a Watchman was finished in what year?", "id": "56cf5c2caab44d1400b8911c", "answers": [{"text": "1957", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many years after To Kill a Mockingbird is the setting of Go Set A Watchman?", "id": "56cf5c2caab44d1400b8911d", "answers": [{"text": "20", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Harper Lee's lawyer?", "id": "56cf5c2caab44d1400b8911e", "answers": [{"text": "Tonja Carter", "answer_start": 554}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the earlier draft of the book titled?", "id": "56d3f37f2ccc5a1400d82f83", "answers": [{"text": "Go Set a Watchman", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Watchman completed?", "id": "56d3f37f2ccc5a1400d82f84", "answers": [{"text": "1957", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many years after Mockingbird was Watchman set?", "id": "56d3f37f2ccc5a1400d82f85", "answers": [{"text": "20", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "An earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird, titled Go Set a Watchman, was controversially released on July 14, 2015. This draft, which was completed in 1957, is set 20 years after the time period depicted in To Kill a Mockingbird but is not a continuation of the narrative. This earlier version of the story follows an adult Scout Finch who travels from New York to visit her father, Atticus Finch, in Maycomb, Alabama, where she is confronted by the intolerance in her community. The Watchman manuscript was believed to have been lost until Lee's lawyer Tonja Carter discovered it; although this claim has been widely disputed. Watchman contains early versions of many of the characters from To Kill a Mockingbird. According to Lee's agent Andrew Nurnberg, Mockingbird was originally intended to be the first book of a trilogy: \"They discussed publishing Mockingbird first, Watchman last, and a shorter connecting novel between the two.\" This assertion has been discredited however by the rare books expert James S. Jaffe, who reviewed the pages at the request of Lee's attorney and found them to be only another draft of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\". The statement was also contrary to Jonathan Mahler's description of how \"Watchman\" was seen as just the first draft of \"Mockingbird\". Instances where many passages overlap between the two books, in some case word for word, also refutes this assertion."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What two serious moral issues are dealt with in the novel?", "id": "56d1085d17492d1400aab7a8", "answers": [{"text": "rape and racial inequality", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the protagonist of the novel?", "id": "56d1085d17492d1400aab7a9", "answers": [{"text": "Atticus Finch", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The novel is renowned for its warmth and humor, despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality. The narrator's father, Atticus Finch, has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers. One critic explains the novel's impact by writing, \"In the twentieth century, To Kill a Mockingbird is probably the most widely read book dealing with race in America, and its protagonist, Atticus Finch, the most enduring fictional image of racial heroism.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is Lee's strongest style of writing?", "id": "56d133a017492d1400aabc1c", "answers": [{"text": "narration", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What narrative technique does Lee use to combine the adult's perspective with the child's observations??", "id": "56d133a017492d1400aabc1d", "answers": [{"text": "flashback", "answer_start": 593}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The strongest element of style noted by critics and reviewers is Lee's talent for narration, which in an early review in Time was called \"tactile brilliance\". Writing a decade later, another scholar noted, \"Harper Lee has a remarkable gift of story-telling. Her art is visual, and with cinematographic fluidity and subtlety we see a scene melting into another scene without jolts of transition.\" Lee combines the narrator's voice of a child observing her surroundings with a grown woman's reflecting on her childhood, using the ambiguity of this voice combined with the narrative technique of flashback to play intricately with perspectives. This narrative method allows Lee to tell a \"delightfully deceptive\" story that mixes the simplicity of childhood observation with adult situations complicated by hidden motivations and unquestioned tradition. However, at times the blending causes reviewers to question Scout's preternatural vocabulary and depth of understanding. Both Harding LeMay and the novelist and literary critic Granville Hicks expressed doubt that children as sheltered as Scout and Jem could understand the complexities and horrors involved in the trial for Tom Robinson's life."}, {"qas": [{"question": "According to Lee, her book simply expressed a Christian code of honor and conduct inherit to whom?", "id": "56d1900ee7d4791d00902065", "answers": [{"text": "all Southerners", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Harper Lee has remained famously detached from interpreting the novel since the mid-1960s. However, she gave some insight into her themes when, in a rare letter to the editor, she wrote in response to the passionate reaction her book caused: \"Surely it is plain to the simplest intelligence that To Kill a Mockingbird spells out in words of seldom more than two syllables a code of honor and conduct, Christian in its ethic, that is the heritage of all Southerners.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Besides the children's fascination with Boo, the first part of the book was concerned about their feelings for what?", "id": "56d196b2e7d4791d00902067", "answers": [{"text": "the neighborhood", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Lee's detailed explanations of the characters' behaviors caused one writer to catagorize the book as what?", "id": "56d196b2e7d4791d00902068", "answers": [{"text": "Southern romantic regionalism", "answer_start": 489}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Scout defined people doing the best they could with what they had as who?", "id": "56d196b2e7d4791d00902069", "answers": [{"text": "fine folks", "answer_start": 1110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What drives the plot of the book more than the characters?", "id": "56d196b2e7d4791d0090206a", "answers": [{"text": "The South itself", "answer_start": 1197}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "When the book was released, reviewers noted that it was divided into two parts, and opinion was mixed about Lee's ability to connect them. The first part of the novel concerns the children's fascination with Boo Radley and their feelings of safety and comfort in the neighborhood. Reviewers were generally charmed by Scout and Jem's observations of their quirky neighbors. One writer was so impressed by Lee's detailed explanations of the people of Maycomb that he categorized the book as Southern romantic regionalism. This sentimentalism can be seen in Lee's representation of the Southern caste system to explain almost every character's behavior in the novel. Scout's Aunt Alexandra attributes Maycomb's inhabitants' faults and advantages to genealogy (families that have gambling streaks and drinking streaks), and the narrator sets the action and characters amid a finely detailed background of the Finch family history and the history of Maycomb. This regionalist theme is further reflected in Mayella Ewell's apparent powerlessness to admit her advances toward Tom Robinson, and Scout's definition of \"fine folks\" being people with good sense who do the best they can with what they have. The South itself, with its traditions and taboos, seems to drive the plot more than the characters."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who is the main example of an innocent destroyed in the novel?", "id": "56d261f359d6e41400145f36", "answers": [{"text": "Tom Robinson", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What  does Scout see symbollically as a mockingbird?", "id": "56d261f359d6e41400145f37", "answers": [{"text": "Boo Radley", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to Atticus, most people are how when you truly view them?", "id": "56d261f359d6e41400145f38", "answers": [{"text": "real nice", "answer_start": 747}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Tom Robinson is the chief example among several innocents destroyed carelessly or deliberately throughout the novel. However, scholar Christopher Metress connects the mockingbird to Boo Radley: \"Instead of wanting to exploit Boo for her own fun (as she does in the beginning of the novel by putting on gothic plays about his history), Scout comes to see him as a 'mockingbird'\u2014that is, as someone with an inner goodness that must be cherished.\" The last pages of the book illustrate this as Scout relates the moral of a story Atticus has been reading to her, and in allusions to both Boo Radley and Tom Robinson states about a character who was misunderstood, \"when they finally saw him, why he hadn't done any of those things ... Atticus, he was real nice,\" to which he responds, \"Most people are, Scout, when you finally see them.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Reviewer R. A. Dave classified the novel how?", "id": "56d2639159d6e41400145f48", "answers": [{"text": "classical tragedy", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The novel exposes the loss of innocence so frequently that reviewer R. A. Dave claims that because every character has to face, or even suffer defeat, the book takes on elements of a classical tragedy. In exploring how each character deals with his or her own personal defeat, Lee builds a framework to judge whether the characters are heroes or fools. She guides the reader in such judgments, alternating between unabashed adoration and biting irony. Scout's experience with the Missionary Society is an ironic juxtaposition of women who mock her, gossip, and \"reflect a smug, colonialist attitude toward other races\" while giving the \"appearance of gentility, piety, and morality\". Conversely, when Atticus loses Tom's case, he is last to leave the courtroom, except for his children and the black spectators in the colored balcony, who rise silently as he walks underneath them, to honor his efforts."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What newspaper wrote that the novel has strong contemporary national significance?", "id": "56d3949f59d6e414001467b8", "answers": [{"text": "The Chicago Sunday Tribune", "answer_start": 589}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Initial reactions to the novel were varied. The New Yorker declared it \"skilled, unpretentious, and totally ingenious\", and The Atlantic Monthly's reviewer rated it as \"pleasant, undemanding reading\", but found the narrative voice\u2014\"a six-year-old girl with the prose style of a well-educated adult\"\u2014to be implausible. Time magazine's 1960 review of the book states that it \"teaches the reader an astonishing number of useful truths about little girls and about Southern life\" and calls Scout Finch \"the most appealing child since Carson McCullers' Frankie got left behind at the wedding\". The Chicago Sunday Tribune noted the even-handed approach to the narration of the novel's events, writing: \"This is in no way a sociological novel. It underlines no cause ... To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel of strong contemporary national significance.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which reviewer called the book melodramatic and contrived?", "id": "56d3958659d6e414001467c5", "answers": [{"text": "Granville Hicks", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Southern writer deemed it a child's book?", "id": "56d3958659d6e414001467c6", "answers": [{"text": "Flannery O'Connor", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Not all reviewers were enthusiastic. Some lamented the use of poor white Southerners, and one-dimensional black victims, and Granville Hicks labeled the book \"melodramatic and contrived\". When the book was first released, Southern writer Flannery O'Connor commented, \"I think for a child's book it does all right. It's interesting that all the folks that are buying it don't know they're reading a child's book. Somebody ought to say what it is.\" Carson McCullers apparently agreed with the Time magazine review, writing to a cousin: \"Well, honey, one thing we know is that she's been poaching on my literary preserves.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie vompared Lee to whom?", "id": "56d3977059d6e414001467d5", "answers": [{"text": "William Faulkner", "answer_start": 734}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Rosemary  Goring connected Lee to whom?", "id": "56d3977059d6e414001467d6", "answers": [{"text": "Jane Austen", "answer_start": 891}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The 50th anniversary of the novel's release was met with celebrations and reflections on its impact. Eric Zorn of the Chicago Tribune praises Lee's \"rich use of language\" but writes that the central lesson is that \"courage isn't always flashy, isn't always enough, but is always in style\". Jane Sullivan in the Sydney Morning Herald agrees, stating that the book \"still rouses fresh and horrified indignation\" as it examines morality, a topic that has recently become unfashionable. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie writing in The Guardian states that Lee, rare among American novelists, writes with \"a fiercely progressive ink, in which there is nothing inevitable about racism and its very foundation is open to question\", comparing her to William Faulkner, who wrote about racism as an inevitability. Literary critic Rosemary Goring in Scotland's The Herald notes the connections between Lee and Jane Austen, stating the book's central theme, that \"one\u2019s moral convictions are worth fighting for, even at the risk of being reviled\" is eloquently discussed."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who criticized Lee in The Wall Street Journal?", "id": "56d3988759d6e414001467e1", "answers": [{"text": "Allen Barra", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote that the book forces readers to question issues without resolving them?", "id": "56d3988759d6e414001467e2", "answers": [{"text": "Akin Ajayi", "answer_start": 957}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Native Alabamian Allen Barra sharply criticized Lee and the novel in The Wall Street Journal calling Atticus a \"repository of cracker-barrel epigrams\" and the novel represents a \"sugar-coated myth\" of Alabama history. Barra writes, \"It's time to stop pretending that To Kill a Mockingbird is some kind of timeless classic that ranks with the great works of American literature. Its bloodless liberal humanism is sadly dated\". Thomas Mallon in The New Yorker criticizes Atticus' stiff and self-righteous demeanor, and calls Scout \"a kind of highly constructed doll\" whose speech and actions are improbable. Although acknowledging that the novel works, Mallon blasts Lee's \"wildly unstable\" narrative voice for developing a story about a content neighborhood until it begins to impart morals in the courtroom drama, following with his observation that \"the book has begun to cherish its own goodness\" by the time the case is over.[note 2] Defending the book, Akin Ajayi writes that justice \"is often complicated, but must always be founded upon the notion of equality and fairness for all.\" Ajayi states that the book forces readers to question issues about race, class, and society, but that it was not written to resolve them."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which character has some critics deemed a variation of a contented slave?", "id": "56d3d0c42ccc5a1400d82eac", "answers": [{"text": "Calpurnia", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to one consultant, which group found the book demoralizing?", "id": "56d3d0c42ccc5a1400d82ead", "answers": [{"text": "black students", "answer_start": 930}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Michael Lund criticized the novel for demonizing whom?", "id": "56d3d0c42ccc5a1400d82eae", "answers": [{"text": "poor rural \"white trash\"", "answer_start": 1090}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Furthermore, despite the novel's thematic focus on racial injustice, its black characters are not fully examined. In its use of racial epithets, stereotyped depictions of superstitious blacks, and Calpurnia, who to some critics is an updated version of the \"contented slave\" motif and to others simply unexplored, the book is viewed as marginalizing black characters. One writer asserts that the use of Scout's narration serves as a convenient mechanism for readers to be innocent and detached from the racial conflict. Scout's voice \"functions as the not-me which allows the rest of us\u2014black and white, male and female\u2014to find our relative position in society\". A teaching guide for the novel published by The English Journal cautions, \"what seems wonderful or powerful to one group of students may seem degrading to another\". A Canadian language arts consultant found that the novel resonated well with white students, but that black students found it \"demoralizing\". Another criticism, articulated by Michael Lind, is that the novel indulges in classist stereotyping and demonization of poor rural \"white trash\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "According to Diane McWhorter, every child in the South had to face what?", "id": "56d3e0852ccc5a1400d82f0f", "answers": [{"text": "the harsh reality of inequality", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "McWhorter wrote that the existance of the book was what?", "id": "56d3e0852ccc5a1400d82f10", "answers": [{"text": "an act of protest", "answer_start": 579}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Diane McWhorter, Pulitzer Prize-winning historian of the Birmingham civil rights campaign, asserts that To Kill a Mockingbird condemns racism instead of racists, and states that every child in the South has moments of racial cognitive dissonance when they are faced with the harsh reality of inequality. This feeling causes them to question the beliefs with which they have been raised, which for many children is what the novel does. McWhorter writes of Lee, \"for a white person from the South to write a book like this in the late 1950s is really unusual\u2014by its very existence an act of protest.\"[note 4] Author James McBride calls Lee brilliant but stops short of calling her brave: \"I think by calling Harper Lee brave you kind of absolve yourself of your own racism ... She certainly set the standards in terms of how these issues need to be discussed, but in many ways I feel ... the moral bar's been lowered. And that's really distressing. We need a thousand Atticus Finches.\" McBride, however, defends the book's sentimentality, and the way Lee approaches the story with \"honesty and integrity\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How do the citizens of Monroeville quote lines of the book?", "id": "56d3f1872ccc5a1400d82f75", "answers": [{"text": "like Scripture", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do the Monroeville townspeople call tourists to their town?", "id": "56d3f1872ccc5a1400d82f77", "answers": [{"text": "Mockingbird groupies", "answer_start": 779}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to a National Geographic article, the novel is so revered in Monroeville that people quote lines from it like Scripture; yet Harper Lee herself refused to attend any performances, because \"she abhors anything that trades on the book's fame\". To underscore this sentiment, Lee demanded that a book of recipes named Calpurnia's Cookbook not be published and sold out of the Monroe County Heritage Museum. David Lister in The Independent states that Lee's refusal to speak to reporters made them desire to interview her all the more, and her silence \"makes Bob Dylan look like a media tart\". Despite her discouragement, a rising number of tourists made to Monroeville a destination, hoping to see Lee's inspiration for the book, or Lee herself. Local residents call them \"Mockingbird groupies\", and although Lee was not reclusive, she refused publicity and interviews with an emphatic \"Hell, no!\""}]}, {"title": "Solar_energy", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Where does solar energy come from?", "id": "56ce55feaab44d1400b886ce", "answers": [{"text": "the Sun", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of energy consists of the light and heat provided by the Sun?", "id": "56ce55feaab44d1400b886cf", "answers": [{"text": "Solar energy", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What technologies are used to harness solar energy from the sun?", "id": "56ce9034aab44d1400b8888f", "answers": [{"text": "solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is solar energy?", "id": "56ce9034aab44d1400b88890", "answers": [{"text": "radiant light and heat from the Sun", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many terawatts of solar radiation does the Earth receive?", "id": "56ce59c8aab44d1400b886dc", "answers": [{"text": "174,000", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of solar radiation is reflected back by the atmosphere?", "id": "56ce59c8aab44d1400b886dd", "answers": [{"text": "30%", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The areas that people live in typically receive what range of kWh/m2 per day?", "id": "56ce59c8aab44d1400b886de", "answers": [{"text": "3.5 to 7.0", "answer_start": 476}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many terrawatts of radiation does the earth receive?", "id": "56cfb6bb234ae51400d9becf", "answers": [{"text": "174,000", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much of the solar radiation is reflected back into space?", "id": "56cfb6bb234ae51400d9bed0", "answers": [{"text": "Approximately 30%", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the insolation levels of most populated areas?", "id": "56cfb6bb234ae51400d9bed1", "answers": [{"text": "150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3.5 to 7.0 kWh/m2 per day", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the solar radiation not reflected back to space absorbed?", "id": "56cfb6bb234ae51400d9bed2", "answers": [{"text": "clouds, oceans and land masses", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Earth receives 174,000 terawatts (TW) of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the upper atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of solar light at the Earth's surface is mostly spread across the visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet. Most people around the world live in areas with insolation levels of 150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3.5 to 7.0 kWh/m2 per day."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The Earth's oceans cover what percentage of the globe?", "id": "56ce5a8faab44d1400b886e2", "answers": [{"text": "71", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the average temperature of the Earth's surface in Celsius?", "id": "56ce5a8faab44d1400b886e3", "answers": [{"text": "14", "answer_start": 623}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the process by which green plants convert solar energy to stored energy?", "id": "56ce5a8faab44d1400b886e4", "answers": [{"text": "photosynthesis", "answer_start": 633}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much of the earth is covered by oceans?", "id": "56cfb8ea234ae51400d9bef5", "answers": [{"text": "about 71%", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the cause of atmospheric circulation?", "id": "56cfb8ea234ae51400d9bef6", "answers": [{"text": "Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does the water vapor that rises in warm air turn into clouds?", "id": "56cfb8ea234ae51400d9bef7", "answers": [{"text": "When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What creates wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones?", "id": "56cfb8ea234ae51400d9bef8", "answers": [{"text": "The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the process in which plants convert solar energy into stored energy called?", "id": "56cfb8ea234ae51400d9bef9", "answers": [{"text": "photosynthesis", "answer_start": 633}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth's land surface, oceans \u2013 which cover about 71% of the globe \u2013 and atmosphere. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earth's surface, completing the water cycle. The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 \u00b0C. By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Each year the Earth absorbs how much solar energy in exajoules?", "id": "56ce5b66aab44d1400b886e8", "answers": [{"text": "3,850,000", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2002, the Sun provided more energy in one hour than humans used in what span of time?", "id": "56ce5b66aab44d1400b886e9", "answers": [{"text": "one year", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much energy in exajoules does photosynthesis capture each year?", "id": "56ce5b66aab44d1400b886ea", "answers": [{"text": "3,000", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Twice the amount of energy obtainable by all the non-renewable sources  on Earth can be provided by the Sun in what span of time?", "id": "56ce5b66aab44d1400b886eb", "answers": [{"text": "one year", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the amount of solar energy absorbed by the earth?", "id": "56cfb9bf234ae51400d9bf07", "answers": [{"text": "approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much solar energy is captured by photosynthesis?", "id": "56cfb9bf234ae51400d9bf08", "answers": [{"text": "approximately 3,000 EJ per year", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The amount of solar energy per year is twice as much as the energy that will ever be produced from what resources?", "id": "56cfb9bf234ae51400d9bf09", "answers": [{"text": "coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined", "answer_start": 465}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass. The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined,"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where do the majority of renewable energies derive their energy from?", "id": "56ce5ce6aab44d1400b886f5", "answers": [{"text": "the Sun", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are solar technologies defined?", "id": "56cfc773234ae51400d9bf53", "answers": [{"text": "passive or active", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one way that characterizes solar technologies as passive or active?", "id": "56cfc773234ae51400d9bf54", "answers": [{"text": "depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which renewable energies do not acquire their energy from the sun?", "id": "56cfc773234ae51400d9bf55", "answers": [{"text": "geothermal and tidal", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do renewable energies acquire energy from the sun?", "id": "56cfc773234ae51400d9bf56", "answers": [{"text": "direct or indirect", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight and enable solar energy to be harnessed at different levels around the world, mostly depending on distance from the equator. Although solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends, all renewable energies, other than geothermal and tidal, derive their energy from the Sun in a direct or indirect way."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Are supply side solar technologies generally active or passive?", "id": "56ce5d70aab44d1400b886f7", "answers": [{"text": "Active", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are demand side solar technologies generally active or passive?", "id": "56ce5d70aab44d1400b886f8", "answers": [{"text": "Passive", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an active solar technique used to generate energy?", "id": "56cfdf65234ae51400d9bfce", "answers": [{"text": "designing spaces that naturally circulate air", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does an active solar technique do?", "id": "56cfdf65234ae51400d9bfcf", "answers": [{"text": "increase the supply of energy", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does a passive solar technique do?", "id": "56cfdf65234ae51400d9bfd0", "answers": [{"text": "reduce the need for alternate resources", "answer_start": 476}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Active solar techniques use photovoltaics, concentrated solar power, solar thermal collectors, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs. Passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a building to the Sun. Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies, while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the inventor who built a solar engine in 1897?", "id": "56ce5df9aab44d1400b886fd", "answers": [{"text": "Frank Shuman", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the Sun Power Company formed?", "id": "56ce5df9aab44d1400b886fe", "answers": [{"text": "1908", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Shuman patented his solar engine system in what year?", "id": "56ce5df9aab44d1400b886ff", "answers": [{"text": "1912", "answer_start": 833}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is Frank Shuman?", "id": "56cfe67b234ae51400d9c031", "answers": [{"text": "a U.S. inventor, engineer and solar energy pioneer", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did solar engine build his solar engine?", "id": "56cfe67b234ae51400d9c032", "answers": [{"text": "1897", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the solar engine used to power?", "id": "56cfe67b234ae51400d9c033", "answers": [{"text": "steam engine", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the Sun Power Company established?", "id": "56cfe67b234ae51400d9c034", "answers": [{"text": "1908", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Frank Shuman patent his solar engine?", "id": "56cfe67b234ae51400d9c035", "answers": [{"text": "1912", "answer_start": 833}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1897, Frank Shuman, a U.S. inventor, engineer and solar energy pioneer built a small demonstration solar engine that worked by reflecting solar energy onto square boxes filled with ether, which has a lower boiling point than water, and were fitted internally with black pipes which in turn powered a steam engine. In 1908 Shuman formed the Sun Power Company with the intent of building larger solar power plants. He, along with his technical advisor A.S.E. Ackermann and British physicist Sir Charles Vernon Boys, developed an improved system using mirrors to reflect solar energy upon collector boxes, increasing heating capacity to the extent that water could now be used instead of ether. Shuman then constructed a full-scale steam engine powered by low-pressure water, enabling him to patent the entire solar engine system by 1912."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Shuman build the world's first solar thermal power station?", "id": "56ce5e5baab44d1400b88703", "answers": [{"text": "Maadi, Egypt", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many liters of water per minute did Shuman's engine pump in litres?", "id": "56ce5e5baab44d1400b88704", "answers": [{"text": "22,000", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what decade were Shuman's ideas about solar energy revived?", "id": "56ce5e5baab44d1400b88705", "answers": [{"text": "the 1970s", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the first solar thermal power plant built?", "id": "56cfe88d234ae51400d9c073", "answers": [{"text": "Maadi, Egypt", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was used to power the plants engine?", "id": "56cfe88d234ae51400d9c074", "answers": [{"text": "parabolic troughs", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what river did the engine pump water?", "id": "56cfe88d234ae51400d9c075", "answers": [{"text": "Nile River", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What slowed down the growth of solar energy?", "id": "56cfe88d234ae51400d9c076", "answers": [{"text": "the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the interest in solar energy restored?", "id": "56cfe88d234ae51400d9c077", "answers": [{"text": "the 1970s", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Shuman built the world\u2019s first solar thermal power station in Maadi, Egypt, between 1912 and 1913. Shuman\u2019s plant used parabolic troughs to power a 45\u201352 kilowatts (60\u201370 hp) engine that pumped more than 22,000 litres (4,800 imp gal; 5,800 US gal) of water per minute from the Nile River to adjacent cotton fields. Although the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil in the 1930s discouraged the advancement of solar energy, Shuman\u2019s vision and basic design were resurrected in the 1970s with a new wave of interest in solar thermal energy. In 1916 Shuman was quoted in the media advocating solar energy's utilization, saying:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "According to Shuman, up to what percentage of domestic hot water can be  provided by solar heating systems?", "id": "56ce5e92aab44d1400b88709", "answers": [{"text": "70", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do Solar hot water systems use to heat water?", "id": "56cfe96c234ae51400d9c091", "answers": [{"text": "sunlight", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much hot water can be produced by solar heating systems in low geographical latitudes?", "id": "56cfe96c234ae51400d9c092", "answers": [{"text": "60 to 70% of the domestic hot water", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a common type of solar water heater?", "id": "56cfe96c234ae51400d9c093", "answers": [{"text": "evacuated tube collectors", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of solar water heater is used to heat pools?", "id": "56cfe96c234ae51400d9c094", "answers": [{"text": "unglazed plastic collectors", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water. In low geographical latitudes (below 40 degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 \u00b0C can be provided by solar heating systems. The most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors (44%) and glazed flat plate collectors (34%) generally used for domestic hot water; and unglazed plastic collectors (21%) used mainly to heat swimming pools."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the total capacity of solar hot water systems in 2007 in gigawatts?", "id": "56ce5f4aaab44d1400b8870b", "answers": [{"text": "154", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Over 90% of homes use solar hot water systems in which two countries?", "id": "56ce5f4aaab44d1400b8870c", "answers": [{"text": "Israel and Cyprus", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the capacity of a solar hot water system?", "id": "56cfea9a234ae51400d9c0ab", "answers": [{"text": "approximately 154 thermal gigawatt", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country is the leader in the implementation of solar powered hot water systems?", "id": "56cfea9a234ae51400d9c0ac", "answers": [{"text": "China", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of households use solar hot water systems in Israel and Cyprus?", "id": "56cfea9a234ae51400d9c0ad", "answers": [{"text": "over 90%", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what countries is the use to solar hot water used mainly for w=swimming pools?", "id": "56cfea9a234ae51400d9c0ae", "answers": [{"text": "United States, Canada and Australia", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As of 2007, the total installed capacity of solar hot water systems is approximately 154 thermal gigawatt (GWth). China is the world leader in their deployment with 70 GWth installed as of 2006 and a long-term goal of 210 GWth by 2020. Israel and Cyprus are the per capita leaders in the use of solar hot water systems with over 90% of homes using them. In the United States, Canada and Australia heating swimming pools is the dominant application of solar hot water with an installed capacity of 18 GWth as of 2005."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of energy in commercial buildings comes from HVAC systems?", "id": "56ce5f72aab44d1400b8870f", "answers": [{"text": "50", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much energy does an HVAC system use in commercial locations?", "id": "56cfebbd234ae51400d9c0c7", "answers": [{"text": "30% (4.65 EJ/yr)", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much energy does an HVAC system use in residential locations?", "id": "56cfebbd234ae51400d9c0c8", "answers": [{"text": "50% (10.1 EJ/yr)", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can be used to balance out a portion of the energy used by HVAC systems?", "id": "56cfebbd234ae51400d9c0c9", "answers": [{"text": "Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the United States, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems account for 30% (4.65 EJ/yr) of the energy used in commercial buildings and nearly 50% (10.1 EJ/yr) of the energy used in residential buildings. Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies can be used to offset a portion of this energy."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Materials that can be used to store heat are known as what kind of mass?", "id": "56ce5ff2aab44d1400b88711", "answers": [{"text": "Thermal", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is thermal mass?", "id": "56cfee97234ae51400d9c103", "answers": [{"text": "any material that can be used to store heat", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are typical thermal mass material?", "id": "56cfee97234ae51400d9c104", "answers": [{"text": "stone, cement and water", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is thermal mass used to keep buildings cool?", "id": "56cfee97234ae51400d9c105", "answers": [{"text": "by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a something that determines the size of thermal mass?", "id": "56cfee97234ae51400d9c106", "answers": [{"text": "climates", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does thermal mass reduce the need for?", "id": "56cfee97234ae51400d9c107", "answers": [{"text": "auxiliary heating and cooling equipment", "answer_start": 685}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Thermal mass is any material that can be used to store heat\u2014heat from the Sun in the case of solar energy. Common thermal mass materials include stone, cement and water. Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night. However, they can be used in cold temperate areas to maintain warmth as well. The size and placement of thermal mass depend on several factors such as climate, daylighting and shading conditions. When properly incorporated, thermal mass maintains space temperatures in a comfortable range and reduces the need for auxiliary heating and cooling equipment."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of system is a solar chimney?", "id": "56ce602faab44d1400b88713", "answers": [{"text": "passive solar ventilation", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a solar chimney?", "id": "56cff05a234ae51400d9c11d", "answers": [{"text": "a passive solar ventilation system", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a solar chimney made of?", "id": "56cff05a234ae51400d9c11e", "answers": [{"text": "a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How can the performance of a solar chimney be improved?", "id": "56cff05a234ae51400d9c11f", "answers": [{"text": "by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses", "answer_start": 304}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A solar chimney (or thermal chimney, in this context) is a passive solar ventilation system composed of a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building. As the chimney warms, the air inside is heated causing an updraft that pulls air through the building. Performance can be improved by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The placement of deciduous trees on the Equator facing side of a building can have a negative effect on solar availability in which season?", "id": "56ce60e4aab44d1400b88715", "answers": [{"text": "winter", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is something that is used to control solar heating and cooling?", "id": "56cff48f234ae51400d9c159", "answers": [{"text": "trees and plants", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much solar radiation is blocked by leafless trees?", "id": "56cff48f234ae51400d9c15a", "answers": [{"text": "1/3 to 1/2", "answer_start": 362}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why should trees not be planted on the side of a building facing the equator?", "id": "56cff48f234ae51400d9c15b", "answers": [{"text": "they will interfere with winter solar availability", "answer_start": 637}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What side of a building should trees be planted without greatly affecting solar gain in the winter?", "id": "56cff48f234ae51400d9c15c", "answers": [{"text": "east and west", "answer_start": 723}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Deciduous trees and plants have been promoted as a means of controlling solar heating and cooling. When planted on the southern side of a building in the northern hemisphere or the northern side in the southern hemisphere, their leaves provide shade during the summer, while the bare limbs allow light to pass during the winter. Since bare, leafless trees shade 1/3 to 1/2 of incident solar radiation, there is a balance between the benefits of summer shading and the corresponding loss of winter heating. In climates with significant heating loads, deciduous trees should not be planted on the Equator facing side of a building because they will interfere with winter solar availability. They can, however, be used on the east and west sides to provide a degree of summer shading without appreciably affecting winter solar gain."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Horace de Saussure built the first box cooker in what year?", "id": "56ce61a4aab44d1400b88718", "answers": [{"text": "1767", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Reflector cookers can reach temperatures in Celsius of up to what?", "id": "56ce61a4aab44d1400b88719", "answers": [{"text": "315", "answer_start": 749}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are solar cookers used for?", "id": "56cff5ff234ae51400d9c175", "answers": [{"text": "cooking, drying and pasteurization", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the 3 main categories of solar cookers?", "id": "56cff5ff234ae51400d9c176", "answers": [{"text": "box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who created the box cooker?", "id": "56cff5ff234ae51400d9c177", "answers": [{"text": "Horace de Saussure", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the typical temperature range for a box cooker?", "id": "56cff5ff234ae51400d9c178", "answers": [{"text": "90\u2013150 \u00b0C (194\u2013302 \u00b0F)", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do reflector cookers require to function?", "id": "56cff5ff234ae51400d9c179", "answers": [{"text": "direct light", "answer_start": 787}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Solar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying and pasteurization. They can be grouped into three broad categories: box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers. The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by Horace de Saussure in 1767. A basic box cooker consists of an insulated container with a transparent lid. It can be used effectively with partially overcast skies and will typically reach temperatures of 90\u2013150 \u00b0C (194\u2013302 \u00b0F). Panel cookers use a reflective panel to direct sunlight onto an insulated container and reach temperatures comparable to box cookers. Reflector cookers use various concentrating geometries (dish, trough, Fresnel mirrors) to focus light on a cooking container. These cookers reach temperatures of 315 \u00b0C (599 \u00b0F) and above but require direct light to function properly and must be repositioned to track the Sun."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The Solar Total Energy Project had a field of how many parabolic dishes?", "id": "56ce6232aab44d1400b8871d", "answers": [{"text": "114", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are transpired collectors more or less cost-effective than glazed collection systems?", "id": "56ce6232aab44d1400b8871e", "answers": [{"text": "more", "answer_start": 1444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some examples of solar concentrating technologies?", "id": "56cff819234ae51400d9c1a9", "answers": [{"text": "parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first commercial solar concentrating system?", "id": "56cff819234ae51400d9c1aa", "answers": [{"text": "Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, USA", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one of the oldest uses of solar energy?", "id": "56cff819234ae51400d9c1ab", "answers": [{"text": "use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water", "answer_start": 686}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some items used to dry clothes without the use of electricity?", "id": "56cff819234ae51400d9c1ac", "answers": [{"text": "Clothes lines, clotheshorses, and clothes racks", "answer_start": 913}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are Unglazed transpired collectors?", "id": "56cff819234ae51400d9c1ad", "answers": [{"text": "perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air", "answer_start": 1178}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Solar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications. The first commercial system was the Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, USA where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provided 50% of the process heating, air conditioning and electrical requirements for a clothing factory. This grid-connected cogeneration system provided 400 kW of electricity plus thermal energy in the form of 401 kW steam and 468 kW chilled water, and had a one-hour peak load thermal storage. Evaporation ponds are shallow pools that concentrate dissolved solids through evaporation. The use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water is one of the oldest applications of solar energy. Modern uses include concentrating brine solutions used in leach mining and removing dissolved solids from waste streams. Clothes lines, clotheshorses, and clothes racks dry clothes through evaporation by wind and sunlight without consuming electricity or gas. In some states of the United States legislation protects the \"right to dry\" clothes. Unglazed transpired collectors (UTC) are perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air. UTCs can raise the incoming air temperature up to 22 \u00b0C (40 \u00b0F) and deliver outlet temperatures of 45\u201360 \u00b0C (113\u2013140 \u00b0F). The short payback period of transpired collectors (3 to 12 years) makes them a more cost-effective alternative than glazed collection systems. As of 2003, over 80 systems with a combined collector area of 35,000 square metres (380,000 sq ft) had been installed worldwide, including an 860 m2 (9,300 sq ft) collector in Costa Rica used for drying coffee beans and a 1,300 m2 (14,000 sq ft) collector in Coimbatore, India, used for drying marigolds."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was a large scale solar distillation project constructed in Las Salinas?", "id": "56ce6382aab44d1400b88732", "answers": [{"text": "1872", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is used to make saline or brackish water drinkable?", "id": "56d0007f234ae51400d9c243", "answers": [{"text": "Solar distillation", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By who was the first record of solar distillation done by?", "id": "56d0007f234ae51400d9c244", "answers": [{"text": "16th-century Arab alchemists", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the first large solar distillation plant created?", "id": "56d0007f234ae51400d9c245", "answers": [{"text": "1872", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much water was produced by the plant?", "id": "56d0007f234ae51400d9c246", "answers": [{"text": "22,700 L (5,000 imp gal; 6,000 US gal) per day", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a solar distillation design?", "id": "56d0007f234ae51400d9c247", "answers": [{"text": "single-slope", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Solar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable. The first recorded instance of this was by 16th-century Arab alchemists. A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas. The plant, which had solar collection area of 4,700 m2 (51,000 sq ft), could produce up to 22,700 L (5,000 imp gal; 6,000 US gal) per day and operate for 40 years. Individual still designs include single-slope, double-slope (or greenhouse type), vertical, conical, inverted absorber, multi-wick, and multiple effect. These stills can operate in passive, active, or hybrid modes. Double-slope stills are the most economical for decentralized domestic purposes, while active multiple effect units are more suitable for large-scale applications."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Solar water disinfection is recommended by which organization?", "id": "56ce64a8aab44d1400b88745", "answers": [{"text": "the World Health Organization", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long should the plastic bottles filled with water be exposed to sunlight during Solar water disinfection?", "id": "56d004ab234ae51400d9c25f", "answers": [{"text": "a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the World Health Organization say about Solar water disinfection?", "id": "56d004ab234ae51400d9c260", "answers": [{"text": "a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people use Solar water disinfection to disinfect their drinking water?", "id": "56d004ab234ae51400d9c261", "answers": [{"text": "Over two million people in developing countries", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Solar water disinfection (SODIS) involves exposing water-filled plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to sunlight for several hours. Exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions. It is recommended by the World Health Organization as a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage. Over two million people in developing countries use this method for their daily drinking water."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is a possible negative effect of algae in water stabilization ponds?", "id": "56ce659aaab44d1400b88749", "answers": [{"text": "toxic chemicals", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what reason would solar energy be used in a water stabilisation pond?", "id": "56d0051e234ae51400d9c26f", "answers": [{"text": "to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a reason why the water from a water stabilisation pond may be unusable?", "id": "56d0051e234ae51400d9c270", "answers": [{"text": "algae may produce toxic chemicals", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Solar energy may be used in a water stabilisation pond to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity. A further environmental advantage is that algae grow in such ponds and consume carbon dioxide in photosynthesis, although algae may produce toxic chemicals that make the water unusable."}, {"qas": [{"question": "By what year is solar power expected to become the world's greatest source of electricity?", "id": "56ce6629aab44d1400b8874d", "answers": [{"text": "2050", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is solar power is foreseen to become the largest source of electricity?", "id": "56d00697234ae51400d9c297", "answers": [{"text": "2050", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Solar power is anticipated to become the world's largest source of electricity by 2050, with solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power contributing 16 and 11 percent to the global overall consumption, respectively."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The largest solar power plant in the world is located in what desert?", "id": "56ce666caab44d1400b88755", "answers": [{"text": "the Mojave Desert", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Less than 1% of the world's total grid electricity was generated by solar energy in what year?", "id": "56ce666caab44d1400b88756", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 686}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the largest solar power plant in the world?", "id": "56d074ff234ae51400d9c2ee", "answers": [{"text": "354 MW SEGS CSP", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the largest solar power plant in the world located?", "id": "56d074ff234ae51400d9c2ef", "answers": [{"text": "Mojave Desert of California", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the largest photovoltaic solar power plants?", "id": "56d074ff234ae51400d9c2f0", "answers": [{"text": "The 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project, in the United States, and the 221 MW Charanka Solar Park in India", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Commercial CSP plants were first developed in the 1980s. Since 1985 the eventually 354 MW SEGS CSP installation, in the Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world. Other large CSP plants include the 150 MW Solnova Solar Power Station and the 100 MW Andasol solar power station, both in Spain. The 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project, in the United States, and the 221 MW Charanka Solar Park in India, are the world\u2019s largest photovoltaic plants. Solar projects exceeding 1 GW are being developed, but most of the deployed photovoltaics are in small rooftop arrays of less than 5 kW, which are grid connected using net metering and/or a feed-in tariff. In 2013 solar generated less than 1% of the worlds total grid electricity."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In the 1880s, who constructed the first solar cell?", "id": "56ce66aeaab44d1400b88759", "answers": [{"text": "Charles Fritts", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the crystalline silicon solar cell constructed?", "id": "56ce66aeaab44d1400b8875a", "answers": [{"text": "1954", "answer_start": 819}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has happened to photovoltaic in the past 20 years?", "id": "56d07aa6234ae51400d9c314", "answers": [{"text": "evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a solar cell?", "id": "56d07aa6234ae51400d9c315", "answers": [{"text": "a device that converts light directly into electricity", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who created the first solar cell?", "id": "56d07aa6234ae51400d9c316", "answers": [{"text": "Charles Fritts", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who created the first solar cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide?", "id": "56d07aa6234ae51400d9c317", "answers": [{"text": "Dr Bruno Lange", "answer_start": 383}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who created the crystalline silicon solar cell?", "id": "56d07aa6234ae51400d9c318", "answers": [{"text": "Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin", "answer_start": 726}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the last two decades, photovoltaics (PV), also known as solar PV, has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source. A solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect. The first solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. In 1931 a German engineer, Dr Bruno Lange, developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide. Although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1% of incident light into electricity, both Ernst Werner von Siemens and James Clerk Maxwell recognized the importance of this discovery. Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the crystalline silicon solar cell in 1954. These early solar cells cost 286 USD/watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5\u20136%. By 2012 available efficiencies exceed 20% and the maximum efficiency of research photovoltaics is over 40%."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In all the different CSP systems, concentrated sunlight is used to heat what?", "id": "56ce66e4aab44d1400b8875d", "answers": [{"text": "a working fluid", "answer_start": 491}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do Concentrating Solar Power systems use?", "id": "56d07c41234ae51400d9c31e", "answers": [{"text": "lenses or mirrors and tracking systems", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the heat generated from a Concentrating Solar Power system used for?", "id": "56d07c41234ae51400d9c31f", "answers": [{"text": "a heat source for a conventional power plant", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one of the most developed Concentrating Solar Power technologies?", "id": "56d07c41234ae51400d9c320", "answers": [{"text": "the Stirling dish", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do Concentrating Solar Power technologies have in common?", "id": "56d07c41234ae51400d9c321", "answers": [{"text": "a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight", "answer_start": 491}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough, the concentrating linear fresnel reflector, the Stirling dish and the solar power tower. Various techniques are used to track the Sun and focus light. In all of these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight, and is then used for power generation or energy storage."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Socrate's what is a classic example of passive solar design?", "id": "56ce6ea0aab44d1400b88785", "answers": [{"text": "Megaron House", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a common feature of passive solar architecture?", "id": "56d08052234ae51400d9c32c", "answers": [{"text": "orientation relative to the Sun", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is produced when the features of passive solar architecture are customized to the environment?", "id": "56d08052234ae51400d9c32d", "answers": [{"text": "well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of passive solar design?", "id": "56d08052234ae51400d9c32e", "answers": [{"text": "Socrates' Megaron House", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of equipment can improve system performance?", "id": "56d08052234ae51400d9c32f", "answers": [{"text": "pumps, fans and switchable windows", "answer_start": 609}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and thermal mass. When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range. Socrates' Megaron House is a classic example of passive solar design. The most recent approaches to solar design use computer modeling tying together solar lighting, heating and ventilation systems in an integrated solar design package. Active solar equipment such as pumps, fans and switchable windows can complement passive design and improve system performance."}, {"qas": [{"question": "UHI is an abbreviation of what?", "id": "56ce6efbaab44d1400b88787", "answers": [{"text": "Urban heat islands", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A program in Los Angeles believes that with $1 billion, city temperatures could be reduced by approximately how many degrees in Celsius?", "id": "56ce6efbaab44d1400b88788", "answers": [{"text": "3", "answer_start": 597}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than the surrounding areas called?", "id": "56d0817d234ae51400d9c334", "answers": [{"text": "Urban heat islands", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What materials absorb sunlight and create higher temperatures than natural materials?", "id": "56d0817d234ae51400d9c335", "answers": [{"text": "asphalt and concrete", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a way to reduce the high temperatures created in urban heat islands?", "id": "56d0817d234ae51400d9c336", "answers": [{"text": "paint buildings and roads white and plant trees", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Urban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment. The higher temperatures are a result of increased absorption of the Solar light by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete, which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities than those in the natural environment. A straightforward method of counteracting the UHI effect is to paint buildings and roads white and plant trees. Using these methods, a hypothetical \"cool communities\" program in Los Angeles has projected that urban temperatures could be reduced by approximately 3 \u00b0C at an estimated cost of US$1 billion, giving estimated total annual benefits of US$530 million from reduced air-conditioning costs and healthcare savings."}, {"qas": [{"question": "During the Little Ice Age, what did English and French farmers use to increase collection of solar energy?", "id": "56ce7352aab44d1400b887a3", "answers": [{"text": "fruit walls", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Vinters have adopted solar technology to do what?", "id": "56ce7352aab44d1400b887a4", "answers": [{"text": "power grape presses", "answer_start": 1168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why do agriculture and horticulture seek to make the most use of the solar energy captured?", "id": "56d086c9234ae51400d9c340", "answers": [{"text": "to optimize the productivity of plants", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some techniques used to improve crop production?", "id": "56d086c9234ae51400d9c341", "answers": [{"text": "timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did French and English farmers do during the Little Ice Age to gain more solar energy?", "id": "56d086c9234ae51400d9c342", "answers": [{"text": "employed fruit walls", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the purpose of the fruit walls built by French and English farmers?", "id": "56d086c9234ae51400d9c343", "answers": [{"text": "acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm", "answer_start": 574}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Agriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants. Techniques such as timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields. While sunlight is generally considered a plentiful resource, the exceptions highlight the importance of solar energy to agriculture. During the short growing seasons of the Little Ice Age, French and English farmers employed fruit walls to maximize the collection of solar energy. These walls acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm. Early fruit walls were built perpendicular to the ground and facing south, but over time, sloping walls were developed to make better use of sunlight. In 1699, Nicolas Fatio de Duillier even suggested using a tracking mechanism which could pivot to follow the Sun. Applications of solar energy in agriculture aside from growing crops include pumping water, drying crops, brooding chicks and drying chicken manure. More recently the technology has been embraced by vinters, who use the energy generated by solar panels to power grape presses."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When were the first greenhouses used?", "id": "56ce7376aab44d1400b887a7", "answers": [{"text": "Roman times", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what century were the first modern greenhouses constructed?", "id": "56ce7376aab44d1400b887a8", "answers": [{"text": "the 16th", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do greenhouses do with solar energy?", "id": "56d0875b234ae51400d9c348", "answers": [{"text": "convert solar light to heat", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one purpose of a greenhouse?", "id": "56d0875b234ae51400d9c349", "answers": [{"text": "enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was one of the first uses of a greenhouse?", "id": "56d0875b234ae51400d9c34a", "answers": [{"text": "produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were the first modern greenhouses built?", "id": "56d0875b234ae51400d9c34b", "answers": [{"text": "Europe", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Greenhouses convert solar light to heat, enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate. Primitive greenhouses were first used during Roman times to produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius. The first modern greenhouses were built in Europe in the 16th century to keep exotic plants brought back from explorations abroad. Greenhouses remain an important part of horticulture today, and plastic transparent materials have also been used to similar effect in polytunnels and row covers."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the solar powered car race held every two years?", "id": "56ce759eaab44d1400b887b9", "answers": [{"text": "The World Solar Challenge", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the winner of the World Solar Challenge's average speed in 2007 in km/h?", "id": "56ce759eaab44d1400b887ba", "answers": [{"text": "90.87", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is The World Solar Challenge?", "id": "56d0880f234ae51400d9c350", "answers": [{"text": "a biannual solar-powered car race", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was The World Solar Challenge started?", "id": "56d0880f234ae51400d9c351", "answers": [{"text": "1987", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the average speed of a winning solar powered car in 1987?", "id": "56d0880f234ae51400d9c352", "answers": [{"text": "67 kilometres per hour (42 mph)", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the average speed of a winning solar powered car by 2007?", "id": "56d0880f234ae51400d9c353", "answers": [{"text": "90.87 kilometres per hour (56.46 mph)", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some other similar car races that use solar powered vehicles?", "id": "56d0880f234ae51400d9c354", "answers": [{"text": "The North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Development of a solar-powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s. The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar-powered car race, where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3,021 kilometres (1,877 mi) across central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. In 1987, when it was founded, the winner's average speed was 67 kilometres per hour (42 mph) and by 2007 the winner's average speed had improved to 90.87 kilometres per hour (56.46 mph). The North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge are comparable competitions that reflect an international interest in the engineering and development of solar powered vehicles."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The first practical solar boat was constructed in what year?", "id": "56ce75e2aab44d1400b887c7", "answers": [{"text": "1975", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the first solar powered boat made?", "id": "56d088be234ae51400d9c35a", "answers": [{"text": "1975", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who first crossed the Pacific ocean using a solar powered boat?", "id": "56d088be234ae51400d9c35b", "answers": [{"text": "Kenichi Horie", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the first solar powered boat that crossed the Atlantic ocean?", "id": "56d088be234ae51400d9c35c", "answers": [{"text": "the sun21 catamaran", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1975, the first practical solar boat was constructed in England. By 1995, passenger boats incorporating PV panels began appearing and are now used extensively. In 1996, Kenichi Horie made the first solar powered crossing of the Pacific Ocean, and the sun21 catamaran made the first solar powered crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in the winter of 2006\u20132007. There were plans to circumnavigate the globe in 2010."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What altitude did the Solar Riser reach in feet?", "id": "56ce7645aab44d1400b887c9", "answers": [{"text": "40", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the aircraft circling the globe in 2015 via solar power?", "id": "56ce7645aab44d1400b887ca", "answers": [{"text": "Solar Impulse", "answer_start": 963}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the first unmanned flight by a solar powered plane made?", "id": "56d089e6234ae51400d9c360", "answers": [{"text": "1974", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the first solar powered manned flight made?", "id": "56d089e6234ae51400d9c361", "answers": [{"text": "29 April 1979", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Solar Challenger cross the English Channel?", "id": "56d089e6234ae51400d9c362", "answers": [{"text": "July 1981", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Eric Scott Raymond fly using a solar powered plane in 1990?", "id": "56d089e6234ae51400d9c363", "answers": [{"text": "California to North Carolina", "answer_start": 480}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long is the solar powered plane Solar Impulse able to remain in the air?", "id": "56d089e6234ae51400d9c364", "answers": [{"text": "36 hours", "answer_start": 1193}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1974, the unmanned AstroFlight Sunrise plane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, the Solar Riser made the first flight in a solar-powered, fully controlled, man carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of 40 feet (12 m). In 1980, the Gossamer Penguin made the first piloted flights powered solely by photovoltaics. This was quickly followed by the Solar Challenger which crossed the English Channel in July 1981. In 1990 Eric Scott Raymond in 21 hops flew from California to North Carolina using solar power. Developments then turned back to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) with the Pathfinder (1997) and subsequent designs, culminating in the Helios which set the altitude record for a non-rocket-propelled aircraft at 29,524 metres (96,864 ft) in 2001. The Zephyr, developed by BAE Systems, is the latest in a line of record-breaking solar aircraft, making a 54-hour flight in 2007, and month-long flights were envisioned by 2010. As of 2015, Solar Impulse, an electric aircraft, is currently circumnavigating the globe. It is a single-seat plane powered by solar cells and capable of taking off under its own power. The designed allows the aircraft to remain airborne for 36 hours."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is a possible alternative to making carbon-based fuels from reduction of carbon dioxide?", "id": "56ce771daab44d1400b887cf", "answers": [{"text": "hydrogen production from protons", "answer_start": 547}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What process converts solar energy into storable and transportable fuels?", "id": "56d08e3e234ae51400d9c384", "answers": [{"text": "Solar chemical processes", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What solar process can be used to produce different fuels?", "id": "56d08e3e234ae51400d9c385", "answers": [{"text": "artificial photosynthesis", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels. Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or photochemical. A variety of fuels can be produced by artificial photosynthesis. The multielectron catalytic chemistry involved in making carbon-based fuels (such as methanol) from reduction of carbon dioxide is challenging; a feasible alternative is hydrogen production from protons, though use of water as the source of electrons (as plants do) requires mastering the multielectron oxidation of two water molecules to molecular oxygen. Some have envisaged working solar fuel plants in coastal metropolitan areas by 2050 \u2013  the splitting of sea water providing hydrogen to be run through adjacent fuel-cell electric power plants and the pure water by-product going directly into the municipal water system. Another vision involves all human structures covering the earth's surface (i.e., roads, vehicles and buildings) doing photosynthesis more efficiently than plants."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the process under development at the Weizmann Institute?", "id": "56ce799daab44d1400b887dd", "answers": [{"text": "The Solzinc process", "answer_start": 688}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Solznic process produces what?", "id": "56ce799daab44d1400b887de", "answers": [{"text": "pure zinc", "answer_start": 882}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has been a main area of solar chemical research since the 1970s?", "id": "56d08f34234ae51400d9c388", "answers": [{"text": "Hydrogen production technologies", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one of the thermochemical processes that has been explored besides electrolysis?", "id": "56d08f34234ae51400d9c389", "answers": [{"text": "uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the process being developed by the Weizmann Institute?", "id": "56d08f34234ae51400d9c38a", "answers": [{"text": "Solzinc process", "answer_start": 692}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hydrogen production technologies been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s. Aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells, several thermochemical processes have also been explored. One such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures (2,300\u20132,600 \u00b0C or 4,200\u20134,700 \u00b0F). Another approach uses the heat from solar concentrators to drive the steam reformation of natural gas thereby increasing the overall hydrogen yield compared to conventional reforming methods. Thermochemical cycles characterized by the decomposition and regeneration of reactants present another avenue for hydrogen production. The Solzinc process under development at the Weizmann Institute uses a 1 MW solar furnace to decompose zinc oxide (ZnO) at temperatures above 1,200 \u00b0C (2,200 \u00b0F). This initial reaction produces pure zinc, which can subsequently be reacted with water to produce hydrogen."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what form do thermal mass systems store solar energy?", "id": "56ce79c4aab44d1400b887e1", "answers": [{"text": "heat", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the system called that can store solar energy in the form of heat?", "id": "56d09004234ae51400d9c38e", "answers": [{"text": "Thermal mass systems", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some of the materials used in thermal storage systems?", "id": "56d09004234ae51400d9c38f", "answers": [{"text": "water, earth and stone", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is something that can be accomplished by a thermal mass system?", "id": "56d09004234ae51400d9c390", "answers": [{"text": "reduce overall heating and cooling requirements", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations. Thermal storage systems generally use readily available materials with high specific heat capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lower peak demand, shift time-of-use to off-peak hours and reduce overall heating and cooling requirements."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Paraffin wax is an example of what kind of storage media?", "id": "56ce7a03aab44d1400b887e3", "answers": [{"text": "thermal", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The first Glauber's salt heating system was first used where?", "id": "56ce7a03aab44d1400b887e4", "answers": [{"text": "The \"Dover House\"", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some examples of phase change materials?", "id": "56d09106234ae51400d9c394", "answers": [{"text": "paraffin wax and Glauber's salt", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the approximate temperatures that can be delivered by phase change materials?", "id": "56d09106234ae51400d9c395", "answers": [{"text": "64 \u00b0C or 147 \u00b0F", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the heating system that first used Glauber's salt?", "id": "56d09106234ae51400d9c396", "answers": [{"text": "Dover House", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why are salts good  for thermal storage?", "id": "56d09106234ae51400d9c397", "answers": [{"text": "they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems", "answer_start": 458}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much energy was the Solar Two able to store using salts?", "id": "56d09106234ae51400d9c398", "answers": [{"text": "1.44 terajoules (400,000 kWh)", "answer_start": 664}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage media. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately 64 \u00b0C or 147 \u00b0F). The \"Dover House\" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heating system, in 1948. Solar energy can also be stored at high temperatures using molten salts. Salts are an effective storage medium because they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems. The Solar Two used this method of energy storage, allowing it to store 1.44 terajoules (400,000 kWh) in its 68 cubic metres storage tank with an annual storage efficiency of about 99%."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where do off-grid PV systems store excess electricity?", "id": "56ce7ba4aab44d1400b887ed", "answers": [{"text": "rechargeable batteries", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do off-grid PV systems use to store excess electricity?", "id": "56d09249234ae51400d9c39e", "answers": [{"text": "rechargeable batteries", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the programs that gives credit to households for delivering electricity to the grid called?", "id": "56d09249234ae51400d9c39f", "answers": [{"text": "Net metering programs", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is the credit to households accomplished?", "id": "56d09249234ae51400d9c3a0", "answers": [{"text": "by 'rolling back' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why is a second meter usually unnecessary to monitor electricity use?", "id": "56d09249234ae51400d9c3a1", "answers": [{"text": "Most standard meters accurately measure in both directions", "answer_start": 747}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Off-grid PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity. With grid-tied systems, excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid, while standard grid electricity can be used to meet shortfalls. Net metering programs give household systems a credit for any electricity they deliver to the grid. This is handled by 'rolling back' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes. If the net electricity use is below zero, the utility then rolls over the kilowatt hour credit to the next month. Other approaches involve the use of two meters, to measure electricity consumed vs. electricity produced. This is less common due to the increased installation cost of the second meter. Most standard meters accurately measure in both directions, making a second meter unnecessary."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When water is released due to high demand, the pump become swhat?", "id": "56ce7bd2aab44d1400b887f1", "answers": [{"text": "a hydroelectric power generator", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in what form?", "id": "56d092a1234ae51400d9c3a6", "answers": [{"text": "water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is the energy stored by pumped-storage hydroelectricity recovered?", "id": "56d092a1234ae51400d9c3a7", "answers": [{"text": "by releasing the water, with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in the form of water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one. The energy is recovered when demand is high by releasing the water, with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The oil embargo in what year was a contributing factor to the reorganization of energy policies?", "id": "56ce7c26aab44d1400b887fb", "answers": [{"text": "1973", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What brought attention to solar technologies in the 1970s?", "id": "56d097fb234ae51400d9c3ae", "answers": [{"text": "The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the names of some of the incentive programs used to promote solar technology?", "id": "56d097fb234ae51400d9c3af", "answers": [{"text": "the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the solar energy research facility in the US?", "id": "56d097fb234ae51400d9c3b0", "answers": [{"text": "SERI, now NREL", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the solar energy research facility in Japan?", "id": "56d097fb234ae51400d9c3b1", "answers": [{"text": "NEDO", "answer_start": 413}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the solar energy research facility in Germany?", "id": "56d097fb234ae51400d9c3b2", "answers": [{"text": "Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies. Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the US (SERI, now NREL), Japan (NEDO), and Germany (Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The solar water heaters introduced in the US in the 1890s saw growth until what time period?", "id": "56ce7c97aab44d1400b88801", "answers": [{"text": "the 1920s", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Since 1999, what average rate has the solar water heating sector progressed at?", "id": "56ce7c97aab44d1400b88802", "answers": [{"text": "20% per year", "answer_start": 503}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the use of solar water heaters in the US first begin?", "id": "56d098d8234ae51400d9c3b8", "answers": [{"text": "in the 1890s", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did interest in solar water heating decrease in the 1980s?", "id": "56d098d8234ae51400d9c3b9", "answers": [{"text": "falling petroleum prices", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Growth of solar water heating development has averaged how much per year since 1999", "id": "56d098d8234ae51400d9c3ba", "answers": [{"text": "20%", "answer_start": 503}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the estimated capacity of solar water heating and cooling in 2007?", "id": "56d098d8234ae51400d9c3bb", "answers": [{"text": "154 GW", "answer_start": 677}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels. As with photovoltaics, solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but interest subsided in the 1980s due to falling petroleum prices. Development in the solar water heating sector progressed steadily throughout the 1990s and growth rates have averaged 20% per year since 1999. Although generally underestimated, solar water heating and cooling is by far the most widely deployed solar technology with an estimated capacity of 154 GW as of 2007."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which organization believes that solar energy can solve some of our most pressing issues?", "id": "56ce7cbbaab44d1400b88805", "answers": [{"text": "The International Energy Agency", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said that solar energy can help solve some of the most urgent problems in the world?", "id": "56d0990e234ae51400d9c3c0", "answers": [{"text": "The International Energy Agency", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The International Energy Agency has said that solar energy can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "ISO 9050 relates to standards for what?", "id": "56ce7d1aaab44d1400b88809", "answers": [{"text": "glass in building", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "ISO 10217 relates to standards for what?", "id": "56ce7d1aaab44d1400b8880a", "answers": [{"text": "materials used in solar water heaters", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the standard related to glass in building?", "id": "56d09a77234ae51400d9c3c6", "answers": [{"text": "ISO 9050", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the standard related to the materials used in solar water heaters?", "id": "56d09a77234ae51400d9c3c7", "answers": [{"text": "ISO 10217", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The International Organization for Standardization has established a number of standards relating to solar energy equipment. For example, ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are the technologies used to capture solar energy characterized as?", "id": "56ce9211aab44d1400b88893", "answers": [{"text": "passive solar or active solar", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some active solar techniques used to harness solar energy?", "id": "56ce9211aab44d1400b88894", "answers": [{"text": "photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a passive solar technique?", "id": "56ce9211aab44d1400b88895", "answers": [{"text": "orienting a building to the Sun", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the total worldwide energy consumption in 2012?", "id": "56ce9464aab44d1400b88899", "answers": [{"text": "559.8 EJ", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is solar energy's yearly potential?", "id": "56ce9464aab44d1400b8889a", "answers": [{"text": "1,575\u201349,837 exajoules (EJ)", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What makes solar energy an appealing source of electricity>", "id": "56ce9464aab44d1400b8889b", "answers": [{"text": "The large magnitude of solar energy available", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who estimated the annual potential of solar energy in 2000?", "id": "56ce9464aab44d1400b8889c", "answers": [{"text": "The United Nations Development Programme", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity. The United Nations Development Programme in its 2000 World Energy Assessment found that the annual potential of solar energy was 1,575\u201349,837 exajoules (EJ). This is several times larger than the total world energy consumption, which was 559.8 EJ in 2012."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How will solar energy increase energy security?", "id": "56cfb40b234ae51400d9bea3", "answers": [{"text": "through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What costs will solar energy lower?", "id": "56cfb40b234ae51400d9bea4", "answers": [{"text": "the costs of mitigating global warming", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What should the cost of incentives for producing solar energy be considered?", "id": "56cfb40b234ae51400d9bea5", "answers": [{"text": "learning investments", "answer_start": 557}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What effect will solar energy have on the price of fossil fuels?", "id": "56cfb40b234ae51400d9bea6", "answers": [{"text": "keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise", "answer_start": 395}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that \"the development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries\u2019 energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating global warming, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Why does the amount of usable solar energy differ from the amount near the planets surface?", "id": "56cfbb5c234ae51400d9bf29", "answers": [{"text": "geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The potential solar energy that could be used by humans differs from the amount of solar energy present near the surface of the planet because factors such as geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans limits the amount of solar energy that we can acquire."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Why does geography have an effect of the amount of solar energy available?", "id": "56cfbc7f234ae51400d9bf33", "answers": [{"text": "areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the process called that can increase solar energy in areas further away from the earth's equator?", "id": "56cfbc7f234ae51400d9bf34", "answers": [{"text": "photovoltaics", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why does time have an effect of the amount of available solar energy?", "id": "56cfbc7f234ae51400d9bf35", "answers": [{"text": "during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What effect does cloud coverage have on the amount of solar energy available?", "id": "56cfbc7f234ae51400d9bf36", "answers": [{"text": "clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells", "answer_start": 605}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Geography effects solar energy potential because areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation. However, the use of photovoltaics that can follow the position of the sun can significantly increase the solar energy potential in areas that are farther from the equator. Time variation effects the potential of solar energy because during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb. This limits the amount of energy that solar panels can absorb in one day. Cloud cover can effect the potential of solar panels because clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Why does land availability have an effect on solar energy?", "id": "56cfbd75234ae51400d9bf3d", "answers": [{"text": "solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why are roofs a good place for solar panels?", "id": "56cfbd75234ae51400d9bf3e", "answers": [{"text": "many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In addition, land availability has a large effect on the available solar energy because solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels. Roofs have been found to be a suitable place for solar cells, as many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way. Other areas that are suitable for solar cells are lands that are unowned by businesses where solar plants can be established."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What factors were taken into account in the estimate published in 2000 on solar energy?", "id": "56cfe547234ae51400d9c029", "answers": [{"text": "insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the total potential of solar energy found in the estimate?", "id": "56cfe547234ae51400d9c02a", "answers": [{"text": "1,575\u201349,837 EJ per year", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2000, the United Nations Development Programme, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and World Energy Council published an estimate of the potential solar energy that could be used by humans each year that took into account factors such as insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans. The estimate found that solar energy has a global potential of 1,575\u201349,837 EJ per year (see table below)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is solar power?", "id": "56d005e1234ae51400d9c287", "answers": [{"text": "conversion of sunlight into electricity", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is sunlight converted into electricity?", "id": "56d005e1234ae51400d9c288", "answers": [{"text": "either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP)", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does a concentrated solar power system use?", "id": "56d005e1234ae51400d9c289", "answers": [{"text": "lenses or mirrors and tracking systems", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the purpose of a concentrated solar power system?", "id": "56d005e1234ae51400d9c28a", "answers": [{"text": "focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What method does the photovoltaics system use to turn light into electricity?", "id": "56d005e1234ae51400d9c28b", "answers": [{"text": "photoelectric effect", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What has influenced the design since the beginning of architectural history?", "id": "56d07d26234ae51400d9c326", "answers": [{"text": "Sunlight", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who first utilized solar architecture?", "id": "56d07d26234ae51400d9c327", "answers": [{"text": "Greeks and Chinese", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which direction were the buildings built by the Greeks and Chinese facing?", "id": "56d07d26234ae51400d9c328", "answers": [{"text": "toward the south", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Sunlight has influenced building design since the beginning of architectural history. Advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods were first employed by the Greeks and Chinese, who oriented their buildings toward the south to provide light and warmth."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is a solar balloon?", "id": "56d08aa8234ae51400d9c36a", "answers": [{"text": "a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens when sunlight shines on a solar balloon?", "id": "56d08aa8234ae51400d9c36b", "answers": [{"text": "the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the use of solar balloons typically limited to?", "id": "56d08aa8234ae51400d9c36c", "answers": [{"text": "the toy market", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why is the use of solar balloons typically limited to the toy market?", "id": "56d08aa8234ae51400d9c36d", "answers": [{"text": "the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A solar balloon is a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air. As sunlight shines on the balloon, the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force, much like an artificially heated hot air balloon. Some solar balloons are large enough for human flight, but usage is generally limited to the toy market as the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Why was solar technology developed in the 1860s?", "id": "56d09354234ae51400d9c3aa", "answers": [{"text": "driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What slowed the development of solar technologies in the early 20th century?", "id": "56d09354234ae51400d9c3ab", "answers": [{"text": "increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum", "answer_start": 395}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beginning with the surge in coal use which accompanied the Industrial Revolution, energy consumption has steadily transitioned from wood and biomass to fossil fuels. The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce. However, development of solar technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum."}, {"qas": [{"question": "According to a report in 2011, by what year could solar energy provide a third of the world's energy?", "id": "56d09a0e234ae51400d9c3c2", "answers": [{"text": "2060", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What could the sun's energy do to help limit climate change?", "id": "56d09a0e234ae51400d9c3c3", "answers": [{"text": "could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters", "answer_start": 284}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2011, a report by the International Energy Agency found that solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics, solar hot water and concentrated solar power could provide a third of the world\u2019s energy by 2060 if politicians commit to limiting climate change. The energy from the sun could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters. \"The strength of solar is the incredible variety and flexibility of applications, from small scale to big scale\"."}]}, {"title": "Kanye_West", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What year was Kanye born?", "id": "56cf4da7aab44d1400b88f86", "answers": [{"text": "1977", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of music does Kanye West perform?", "id": "56d0f35817492d1400aab693", "answers": [{"text": "hip hop", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Kanye West's middle name?", "id": "56d0f35817492d1400aab694", "answers": [{"text": "Omari", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is Kanye West's birthday?", "id": "56d0f35817492d1400aab695", "answers": [{"text": "June 8, 1977", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Kanye Omari West (/\u02c8k\u0251\u02d0nje\u026a/; born June 8, 1977) is an American hip hop recording artist, record producer, rapper, fashion designer, and entrepreneur. He is among the most acclaimed musicians of the 21st century, attracting both praise and controversy for his work and his outspoken public persona."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the first label that Kanye produced for?", "id": "56cf4e9aaab44d1400b88f9a", "answers": [{"text": "Roc-A-Fella Records", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who are some well known artists that Kanye produced for early in his career?", "id": "56cf4e9aaab44d1400b88f9b", "answers": [{"text": "Jay-Z and Alicia Keys", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many albums has Kanye released since starting his solo career in 2004?", "id": "56cf4e9aaab44d1400b88f9c", "answers": [{"text": "7", "answer_start": 562}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With which artists that Kanye formerly produced for did he go on to collaborate with?", "id": "56cf4e9aaab44d1400b88f9d", "answers": [{"text": "Jay-Z", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Kanye West live as a child?", "id": "56d0f47a17492d1400aab699", "answers": [{"text": "Chicago", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Kanye West's first job title after art school?", "id": "56d0f47a17492d1400aab69a", "answers": [{"text": "producer", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Kanye West release his first rap CD?", "id": "56d0f47a17492d1400aab69b", "answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many total CDs has Kanye West released in his career so far?", "id": "56d0f47a17492d1400aab69d", "answers": [{"text": "7", "answer_start": 562}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Raised in Chicago, West briefly attended art school before becoming known as a producer for Roc-A-Fella Records in the early 2000s, producing hit singles for artists such as Jay-Z and Alicia Keys. Intent on pursuing a solo career as a rapper, West released his debut album The College Dropout in 2004 to widespread commercial and critical success, and founded record label GOOD Music. He went on to explore a variety of different musical styles on subsequent albums that included the baroque-inflected Late Registration (2005), the arena-inspired Graduation (2007), and the starkly polarizing 808s & Heartbreak (2008). In 2010, he released his critically acclaimed fifth album, the maximalist My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, and the following year he collaborated with Jay-Z on the joint LP Watch the Throne (2011). West released his abrasive sixth album, Yeezus, to further critical praise in 2013. Following a series of recording delays and work on non-musical projects, West's seventh album, The Life of Pablo, was released in 2016."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many albums has Kanye sold?", "id": "56cf58f7aab44d1400b890b5", "answers": [{"text": "32 million", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many downloads do Kanye's tracks have across the globe?", "id": "56cf58f7aab44d1400b890b6", "answers": [{"text": "100 million", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Kanye is known for having the most of what type of award for his age?", "id": "56cf58f7aab44d1400b890b7", "answers": [{"text": "Grammy", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many albums does Kanye have on the \"500 Greatest Albums of All Time\" list?", "id": "56cf58f7aab44d1400b890b8", "answers": [{"text": "3", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What popular magazine placed Kanye on their annual list in 2005 and 2015?", "id": "56cf58f7aab44d1400b890b9", "answers": [{"text": "Time", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many CDs has Kanye West sold?", "id": "56d0f8a117492d1400aab6ad", "answers": [{"text": "32 million", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Grammy Awards has Kanye West won?", "id": "56d0f8a117492d1400aab6ae", "answers": [{"text": "21", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of Kanye West's albums were recognized by Rolling Stone Magazine?", "id": "56d0f8a117492d1400aab6af", "answers": [{"text": "3", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which years was Kanye West mentioned in Time Magazine?", "id": "56d0f8a117492d1400aab6b0", "answers": [{"text": "2005 and 2015", "answer_start": 617}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "West is one of the best-selling artists of all time, having sold more than 32 million albums and 100 million digital downloads worldwide. He has won a total of 21 Grammy Awards, making him one of the most awarded artists of all time and the most Grammy-awarded artist of his age. Three of his albums rank on Rolling Stone's 2012 \"500 Greatest Albums of All Time\" list; two of his albums feature at first and eighth, respectively, in Pitchfork Media's The 100 Best Albums of 2010\u20132014. He has also been included in a number of Forbes annual lists. Time named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2005 and 2015."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What subject did Kanye's mother teach at her university?", "id": "56cf5e7eaab44d1400b89158", "answers": [{"text": "English", "answer_start": 504}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Georgia city was Kanye West born?", "id": "56d0fb0317492d1400aab6c9", "answers": [{"text": "Atlanta", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the business that Kanye West helped fund in 2006?", "id": "56d0fb0317492d1400aab6cb", "answers": [{"text": "Good Water Store and Caf\u00e9", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Kanye West's mother work before becoming his manager?", "id": "56d0fb0317492d1400aab6cc", "answers": [{"text": "Chicago State University", "answer_start": 584}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Kanye West's high school?", "id": "56d0fb0317492d1400aab6cd", "answers": [{"text": "Polaris High School", "answer_start": 706}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Kanye Omari West was born on June 8, 1977 in Atlanta, Georgia. His parents divorced when he was three and he and his mother moved to Chicago, Illinois. His father, Ray West, is a former Black Panther and was one of the first black photojournalists at The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Ray West was later a Christian counselor, and in 2006, opened the Good Water Store and Caf\u00e9 in Lexington Park, Maryland with startup capital from his son. West's mother, Dr. Donda C. (Williams) West, was a professor of English at Clark Atlanta University, and the Chair of the English Department at Chicago State University before retiring to serve as his manager. West was raised in a middle-class background, attending Polaris High School in suburban Oak Lawn, Illinois after living in Chicago."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Kanye and his mother relocate when he was 10?", "id": "56cf5ee8aab44d1400b8915d", "answers": [{"text": "Nanjing, China", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "While staying in China, Kanye was the only what in his class?", "id": "56cf5ee8aab44d1400b8915e", "answers": [{"text": "foreigner", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How well did Kanye do in high school?", "id": "56cf5ee8aab44d1400b8915f", "answers": [{"text": "A's and B's", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what age did Kanye West relocate to China?", "id": "56d0fb7817492d1400aab6dd", "answers": [{"text": "10", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What University was the cause of West's mother moving the family to China?", "id": "56d0fb7817492d1400aab6de", "answers": [{"text": "Nanjing University", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "At the age of 10, West moved with his mother to Nanjing, China, where she was teaching at Nanjing University as part of an exchange program. According to his mother, West was the only foreigner in his class, but settled in well and quickly picked up the language, although he has since forgotten most of it. When asked about his grades in high school, West replied, \"I got A's and B's. And I'm not even frontin'.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was Kanye creating when he was five?", "id": "56cf5f6daab44d1400b89163", "answers": [{"text": "poetry", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was one of the first tracks written by Kanye when he was 13?", "id": "56cf5f6daab44d1400b89164", "answers": [{"text": "\"Green Eggs and Ham\"", "answer_start": 499}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Kanye meet early in his career who later mentored him?", "id": "56cf5f6daab44d1400b89165", "answers": [{"text": "DJ No I.D.", "answer_start": 821}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What activity did Kanye West start doing when he was five?", "id": "56d0fccf17492d1400aab6f5", "answers": [{"text": "writing poetry", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the song he wrote at age thirteen?", "id": "56d0fccf17492d1400aab6f7", "answers": [{"text": "Green Eggs and Ham", "answer_start": 500}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the producer that helped Kanye West?", "id": "56d0fccf17492d1400aab6f8", "answers": [{"text": "No I.D.", "answer_start": 824}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "West demonstrated an affinity for the arts at an early age; he began writing poetry when he was five years old. His mother recalled that she first took notice of West's passion for drawing and music when he was in the third grade. Growing up in the city,[which?] West became deeply involved in its hip hop scene. He started rapping in the third grade and began making musical compositions in the seventh grade, eventually selling them to other artists. At age thirteen, West wrote a rap song called \"Green Eggs and Ham\" and began to persuade his mother to pay $25 an hour for time in a recording studio. It was a small, crude basement studio where a microphone hung from the ceiling by a wire clothes hanger. Although this wasn't what West's mother wanted, she nonetheless supported him. West crossed paths with producer/DJ No I.D., with whom he quickly formed a close friendship. No I.D. soon became West's mentor, and it was from him that West learned how to sample and program beats after he received his first sampler at age 15."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Kanye receive a scholarship to attend?", "id": "56cf5fc7aab44d1400b89173", "answers": [{"text": "American Academy of Art", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Kanye when he dropped out of college?", "id": "56cf5fc7aab44d1400b89174", "answers": [{"text": "20", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What school did Kanye West go to in 1997?", "id": "56d0fdf617492d1400aab6fd", "answers": [{"text": "Chicago's American Academy of Art", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What subject was Kanye West's focus at Chicago State University?", "id": "56d0fdf617492d1400aab6fe", "answers": [{"text": "English", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what age did Kanye West leave school to follow his musical passion?", "id": "56d0fdf617492d1400aab6ff", "answers": [{"text": "20", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the CD that Kanye recorded based on his failed college experience?", "id": "56d0fdf617492d1400aab700", "answers": [{"text": "College Dropout", "answer_start": 636}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After graduating from high school, West received a scholarship to attend Chicago's American Academy of Art in 1997 and began taking painting classes, but shortly after transferred to Chicago State University to study English. He soon realized that his busy class schedule was detrimental to his musical work, and at 20 he dropped out of college to pursue his musical dreams. This action greatly displeased his mother, who was also a professor at the university. She later commented, \"It was drummed into my head that college is the ticket to a good life... but some career goals don't require college. For Kanye to make an album called College Dropout it was more about having the guts to embrace who you are, rather than following the path society has carved out for you.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who were the beats Kanye made in the 90's originally intended for?", "id": "56cf6057aab44d1400b89177", "answers": [{"text": "local artists", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What types of records did Kanye sample in his early career.", "id": "56cf6057aab44d1400b89178", "answers": [{"text": "classic soul records", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What music group did Kanye join when he couldn't release his solo album?", "id": "56cf6057aab44d1400b8917a", "answers": [{"text": "Go-Getters", "answer_start": 587}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what time period did Kanye begin producing?", "id": "56d0fe7217492d1400aab705", "answers": [{"text": "mid-1990s", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Kanye West start his production career?", "id": "56d45f882ccc5a1400d830ef", "answers": [{"text": "mid-1990s", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For which artist did Kanye West act as a ghost producer? ", "id": "56d45f882ccc5a1400d830f0", "answers": [{"text": "Deric \"D-Dot\" Angelettie", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What late 1990s Chicago rap group was Kanye West a member of?", "id": "56d45f882ccc5a1400d830f1", "answers": [{"text": "Go-Getters", "answer_start": 587}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What firm managed Kanye West's rap group? ", "id": "56d45f882ccc5a1400d830f2", "answers": [{"text": "Hustle Period", "answer_start": 793}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the first Go-Getters album released? ", "id": "56d45f882ccc5a1400d830f3", "answers": [{"text": "1999", "answer_start": 978}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Kanye West began his early production career in the mid-1990s, making beats primarily for burgeoning local artists, eventually developing a style that involved speeding up vocal samples from classic soul records. His first official production credits came at the age of nineteen when he produced eight tracks on Down to Earth, the 1996 debut album of a Chicago rapper named Grav. For a time, West acted as a ghost producer for Deric \"D-Dot\" Angelettie. Because of his association with D-Dot, West wasn't able to release a solo album, so he formed and became a member and producer of the Go-Getters, a late-1990s Chicago rap group composed of him, GLC, Timmy G, Really Doe, and Arrowstar. His group was managed by John \"Monopoly\" Johnson, Don Crowley, and Happy Lewis under the management firm Hustle Period. After attending a series of promotional photo shoots and making some radio appearances, The Go-Getters released their first and only studio album World Record Holders in 1999. The album featured other Chicago-based rappers such as Rhymefest, Mikkey Halsted, Miss Criss, and Shayla G. Meanwhile, the production was handled by West, Arrowstar, Boogz, and Brian \"All Day\" Miller."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Kanye produced the third song from the second album of what artist?", "id": "56cf6141aab44d1400b89195", "answers": [{"text": "Foxy Brown", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What rappers were featured in the songs that Kanye produced for Tell 'Em Why U Madd?", "id": "56cf6141aab44d1400b89198", "answers": [{"text": "Ma$e, Raekwon, and Eminem.", "answer_start": 1117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which U.S. Billboard 200 chart topper did Kanye West produce a song for?", "id": "56d100b517492d1400aab708", "answers": [{"text": "Foxy Brown", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the CD produced by Kanye that was by a made-up character?", "id": "56d100b517492d1400aab70a", "answers": [{"text": "Tell 'Em Why U Madd", "answer_start": 845}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "West spent much of the late-1990s producing records for a number of well-known artists and music groups. The third song on Foxy Brown's second studio album Chyna Doll was produced by West. Her second effort subsequently became the very first hip-hop album by a female rapper to debut at the top of the U.S. Billboard 200 chart in its first week of release. West produced three of the tracks on Harlem World's first and only album The Movement alongside Jermaine Dupri and the production duo Trackmasters. His songs featured rappers Nas, Drag-On, and R&B singer Carl Thomas. The ninth track from World Party, the last Goodie Mob album to feature the rap group's four founding members prior to their break-up, was co-produced by West with his manager Deric \"D-Dot\" Angelettie. At the close of the millennium, West ended up producing six songs for Tell 'Em Why U Madd, an album that was released by D-Dot under the alias of The Madd Rapper; a fictional character he created for a skit on The Notorious B.I.G.'s second and final studio album Life After Death. West's songs featured guest appearances from rappers such as Ma$e, Raekwon, and Eminem."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What label did Kanye begin to work for in 2000?", "id": "56cf61d7aab44d1400b891ad", "answers": [{"text": "Roc-A-Fella Records", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What album did Kanye receive production credits on in 2001?", "id": "56cf61d7aab44d1400b891ae", "answers": [{"text": "The Blueprint", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Roc-A-Fella make Kanye West known?", "id": "56d1015e17492d1400aab70e", "answers": [{"text": "2000", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the CD West produced for Jay Z in 2001?", "id": "56d1015e17492d1400aab70f", "answers": [{"text": "The Blueprint", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "West got his big break in the year 2000, when he began to produce for artists on Roc-A-Fella Records. West came to achieve recognition and is often credited with revitalizing Jay-Z's career with his contributions to the rap mogul's influential 2001 album The Blueprint. The Blueprint is consistently ranked among the greatest hip-hop albums, and the critical and financial success of the album generated substantial interest in West as a producer. Serving as an in-house producer for Roc-A-Fella Records, West produced records for other artists from the label, including Beanie Sigel, Freeway, and Cam'ron. He also crafted hit songs for Ludacris, Alicia Keys, and Janet Jackson."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Although Kanye was achieving fame by producing, what did he actually want to be?", "id": "56cf626faab44d1400b891b3", "answers": [{"text": "rapper", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What label declined to work with Kanye after many meetings?", "id": "56cf626faab44d1400b891b4", "answers": [{"text": "Capitol Records", "answer_start": 410}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What career was Kanye's ultimate dream?", "id": "56d101c417492d1400aab718", "answers": [{"text": "rapper", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Kanye West not have that made record companies turn him down?", "id": "56d101c417492d1400aab719", "answers": [{"text": "gangsta image", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which record company turned Kanye down after many meetings?", "id": "56d101c417492d1400aab71a", "answers": [{"text": "Capitol Records", "answer_start": 410}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Despite his success as a producer, West's true aspiration was to be a rapper. Though he had developed his rapping long before he began producing, it was often a challenge for West to be accepted as a rapper, and he struggled to attain a record deal. Multiple record companies ignored him because he did not portray the gangsta image prominent in mainstream hip hop at the time. After a series of meetings with Capitol Records, West was ultimately denied an artist deal."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who almost picked up Kanye but was ultimately swayed?", "id": "56cf637caab44d1400b891b7", "answers": [{"text": "Joe Weinberger", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What label finally (although reluctantly) picked up Kanye?", "id": "56cf637caab44d1400b891b8", "answers": [{"text": "Roc-A-Fella", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Kanye's peers see him as while he tried to pursue his rap career?", "id": "56cf637caab44d1400b891b9", "answers": [{"text": "a producer", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What man was almost ready to give Kanye a record deal?", "id": "56d1021117492d1400aab71e", "answers": [{"text": "Joe Weinberger", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What record company eventually signed Kanye West?", "id": "56d1021117492d1400aab71f", "answers": [{"text": "Roc-A-Fella", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to Capitol Record's A&R, Joe Weinberger, he was approached by West and almost signed a deal with him, but another person in the company convinced Capitol's president not to. Desperate to keep West from defecting to another label, then-label head Damon Dash reluctantly signed West to Roc-A-Fella Records. Jay-Z later admitted that Roc-A-Fella was initially reluctant to support West as a rapper, claiming that many saw him as a producer first and foremost, and that his background contrasted with that of his labelmates."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What track did Kanye compose and perform while injured from his accident?", "id": "56cf6438aab44d1400b891c8", "answers": [{"text": "Through The Wire", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Kanye's 2002 mixtape that he wrote while in the hospital?", "id": "56cf6438aab44d1400b891c9", "answers": [{"text": "Get Well Soon...", "answer_start": 836}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After dropping his mixtape, Kanye revealed the name of his debut album to be what?", "id": "56cf6438aab44d1400b891ca", "answers": [{"text": "The College Dropout", "answer_start": 958}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the date of Kanye's car wreck?", "id": "56d1034017492d1400aab722", "answers": [{"text": "October 23, 2002", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song did Kanye record about his experience with what happened after the wreck?", "id": "56d1034017492d1400aab723", "answers": [{"text": "\"Through The Wire\"", "answer_start": 477}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the mixtape Kanye released in December of 2002?", "id": "56d1034017492d1400aab724", "answers": [{"text": "Get Well Soon", "answer_start": 836}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "West's breakthrough came a year later on October 23, 2002, when, while driving home from a California recording studio after working late, he fell asleep at the wheel and was involved in a near-fatal car crash. The crash left him with a shattered jaw, which had to be wired shut in reconstructive surgery. The accident inspired West; two weeks after being admitted to the hospital, he recorded a song at the Record Plant Studios with his jaw still wired shut. The composition, \"Through The Wire\", expressed West's experience after the accident, and helped lay the foundation for his debut album, as according to West \"all the better artists have expressed what they were going through\". West added that \"the album was my medicine\", as working on the record distracted him from the pain. \"Through The Wire\" was first available on West's Get Well Soon... mixtape, released December 2002. At the same time, West announced that he was working on an album called The College Dropout, whose overall theme was to \"make your own decisions. Don't let society tell you, 'This is what you have to do.'\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What happened to Kanye's debut album that caused him to remaster most of it?", "id": "56cf64d24df3c31400b0d6f3", "answers": [{"text": "it was leaked", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many times was the release date for Kanye's first album pushed back?", "id": "56cf64d24df3c31400b0d6f5", "answers": [{"text": "3", "answer_start": 972}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what city did West finish recording his first album?", "id": "56d1042317492d1400aab72e", "answers": [{"text": "Los Angeles", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many times was The College Dropout's release put off?", "id": "56d1042317492d1400aab72f", "answers": [{"text": "3", "answer_start": 972}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was supposed to be the original release date for The College Dropout?", "id": "56d1042317492d1400aab730", "answers": [{"text": "August 2003", "answer_start": 962}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Carrying a Louis Vuitton backpack filled with old disks and demos to the studio and back, West crafted much of his production for his debut album in less than fifteen minutes at a time. He recorded the remainder of the album in Los Angeles while recovering from the car accident. Once he had completed the album, it was leaked months before its release date. However, West decided to use the opportunity to review the album, and The College Dropout was significantly remixed, remastered, and revised before being released. As a result, certain tracks originally destined for the album were subsequently retracted, among them \"Keep the Receipt\" with Ol' Dirty Bastard and \"The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly\" with Consequence. West meticulously refined the production, adding string arrangements, gospel choirs, improved drum programming and new verses. West's perfectionism led The College Dropout to have its release postponed three times from its initial date in August 2003."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What place on the Billboard chart did Kanye's album debut at?", "id": "56cf657b4df3c31400b0d6ff", "answers": [{"text": "2", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many publications voted The College Dropout for album of the year?", "id": "56cf657b4df3c31400b0d700", "answers": [{"text": "2", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the single off the debut album that gave Kanye mainstream attention?", "id": "56cf657b4df3c31400b0d701", "answers": [{"text": "Jesus Walks", "answer_start": 635}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What label did Kanye create following the success of his first album's release?", "id": "56cf657b4df3c31400b0d703", "answers": [{"text": "GOOD Music", "answer_start": 1201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was The College Dropout finally released?", "id": "56d1056017492d1400aab752", "answers": [{"text": "February 2004", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song was the second released off of Kanye's The College Dropout album?", "id": "56d1056017492d1400aab754", "answers": [{"text": "\"Slow Jamz\"", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Grammy nominations did The College Dropout receive?", "id": "56d1056017492d1400aab755", "answers": [{"text": "10", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the record label that West founded?", "id": "56d1056017492d1400aab756", "answers": [{"text": "GOOD Music", "answer_start": 1201}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The College Dropout was eventually issued by Roc-A-Fella in February 2004, shooting to number two on the Billboard 200 as his debut single, \"Through the Wire\" peaked at number fifteen on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for five weeks. \"Slow Jamz\", his second single featuring Twista and Jamie Foxx, became an even bigger success: it became the three musicians' first number one hit. The College Dropout received near-universal critical acclaim from contemporary music critics, was voted the top album of the year by two major music publications, and has consistently been ranked among the great hip-hop works and debut albums by artists. \"Jesus Walks\", the album's fourth single, perhaps exposed West to a wider audience; the song's subject matter concerns faith and Christianity. The song nevertheless reached the top 20 of the Billboard pop charts, despite industry executives' predictions that a song containing such blatant declarations of faith would never make it to radio. The College Dropout would eventually be certified triple platinum in the US, and garnered West 10 Grammy nominations, including Album of the Year, and Best Rap Album (which it received). During this period, West also founded GOOD Music, a record label and management company that would go on to house affiliate artists and producers, such as No I.D. and John Legend. At the time, the focal point of West's production style was the use of sped-up vocal samples from soul records. However, partly because of the acclaim of The College Dropout, such sampling had been much copied by others; with that overuse, and also because West felt he had become too dependent on the technique, he decided to find a new sound."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of ensemble did Kanye hire to work on his second album?", "id": "56cf66344df3c31400b0d70a", "answers": [{"text": "string orchestra", "answer_start": 561}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What composer worked alongside Kanye on the album's production?", "id": "56cf66344df3c31400b0d70b", "answers": [{"text": "Jon Brion", "answer_start": 670}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Kanye's second studio album?", "id": "56cf66344df3c31400b0d70c", "answers": [{"text": "Late Registration", "answer_start": 599}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many copies of Late Registration sold in its first year?", "id": "56cf66344df3c31400b0d70d", "answers": [{"text": "2.3 million", "answer_start": 1048}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What English music group was an inspiration for Kanye West on his second album?", "id": "56d1060e17492d1400aab763", "answers": [{"text": "Portishead", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of West's second album?", "id": "56d1060e17492d1400aab764", "answers": [{"text": "Late Registration", "answer_start": 599}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many copies of Late Registration were sold in the United States?", "id": "56d1060e17492d1400aab765", "answers": [{"text": "2.3 million", "answer_start": 1048}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beginning his second effort that fall, West would invest two million dollars and take over a year to craft his second album. West was significantly inspired by Roseland NYC Live, a 1998 live album by English trip hop group Portishead, produced with the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. Early in his career, the live album had inspired him to incorporate string arrangements into his hip-hop production. Though West had not been able to afford many live instruments around the time of his debut album, the money from his commercial success enabled him to hire a string orchestra for his second album Late Registration. West collaborated with American film score composer Jon Brion, who served as the album's co-executive producer for several tracks. Although Brion had no prior experience in creating hip-hop records, he and West found that they could productively work together after their first afternoon in the studio where they discovered that neither confined his musical knowledge and vision to one specific genre. Late Registration sold over 2.3 million units in the United States alone by the end of 2005 and was considered by industry observers as the only successful major album release of the fall season, which had been plagued by steadily declining CD sales."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The loss of which award caused Kanye to leave the American Music Awards?", "id": "56cf67034df3c31400b0d71d", "answers": [{"text": "Best New Artist", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Kanye participated alongside Mike Meyers in a relief benefit show for what natural disaster?", "id": "56cf67034df3c31400b0d71e", "answers": [{"text": "Hurricane Katrina", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What magazine did Kanye don a thorn crown for the cover of in 2006?", "id": "56cf67034df3c31400b0d720", "answers": [{"text": "Rolling Stone", "answer_start": 875}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which AMA category did Kanye lose in 2004?", "id": "56d1071617492d1400aab77e", "answers": [{"text": "Best New Artist", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which actor was alongside Kanye West when he insulted President Bush?", "id": "56d1071617492d1400aab77f", "answers": [{"text": "Mike Myers", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What magazine did Kanye West pose for in 2006 that caused another controversy?", "id": "56d1071617492d1400aab780", "answers": [{"text": "Rolling Stone", "answer_start": 875}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What broadcast for NBC was Kanye presenting for when he spoke negatively about President Bush?", "id": "56d1071617492d1400aab781", "answers": [{"text": "A Concert for Hurricane Relief", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "While West had encountered controversy a year prior when he stormed out of the American Music Awards of 2004 after losing Best New Artist, the rapper's first large-scale controversy came just days following Late Registration's release, during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina victims. In September 2005, NBC broadcast A Concert for Hurricane Relief, and West was a featured speaker. When West was presenting alongside actor Mike Myers, he deviated from the prepared script. Myers spoke next and continued to read the script. Once it was West's turn to speak again, he said, \"George Bush doesn't care about black people.\" West's comment reached much of the United States, leading to mixed reactions; President Bush would later call it one of the most \"disgusting moments\" of his presidency. West raised further controversy in January 2006 when he posed on the cover of Rolling Stone wearing a crown of thorns."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What band did Kanye tour with for a year?", "id": "56cf67ca4df3c31400b0d735", "answers": [{"text": "U2", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What setting did Kanye want his next tracks to perform well in?", "id": "56cf67ca4df3c31400b0d736", "answers": [{"text": "large arenas", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Kanye study in order to develop his lyrical skills?", "id": "56cf67ca4df3c31400b0d738", "answers": [{"text": "Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash", "answer_start": 713}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which band did Kanye West travel with for the Vertigo Tour?", "id": "56d1084017492d1400aab7a0", "answers": [{"text": "U2", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What decade of music inspired Kanye West after his tour with U2?", "id": "56d1084017492d1400aab7a1", "answers": [{"text": "1980s", "answer_start": 358}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other than U2 and Led Zeppelin, what other band inspired Kanye West?", "id": "56d1084017492d1400aab7a2", "answers": [{"text": "The Rolling Stones", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other country singer besides Johnny Cash did Kanye listen to?", "id": "56d1084017492d1400aab7a3", "answers": [{"text": "Bob Dylan", "answer_start": 713}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Fresh off spending the previous year touring the world with U2 on their Vertigo Tour, West felt inspired to compose anthemic rap songs that could operate more efficiently in large arenas. To this end, West incorporated the synthesizer into his hip-hop production, utilized slower tempos, and experimented with electronic music and influenced by music of the 1980s. In addition to U2, West drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as The Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression. To make his next effort, the third in a planned tetralogy of education-themed studio albums, more introspective and personal in lyricism, West listened to folk and country singer-songwriters Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash in hopes of developing methods to augment his wordplay and storytelling ability."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of Kanye's third album?", "id": "56cf68594df3c31400b0d73d", "answers": [{"text": "Graduation", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Kanye released Graduation at the same time of what other famous rapper, thus drawing media comparison?", "id": "56cf68594df3c31400b0d73e", "answers": [{"text": "50 Cent", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many copies did Graduation sell in its first week of release? ", "id": "56cf68594df3c31400b0d73f", "answers": [{"text": "957,000", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What famous electronic duo did Kanye sample on his third album?", "id": "56cf68594df3c31400b0d740", "answers": [{"text": "Daft Punk", "answer_start": 555}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Kanye West's third CD?", "id": "56d1091117492d1400aab7bc", "answers": [{"text": "Graduation", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What artist was Kanye's third album release competing against?", "id": "56d1091117492d1400aab7bd", "answers": [{"text": "50 Cent", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What music group was in Kanye's first release off of Graduation?", "id": "56d1091117492d1400aab7bf", "answers": [{"text": "Daft Punk", "answer_start": 555}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "West's third studio album, Graduation, garnered major publicity when its release date pitted West in a sales competition against rapper 50 Cent's Curtis. Upon their September 2007 releases, Graduation outsold Curtis by a large margin, debuting at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart and selling 957,000 copies in its first week. Graduation once again continued the string of critical and commercial successes by West, and the album's lead single, \"Stronger\", garnered the rapper his third number-one hit. \"Stronger\", which samples French house duo Daft Punk, has been accredited to not only encouraging other hip-hop artists to incorporate house and electronica elements into their music, but also for playing a part in the revival of disco and electro-infused music in the late 2000s. Ben Detrick of XXL cited the outcome of the sales competition between 50 Cent's Curtis and West's Graduation as being responsible for altering the direction of hip-hop and paving the way for new rappers who didn't follow the hardcore-gangster mold, writing, \"If there was ever a watershed moment to indicate hip-hop's changing direction, it may have come when 50 Cent competed with Kanye in 2007 to see whose album would claim superior sales.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Following the loss of his mother, who did Kanye end his long-term relationship with?", "id": "56cf694f4df3c31400b0d750", "answers": [{"text": "Alexis Phifer", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What vocal technology did Kanye pick up for his next set of artistic endeavors?", "id": "56cf694f4df3c31400b0d751", "answers": [{"text": "Auto-Tune", "answer_start": 545}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Kanye West's mother pass away?", "id": "56d109f317492d1400aab7ca", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Kanye's ex-fiance?", "id": "56d109f317492d1400aab7cb", "answers": [{"text": "Alexis Phifer", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Kanye's 2008 music tour?", "id": "56d109f317492d1400aab7cc", "answers": [{"text": "Glow in the Dark Tour", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what state did Kanye West record them majority of his fourth album?", "id": "56d109f317492d1400aab7cd", "answers": [{"text": "Hawaii", "answer_start": 799}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first song released off of Kanye's fourth album?", "id": "56d109f317492d1400aab7ce", "answers": [{"text": "\"Love Lockdown\"", "answer_start": 946}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "West's life took a different direction when his mother, Donda West, died of complications from cosmetic surgery involving abdominoplasty and breast reduction in November 2007. Months later, West and fianc\u00e9e Alexis Phifer ended their engagement and their long-term intermittent relationship, which had begun in 2002. The events profoundly affected West, who set off for his 2008 Glow in the Dark Tour shortly thereafter. Purportedly because his emotions could not be conveyed through rapping, West decided to sing using the voice audio processor Auto-Tune, which would become a central part of his next effort. West had previously experimented with the technology on his debut album The College Dropout for the background vocals of \"Jesus Walks\" and \"Never Let Me Down.\" Recorded mostly in Honolulu, Hawaii in three weeks, West announced his fourth album, 808s & Heartbreak, at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards, where he performed its lead single, \"Love Lockdown\". Music audiences were taken aback by the uncharacteristic production style and the presence of Auto-Tune, which typified the pre-release response to the record."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What label pushed out Kanye's fourth studio album?", "id": "56cf6a0f4df3c31400b0d757", "answers": [{"text": "Island Def Jam", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which album by Kanye West featured the song \"Love Lockdown\"?", "id": "56d10a6617492d1400aab7de", "answers": [{"text": "808s & Heartbreak", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "808s & Heartbreak was released by what company? ", "id": "56d460ca2ccc5a1400d83103", "answers": [{"text": "Island Def Jam", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was 808s & Heartbreaks released? ", "id": "56d460ca2ccc5a1400d83104", "answers": [{"text": "November 2008", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the second song released off of 808s? ", "id": "56d460ca2ccc5a1400d83105", "answers": [{"text": "Heartless", "answer_start": 546}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The major usage of musical machine on 808s was described as eponymous?", "id": "56d460ca2ccc5a1400d83107", "answers": [{"text": "Roland TR-808 drum machine", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "808s & Heartbreak, which features extensive use of the eponymous Roland TR-808 drum machine and contains themes of love, loneliness, and heartache, was released by Island Def Jam to capitalize on Thanksgiving weekend in November 2008. Reviews were positive, though slightly more mixed than his previous efforts. Despite this, the record's singles demonstrated outstanding chart performances. Upon its release, the lead single \"Love Lockdown\" debuted at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and became a \"Hot Shot Debut\", while follow-up single \"Heartless\" performed similarly and became his second consecutive \"Hot Shot Debut\" by debuting at number four on the Billboard Hot 100. While it was criticized prior to release, 808s & Heartbreak had a significant effect on hip-hop music, encouraging other rappers to take more creative risks with their productions."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What journalist gave \"808s and Hearbreak\" critical acclimation 4 years after its release?", "id": "56cf6aa44df3c31400b0d75f", "answers": [{"text": "Matthew Trammell", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the journalist that wrote about Kanye's album in 2012?", "id": "56d10ab617492d1400aab7ee", "answers": [{"text": "Matthew Trammell", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2012, Rolling Stone journalist Matthew Trammell asserted that the record was ahead of its time and wrote, \"Now that popular music has finally caught up to it, 808s & Heartbreak has revealed itself to be Kanye\u2019s most vulnerable work, and perhaps his most brilliant.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Kanye's famous mic-grab incident occur at?", "id": "56cf6b6f4df3c31400b0d76b", "answers": [{"text": "2009 MTV Video Music Awards", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From who did Kanye grab the mic from to make his statement?", "id": "56cf6b6f4df3c31400b0d76c", "answers": [{"text": "Taylor Swift", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Kanye's tour with what artist was cancelled following his outburst at the VMA's?", "id": "56cf6b6f4df3c31400b0d76e", "answers": [{"text": "Lady Gaga", "answer_start": 538}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Kanye's biggest controversy so far take place?", "id": "56d10b8517492d1400aab7f0", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What artist did Kanye West interrupt Taylor Swift to defend?", "id": "56d10b8517492d1400aab7f1", "answers": [{"text": "Beyonc\u00e9", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which artist was Kanye supposed to tour with, but couldn't due to the Taylor Swift controversy?", "id": "56d10b8517492d1400aab7f2", "answers": [{"text": "Lady Gaga", "answer_start": 538}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What awards ceremony did Kanye not receive any nominations for after the MTV controversy?", "id": "56d10b8517492d1400aab7f3", "answers": [{"text": "52nd Grammy Awards", "answer_start": 710}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "West's controversial incident the following year at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards was arguably his biggest controversy, and led to widespread outrage throughout the music industry. During the ceremony, West crashed the stage and grabbed the microphone from winner Taylor Swift in order to proclaim that, instead, Beyonc\u00e9's video for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", nominated for the same award, was \"one of the best videos of all time\". He was subsequently withdrawn from the remainder of the show for his actions. West's tour with Lady Gaga was cancelled in response to the controversy, and it was suggested that the incident was partially responsible for 808s & Heartbreak's lack of nominations at the 52nd Grammy Awards."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Kanye base himself to create his next album?", "id": "56cf6c824df3c31400b0d773", "answers": [{"text": "Hawaii", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What industry did Kanye turn to after taking a break from recording music?", "id": "56d10be817492d1400aab802", "answers": [{"text": "fashion", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What state did Kanye West hide in while writing his next album?", "id": "56d10be817492d1400aab803", "answers": [{"text": "Hawaii", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Following the highly publicized incident, West took a brief break from music and threw himself into fashion, only to hole up in Hawaii for the next few months writing and recording his next album. Importing his favorite producers and artists to work on and inspire his recording, West kept engineers behind the boards 24 hours a day and slept only in increments. Noah Callahan-Bever, a writer for Complex, was present during the sessions and described the \"communal\" atmosphere as thus: \"With the right songs and the right album, he can overcome any and all controversy, and we are here to contribute, challenge, and inspire.\" A variety of artists contributed to the project, including close friends Jay-Z, Kid Cudi and Pusha T, as well as off-the-wall collaborations, such as with Justin Vernon of Bon Iver."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of Kanye's album released in 2010?", "id": "56cf6e364df3c31400b0d78d", "answers": [{"text": "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What award was My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy omitted from?", "id": "56cf6e364df3c31400b0d790", "answers": [{"text": "Album of the Year", "answer_start": 902}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Kanye's fifth album?", "id": "56d10ca817492d1400aab818", "answers": [{"text": "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Kanye West's fifth album debuted? ", "id": "56d10ca817492d1400aab819", "answers": [{"text": "November 2010", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song off of Kanye's fifth album was a hit internationally?", "id": "56d10ca817492d1400aab81a", "answers": [{"text": "\"All of the Lights\"", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the free music promotion on Kanye's website in 2010?", "id": "56d10ca817492d1400aab81b", "answers": [{"text": "GOOD Fridays", "answer_start": 603}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, West's fifth studio album, was released in November 2010 to rave reviews from critics, many of whom described it as his best work that solidified his comeback. In stark contrast to his previous effort, which featured a minimalist sound, Dark Fantasy adopts a maximalist philosophy and deals with themes of celebrity and excess. The record included the international hit \"All of the Lights\", and Billboard hits \"Power\", \"Monster\", and \"Runaway\", the latter of which accompanied a 35-minute film of the same name. During this time, West initiated the free music program GOOD Fridays through his website, offering a free download of previously unreleased songs each Friday, a portion of which were included on the album. This promotion ran from August 20 - December 17, 2010. Dark Fantasy went on to go platinum in the United States, but its omission as a contender for Album of the Year at the 54th Grammy Awards was viewed as a \"snub\" by several media outlets."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What festival did Kanye headline in 2011?", "id": "56cf71134df3c31400b0d7a3", "answers": [{"text": "Coachella", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With what other hiphop artist did Kanye collaborate with?", "id": "56cf71134df3c31400b0d7a4", "answers": [{"text": "Jay-Z", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Kanye premier a film directed by himself in 2012?", "id": "56cf71134df3c31400b0d7a5", "answers": [{"text": "Cannes Film Festival", "answer_start": 831}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event did Kanye headline in 2011?", "id": "56d10dc217492d1400aab82e", "answers": [{"text": "Coachella", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the joint album Kanye made with Jay Z?", "id": "56d10dc217492d1400aab82f", "answers": [{"text": "Watch the Throne", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the top single off the album \"Watch the Throne\"?", "id": "56d10dc217492d1400aab830", "answers": [{"text": "\"Niggas in Paris\"", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was \"Cruel Summer\" released?", "id": "56d10dc217492d1400aab831", "answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What film festival did Kanye West premier a film called \"Cruel Summer\"?", "id": "56d10dc217492d1400aab832", "answers": [{"text": "2012 Cannes Film Festival", "answer_start": 826}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Following a headlining set at Coachella 2011 that was described by The Hollywood Reporter as \"one of greatest hip-hop sets of all time\", West released the collaborative album Watch the Throne with Jay-Z. By employing a sales strategy that released the album digitally weeks before its physical counterpart, Watch the Throne became one of the few major label albums in the Internet age to avoid a leak. \"Niggas in Paris\" became the record's highest charting single, peaking at number five on the Billboard Hot 100. In 2012, West released the compilation album Cruel Summer, a collection of tracks by artists from West's record label GOOD Music. Cruel Summer produced four singles, two of which charted within the top twenty of the Hot 100: \"Mercy\" and \"Clique\". West also directed a film of the same name that premiered at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival in custom pyramid-shaped screening pavilion featuring seven screens."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Kanye begin production on his sixth album?", "id": "56cf71dc4df3c31400b0d7a9", "answers": [{"text": "Paris", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What became the name of his sixth studio album?", "id": "56cf71dc4df3c31400b0d7ac", "answers": [{"text": "Yeezus", "answer_start": 653}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Kanye tour alongside of in order to promote the efforts of Yeezus?", "id": "56cf71dc4df3c31400b0d7ad", "answers": [{"text": "Kendrick Lamar", "answer_start": 1079}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Kanye West begin working on his sixth album?", "id": "56d10ec717492d1400aab85a", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the inspiration behind Kanye West's decision to call Rick Rubin?", "id": "56d10ec717492d1400aab85b", "answers": [{"text": "architecture", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Kanye's sixth album?", "id": "56d10ec717492d1400aab85c", "answers": [{"text": "Yeezus", "answer_start": 653}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date was Yeezus released?", "id": "56d10ec717492d1400aab85d", "answers": [{"text": "June 18, 2013", "answer_start": 694}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What artist did Kanye go on tour with while promoting album number six?", "id": "56d10ec717492d1400aab85e", "answers": [{"text": "Kendrick Lamar", "answer_start": 1079}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Sessions for West's sixth solo effort begin to take shape in early 2013 in his own personal loft's living room at a Paris hotel. Determined to \"undermine the commercial\", he once again brought together close collaborators and attempted to incorporate Chicago drill, dancehall, acid house, and industrial music. Primarily inspired by architecture, West's perfectionist tendencies led him to contact producer Rick Rubin fifteen days shy of its due date to strip down the record's sound in favor of a more minimalist approach. Initial promotion of his sixth album included worldwide video projections of the album's music and live television performances. Yeezus, West's sixth album, was released June 18, 2013 to rave reviews from critics. It became the rapper's sixth consecutive number one debut, but also marked his lowest solo opening week sales. Def Jam issued \"Black Skinhead\" to radio in July 2013 as the album's lead single. On September 6, 2013, Kanye West announced he would be headlining his first solo tour in five years, to support Yeezus, with fellow American rapper Kendrick Lamar accompanying him along the way."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of Kanye's first child with Kim Kardashian?", "id": "56cf737e4df3c31400b0d7b3", "answers": [{"text": "North", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What brand set to collaborate on an apparel line with Kanye?", "id": "56cf737e4df3c31400b0d7b4", "answers": [{"text": "Adidas", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What famous British artist worked with Kanye on multiple singles?", "id": "56cf737e4df3c31400b0d7b5", "answers": [{"text": "Paul McCartney", "answer_start": 675}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Kanye perform his single \"All Day\" with a menagerie of other artists?", "id": "56cf737e4df3c31400b0d7b6", "answers": [{"text": "2015 BRIT Awards", "answer_start": 1317}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the mother of Kanye's first child?", "id": "56d10fb217492d1400aab876", "answers": [{"text": "Kim Kardashian", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Kanye West's first child's name?", "id": "56d10fb217492d1400aab877", "answers": [{"text": "North", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what Italian city were Kim Kardashian and Kanye West wed?", "id": "56d10fb217492d1400aab878", "answers": [{"text": "Florence", "answer_start": 555}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What musician joined Kanye West on the song \"Only One\"?", "id": "56d10fb217492d1400aab879", "answers": [{"text": "Paul McCartney", "answer_start": 675}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the Adidas clothing line by Kanye West that he released in 2013?", "id": "56d10fb217492d1400aab87a", "answers": [{"text": "Yeezy Season 1", "answer_start": 1078}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In June 2013, West and television personality Kim Kardashian announced the birth of their first child, North. In October 2013, the couple announced their engagement to widespread media attention. November 2013, West stated that he was beginning work on his next studio album, hoping to release it by mid-2014, with production by Rick Rubin and Q-Tip. In December 2013, Adidas announced the beginning of an official apparel collaboration with West, to be premiered the following year. In May 2014, West and Kardashian were married in a private ceremony in Florence, Italy, with a variety of artists and celebrities in attendance. West released a single, \"Only One\", featuring Paul McCartney, on December 31, 2014. \"FourFiveSeconds\", a single jointly produced with Rihanna and McCartney, was released in January 2015. West also appeared on the Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary Special, where he premiered a new song entitled \"Wolves\", featuring Sia Furler and fellow Chicago rapper, Vic Mensa. In February 2015, West premiered his clothing collaboration with Adidas, entitled Yeezy Season 1, to generally positive reviews. This would include West's Yeezy Boost sneakers. In March 2015, West released the single \"All Day\" featuring Theophilus London, Allan Kingdom and Paul McCartney. West performed the song at the 2015 BRIT Awards with a number of US rappers and UK grime MC's including: Skepta, Wiley, Novelist, Fekky, Krept & Konan, Stormzy, Allan Kingdom, Theophilus London and Vic Mensa. He would premiere the second iteration of his clothing line, Yeezy Season 2, in September 2015 at New York Fashion Week."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did Kanye change the title of his next planned album from So Help Me God to?", "id": "56cf741f4df3c31400b0d7bb", "answers": [{"text": "SWISH", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From which institution did Kanye receive an honorary doctorate?", "id": "56cf741f4df3c31400b0d7bc", "answers": [{"text": "Art Institute of Chicago", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people signed a petition to keep Kanye from performing at Glastonbury Festival?", "id": "56cf741f4df3c31400b0d7bd", "answers": [{"text": "135,000", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the original name of Kanye's album \"SWISH\"?", "id": "56d1109717492d1400aab88e", "answers": [{"text": "So Help Me God", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What school awarded Kanye west an honorary doctorate?", "id": "56d1109717492d1400aab88f", "answers": [{"text": "School of the Art Institute of Chicago", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people petitioned his show at the Glastonbury Music Festival in the UK?", "id": "56d1109717492d1400aab890", "answers": [{"text": "135,000", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Having initially announced a new album entitled So Help Me God slated for a 2014 release, in March 2015 West announced that the album would instead be tentatively called SWISH. Later that month, West was awarded an honorary doctorate by the School of the Art Institute of Chicago for his contributions to music, fashion, and popular culture, officially making him an honorary DFA. The next month, West headlined at the Glastonbury Festival in the UK, despite a petition signed by almost 135,000 people against his appearance. At one point, he told the audience: \"You are now watching the greatest living rock star on the planet.\" Media outlets, including social media sites such as Twitter, were sharply divided on his performance. NME stated, \"The decision to book West for the slot has proved controversial since its announcement, and the show itself appeared to polarise both Glastonbury goers and those who tuned in to watch on their TVs.\" The publication added that \"he's letting his music speak for and prove itself.\" The Guardian said that \"his set has a potent ferocity \u2013 but there are gaps and stutters, and he cuts a strangely lone figure in front of the vast crowd.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the tentative release date announced for Kanye's next studio album?", "id": "56cf74cf4df3c31400b0d7c1", "answers": [{"text": "February 11", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Kanye's next album renamed again to?", "id": "56cf74cf4df3c31400b0d7c2", "answers": [{"text": "Waves", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With what other rapper did Kanye west have a Twitter feud with in early 2016?", "id": "56cf74cf4df3c31400b0d7c3", "answers": [{"text": "Wiz Khalifa", "answer_start": 658}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What became the final title of Kanye's next album?", "id": "56cf74cf4df3c31400b0d7c4", "answers": [{"text": "The Life of Pablo", "answer_start": 1072}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What platform was The Life of Pablo officially released on?", "id": "56cf74cf4df3c31400b0d7c5", "answers": [{"text": "Tidal", "answer_start": 1508}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song  by West was debuted in December 2015?", "id": "56d1119817492d1400aab89e", "answers": [{"text": "\"Facts\"", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On January 26, 2016, Kanye told the world he changed the name of his next album from SWISH to what?", "id": "56d1119817492d1400aab8a0", "answers": [{"text": "Waves", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What artist did Kanye West have a feud with over Amber Rose?", "id": "56d1119817492d1400aab8a1", "answers": [{"text": "Wiz Khalifa", "answer_start": 658}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Kanye's clothing line premiered at Madison Square Garden?", "id": "56d1119817492d1400aab8a2", "answers": [{"text": "Yeezy Season 3", "answer_start": 459}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In December 2015, West released a song titled \"Facts\". He announced in January 2016 on Twitter that SWISH would be released on February 11, after releasing new song \"Real Friends\" and a snippet of \"No More Parties in L.A.\" with Kendrick Lamar. This also revived the GOOD Fridays initiative in which Kanye releases new singles every Friday. On January 26, 2016, West revealed he had renamed the album from SWISH to Waves, and also announced the premier of his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line at Madison Square Garden. In early 2016, several weeks prior to the release of his new album, West became embroiled in a short-lived social media altercation with rapper Wiz Khalifa on Twitter that eventually involved their mutual ex-partner, Amber Rose, who protested to West's mention of her and Khalifa's child. The feud involved allegations by Rose concerning her sexual relationship with West, and received significant media attention. As of February 2, 2016, West and Khalifa had reconciled. Several days ahead of the album's release, West again changed the title, this time to The Life of Pablo. On February 11, West premiered the album at Madison Square Garden as part of the presentation of his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line. Following the preview, West announced that he would be modifying the track list once more before its release to the public, and further delayed its release to finalize the recording of the track \"Waves\" at the behest of co-writer Chance the Rapper. He released the album exclusively on Tidal on 14 February 2016 following a performance on SNL."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What English musician did Kanye cite as one of his biggest inspirations?", "id": "56cf755f4df3c31400b0d7cb", "answers": [{"text": "David Bowie", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Kanye has stated that members from which rap group influenced his early style?", "id": "56cf755f4df3c31400b0d7cc", "answers": [{"text": "Wu-Tang Clan", "answer_start": 908}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What name did Kanye's early production style coin.", "id": "56cf755f4df3c31400b0d7cd", "answers": [{"text": "chipmunk soul", "answer_start": 601}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What artist was named by Kanye West to be his \"most important inspiration\"?", "id": "56d1126f17492d1400aab8a8", "answers": [{"text": "David Bowie", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Kanye's greatest cultural figure?", "id": "56d1126f17492d1400aab8a9", "answers": [{"text": "Puff Daddy", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the song that first featured Kanye's \"chipmunk soul\" style?", "id": "56d1126f17492d1400aab8aa", "answers": [{"text": "\"This Can't Be Life\"", "answer_start": 817}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "West's musical career has been defined by frequent stylistic shifts, and has seen him develop and explore a variety of different musical approaches and genres throughout his work. When asked about his musical inspirations, he has named A Tribe Called Quest, Stevie Wonder, Michael Jackson, George Michael, LL Cool J, Phil Collins and Madonna as early interests. He has further described musician David Bowie as one of his \"most important inspirations,\" and named producer Puff Daddy as the \"most important cultural figure in my life.\" Early in his career, West pioneered a style of production dubbed \"chipmunk soul\" which utilized pitched-up vocal samples, usually from soul and R&B songs, along with his own drums and instrumentation. His first major release featuring his trademark soulful vocal sampling style was \"This Can't Be Life\", a track from Jay-Z\u2019s The Dynasty: Roc La Familia. West has said that Wu-Tang Clan producer RZA influenced him in his style, and has named Wu-Tang rappers Ghostface Killah and Ol' Dirty Bastard as inspirations. RZA spoke positively of the comparisons, stating in an interview for Rolling Stone, \"All good. I got super respect for Kanye [...] [he] is going to inspire people to be like him.\" West further developed his style on his 2004 debut album, The College Dropout. After a rough version was leaked, he meticulously refined the production, adding string arrangements, gospel choirs, and improved drum programming."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What composer did Kanye collaborate with for his second record?", "id": "56cf75e24df3c31400b0d7db", "answers": [{"text": "Jon Brion", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What classical elements did Brion bring to the production of Kanye's album?", "id": "56cf75e24df3c31400b0d7dc", "answers": [{"text": "orchestral elements, including string arrangements, piano chords, brass flecks, and horn riffs among other symphonic instrumentation", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sort of orchestra did Kanye tour with while promoting his second album?", "id": "56cf75e24df3c31400b0d7dd", "answers": [{"text": "a string section", "answer_start": 1112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What composer did Kanye West work with for his second album?", "id": "56d1134017492d1400aab8ae", "answers": [{"text": "Jon Brion", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What English trip-hop group helped influence Kanye on his second album?", "id": "56d1134017492d1400aab8af", "answers": [{"text": "Portishead", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "For his second album, Late Registration (2005), he collaborated with film score composer Jon Brion and drew influence from non-rap influences such as English trip hop group Portishead. Blending West's primary soulful hip hop production with Brion's elaborate chamber pop orchestration, the album experimentally incorporated a wide array of different genres and prominent orchestral elements, including string arrangements, piano chords, brass flecks, and horn riffs among other symphonic instrumentation. It also incorporated a myriad of foreign and vintage instruments not typical in popular music, let alone hip hop, such as a celesta, harpsichord, Chamberlin, CS-80 analog synthesizer, Chinese bells and berimbau, vibraphones, and marimba. Rolling Stone described Late Registration as West claiming \"the whole world of music as hip-hop turf\" chronicling the album as \"his mad quest to explode every clich\u00e9 about hip-hop identity.\" Critic Robert Christgau wrote that \"there's never been hip-hop so complex and subtle musically.\" For a period of time, Kanye West stood as the sole current pop star to tour with a string section, as audible on his 2006 live album Late Orchestration."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of Kanye's third record?", "id": "56cf76924df3c31400b0d7e1", "answers": [{"text": "Graduation", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What musical direction did Kanye take with his third album?", "id": "56cf76924df3c31400b0d7e2", "answers": [{"text": "more atmospheric, rock-tinged, electronic-influenced soundscape", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Kanye drew inspiration from The Rolling Stones, U2, and Led Zeppelin in what ways?", "id": "56cf76924df3c31400b0d7e3", "answers": [{"text": "melody and chord progression", "answer_start": 778}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Kanye West's third album released?", "id": "56d113b717492d1400aab8b2", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "With his third album, Graduation (2007), West moved away from the sound of his previous releases and towards a more atmospheric, rock-tinged, electronic-influenced soundscape. The musical evolution arose from him listening to music genres encompassing European Britpop and Euro-disco, American alternative and indie-rock, and his native Chicago house. Towards this end, West retracted much of the live instrumentation that characterized his previous album and replaced it with heavy, gothic synthesizers, distorted synth-chords, rave stabs, house beats, electro-disco rhythms, and a wide array of modulated electronic noises and digital audio-effects. In addition, West drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as The Rolling Stones, U2, and Led Zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of sound did Kanye abandon a rap and hiphop one for with his fourth album?", "id": "56cf77214df3c31400b0d7e7", "answers": [{"text": "electropop", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Kanye become inspired by while creating 808s & Heartbreak?", "id": "56cf77214df3c31400b0d7e8", "answers": [{"text": "Gary Numan, TJ Swan and Boy George", "answer_start": 345}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What types of instruments are present on his fourth album?", "id": "56cf77214df3c31400b0d7e9", "answers": [{"text": "dense drums, lengthy strings, droning synthesizers, and somber piano", "answer_start": 810}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other artist besides Gary Numan and TJ Swan helped inspire Kanye's fourth album?", "id": "56d114a717492d1400aab8b4", "answers": [{"text": "Boy George", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other type of 1980s group was Kanye's fourth album compared to other than new wave?", "id": "56d114a717492d1400aab8b5", "answers": [{"text": "post-punk", "answer_start": 922}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The article about Kanye's fourth album written by Matthew Trammell was published in what magazine?", "id": "56d114a717492d1400aab8b6", "answers": [{"text": "Rolling Stone", "answer_start": 1043}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "West's fourth studio album, 808s & Heartbreak (2008), marked an even more radical departure from his previous releases, largely abandoning rap and hip hop stylings in favor of a stark electropop sound composed of virtual synthesis, the Roland TR-808 drum machine, and explicitly auto-tuned vocal tracks. Drawing inspiration from artists such as Gary Numan, TJ Swan and Boy George, and maintaining a \"minimal but functional\" approach towards the album's studio production, West explored the electronic feel produced by Auto-Tune and utilized the sounds created by the 808, manipulating its pitch to produce a distorted, electronic sound; he then sought to juxtapose mechanical sounds with the traditional sounds of taiko drums and choir monks. The album's music features austere production and elements such as dense drums, lengthy strings, droning synthesizers, and somber piano, and drew comparisons to the work of 1980s post-punk and new wave groups, with West himself later confessing an affinity with British post-punk group Joy Division. Rolling Stone journalist Matthew Trammell asserted that the record was ahead of its time and wrote in a 2012 article, \"Now that popular music has finally caught up to it, 808s & Heartbreak has revealed itself to be Kanye\u2019s most vulnerable work, and perhaps his most brilliant.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is Kanye's fifth album titled? ", "id": "56cf776c4df3c31400b0d7ed", "answers": [{"text": "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What journalist drew comparisons between My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy and other Kanye albums?", "id": "56cf776c4df3c31400b0d7ee", "answers": [{"text": "Simon Vozick-Levinson", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What musician collaborated with Kanye West for his album Late Registration?", "id": "56d1162117492d1400aab8e4", "answers": [{"text": "Jon Brion", "answer_start": 688}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What artist worked with Kanye on his album Graduation?", "id": "56d1162117492d1400aab8e5", "answers": [{"text": "DJ Toomp", "answer_start": 721}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Kid Cudi joined Kanye for which album?", "id": "56d1162117492d1400aab8e6", "answers": [{"text": "808s & Heartbreak", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which album by Kanye West has been talked about by writers for having maximalist aesthetic?", "id": "56d1162117492d1400aab8e7", "answers": [{"text": "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "West's fifth album, My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, has been noted by writers for its maximalist aesthetic and its incorporation of elements from West's previous four albums. Entertainment Weekly's Simon Vozick-Levinson perceives that such elements \"all recur at various points\", namely \"the luxurious soul of 2004's The College Dropout, the symphonic pomp of Late Registration, the gloss of 2007's Graduation, and the emotionally exhausted electro of 2008's 808s & Heartbreak\". Sean Fennessey of The Village Voice writes that West \"absorb[ed] the gifts of his handpicked collaborators, and occasionally elevat[ed] them\" on previous studio albums, noting collaborators and elements as Jon Brion for Late Registration, DJ Toomp for Graduation, and Kid Cudi for 808s & Heartbreak."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did Kanye state that Yeezus was?", "id": "56cf77e34df3c31400b0d7f1", "answers": [{"text": "a protest to music", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What artist did Kanye draw inspiration from when crafting Yeezus?", "id": "56cf77e34df3c31400b0d7f3", "answers": [{"text": "Le Corbusier", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Kanye West's sixth album released?", "id": "56d1177617492d1400aab907", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the title of Kanye's sixth album?", "id": "56d1177617492d1400aab908", "answers": [{"text": "Yeezus", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Describing his sixth studio album Yeezus (2013) as \"a protest to music,\" West embraced an abrasive style that incorporated industrial music, acid house, dancehall, punk, electro, and Chicago drill. Inspired by the minimalist design of Le Corbusier and primarily electronic in nature, the album features distorted drum machines and \"synthesizers that sound like they're malfunctioning, low-resolution samplers that add a pixelated digital aura to the most analog sounds.\" To this end, the album incorporates glitches reminiscent of CD skips or corrupted MP3's, and Auto-Tuned vocals are modulated to a point in which they are difficult to decipher. It also continues West's practice of eclectic samples: he employs a sample of Nina Simone's \"Strange Fruit,\" an obscure Hindi sample on \"I Am a God\", and a sample of 1970s Hungarian rock group Omega on \"New Slaves\". \"On Sight\" interpolates a melody from \"Sermon (He'll Give Us What We Really Need)\" by the Holy Name of Mary Choral Family. Rolling Stone called the album a \"brilliant, obsessive-compulsive career auto-correct\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did Kanye announce he would release after acquiring a Grammy in 2005?", "id": "56cf78874df3c31400b0d7f7", "answers": [{"text": "clothing line", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What finally become of Kanye's clothing line in 2009?", "id": "56cf78874df3c31400b0d7f9", "answers": [{"text": "cancelled", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Kanye West annouce his Pastelle Clothing line?", "id": "56d118a217492d1400aab91a", "answers": [{"text": "September 2005", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Kanye's Pastelle Clothing Line scrapped?", "id": "56d118a217492d1400aab91c", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company worked with Kanye in 2009 to create his own shoe line?", "id": "56d118a217492d1400aab91d", "answers": [{"text": "Nike", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what brand did Kanye design a shoe meant for Paris Fashion Week?", "id": "56d118a217492d1400aab91e", "answers": [{"text": "Louis Vuitton", "answer_start": 570}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In September 2005, West announced that he would release his Pastelle Clothing line in spring 2006, claiming \"Now that I have a Grammy under my belt and Late Registration is finished, I am ready to launch my clothing line next spring.\" The line was developed over the following four years \u2013 with multiple pieces teased by West himself \u2013 before the line was ultimately cancelled in 2009. In 2009, West collaborated with Nike to release his own shoe, the Air Yeezys, with a second version released in 2012. In January 2009, West introduced his first shoe line designed for Louis Vuitton during Paris Fashion Week. The line was released in summer 2009. West has additionally designed shoewear for Bape and Italian shoemaker Giuseppe Zanotti."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Form whom was Kanye's 2011 fashion label designed for?", "id": "56cf78de4df3c31400b0d7ff", "answers": [{"text": "women", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of reviews did Kanye's fashion line spark?", "id": "56cf78de4df3c31400b0d800", "answers": [{"text": "mixed-to-negative reviews", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Kanye debut his second effort in the fashion world?", "id": "56cf78de4df3c31400b0d801", "answers": [{"text": "March 6, 2012", "answer_start": 563}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what day was Kanye's women's clothing line debuted?", "id": "56d1191f17492d1400aab936", "answers": [{"text": "October 1, 2011", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Kanye West's women's clothing line?", "id": "56d1191f17492d1400aab937", "answers": [{"text": "DW Kanye West", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what day was Kanye's women's line premiered at Paris fashion week? ", "id": "56d461fc2ccc5a1400d83117", "answers": [{"text": "October 1, 2011", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of West's fashion line for women?", "id": "56d461fc2ccc5a1400d83118", "answers": [{"text": "DW Kanye West", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The fashion line shown in Paris received what sort of reviews?", "id": "56d461fc2ccc5a1400d83119", "answers": [{"text": "mixed-to-negative", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what day did West release his second fashion line?", "id": "56d461fc2ccc5a1400d8311a", "answers": [{"text": "March 6, 2012", "answer_start": 563}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On October 1, 2011, Kanye West premiered his women's fashion label, DW Kanye West at Paris Fashion Week. He received support from DSquared2 duo Dean and Dan Caten, Olivier Theyskens, Jeremy Scott, Azzedine Ala\u00efa, and the Olsen twins, who were also in attendance during his show. His debut fashion show received mixed-to-negative reviews, ranging from reserved observations by Style.com to excoriating commentary by The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, the International Herald Tribune, Elleuk.com, The Daily Telegraph, Harper's Bazaar and many others. On March 6, 2012, West premiered a second fashion line at Paris Fashion Week. The line's reception was markedly improved from the previous presentation, with a number of critics heralding West for his \"much improved\" sophomore effort."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What brand struck a deal with Kanye and sparked a new clothing line?", "id": "56cf796e4df3c31400b0d805", "answers": [{"text": "Adidas", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many \"seasons\" of clothing did Kanye release?", "id": "56cf796e4df3c31400b0d806", "answers": [{"text": "3", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the shoes designed by Kanye and released by Adidas called?", "id": "56cf796e4df3c31400b0d807", "answers": [{"text": "Adidas Yeezy Boosts", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many pairs of shoes were sold in the initial release in New York City?", "id": "56cf796e4df3c31400b0d808", "answers": [{"text": "9000", "answer_start": 627}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What shoe was announced on Twitter by Kanye West?", "id": "56d119ff17492d1400aab94d", "answers": [{"text": "Adidas Yeezy Boosts", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Kanye premier his Season line?", "id": "56d119ff17492d1400aab94e", "answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What album release coincided with Kanye's Yeezy Season 3 clothing line?", "id": "56d119ff17492d1400aab94f", "answers": [{"text": "The Life of Pablo", "answer_start": 1085}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On December 3, 2013, Adidas officially confirmed a new shoe collaboration deal with West. After months of anticipation and rumors, West confirmed the release of the Adidas Yeezy Boosts with a Twitter announcement directing fans to the domain yeezy.supply. In 2015, West unveiled his Yeezy Season clothing line, premiering Season 1 in collaboration with Adidas early in the year. The release of the Yeezy Boosts and the full Adidas collaboration was showcased in New York City on February 12, 2015, with free streaming to 50 cinemas in 13 countries around the world. An initial release of the Adidas Yeezy Boosts was limited to 9000 pairs to be available only in New York City via the Adidas smartphone app; the Adidas Yeezy Boosts were sold out within 10 minutes. The shoes released worldwide on February 28, 2015, were limited to select boutique stores and the Adidas UK stores. He followed with Season 2 later that year at New York Fashion Week. On February 11, West premiered his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line at Madison Square Garden in conjunction with the previewing of his album The Life of Pablo."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What restaurant chain did Kanye aspire to open in his native Chicago?", "id": "56cf79be4df3c31400b0d80d", "answers": [{"text": "Fatburger", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many restaurants did Kanye open?", "id": "56cf79be4df3c31400b0d80e", "answers": [{"text": "2", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to the Fatburger chains that Kanye established?", "id": "56cf79be4df3c31400b0d80f", "answers": [{"text": "shut down", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the restaurant Kanye annouced he was opening?", "id": "56d11a9217492d1400aab975", "answers": [{"text": "Fatburger", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many  of Kanye's Fatburger restaurants were actually opened?", "id": "56d11a9217492d1400aab976", "answers": [{"text": "2", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Kanye's last Fatburger restaurant closed?", "id": "56d11a9217492d1400aab977", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 413}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of Kanye West's food company?", "id": "56d11a9217492d1400aab978", "answers": [{"text": "KW Foods LLC", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In August 2008, West revealed plans to open 10 Fatburger restaurants in the Chicago area; the first was set to open in September 2008 in Orland Park. The second followed in January 2009, while a third location is yet to be revealed, although the process is being finalized. His company, KW Foods LLC, bought the rights to the chain in Chicago. Ultimately, in 2009, only two locations actually opened. In February 2011, West shut down the Fatburger located in Orland Park. Later that year, the remaining Beverly location also was shuttered."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did Kanye call the label he founded in 2004?", "id": "56cf7a5a4df3c31400b0d813", "answers": [{"text": "GOOD Music", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As of 2015, who did Kanye choose as the new president of GOOD Music?", "id": "56cf7a5a4df3c31400b0d816", "answers": [{"text": "Pusha T", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Kanye West open his GOOD Music production company and record label?", "id": "56d11bb017492d1400aab999", "answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other artist besides Kanye West and Common was among the first to record at GOOD Music?", "id": "56d11bb017492d1400aab99a", "answers": [{"text": "John Legend", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Kanye name President of GOOD Music in 2015?", "id": "56d11bb017492d1400aab99c", "answers": [{"text": "Pusha T", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "West founded the record label and production company GOOD Music in 2004, in conjunction with Sony BMG, shortly after releasing his debut album, The College Dropout. John Legend, Common, and West were the label's inaugural artists. The label houses artists including West, Big Sean, Pusha T, Teyana Taylor, Yasiin Bey / Mos Def, D'banj and John Legend, and producers including Hudson Mohawke, Q-Tip, Travis Scott, No I.D., Jeff Bhasker, and S1. GOOD Music has released ten albums certified gold or higher by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In November 2015, West appointed Pusha T the new president of GOOD Music."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the goal of Kanye's new creative company DONDA?", "id": "56cf7b7e4df3c31400b0d81c", "answers": [{"text": "to make products and experiences that people want and can afford", "answer_start": 377}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Kanye's creative content company DONDA was named after who?", "id": "56d11c3317492d1400aab9af", "answers": [{"text": "mother Donda West", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did Kanye go public with his DONDA company?", "id": "56d11c3317492d1400aab9b0", "answers": [{"text": "January 5, 2012", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On January 5, 2012, West announced his establishment of the creative content company DONDA, named after his late mother Donda West. In his announcement, West proclaimed that the company would \"pick up where Steve Jobs left off\"; DONDA would operate as \"a design company which will galvanize amazing thinkers in a creative space to bounce their dreams and ideas\" with the \"goal to make products and experiences that people want and can afford.\" West is notoriously secretive about the company's operations, maintaining neither an official website nor a social media presence. In stating DONDA's creative philosophy, West articulated the need to \"put creatives in a room together with like minds\" in order to \"simplify and aesthetically improve everything we see, taste, touch, and feel.\". Contemporary critics have noted the consistent minimalistic aesthetic exhibited throughout DONDA creative projects."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What platform was Kanye named  a co-owner of in 2015?", "id": "56cf7bf44df3c31400b0d829", "answers": [{"text": "Tidal", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What longtime friend of Kanye acquired Tidal in 2015?", "id": "56cf7bf44df3c31400b0d82a", "answers": [{"text": "Jay-Z", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What criticisms of other streaming platforms does Tidal stand to challenge?", "id": "56cf7bf44df3c31400b0d82c", "answers": [{"text": "low payout of royalties", "answer_start": 739}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What music streaming service is Kanye West a co-owner of?", "id": "56d11c7317492d1400aab9b3", "answers": [{"text": "Tidal", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Tidal's specialization?", "id": "56d463112ccc5a1400d8312a", "answers": [{"text": "lossless audio and high definition music videos", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which famous rapper bought Aspiro?", "id": "56d463112ccc5a1400d8312b", "answers": [{"text": "Jay Z", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What music service is a huge competitor for Tidal?", "id": "56d463112ccc5a1400d8312c", "answers": [{"text": "Spotify", "answer_start": 693}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On March 30, 2015, it was announced that West is a co-owner, with various other music artists, in the music streaming service Tidal. The service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Jay Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015. Including Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z, sixteen artist stakeholders (such as Rihanna, Beyonc\u00e9, Madonna, Chris Martin, Nicki Minaj and more) co-own Tidal, with the majority owning a 3% equity stake. The idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry, and to rival other streaming services such as Spotify, which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties. \"The challenge is to get everyone to respect music again, to recognize its value\", stated Jay-Z on the release of Tidal."}, {"qas": [{"question": "With the help of his mom, what foundation did Kanye create early in his career?", "id": "56cf7c394df3c31400b0d83b", "answers": [{"text": "Kanye West Foundation", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the goal of the Kanye West Foundation?", "id": "56cf7c394df3c31400b0d83c", "answers": [{"text": "battle dropout and illiteracy rates, while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was founded by Kanye West and his mother?", "id": "56d11ed617492d1400aab9dd", "answers": [{"text": "Kanye West Foundation", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In What year did the Kanye West Foundation Partner with Strong American Schools? ", "id": "56d4647c2ccc5a1400d83130", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the \"Kanye West Foundation\" founded?", "id": "56d4647c2ccc5a1400d83131", "answers": [{"text": "Chicago", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other mission besides dropout and illiteracy rates did the Kanye West Foundation seek to improve?", "id": "56d4647c2ccc5a1400d83132", "answers": [{"text": "music education", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What campaign did the Kanye West Foundation partner with in 2007?", "id": "56d4647c2ccc5a1400d83133", "answers": [{"text": "\"Ed in '08\"", "answer_start": 345}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what month was the inaugural concert held for the \"Ed in '08\" campaign?", "id": "56d4647c2ccc5a1400d83134", "answers": [{"text": "August", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "West, alongside his mother, founded the \"Kanye West Foundation\" in Chicago in 2003, tasked with a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates, while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education. In 2007, the West and the Foundation partnered with Strong American Schools as part of their \"Ed in '08\" campaign. As spokesman for the campaign, West appeared in a series of PSAs for the organization, and hosted an inaugural benefit concert in August of that year."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the Kanye West Foundation renamed to in 2008?", "id": "56cf7c634df3c31400b0d83f", "answers": [{"text": "The Dr. Donda West Foundation", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the foundation end its run?", "id": "56cf7c634df3c31400b0d840", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Kanye West's mother pass away? ", "id": "56d464a92ccc5a1400d8313a", "answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Kanye's foundation was changed to what name following his mother's death? ", "id": "56d464a92ccc5a1400d8313b", "answers": [{"text": "The Dr. Donda West Foundation", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the foundation stop operating? ", "id": "56d464a92ccc5a1400d8313c", "answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2008, following the death of West's mother, the foundation was rechristened \"The Dr. Donda West Foundation.\"  The foundation ceased operations in 2011."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are some charitable efforts Kanye west has participated in?", "id": "56cf7cb54df3c31400b0d843", "answers": [{"text": "100 Black Men of America, a Live Earth concert benefit, World Water Day rally", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "West has additionally appeared and participated in many fundraisers, benefit concerts, and has done community work for Hurricane Katrina relief, the Kanye West Foundation, the Millions More Movement, 100 Black Men of America, a Live Earth concert benefit, World Water Day rally and march, Nike runs, and a MTV special helping young Iraq War veterans who struggle through debt and PTSD a second chance after returning home."}, {"qas": [{"question": "During what show did Kanye take an opportunity to criticize the efforts of a U.S. President?", "id": "56cf7d1f4df3c31400b0d845", "answers": [{"text": "A Concert for Hurricane Relief", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which U.S. President did Kanye criticize after the events of Hurricane Katrina? ", "id": "56cf7d1f4df3c31400b0d846", "answers": [{"text": "George W. Bush", "answer_start": 374}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which President did Kanye West accuse of \"Not caring for black people\"?", "id": "56d1216117492d1400aaba17", "answers": [{"text": "George W. Bush", "answer_start": 374}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what day did the Kanye's famous George W. Bush criticism take place?", "id": "56d1216117492d1400aaba18", "answers": [{"text": "September 2, 2005", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "West has been an outspoken and controversial celebrity throughout his career, receiving both criticism and praise from many, including the mainstream media, other artists and entertainers, and two U.S. presidents. On September 2, 2005, during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina relief on NBC, A Concert for Hurricane Relief, West (a featured speaker) accused President George W. Bush of not \"car[ing] about black people\". When West was presenting alongside actor Mike Myers, he deviated from the prepared script to criticize the media's portrayal of hurricane victims, saying:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What happened after Kanye made his controversial statement?", "id": "56cf7d414df3c31400b0d849", "answers": [{"text": "Rick Kaplan cut off the microphone and then cut away to Chris Tucker", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Kanye West say doesn't care about black people?", "id": "56d123f217492d1400aaba4f", "answers": [{"text": "George Bush", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Myers spoke next and continued to read the script. Once it was West's turn to speak again, he said, \"George Bush doesn't care about black people.\" At this point, telethon producer Rick Kaplan cut off the microphone and then cut away to Chris Tucker, who was unaware of the cut for a few seconds. Still, West's comment reached much of the United States."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How did George W. Bush describe Kanye's controversial statement?", "id": "56cf7db14df3c31400b0d84b", "answers": [{"text": "\"one of the most disgusting moments\" of his presidency", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To which reporter did Kanye West express regret for his remark about President Bush?", "id": "56d1247817492d1400aaba5a", "answers": [{"text": "Matt Lauer", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Bush stated in an interview that the comment was \"one of the most disgusting moments\" of his presidency. In November 2010, in a taped interview with Matt Lauer for the Today show, West expressed regret for his criticism of Bush. \"I would tell George Bush in my moment of frustration, I didn't have the grounds to call him a racist\", he told Lauer. \"I believe that in a situation of high emotion like that we as human beings don't always choose the right words.\" The following day, Bush reacted to the apology in a live interview with Lauer saying he appreciated the rapper's remorse. \"I'm not a hater\", Bush said. \"I don't hate Kanye West. I was talking about an environment in which people were willing to say things that hurt. Nobody wants to be called a racist if in your heart you believe in equality of races.\" Reactions were mixed, but some felt that West had no need to apologize. \"It was not the particulars of your words that mattered, it was the essence of a feeling of the insensitivity towards our communities that many of us have felt for far too long\", argued Def Jam co-founder Russell Simmons. Bush himself was receptive to the apology, saying, \"I appreciate that. It wasn't just Kanye West who was talking like that during Katrina, I cited him as an example, I cited others as an example as well. You know, I appreciate that.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Kanye was criticized by human rights groups for performing in what country?", "id": "56cf7e194df3c31400b0d851", "answers": [{"text": "Kazakhstan", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much was Kanye paid to perform in Kazakhstan?", "id": "56cf7e194df3c31400b0d852", "answers": [{"text": "$3 million", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is Kazakhstan's human rights record compared to the rest of the world?", "id": "56cf7e194df3c31400b0d853", "answers": [{"text": "one of the poorest", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country's President paid Kanye West to perform at his grandson's wedding?", "id": "56d4662d2ccc5a1400d83140", "answers": [{"text": "Kazakhstan", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Kanye, Shakira, and Rage Against the Machine refused to perform in what state due to a new law against illegal aliens?", "id": "56d4662d2ccc5a1400d83142", "answers": [{"text": "Arizona", "answer_start": 614}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what reason did Sting and other artists cancel their scheduled performances in Kazakhstan? ", "id": "56d4662d2ccc5a1400d83143", "answers": [{"text": "human rights concerns", "answer_start": 406}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In September 2013, West was widely rebuked by human rights groups for performing in Kazakhstan at the wedding of authoritarian President Nursultan Nazarbayev's grandson. He traveled to Kazakhstan, which has one of the poorest human rights records in the world, as a personal guest of Nazarbayev. Other notable Western performers, including Sting, have previously cancelled performances in the country over human rights concerns. West was reportedly paid US$3 million for his performance. West had previously participated in cultural boycotts, joining Shakira and Rage Against The Machine in refusing to perform in Arizona after the 2010 implementation of stop and search laws directed against potential illegal aliens."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What TV show lampooned one of Kanye's BBC Radio 1 interviews?", "id": "56cf7e584df3c31400b0d857", "answers": [{"text": "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Kanye demand from Jimmy Kimmel in regards to the sketch?", "id": "56cf7e584df3c31400b0d858", "answers": [{"text": "an apology", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What person was Kanye's rant on Twitter directed at?", "id": "56d4672e2ccc5a1400d83148", "answers": [{"text": "Jimmy Kimmel", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The skit on JImmy Kimmel Live! was a depiction of Kanye West and what reporter?", "id": "56d4672e2ccc5a1400d83149", "answers": [{"text": "Zane Lowe", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what radio station did Kanye West deem himself \"the biggest rockstar on the planet\"?", "id": "56d4672e2ccc5a1400d8314a", "answers": [{"text": "BBC Radio 1", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Later in 2013, West launched a tirade on Twitter directed at talk show host Jimmy Kimmel after his ABC program Jimmy Kimmel Live! ran a sketch on September 25 involving two children re-enacting West's recent interview with Zane Lowe for BBC Radio 1 in which he calls himself the biggest rock star on the planet. Kimmel reveals the following night that West called him to demand an apology shortly before taping."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What president did Kanye comment on as having trouble pushing policies while in office?", "id": "56cf7f014df3c31400b0d85b", "answers": [{"text": "Obama", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of people did Kanye state had more power than Black people?", "id": "56cf7f014df3c31400b0d85c", "answers": [{"text": "Jewish people", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what day did Kanye do an interview about President Obama pushing policies in Washington?", "id": "56d126e117492d1400aaba96", "answers": [{"text": "November 26, 2013", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what day did Kanye take back his original comment about Jews?", "id": "56d126e117492d1400aaba97", "answers": [{"text": "December 21, 2013", "answer_start": 667}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During a November 26, 2013 radio interview, West explained why he believed that President Obama had problems pushing policies in Washington: \"Man, let me tell you something about George Bush and oil money and Obama and no money. People want to say Obama can't make these moves or he's not executing. That's because he ain't got those connections. Black people don't have the same level of connections as Jewish people...We ain't Jewish. We don't got family that got money like that.\" In response to his comments, the Anti-Defamation League stated: \"There it goes again, the age-old canard that Jews are all-powerful and control the levers of power in government.\" On December 21, 2013, West backed off of the original comment and told a Chicago radio station that \"I thought I was giving a compliment, but if anything it came off more ignorant. I don\u2019t know how being told you have money is an insult.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What celebrity knee-deep in controversy did Kanye endorse in a 2016 tweet?", "id": "56cf7f274df3c31400b0d85f", "answers": [{"text": "Bill Cosby", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What actor was Kanye defending on Twitter in February 2016?", "id": "56d1270917492d1400aaba9a", "answers": [{"text": "Bill Cosby", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In February 2016, West again became embroiled in controversy when he posted a tweet seemingly asserting Bill Cosby's innocence in the wake of over 50 women making allegations of sexual assault directed at Cosby."}, {"qas": [{"question": "To who did Kanye lose the Best New Artist award in 2004?", "id": "56cf7fa24df3c31400b0d861", "answers": [{"text": "Gretchen Wilson", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The video for what song failed to win an award for again in 2006, leading to an onstage outburst by Kanye?", "id": "56cf7fa24df3c31400b0d862", "answers": [{"text": "Touch the Sky", "answer_start": 696}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What artist did Kanye West lose \"Best New Artist\" to at the 2004 AMAs?", "id": "56d127d617492d1400aabaac", "answers": [{"text": "Gretchen Wilson", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Kanye West video failed to win Best Video at the MTV Europe Music Awards?", "id": "56d127d617492d1400aabaad", "answers": [{"text": "Touch the Sky", "answer_start": 696}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what day did Kanye apologize for his ranting at the MTV Europe Awards?", "id": "56d127d617492d1400aabaae", "answers": [{"text": "November 7, 2006", "answer_start": 991}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What show did Kanye perform a spoof about the incident at the MTV Europe Awards?", "id": "56d127d617492d1400aabaaf", "answers": [{"text": "Saturday Night Live", "answer_start": 1197}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2004, West had his first of a number of public incidents during his attendance at music award events. At the American Music Awards of 2004, West stormed out of the auditorium after losing Best New Artist to country singer Gretchen Wilson. He later commented, \"I felt like I was definitely robbed [...] I was the best new artist this year.\" After the 2006 Grammy nominations were released, West said he would \"really have a problem\" if he did not win the Album of the Year, saying, \"I don't care what I do, I don't care how much I stunt \u2013 you can never take away from the amount of work I put into it. I don't want to hear all of that politically correct stuff.\" On November 2, 2006, when his \"Touch the Sky\" failed to win Best Video at the MTV Europe Music Awards, West went onto the stage as the award was being presented to Justice and Simian for \"We Are Your Friends\" and argued that he should have won the award instead. Hundreds of news outlets worldwide criticized the outburst. On November 7, 2006, West apologized for this outburst publicly during his performance as support act for U2 for their Vertigo concert in Brisbane. He later spoofed the incident on the 33rd season premiere of Saturday Night Live in September 2007."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did Kanye believe was a contributing factor in him not opening for the 2007 MTV VMAs?", "id": "56cf7ff54df3c31400b0d865", "answers": [{"text": "race", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With what song did Kanye aspire to open the VMAs with?", "id": "56cf7ff54df3c31400b0d866", "answers": [{"text": "Stronger", "answer_start": 583}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What factor did Kanye West accuse of being the reason for his being excluded for the opening of the 2007 VMAs?", "id": "56d1285417492d1400aabac6", "answers": [{"text": "his race", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song was Kanye's dream to perform on the VMAs?", "id": "56d1285417492d1400aabac8", "answers": [{"text": "\"Stronger\"", "answer_start": 582}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On September 9, 2007, West suggested that his race had something to do with his being overlooked for opening the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards (VMAs) in favor of Britney Spears; he claimed, \"Maybe my skin\u2019s not right.\" West was performing at the event; that night, he lost all five awards that he was nominated for, including Best Male Artist and Video of the Year. After the show, he was visibly upset that he had lost at the VMAs two years in a row, stating that he would not come back to MTV ever again. He also appeared on several radio stations saying that when he made the song \"Stronger\" that it was his dream to open the VMAs with it. He has also stated that Spears has not had a hit in a long period of time and that MTV exploited her for ratings."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What artist's award reception did Kanye interrupt onstage at the 2009 MTV VMAs?", "id": "56cf80a34df3c31400b0d869", "answers": [{"text": "Taylor Swift", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which U.S. President criticized Kanye for his VMA outburst?", "id": "56cf80a34df3c31400b0d86b", "answers": [{"text": "Obama", "answer_start": 682}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which President called Kanye West a jackass for his behavior at the 2009 VMAs?", "id": "56d128e817492d1400aabad5", "answers": [{"text": "President Barack Obama", "answer_start": 665}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On September 13, 2009, during the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards while Taylor Swift was accepting her award for Best Female Video for \"You Belong with Me\", West went on stage and grabbed the microphone to proclaim that Beyonc\u00e9's video for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", nominated for the same award, was \"one of the best videos of all time\". He was subsequently removed from the remainder of the show for his actions. When Beyonc\u00e9 later won the award for Best Video of the Year for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", she called Swift up on stage so that she could finish her acceptance speech. West was criticized by various celebrities for the outburst, and by President Barack Obama, who called West a \"jackass\". In addition, West's VMA disruption sparked a large influx of Internet photo memes with blogs, forums and \"tweets\" with the \"Let you finish\" photo-jokes. He posted a Tweet soon after the event where he stated, \"Everybody wanna booooo me but I'm a fan of real pop culture... I'm not crazy y'all, I'm just real.\" He then posted two apologies for the outburst on his personal blog; one on the night of the incident, and the other the following day, when he also apologized during an appearance on The Jay Leno Show. After Swift appeared on The View two days after the outburst, partly to discuss the matter, West called her to apologize personally. Swift said she accepted his apology."}, {"qas": [{"question": "To which artist did Kanye profusely apologize to?", "id": "56cf80ec4df3c31400b0d871", "answers": [{"text": "Taylor Swift", "answer_start": 907}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song did Kanye end up writing that referenced his outburst against Taylor Swift?", "id": "56cf80ec4df3c31400b0d872", "answers": [{"text": "Famous", "answer_start": 619}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Kanye West post to Twitter apoloizing to Taylor Swift?", "id": "56d1297b17492d1400aabaf2", "answers": [{"text": "September 2010", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Kanye take back his apology to Taylor Swift, saying that he was being \"selfless\"?", "id": "56d1297b17492d1400aabaf3", "answers": [{"text": "November 8, 2010", "answer_start": 383}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What album by Kanye was released in 2016?", "id": "56d1297b17492d1400aabaf4", "answers": [{"text": "The Life of Pablo", "answer_start": 656}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In September 2010, West wrote a series of apologetic tweets addressed to Swift including \"Beyonce didn't need that. MTV didn't need that and Taylor and her family friends and fans definitely didn't want or need that\" and concluding with \"I'm sorry Taylor.\" He also revealed he had written a song for Swift and if she did not accept the song, he would perform it himself. However, on November 8, 2010, in an interview with a Minnesota radio station, he seemed to recant his past apologies by attempting to describe the act at the 2009 awards show as \"selfless\" and downgrade the perception of disrespect it created. In \"Famous,\" a track from his 2016 album The Life of Pablo, West implies that this incident led to Swift's stardom, rapping, \"I feel like me and Taylor might still have sex/ Why? I made that bitch famous.\" After some media backlash about the reference, West posted on Twitter \"I did not diss Taylor Swift and I've never dissed her...First thing is I'm an artist and as an artist I will express how I feel with no censorship.\" He continued by adding that he had asked both Swift and his wife, Kim Kardashian, for permission to publish the line."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which artist's award reception did Kanye interrupt at the 57th Grammy Awards?", "id": "56cf818d234ae51400d9bdc5", "answers": [{"text": "Beck", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To who did Kanye state that Beck should hand his award over to?", "id": "56cf818d234ae51400d9bdc6", "answers": [{"text": "Beyonc\u00e9", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What artist's acceptance speech did Kanye interrupt by walking on stage at the 57th Grammys?", "id": "56d129e517492d1400aabb02", "answers": [{"text": "Beck", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What day did Kanye apologize to Beck on Twitter?", "id": "56d129e517492d1400aabb03", "answers": [{"text": "February 26, 2015", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On February 8, 2015, at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards, West walked on stage as Beck was accepting his award for Album of the Year and then walked off stage, making everyone think he was joking around. After the awards show, West stated in an interview that he was not joking and that \"Beck needs to respect artistry, he should have given his award to Beyonc\u00e9\". On February 26, 2015, he publicly apologized to Beck on Twitter."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What award did Kanye capture at the 2015 MTV VMAs?", "id": "56cf81bf234ae51400d9bdc9", "answers": [{"text": "Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When does Kanye intend to run for president?", "id": "56cf81bf234ae51400d9bdca", "answers": [{"text": "2020", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What award was presented to Kanye West on August 30, 2015?", "id": "56d12a1817492d1400aabb1a", "answers": [{"text": "Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On August 30, 2015, West was presented with the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the MTV Video Music Awards. In his acceptance speech, he stated, \"Y'all might be thinking right now, 'I wonder did he smoke something before he came out here?' And the answer is: 'Yes, I rolled up a little something. I knocked the edge off.'\" At the end of his speech, he announced, \"I have decided in 2020 to run for president.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "For what event was the largest amount of signatures collected in an attempt to keep Kanye from performing at it?", "id": "56cf822f234ae51400d9bdcd", "answers": [{"text": "Glastonbury Festival 2015", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was another event that garnered a large amount of protest for Kanye's removal of headliner status?", "id": "56cf822f234ae51400d9bdce", "answers": [{"text": "2015 Pan American Games", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What website have music fans been using to try to block Kanye West's performance at different events?", "id": "56d12aa917492d1400aabb22", "answers": [{"text": "Change.org", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What festival was the largest failed petition to keep Kanye from performing?", "id": "56d12aa917492d1400aabb23", "answers": [{"text": "Glastonbury Festival", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many signatures were gathered for Kanye's removal from the 2015 Pan American Games?", "id": "56d12aa917492d1400aabb24", "answers": [{"text": "50,000", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Music fans have turned to Change.org around the globe to try and block West's participation at various events. The largest unsuccessful petition has been to the Glastonbury Festival 2015 with 133,000+ voters stating they would prefer a rock band to headline. On July 20, 2015, within five days of West's announcement as the headlining artist of the closing ceremonies of the 2015 Pan American Games, Change.org user XYZ collected over 50,000 signatures for West's removal as headliner citing the headlining artist should be Canadian. In his Pan American Games Closing Ceremony performance, close to the end of his performance, West closed the show by tossing his faulty microphone in the air and walked off stage."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Kanye's first engagement was to which well-known designer?", "id": "56cf829c234ae51400d9bdd1", "answers": [{"text": "Alexis Phifer", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What model did Kanye begin to date in 2008?", "id": "56cf829c234ae51400d9bdd2", "answers": [{"text": "Amber Rose", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has Kanye finally settled with an married in 2014?", "id": "56cf829c234ae51400d9bdd3", "answers": [{"text": "Kim Kardashian", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many children does Kanye have with Kim?", "id": "56cf829c234ae51400d9bdd4", "answers": [{"text": "2", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Kanye West begin his relationship with Alexis Phifer?", "id": "56d12b6b17492d1400aabb38", "answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Alexis Phifer and Kanye West get engaged?", "id": "56d12b6b17492d1400aabb39", "answers": [{"text": "August 2006", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Kanye date from 2008 to 2010?", "id": "56d12b6b17492d1400aabb3a", "answers": [{"text": "Amber Rose", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Kanye West start dating Kim Kardashian?", "id": "56d12b6b17492d1400aabb3b", "answers": [{"text": "April 2012", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where in Jerusalem did Kardashian and West have their daughter North baptised?", "id": "56d12b6b17492d1400aabb3c", "answers": [{"text": "Armenian Apostolic Church at the Cathedral of St. James", "answer_start": 782}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "West began an on-and-off relationship with designer Alexis Phifer in 2002, and they became engaged in August 2006. The pair ended their 18-month engagement in 2008. West subsequently dated model Amber Rose from 2008 until the summer of 2010. West began dating reality star and longtime friend Kim Kardashian in April 2012. West and Kardashian became engaged in October 2013, and married on May 24, 2014 at Fort di Belvedere in Florence, Italy. Their private ceremony was subject to widespread mainstream coverage, with West taking issue with the couple's portrayal in the media. They have two children: daughter North \"Nori\" West (born June 15, 2013) and son Saint West (born December 5, 2015). In April 2015, West and Kardashian traveled to Jerusalem to have North baptized in the Armenian Apostolic Church at the Cathedral of St. James. The couple's high status and respective careers have resulted in their relationship becoming subject to heavy media coverage; The New York Times referred to their marriage as \"a historic blizzard of celebrity.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "How old was Kanye's mother when she died?", "id": "56cf8304234ae51400d9bdd9", "answers": [{"text": "58", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What doctor did Donda West ignore the recommendation of to invest her heart condition?", "id": "56cf8304234ae51400d9bddb", "answers": [{"text": "Andre Aboolian", "answer_start": 597}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At approximately what time did paramedics receive the call about Kanye West's mother, Donda?", "id": "56d12c3d17492d1400aabb4c", "answers": [{"text": "7:35 pm", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What condition along with complications for the plastic surgery caused the death of Donda West?", "id": "56d12c3d17492d1400aabb4d", "answers": [{"text": "heart disease", "answer_start": 428}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What doctor originally turned Donda West down for her plastic surgery operation?", "id": "56d12c3d17492d1400aabb4e", "answers": [{"text": "Andre Aboolian", "answer_start": 597}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the doctor who performed the surgery that ended up killing Donda West?", "id": "56d12c3d17492d1400aabb4f", "answers": [{"text": "Jan Adams", "answer_start": 900}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On November 10, 2007, at approximately 7:35 pm, paramedics responding to an emergency call transported West's mother, Donda West, to the nearby Centinela Freeman Hospital in Marina del Rey, California. She was unresponsive in the emergency room, and after resuscitation attempts, doctors pronounced her dead at approximately 8:30 pm, at age 58. The Los Angeles County coroner's office said in January 2008 that West had died of heart disease while suffering \"multiple post-operative factors\" after plastic surgery. She had undergone liposuction and breast reduction. Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Andre Aboolian had refused to do the surgery because West had a health condition that placed her at risk for a heart attack. Aboolian referred her to an internist to investigate her cardiac issue. She never met with the doctor recommended by Aboolian and had the procedures performed by a third doctor, Jan Adams."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What talk show did the doctor who performed Donda West's plastic surgery appear on?", "id": "56cf8368234ae51400d9bddf", "answers": [{"text": "Larry King Live", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the final cause of Donda's death determined by the coroner?", "id": "56cf8368234ae51400d9bde0", "answers": [{"text": "\"coronary artery disease and multiple post-operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty\"", "answer_start": 692}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the West's family's attorney during the incident surrounding the death of Donda West?", "id": "56d12d3c17492d1400aabb68", "answers": [{"text": "Ed McPherson", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What reasons did West's family give for filing complaints against Adams and Aboolian?", "id": "56d12d3c17492d1400aabb69", "answers": [{"text": "violating patient confidentiality", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what show did Adams appear to \"defend himself\"?", "id": "56d12d3c17492d1400aabb6a", "answers": [{"text": "Larry King Live", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what day did the final coroner's report show that Donda died from heart disease and complications from surgery?", "id": "56d12d3c17492d1400aabb6b", "answers": [{"text": "January 10, 2008", "answer_start": 640}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Adams sent condolences to Donda West's family but declined to publicly discuss the procedure, citing confidentiality. West\u2019s family, through celebrity attorney Ed McPherson, filed complaints with the Medical Board against Adams and Aboolian for violating patient confidentiality following her death. Adams had previously been under scrutiny by the medical board. He appeared on Larry King Live on November 20, 2007, but left before speaking. Two days later, he appeared again, with his attorney, stating he was there to \"defend himself\". He said that the recently released autopsy results \"spoke for themselves\". The final coroner's report January 10, 2008, concluded that Donda West died of \"coronary artery disease and multiple post-operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where was Donda West's funeral?", "id": "56cf83a7234ae51400d9bde3", "answers": [{"text": "Oklahoma City", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What songs did Kanye dedicate to his late mother as his performance at The O2 in London?", "id": "56cf83a7234ae51400d9bde4", "answers": [{"text": "\"Hey Mama\", as well as a cover of Journey's \"Don't Stop Believin'\"", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what city was the funeral and burial for Donda West held?", "id": "56d12dcf17492d1400aabb78", "answers": [{"text": "Oklahoma City", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what day was the funeral of Donda West?", "id": "56d12dcf17492d1400aabb79", "answers": [{"text": "November 20, 2007", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What day was Kanye's first concert after the death of his mother?", "id": "56d12dcf17492d1400aabb7a", "answers": [{"text": "November 22", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what tour did Kanye perform \"Hey Mama\" and his version of Journey's \"Don't Stop Believing\" in memory of his mother?", "id": "56d12dcf17492d1400aabb7b", "answers": [{"text": "Glow in the Dark tour", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The funeral and burial for Donda West was held in Oklahoma City on November 20, 2007. West played his first concert following the funeral at The O2 in London on November 22. He dedicated a performance of \"Hey Mama\", as well as a cover of Journey's \"Don't Stop Believin'\", to his mother, and did so on all other dates of his Glow in the Dark tour."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Kanye first speak on his mother's death?", "id": "56cf83db234ae51400d9bde7", "answers": [{"text": "New Zealand", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Kanye West first speak about his mother's death?", "id": "56d12e3817492d1400aabb81", "answers": [{"text": "New Zealand", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "At a December 2008 press conference in New Zealand, West spoke about his mother's death for the first time. \"It was like losing an arm and a leg and trying to walk through that\", he told reporters."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What famous governor signed legislation in honor of Donda West's death?", "id": "56cf8400234ae51400d9bde9", "answers": [{"text": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What governor passed a law in honor of Donda West?", "id": "56d12ea017492d1400aabb90", "answers": [{"text": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the law passed by Arnold Schwarzenegger?", "id": "56d12ea017492d1400aabb91", "answers": [{"text": "\"Donda West Law\"", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed the \"Donda West Law\", legislation which makes it mandatory for patients to provide medical clearance for elective cosmetic surgery."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What famous stuntman sued Kanye for purported use of his likeness in 2006?", "id": "56cf8472234ae51400d9bdeb", "answers": [{"text": "Robert \"Evel\" Knievel", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the suit settled?", "id": "56cf8472234ae51400d9bdec", "answers": [{"text": "days before his death in November 2007", "answer_start": 651}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which celebrity sued West in 2006 for trademark infrigement?", "id": "56d12fe017492d1400aabba6", "answers": [{"text": "Robert \"Evel\" Knievel", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the nickname Kanye West took on in his video \"Touch the Sky\"?", "id": "56d12fe017492d1400aabba7", "answers": [{"text": "Evel Kanyevel", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Knievel settle the argument with West?", "id": "56d12fe017492d1400aabba8", "answers": [{"text": "November 2007", "answer_start": 676}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In December 2006, Robert \"Evel\" Knievel sued West for trademark infringement in West's video for \"Touch the Sky\". Knievel took issue with a \"sexually charged video\" in which West takes on the persona of \"Evel Kanyevel\" and attempts flying a rocket over a canyon. The suit claimed infringement on Knievel's trademarked name and likeness. Knievel also claimed that the \"vulgar and offensive\" images depicted in the video damaged his reputation. The suit sought monetary damages and an injunction to stop distribution of the video. West's attorneys argued that the music video amounted to satire and therefore was covered under the First Amendment. Just days before his death in November 2007, Knievel amicably settled the suit after being paid a visit from West, saying, \"I thought he was a wonderful guy and quite a gentleman.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was Kanye arrested for in 2008?", "id": "56cf84c1234ae51400d9bdef", "answers": [{"text": "felony vandalism", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much was Kanye's bail bond?", "id": "56cf84c1234ae51400d9bdf0", "answers": [{"text": "$20,000", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Kanye finally charged with?", "id": "56cf84c1234ae51400d9bdf1", "answers": [{"text": "one count of misdemeanor vandalism, one count of grand theft and one count of battery", "answer_start": 633}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what day was Kanye West arrested at the Los Angeles International Airport?", "id": "56d1308d17492d1400aabbb8", "answers": [{"text": "September 11, 2008", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the charges filed against Kanye West?", "id": "56d1308d17492d1400aabbb9", "answers": [{"text": "felony vandalism", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the bodyguard also accused of vandalism?", "id": "56d1308d17492d1400aabbba", "answers": [{"text": "Don \"Don C.\" Crowley", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the dollar amount of Kanye's bond?", "id": "56d1308d17492d1400aabbbb", "answers": [{"text": "$20,000", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On September 11, 2008, West and his road manager/bodyguard Don \"Don C.\" Crowley were arrested at Los Angeles International Airport and booked on charges of felony vandalism after an altercation with the paparazzi in which West and Crowley broke the photographers' cameras. West was later released from the Los Angeles Police Department's Pacific Division station in Culver City on $20,000 bail bond. On September 26, 2008, the Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office said it would not file felony counts against West over the incident. Instead the case file was forwarded to the city attorney's office, which charged West with one count of misdemeanor vandalism, one count of grand theft and one count of battery and his manager with three counts of each on March 18, 2009. West's and Crowley's arraignment was delayed from an original date of April 14, 2009."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was Kanye second arrest for?", "id": "56cf84e0234ae51400d9bdf5", "answers": [{"text": "scuffle involving a photographer outside the famous Tup Tup Palace nightclub in Newcastle", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the date of Kanye's second arrest?", "id": "56d130f217492d1400aabbc2", "answers": [{"text": "November 14, 2008", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Kanye arrested at for the second time?", "id": "56d130f217492d1400aabbc3", "answers": [{"text": "Hilton hotel near Gateshead", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what location did the incident leading to West's second arrest take place?", "id": "56d130f217492d1400aabbc4", "answers": [{"text": "Tup Tup Palace nightclub", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "West was arrested again on November 14, 2008 at the Hilton hotel near Gateshead after another scuffle involving a photographer outside the famous Tup Tup Palace nightclub in Newcastle upon Tyne. He was later released \"with no further action\", according to a police spokesperson."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What paparazzi member did Kanye attack at LAX in 2013?", "id": "56cf85c7234ae51400d9bdf7", "answers": [{"text": "Daniel Ramos", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Kanye convicted for after his paparazzi attack?", "id": "56cf85c7234ae51400d9bdf8", "answers": [{"text": "misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft", "answer_start": 844}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the man who was hassling West outside of LAX that West later attacked?", "id": "56d131ad17492d1400aabbd2", "answers": [{"text": "Daniel Ramos", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many years' probation was Kanye supposed to serve for this altercation?", "id": "56d131ad17492d1400aabbd3", "answers": [{"text": "2", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "He had to attend 24 sessions of what kind of therapy?", "id": "56d131ad17492d1400aabbd4", "answers": [{"text": "anger management", "answer_start": 1029}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many hours of community service did Kanye receive?", "id": "56d131ad17492d1400aabbd5", "answers": [{"text": "250", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On July 19, 2013, West was leaving LAX as he was surrounded by dozens of paparazzi. West became increasingly agitated as a photographer, Daniel Ramos, continued to ask him why people were not allowed to speak in his presence. West then says, \"I told you don't talk to me, right? You trying to get me in trouble so I steal off on you and have to pay you like $250,000 and shit.\" Then he allegedly charged the man and grabbed him and his camera. The incident captured by TMZ, took place for a few seconds before a female voice can be heard telling West to stop. West then released the man, and his camera, and drove away from the scene. Medics were later called to the scene on behalf of the photographer who was grabbed. It was reported West could be charged with felony attempted robbery behind the matter. However, the charges were reduced to misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft. In March 2014, West was sentenced to serve two years' probation for the misdemeanor battery conviction and required to attend 24 anger management sessions, perform 250 hours of community service and pay restitution to Ramos."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are Kanye's religious beliefs?", "id": "56cf85ec234ae51400d9bdfd", "answers": [{"text": "Christian", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "\"Jesus Walks\" was on which of Kanye's albums?", "id": "56d1320f17492d1400aabbf0", "answers": [{"text": "The College Dropout", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "September of 2014, Kanye called himself a what during one of his concerts?", "id": "56d1320f17492d1400aabbf1", "answers": [{"text": "Christian", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After the success of his song \"Jesus Walks\" from the album The College Dropout, West was questioned on his beliefs and said, \"I will say that I'm spiritual. I have accepted Jesus as my Savior. And I will say that I fall short every day.\" More recently, in September 2014, West referred to himself as a Christian during one of his concerts."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How is Kanye viewed as a 21st century artist?", "id": "56cf86a3234ae51400d9bdff", "answers": [{"text": "among the most critically acclaimed", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What famous English artist was Kanye compared to by The Guardian?", "id": "56cf86a3234ae51400d9be00", "answers": [{"text": "David Bowie", "answer_start": 1105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What reporter compared Kanye West to a lightning rod?", "id": "56d1328117492d1400aabc02", "answers": [{"text": "Jon Caramanic", "answer_start": 486}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said Kanye West was the greatest hip hop artist of all time?", "id": "56d1328117492d1400aabc03", "answers": [{"text": "Ben Westhoff", "answer_start": 791}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What magazine compared Kanye to David Bowie?", "id": "56d1328117492d1400aabc04", "answers": [{"text": "The Guardian", "answer_start": 1071}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "West is among the most critically acclaimed artists of the twenty-first century, receiving praise from music critics, fans, fellow musicians, artists, and wider cultural figures for his work. AllMusic editor Jason Birchmeier writes of his impact, \"As his career progressed throughout the early 21st century, West shattered certain stereotypes about rappers, becoming a superstar on his own terms without adapting his appearance, his rhetoric, or his music to fit any one musical mold.\" Jon Caramanic of The New York Times said that West has been \"a frequent lightning rod for controversy, a bombastic figure who can count rankling two presidents among his achievements, along with being a reliably dyspeptic presence at award shows (when he attends them).\" Village Voice Media senior editor Ben Westhoff dubbed him the greatest hip hop artist of all time, writing that \"he's made the best albums and changed the game the most, and his music is the most likely to endure,\" while Complex called him the 21st century's \"most important artist of any art form, of any genre.\" The Guardian has compared West to David Bowie, arguing that \"there is nobody else who can sell as many records as West does (30m-odd album sales and counting) while remaining so resolutely experimental and capable of stirring things up culturally and politically.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What overabundance of themes did Kanye criticize early in his career?", "id": "56cf87a1234ae51400d9be03", "answers": [{"text": "homophobia in hip hop", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The shift away from what genre of rap is Kanye credited for?", "id": "56cf87a1234ae51400d9be04", "answers": [{"text": "gangsta rap", "answer_start": 624}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of background did Kanye West grow up in?", "id": "56d1333517492d1400aabc0e", "answers": [{"text": "middle-class", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Kanye West have a sales competition with during his album release of Graduation?", "id": "56d1333517492d1400aabc0f", "answers": [{"text": "50 Cent", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said that Kanye West effectively led a new wave of artists that weren't only interested in rapping about gunplay or drug dealing?", "id": "56d1333517492d1400aabc10", "answers": [{"text": "Ben Detrick", "answer_start": 1668}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "West's middle-class background, flamboyant fashion sense and outspokenness have additionally set him apart from other rappers. Early in his career, he was among the first rappers to publicly criticize the preponderance of homophobia in hip hop. The sales competition between rapper 50 Cent's Curtis and West's Graduation altered the direction of hip hop and helped pave the way for new rappers who did not follow the hardcore-gangster mold. Rosie Swash of The Guardian viewed the sales competition as a historical moment in hip-hop, because it \"highlighted the diverging facets of hip-hop in the last decade; the former was gangsta rap for the noughties, while West was the thinking man's alternative.\" Rolling Stone credited West with transforming hip hop's mainstream, \"establishing a style of introspective yet glossy rap [...]\", and called him \"as interesting and complicated a pop star as the 2000s produced\u2014a rapper who mastered, upped and moved beyond the hip-hop game, a producer who created a signature sound and then abandoned it to his imitators, a flashy, free-spending sybarite with insightful things to say about college, culture and economics, an egomaniac with more than enough artistic firepower to back it up.\" His 2008 album 808s & Heartbreak polarized both listeners and critics upon its release, but was commercially successful and impacted hip hop and pop stylistically, as it laid the groundwork for a new wave of artists who generally eschewed typical rap braggadocio for intimate subject matter and introspection, including Frank Ocean, The Weeknd, Drake, Future, Kid Cudi, Childish Gambino, Lil Durk, Chief Keef, and Soulja Boy. According to Ben Detrick of XXL magazine, West effectively led a new wave of artists, including Kid Cudi, Wale, Lupe Fiasco, Kidz in the Hall, and Drake, who lacked the interest or ability to rap about gunplay or drug-dealing."}, {"qas": [{"question": "A number of artists have cited Kanye as being what to them?", "id": "56cf87de234ae51400d9be07", "answers": [{"text": "influential", "answer_start": 1130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who complimented West in Time Magazine?", "id": "56d133ee17492d1400aabc30", "answers": [{"text": "inventor Elon Musk", "answer_start": 1053}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A substantial number of artists and other figures have been influenced by, or complimented, West's work, including hip hop artists RZA of Wu-Tang Clan, Chuck D of Public Enemy, and DJ Premier of Gang Starr. Both Drake and Casey Veggies have acknowledged being influenced directly by West. Non-rap artists such as English singer-songwriters Adele and Lily Allen, New Zealand artist Lorde, rock band Arctic Monkeys, pop singer Halsey, Sergio Pizzorno of English rock band Kasabian and American indie rock group MGMT have cited West as an influence. Experimental and electronic artists such as James Blake Daniel Lopatin, and Tim Hecker have also cited West's work as an inspiration. Experimental rock pioneer and Velvet Underground founder Lou Reed, in a review of West's album Yeezus, wrote that \"the guy really, really, really is talented. He's really trying to raise the bar. No one's near doing what he\u2019s doing, it\u2019s not even on the same planet.\" Musicians such as Paul McCartney and Prince have also commended West's work. Famed Tesla Motors CEO and inventor Elon Musk complimented West in a piece for Time Magazine's 100 most influential people list, writing that:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many songs has Kanye had that have exceeded 3 million digital sales?", "id": "56cf884a234ae51400d9be0a", "answers": [{"text": "6", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many songs has Kanye sold digitally in his career?", "id": "56cf884a234ae51400d9be0b", "answers": [{"text": "over 30 million", "answer_start": 648}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of West's six albums have gone platinum?", "id": "56d137b1e7d4791d0090202d", "answers": [{"text": "6", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Kanye's fifth consecutive number one album?", "id": "56d137b1e7d4791d0090202e", "answers": [{"text": "Yeezus", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As of 2012, how many downloads have there been of \"Golddigger\"?", "id": "56d137b1e7d4791d0090202f", "answers": [{"text": "3,086,000", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What rank is West in total sales for the last decade?", "id": "56d137b1e7d4791d00902030", "answers": [{"text": "third", "answer_start": 585}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many total digital songs has Kanye West sold in the US?", "id": "56d137b1e7d4791d00902031", "answers": [{"text": "30 million", "answer_start": 653}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "West's first six solo studio albums, all of which have gone platinum, have received numerous awards and critical acclaim. All of his albums have been commercially successful, with Yeezus, his sixth solo album, becoming his fifth consecutive No. 1 album in the U.S. upon release. West has had six songs exceed 3 million in digital sales as of December 2012, with \"Gold Digger\" selling 3,086,000, \"Stronger\" selling 4,402,000, \"Heartless\" selling 3,742,000, \"E.T.\" selling over 4,000,000, \"Love Lockdown\" selling over 3,000,000, and \"Niggas in Paris\" selling over 3,000,000, placing him third in overall digital sales of the past decade. He has sold over 30 million digital songs in the United States making him one of the best-selling digital artists of all-time."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many Grammies has Kanye won as of 2013?", "id": "56cf88bf234ae51400d9be0f", "answers": [{"text": "21", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With which artist does Kanye tie with for reaching the top of the annual Pazz & Jop Critic Poll?", "id": "56cf88bf234ae51400d9be10", "answers": [{"text": "Bob Dylan", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many times has Kanye placed in the annual Time Magazine people list?", "id": "56cf88bf234ae51400d9be11", "answers": [{"text": "twice", "answer_start": 610}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2013, West had won how many total Grammy Awards?", "id": "56d138c3e7d4791d00902037", "answers": [{"text": "21", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What rank did About.com give Kanye \"Top 50 Hip-Hop Producers\" list?", "id": "56d138c3e7d4791d00902038", "answers": [{"text": "8", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what day did MTV name Kanye as the year's Number 1 \"Hottest MC in the Game.\"?", "id": "56d138c3e7d4791d00902039", "answers": [{"text": "May 16, 2008", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "December 17, 2010 was the day Kanye was nominated by MTV for what?", "id": "56d138c3e7d4791d0090203a", "answers": [{"text": "MTV Man of the Year", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What musician did West tie with for topping the annual Pazz & Jop critic poll 4 times each?", "id": "56d138c3e7d4791d0090203b", "answers": [{"text": "Bob Dylan", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As of 2013, West has won a total of 21 Grammy Awards, making him one of the most awarded artists of all-time. About.com ranked Kanye West No. 8 on their \"Top 50 Hip-Hop Producers\" list. On May 16, 2008, Kanye West was crowned by MTV as the year's No. 1 \"Hottest MC in the Game.\" On December 17, 2010, Kanye West was voted as the MTV Man of the Year by MTV. Billboard ranked Kanye West No. 3 on their list of Top 10 Producers of the Decade. West ties with Bob Dylan for having topped the annual Pazz & Jop critic poll the most number of times ever, with four number-one albums each. West has also been included twice in the Time 100 annual lists of the most influential people in the world as well as being listed in a number of Forbes annual lists."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many of Kanye's albums placed on the 2012 Rolling Stone list?", "id": "56cf8915234ae51400d9be15", "answers": [{"text": "3", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of West's albums were included on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list?", "id": "56d13983e7d4791d00902041", "answers": [{"text": "3", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In its 2012 list of \"500 Greatest Albums of All Time, Rolling Stone included three of West's albums\u2014The College Dropout at number 298, Late Registration at number 118, and My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy at number 353."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which one of Kanye's albums won The Pitchfork's Album of the Decade (so far) award?", "id": "56cf8955234ae51400d9be17", "answers": [{"text": "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What place did Yeezus secure on the list of 100 albums?", "id": "56cf8955234ae51400d9be18", "answers": [{"text": "eighth", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What online music publication ranked Kanye's album \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\" as the world's best album so far?", "id": "56d139fee7d4791d00902043", "answers": [{"text": "The Pitchfork", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What album was ranked 8 on a list of 100 albums?", "id": "56d139fee7d4791d00902044", "answers": [{"text": "Yeezus", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song was ranked third in a list of 200 \"best tracks\" since 2010?", "id": "56d139fee7d4791d00902045", "answers": [{"text": "\"Runaway\"", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Pitchfork online music publication ranked My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy as the world's best album of the decade \"so far\"\u2014between 2010 and 2014\u2014on August 19, 2014, while Yeezus was ranked in the eighth position of a list of 100 albums. During the same week, the song \"Runaway\" (featuring Pusha T) was ranked in the third position in the publication's list of the 200 \"best tracks\" released since 2010."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What President did Kanye West insult on air in 2005?", "id": "56d0f72317492d1400aab6a3", "answers": [{"text": "George W. Bush", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose speech did Kanye West ruin at the 2009 MTV Awards?", "id": "56d0f72317492d1400aab6a4", "answers": [{"text": "Taylor Swift", "answer_start": 463}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What fashion items does Kanye West design?", "id": "56d0f72317492d1400aab6a5", "answers": [{"text": "clothing and footwear", "answer_start": 609}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company did Kanye West begin?", "id": "56d0f72317492d1400aab6a6", "answers": [{"text": "DONDA", "answer_start": 791}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Kanye West begin working with Adidas?", "id": "56d0f72317492d1400aab6a7", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 726}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "West's outspoken views and ventures outside of music have received significant mainstream attention. He has been a frequent source of controversy and public scrutiny for his conduct at award shows, on social media, and in other public settings. His more publicized comments include his declaration that President George W. Bush \"doesn't care about black people\" during a live 2005 television broadcast for Hurricane Katrina relief, and his interruption of singer Taylor Swift at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards. West's efforts as a designer include collaborations with Nike, Louis Vuitton, and A.P.C. on both clothing and footwear, and have most prominently resulted in the Yeezy Season collaboration with Adidas beginning in 2013. He is the founder and head of the creative content company DONDA."}]}, {"title": "Buddhism", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What type of religion is Buddhism?", "id": "56cff91b234ae51400d9c1bb", "answers": [{"text": "nontheistic", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the practices of Buddhism based on?", "id": "56cff91b234ae51400d9c1bc", "answers": [{"text": "teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the Buddha live?", "id": "56cff91b234ae51400d9c1bd", "answers": [{"text": "present-day Nepal", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do Buddhists believe their suffering can be ended?", "id": "56cff91b234ae51400d9c1be", "answers": [{"text": "through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the Four Noble Truths", "answer_start": 706}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Buddha teach should be given up to end suffering?", "id": "56cff91b234ae51400d9c1bf", "answers": [{"text": "ignorance and craving", "answer_start": 639}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of religion is Buddhism?", "id": "56d0c933234ae51400d9c43c", "answers": [{"text": "nontheistic religion", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who's teaching is Buddhism based upon?", "id": "56d0c933234ae51400d9c43d", "answers": [{"text": "Gautama Buddha", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Buddha alive?", "id": "56d0c933234ae51400d9c43e", "answers": [{"text": "between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Buddha reside when he was alive?", "id": "56d0c933234ae51400d9c43f", "answers": [{"text": "present-day Nepal", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who's teachings is Buddhism based upon?", "id": "56d0d6db17492d1400aab662", "answers": [{"text": "Gautama Buddha", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Buddha thought to live?", "id": "56d0d6db17492d1400aab663", "answers": [{"text": "Nepal", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When approximately was Buddha alive?", "id": "56d0d6db17492d1400aab664", "answers": [{"text": "sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Buddhism is based on the teaching of who?", "id": "56d1b926e7d4791d009020cd", "answers": [{"text": "Gautama Buddha", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many noble truths are there?", "id": "56d1b926e7d4791d009020cf", "answers": [{"text": "4", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Buddha was part of what subcontinent?", "id": "56d1b926e7d4791d009020d0", "answers": [{"text": "Indian", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is \"the awakened one\"", "id": "56d1b926e7d4791d009020d1", "answers": [{"text": "Buddha", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Buddhism /\u02c8bud\u026az\u0259m/ is a nontheistic religion[note 1] or philosophy (Sanskrit: \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e dharma; Pali: \u0927\u092e\u094d\u092e dhamma) that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha, commonly known as the Buddha (\"the awakened one\"). According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, present-day Nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE.[note 1] He is recognized by Buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end their suffering through the elimination of ignorance and craving. Buddhists believe that this is accomplished through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the Four Noble Truths."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are the two major branches of Buddhism?", "id": "56cffa20234ae51400d9c1c5", "answers": [{"text": "Theravada (\"The School of the Elders\") and Mahayana (\"The Great Vehicle\")", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is sometimes viewed as the third branch of Buddhism?", "id": "56cffa20234ae51400d9c1c6", "answers": [{"text": "Vajrayana", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does Theravada have the largest following?", "id": "56cffa20234ae51400d9c1c7", "answers": [{"text": "Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Mahayana includes which practices of Buddhism?", "id": "56cffa20234ae51400d9c1c8", "answers": [{"text": "Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Shingon, and Tiantai (Tendai)", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the estimated number of Buddhists in the world?", "id": "56cffa20234ae51400d9c1c9", "answers": [{"text": "488 million[web 1] and 535 million", "answer_start": 677}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which branch practices the teachings of Zen?", "id": "56d0e08817492d1400aab66d", "answers": [{"text": "Mahayana", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What minor branch is sometimes attributed to Mahayana?", "id": "56d0e08817492d1400aab66e", "answers": [{"text": "Vajrayana", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of teachings does Tibetan Buddhism preserve?", "id": "56d1ba3ee7d4791d009020de", "answers": [{"text": "Vajrayana", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Vajrayana is attributed to who?", "id": "56d1ba3ee7d4791d009020e0", "answers": [{"text": "Indian siddhas", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Theravada means what?", "id": "56d1ba3ee7d4791d009020e1", "answers": [{"text": "The School of the Elders", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars: Theravada (\"The School of the Elders\") and Mahayana (\"The Great Vehicle\"). Vajrayana, a body of teachings attributed to Indian siddhas, may be viewed as a third branch or merely a part of Mahayana. Theravada has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. Mahayana which includes the traditions of Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Shingon, and Tiantai (Tendai) is found throughout East Asia. Tibetan Buddhism, which preserves the Vajrayana teachings of eighth century India, is practiced in regions surrounding the Himalayas, Mongolia and Kalmykia. Buddhists number between an estimated 488 million[web 1] and 535 million, making it one of the world's major religions."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the goal of Theravada Buddhism?", "id": "56cffaa0234ae51400d9c1d9", "answers": [{"text": "the attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is Nirvana achieved?", "id": "56cffaa0234ae51400d9c1da", "answers": [{"text": "practicing the Noble Eightfold Path (also known as the Middle Way)", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the bodhisattva path?", "id": "56cffaa0234ae51400d9c1db", "answers": [{"text": "a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the goal of Tibetan Buddhism?", "id": "56cffaa0234ae51400d9c1dc", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhahood or rainbow body", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is Nirvana attained?", "id": "56d0e19c17492d1400aab676", "answers": [{"text": "by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what buddhism is the goal a state of nirvana?", "id": "56d1bc77e7d4791d009020f3", "answers": [{"text": "Theravada", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What buddhism has a goal of Buddhahood or rainbow body?", "id": "56d1bc77e7d4791d009020f4", "answers": [{"text": "Tibetan", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Noble Eightfold Path is also known as what?", "id": "56d1bc77e7d4791d009020f5", "answers": [{"text": "the Middle Way", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Mahayana aspires to Buddhahood through what path?", "id": "56d1bc77e7d4791d009020f6", "answers": [{"text": "bodhisattva", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Theravada escapes what cycle?", "id": "56d1bc77e7d4791d009020f7", "answers": [{"text": "suffering and rebirth", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Theravada Buddhism, the ultimate goal is the attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana, achieved by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path (also known as the Middle Way), thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth. Mahayana Buddhism instead aspires to Buddhahood via the bodhisattva path, a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening. Tibetan Buddhism aspires to Buddhahood or rainbow body."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are the Three Jewels of the Buddhist tradition?", "id": "56d07602234ae51400d9c2f4", "answers": [{"text": "the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings), and the Sangha (the community)", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one of the Ten Meritorious Deeds of Buddhism?", "id": "56d07602234ae51400d9c2f5", "answers": [{"text": "cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment", "answer_start": 856}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other practices do Buddhists adhere to?", "id": "56d0e34017492d1400aab682", "answers": [{"text": "Ten Meritorious Deeds", "answer_start": 639}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one of the Ten Meritorious Deeds?", "id": "56d0e34017492d1400aab683", "answers": [{"text": "renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic", "answer_start": 741}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Buddhism denies what kind of deity?", "id": "56d1be69e7d4791d009020fe", "answers": [{"text": "creator", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of the Ten Meritorious Deeds, giving charity reduces what?", "id": "56d1be69e7d4791d009020ff", "answers": [{"text": "greediness", "answer_start": 701}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Invocation of buddhas and bodhisattvas is in what tradition?", "id": "56d1be69e7d4791d00902101", "answers": [{"text": "Mahayana", "answer_start": 968}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Buddhist schools vary on the exact nature of the path to liberation, the importance and canonicity of various teachings and scriptures, and especially their respective practices. Buddhism denies a creator deity and posits that mundane deities such as Mahabrahma are misperceived to be a creator. The foundations of Buddhist tradition and practice are the Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings), and the Sangha (the community). Taking \"refuge in the triple gem\" has traditionally been a declaration and commitment to being on the Buddhist path, and in general distinguishes a Buddhist from a non-Buddhist. Other practices are Ten Meritorious Deeds including, giving charity to reduce the greediness; following ethical precepts; renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic; the development of mindfulness and practice of meditation; cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment; study of scriptures; devotional practices; ceremonies; and in the Mahayana tradition, invocation of buddhas and bodhisattvas."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The Nid\u0101nakath\u0101 of the Jataka tales of the Theravada is attributed to who?", "id": "56d0772c234ae51400d9c2f8", "answers": [{"text": "Nid\u0101nakath\u0101 of the Jataka tales of the Theravada", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some other biographies that differ from the Jataka tales?", "id": "56d0772c234ae51400d9c2f9", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhacarita, the Lokottarav\u0101din Mah\u0101vastu, and the Sarv\u0101stiv\u0101din Lalitavistara S\u016btra", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do scholars recognize about the life of the Buddha?", "id": "56d0772c234ae51400d9c2fa", "answers": [{"text": "Most accept that he lived, taught and founded a monastic order", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Buddhagohosa written?", "id": "56d0e42e17492d1400aab689", "answers": [{"text": "5th century CE", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one of the earlier biographies on Buddhism?", "id": "56d0e42e17492d1400aab68a", "answers": [{"text": "the Buddhacarita", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who founded a monastic order in his life?", "id": "56d0e42e17492d1400aab68c", "answers": [{"text": "Buddha", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Scholars do not make claims without evidence about who's life?", "id": "56d1c2d2e7d4791d0090211f", "answers": [{"text": "Buddha", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Most accept that Buddha lived and taught in what type of order?", "id": "56d1c2d2e7d4791d00902120", "answers": [{"text": "monastic", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Jataka tales of the Theravada happened in what century?", "id": "56d1c2d2e7d4791d00902121", "answers": [{"text": "5th ce", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "This narrative draws on the Nid\u0101nakath\u0101 of the Jataka tales of the Theravada, which is ascribed to Buddhagho\u1e63a in the 5th century CE. Earlier biographies such as the Buddhacarita, the Lokottarav\u0101din Mah\u0101vastu, and the Sarv\u0101stiv\u0101din Lalitavistara S\u016btra, give different accounts. Scholars are hesitant to make unqualified claims about the historical facts of the Buddha's life. Most accept that he lived, taught and founded a monastic order, but do not consistently accept all of the details contained in his biographies."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who said \"the outline of the life must be true: birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death.\"?", "id": "56d077d6234ae51400d9c2fe", "answers": [{"text": "Michael Carrithers", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some of the outlines of life?", "id": "56d0f9af17492d1400aab6b5", "answers": [{"text": "birth, maturity, renunciation", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote a biography of Buddha?", "id": "56d0f9af17492d1400aab6b6", "answers": [{"text": "Karen Armstrong", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do some say is Buddha's real name?", "id": "56d0f9af17492d1400aab6b8", "answers": [{"text": "Siddhatta Gotama", "answer_start": 512}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the helpers called that helped Buddha?", "id": "56d0f9af17492d1400aab6b9", "answers": [{"text": "disciples", "answer_start": 559}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who believes \"the outline of the life must be true\" in reference to Buddha?", "id": "56d1c3cae7d4791d0090212b", "answers": [{"text": "Michael Carrithers", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Karen Armstrong wrote a biography on who?", "id": "56d1c3cae7d4791d0090212c", "answers": [{"text": "the Buddha", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Karen Armstrong has said that we can be confident who existed?", "id": "56d1c3cae7d4791d0090212d", "answers": [{"text": "Siddhatta Gotama", "answer_start": 512}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to author Michael Carrithers, while there are good reasons to doubt the traditional account, \"the outline of the life must be true: birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death.\" In writing her biography of the Buddha, Karen Armstrong noted, \"It is obviously difficult, therefore, to write a biography of the Buddha that meets modern criteria, because we have very little information that can be considered historically sound... [but] we can be reasonably confident Siddhatta Gotama did indeed exist and that his disciples preserved the memory of his life and teachings as well as they could.\"[dubious \u2013 discuss]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "According to early texts, when was Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama born?", "id": "56d07874234ae51400d9c300", "answers": [{"text": "fifth century BCE", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to early texts, where was Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama born?", "id": "56d07874234ae51400d9c301", "answers": [{"text": "in a community that was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the northeastern Indian subcontinent", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of community was Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama raised in?", "id": "56d07874234ae51400d9c302", "answers": [{"text": "It was either a small republic, in which case his father was an elected chieftain, or an oligarchy, in which case his father was an oligarch.", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama born?", "id": "56d0fa6417492d1400aab6bf", "answers": [{"text": "the northeastern Indian subcontinent", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama live?", "id": "56d0fa6417492d1400aab6c0", "answers": [{"text": "fifth century BCE", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What size was Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama's birthplace?", "id": "56d0fa6417492d1400aab6c1", "answers": [{"text": "a small republic", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did we find proof of his existence?", "id": "56d0fa6417492d1400aab6c2", "answers": [{"text": "early texts", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was most likely Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama's father?", "id": "56d0fa6417492d1400aab6c3", "answers": [{"text": "an oligarchy", "answer_start": 304}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was born in a northeastern part of India/", "id": "56d1c49ce7d4791d00902139", "answers": [{"text": "Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If Siddhartha lived in a small republic, his father would have been a what?", "id": "56d1c49ce7d4791d0090213b", "answers": [{"text": "elected chieftain", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The evidence of the early texts suggests that Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama was born in a community that was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the northeastern Indian subcontinent in the fifth century BCE. It was either a small republic, in which case his father was an elected chieftain, or an oligarchy, in which case his father was an oligarch."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the astrologer who visited Prince Gautama's father?", "id": "56d0791d234ae51400d9c306", "answers": [{"text": "Asita", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the prediction made by Asita?", "id": "56d0791d234ae51400d9c307", "answers": [{"text": "Siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to Asita, how would Siddhartha decide which path to take in life?", "id": "56d0791d234ae51400d9c308", "answers": [{"text": "depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the occupation of the person who visited Gautama?", "id": "56d0fb0717492d1400aab6d3", "answers": [{"text": "an astrologer", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of his father?", "id": "56d0fb0717492d1400aab6d4", "answers": [{"text": "Suddhodana", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Buddha predicted to become contrary with his life as we know it?", "id": "56d0fb0717492d1400aab6d5", "answers": [{"text": "a great king", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the astrologer that visited Gautama's father?", "id": "56d1c549e7d4791d00902149", "answers": [{"text": "Asita", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Gautama's fathers name?", "id": "56d1c549e7d4791d0090214a", "answers": [{"text": "Suddhodana", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Asita prophesied that Siddhartha would be a kind or a what?", "id": "56d1c549e7d4791d0090214b", "answers": [{"text": "holy man", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to this narrative, shortly after the birth of young prince Gautama, an astrologer named Asita visited the young prince's father, Suddhodana, and prophesied that Siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man, depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did \u015auddhodana do to ensure that his son became a king instead of a holy man?", "id": "56d079e1234ae51400d9c30c", "answers": [{"text": "prevented him from leaving the palace grounds", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Gautama when he first left the palace grounds?", "id": "56d079e1234ae51400d9c30d", "answers": [{"text": "29", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened when Gautama left the palace grounds?", "id": "56d079e1234ae51400d9c30e", "answers": [{"text": "he learned of the suffering of ordinary people", "answer_start": 278}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the four sights in Buddhism?", "id": "56d079e1234ae51400d9c30f", "answers": [{"text": "encountering an old man, a sick man, a corpse and, finally, an ascetic holy man", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Buddha's father want him to become?", "id": "56d0fbb717492d1400aab6e1", "answers": [{"text": "a king", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what age was he venturing outside?", "id": "56d0fbb717492d1400aab6e3", "answers": [{"text": "29", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were his first four encounters called?", "id": "56d0fbb717492d1400aab6e4", "answers": [{"text": "the four sights", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Gautama do after learning about the outside world?", "id": "56d0fbb717492d1400aab6e5", "answers": [{"text": "abandon royal life", "answer_start": 493}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Suddhodana wanted his son to become what?", "id": "56d1c664e7d4791d00902151", "answers": [{"text": "a king", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what age did Gautama venture out from the palace area?", "id": "56d1c664e7d4791d00902152", "answers": [{"text": "29", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many \"sights\" did Gautama have that are well known?", "id": "56d1c664e7d4791d00902153", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Gautama encountered an old man, a sick man, a holy man, and a what?", "id": "56d1c664e7d4791d00902154", "answers": [{"text": "corpse", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "\u015auddhodana was determined to see his son become a king, so he prevented him from leaving the palace grounds. But at age 29, despite his father's efforts, Gautama ventured beyond the palace several times. In a series of encounters\u2014known in Buddhist literature as the four sights\u2014he learned of the suffering of ordinary people, encountering an old man, a sick man, a corpse and, finally, an ascetic holy man, apparently content and at peace with the world. These experiences prompted Gautama to abandon royal life and take up a spiritual quest."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the first thing Gautama did on his spiritual quest?", "id": "56d08581234ae51400d9c33a", "answers": [{"text": "went to study with famous religious teachers of the day", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the path of moderation between the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification called?", "id": "56d08581234ae51400d9c33b", "answers": [{"text": "the Middle Way", "answer_start": 785}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some of the practices Gautama underwent on his quest?", "id": "56d08581234ae51400d9c33c", "answers": [{"text": "prolonged fasting, breath-holding, and exposure to pain", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first skill Gautama learnt?", "id": "56d0fc6417492d1400aab6eb", "answers": [{"text": "meditation", "answer_start": 725}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What almost killed Gautama in his pursuit?", "id": "56d0fc6417492d1400aab6ec", "answers": [{"text": "asceticism", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did he receive from the locals that changed his approach?", "id": "56d0fc6417492d1400aab6ee", "answers": [{"text": "milk and rice", "answer_start": 631}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the path of moderation called he followed?", "id": "56d0fc6417492d1400aab6ef", "answers": [{"text": "Middle Way", "answer_start": 789}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Gautama didn't like the religious teaching he initially found because of why?", "id": "56d1c755e7d4791d00902179", "answers": [{"text": "they did not provide a permanent end to suffering", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Gautama accept from a village girl?", "id": "56d1c755e7d4791d0090217b", "answers": [{"text": "milk and rice", "answer_start": 631}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Gautama devoted himself to what type of meditation?", "id": "56d1c755e7d4791d0090217c", "answers": [{"text": "anapanasati", "answer_start": 713}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Buddhists call anapanasati what?", "id": "56d1c755e7d4791d0090217d", "answers": [{"text": "the Middle Way", "answer_start": 785}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Gautama first went to study with famous religious teachers of the day, and mastered the meditative attainments they taught. But he found that they did not provide a permanent end to suffering, so he continued his quest. He next attempted an extreme asceticism, which was a religious pursuit common among the \u015brama\u1e47as, a religious culture distinct from the Vedic one. Gautama underwent prolonged fasting, breath-holding, and exposure to pain. He almost starved himself to death in the process. He realized that he had taken this kind of practice to its limit, and had not put an end to suffering. So in a pivotal moment he accepted milk and rice from a village girl and changed his approach. He devoted himself to anapanasati meditation, through which he discovered what Buddhists call the Middle Way (Skt. madhyam\u0101-pratipad): a path of moderation between the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification.[web 2][web 3]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "How old was Gautama when he sat under the Bodhi Tree?", "id": "56d08c3c234ae51400d9c372", "answers": [{"text": "35", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of tree was the Bodhi Tree?", "id": "56d08c3c234ae51400d9c373", "answers": [{"text": "Ficus religiosa", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Gautama spend the rest of his life doing after reaching enlightenment?", "id": "56d08c3c234ae51400d9c374", "answers": [{"text": "he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered", "answer_start": 539}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was the Buddha at the time of his death?", "id": "56d08c3c234ae51400d9c375", "answers": [{"text": "80", "answer_start": 713}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the south branch of the tree Gautama sat under called?", "id": "56d08c3c234ae51400d9c376", "answers": [{"text": "Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi", "answer_start": 843}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the tree called he sat under?", "id": "56d1221517492d1400aaba32", "answers": [{"text": "Ficus religiosa", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the tree renamed that Gautama achieved enlightenment under?", "id": "56d1221517492d1400aaba33", "answers": [{"text": "Bodhi Tree", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what age did Gautama come to pass?", "id": "56d1221517492d1400aaba35", "answers": [{"text": "80", "answer_start": 713}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When he was 35 Gautama sat in meditation under what tree?", "id": "56d1c8b3e7d4791d00902187", "answers": [{"text": "Bodhi Tree", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of tree was the Bodhi Tree?", "id": "56d1c8b3e7d4791d00902188", "answers": [{"text": "Ficus religiosa", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What town was the Bodhi Tree in?", "id": "56d1c8b3e7d4791d00902189", "answers": [{"text": "Bodh Gaya", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The south branch of the original fig tree is known as?", "id": "56d1c8b3e7d4791d0090218a", "answers": [{"text": "Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi", "answer_start": 843}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Gautama was now determined to complete his spiritual quest. At the age of 35, he famously sat in meditation under a Ficus religiosa tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya and vowed not to rise before achieving enlightenment. After many days, he finally destroyed the fetters of his mind, thereby liberating himself from the cycle of suffering and rebirth, and arose as a fully enlightened being (Skt. samyaksa\u1e43buddha). Soon thereafter, he attracted a band of followers and instituted a monastic order. Now, as the Buddha, he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered, traveling throughout the northeastern part of the Indian subcontinent, and died at the age of 80 (483 BCE) in Kushinagar, India. The south branch of the original fig tree available only in Anuradhapura Sri Lanka is known as Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is samsara?", "id": "56d08d0a234ae51400d9c37c", "answers": [{"text": "the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is avidya?", "id": "56d08d0a234ae51400d9c37d", "answers": [{"text": "ignorance", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is dukkha?", "id": "56d08d0a234ae51400d9c37e", "answers": [{"text": "suffering, anxiety, dissatisfaction", "answer_start": 505}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is liberation from samsara possible?", "id": "56d08d0a234ae51400d9c37f", "answers": [{"text": "In the Buddhist view, liberation from samsara is possible by following the Buddhist path.", "answer_start": 543}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The cycle of birth and death is called what in Buddhism?", "id": "56d120b717492d1400aaba03", "answers": [{"text": "Samsara", "answer_start": 432}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many realms of existence are there in Buddhism?", "id": "56d120b717492d1400aaba04", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "avidya is what kind of samsara?", "id": "56d120b717492d1400aaba06", "answers": [{"text": "ignorance", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How can you be freed from samsara?", "id": "56d120b717492d1400aaba07", "answers": [{"text": "by following the Buddhist path", "answer_start": 601}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is samsara defined as?", "id": "56d1c9c7e7d4791d00902199", "answers": [{"text": "the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many realms of existance are within the cycle of rebirths?", "id": "56d1c9c7e7d4791d0090219a", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Realms can be understood as physical realms of what type of states?", "id": "56d1c9c7e7d4791d0090219b", "answers": [{"text": "psychological", "answer_start": 363}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Samsara is caused by what?", "id": "56d1c9c7e7d4791d0090219c", "answers": [{"text": "avidya", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A person can get away from samsara by doing what?", "id": "56d1c9c7e7d4791d0090219d", "answers": [{"text": "following the Buddhist path", "answer_start": 604}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Within Buddhism, samsara is defined as the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death that arises from ordinary beings' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences. Specifically, samsara refers to the process of cycling through one rebirth after another within the six realms of existence,[note 2] where each realm can be understood as physical realm or a psychological state characterized by a particular type of suffering. Samsara arises out of avidya (ignorance) and is characterized by dukkha (suffering, anxiety, dissatisfaction). In the Buddhist view, liberation from samsara is possible by following the Buddhist path."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does the Sanskrit term Karma translate as?", "id": "56d09f06234ae51400d9c3ca", "answers": [{"text": "action, work", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is karma according to Buddhism?", "id": "56d09f06234ae51400d9c3cb", "answers": [{"text": "the force that drives sa\u1e43s\u0101ra", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is theavoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions called?", "id": "56d09f06234ae51400d9c3cc", "answers": [{"text": "s\u012bla", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What actions does karma refer to in Buddhism?", "id": "56d09f06234ae51400d9c3cd", "answers": [{"text": "actions of body, speech or mind that spring from mental intent", "answer_start": 445}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the definition of Karma from Sanskrit?", "id": "56d1247917492d1400aaba5c", "answers": [{"text": "action, work", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the avoidance of bad acts called?", "id": "56d1247917492d1400aaba5e", "answers": [{"text": "s\u012bla", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Karma's actions come from what?", "id": "56d1247917492d1400aaba5f", "answers": [{"text": "cetan\u0101", "answer_start": 509}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the result of Karma called?", "id": "56d1247917492d1400aaba60", "answers": [{"text": "vip\u0101ka", "answer_start": 568}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Karma?", "id": "56d1caf1e7d4791d009021b9", "answers": [{"text": "the force that drives sa\u1e43s\u0101ra", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Avoidance of unwholesome actions and use of positive actions is called what?", "id": "56d1caf1e7d4791d009021bc", "answers": [{"text": "s\u012bla", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what does vipaka mean?", "id": "56d1caf1e7d4791d009021bd", "answers": [{"text": "result", "answer_start": 576}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Buddhism, Karma (from Sanskrit: \"action, work\") is the force that drives sa\u1e43s\u0101ra\u2014the cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being. Good, skillful deeds (Pali: \"kusala\") and bad, unskillful (P\u0101li: \"akusala\") actions produce \"seeds\" in the mind that come to fruition either in this life or in a subsequent rebirth. The avoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions is called s\u012bla. Karma specifically refers to those actions of body, speech or mind that spring from mental intent (cetan\u0101), and bring about a consequence or phala \"fruit\" or vip\u0101ka \"result\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In which branch of Buddhism is it believed that there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for karma?", "id": "56d0a077234ae51400d9c3d2", "answers": [{"text": "Theravada Buddhism", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Mahayana Buddhism, what are some Mahayana sutras that are believed to remove negative karma just by the hearing of the texts?", "id": "56d0a077234ae51400d9c3d3", "answers": [{"text": "the Lotus Sutra, the A\u1e45gulim\u0101l\u012bya S\u016btra and the Mah\u0101y\u0101na Mah\u0101parinirv\u0101\u1e47a S\u016btra", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The reciting of mantras as a means for removing past negative karma is a part of which branch of Buddhism?", "id": "56d0a077234ae51400d9c3d4", "answers": [{"text": "Vajrayana", "answer_start": 483}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to Genshin, who has the power to destroy karma?", "id": "56d0a077234ae51400d9c3d5", "answers": [{"text": "Amit\u0101bha", "answer_start": 633}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Buddhism says that salvation is unattainable?", "id": "56d125a117492d1400aaba7d", "answers": [{"text": "Theravada Buddhism", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has the power to destroy bad karma?", "id": "56d125a117492d1400aaba81", "answers": [{"text": "Amit\u0101bha", "answer_start": 633}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of sutra is the Lotus Sutra?", "id": "56d1cc5ae7d4791d009021cc", "answers": [{"text": "Mahayana", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Some mantras are used for cutting off what type of karma?", "id": "56d1cc5ae7d4791d009021cd", "answers": [{"text": "negative", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Japanese Pure Land teacher?", "id": "56d1cc5ae7d4791d009021ce", "answers": [{"text": "Genshin", "answer_start": 613}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to Genshin, whats has the power to destroy karma?", "id": "56d1cc5ae7d4791d009021cf", "answers": [{"text": "Amit\u0101bha", "answer_start": 633}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Theravada Buddhism there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for one's karma, since it is a purely impersonal process that is a part of the makeup of the universe.[citation needed] In Mahayana Buddhism, the texts of certain Mahayana sutras (such as the Lotus Sutra, the A\u1e45gulim\u0101l\u012bya S\u016btra and the Mah\u0101y\u0101na Mah\u0101parinirv\u0101\u1e47a S\u016btra) claim that the recitation or merely the hearing of their texts can expunge great swathes of negative karma. Some forms of Buddhism (for example, Vajrayana) regard the recitation of mantras as a means for cutting off of previous negative karma. The Japanese Pure Land teacher Genshin taught that Amit\u0101bha has the power to destroy the karma that would otherwise bind one in sa\u1e43s\u0101ra."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the process in which beings go through cycles of lifetimes as many forms of sentient life?", "id": "56d0a1ea234ae51400d9c3da", "answers": [{"text": "Rebirth", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which doctrine denies the concept of a permanent self or soul?", "id": "56d0a1ea234ae51400d9c3db", "answers": [{"text": "The doctrine of anatt\u0101 (Sanskrit an\u0101tman)", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Buddhism, rebirth into consecutive lives is determined by what?", "id": "56d0a1ea234ae51400d9c3dc", "answers": [{"text": "the laws of cause and effect", "answer_start": 708}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Sentient life according to Buddhism runs between what two points?", "id": "56d1271017492d1400aaba9d", "answers": [{"text": "from conception to death.", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The laws of cause and effect can also be called?", "id": "56d1cda5e7d4791d009021ef", "answers": [{"text": "karma", "answer_start": 738}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name for the process of a succession of lifetimes?", "id": "56d1cda5e7d4791d009021f0", "answers": [{"text": "Rebirth", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What doctrine rejects the idea of permanent self?", "id": "56d1cda5e7d4791d009021f1", "answers": [{"text": "anatta", "answer_start": 496}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "\"dependent arising\" is the meaning of what word?", "id": "56d1cda5e7d4791d009021f2", "answers": [{"text": "prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da", "answer_start": 654}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Hinduism and Christianity use what term for a permanent self?", "id": "56d1cda5e7d4791d009021f3", "answers": [{"text": "eternal soul", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Rebirth refers to a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of sentient life, each running from conception to death. The doctrine of anatt\u0101 (Sanskrit an\u0101tman) rejects the concepts of a permanent self or an unchanging, eternal soul, as it is called in Hinduism and Christianity. According to Buddhism there ultimately is no such thing as a self independent from the rest of the universe. Buddhists also refer to themselves as the believers of the anatta doctrine\u2014Nairatmyavadin or Anattavadin. Rebirth in subsequent existences must be understood as the continuation of a dynamic, ever-changing process of prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da (\"dependent arising\") determined by the laws of cause and effect (karma) rather than that of one being, reincarnating from one existence to the next."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Rebirth into the \u015auddh\u0101v\u0101sa Worlds or Pure Abodes can only be attained by who?", "id": "56d0a257234ae51400d9c3e0", "answers": [{"text": "skilled Buddhist practitioners known as an\u0101g\u0101mis (non-returners)", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Rebirth into the formless realms can only be attained by who?", "id": "56d0a257234ae51400d9c3e1", "answers": [{"text": "those who can meditate on the ar\u016bpajh\u0101nas, the highest object of meditation", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many planes of existence are there?", "id": "56d127f317492d1400aabab4", "answers": [{"text": "31", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the higher heavens called?", "id": "56d127f317492d1400aabab5", "answers": [{"text": "Pure Abodes", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are skilled Buddhists called?", "id": "56d127f317492d1400aabab6", "answers": [{"text": "an\u0101g\u0101mis", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for \u0100r\u016bpyadh\u0101tu?", "id": "56d127f317492d1400aabab7", "answers": [{"text": "formless realms", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the highest object of meditation called?", "id": "56d127f317492d1400aabab8", "answers": [{"text": "ar\u016bpajh\u0101nas", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many planes of existence?", "id": "56d1cf79e7d4791d00902207", "answers": [{"text": "31", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Skilled buddhist practictioners that can get to the higher heavens are known as what?", "id": "56d1cf79e7d4791d00902209", "answers": [{"text": "an\u0101g\u0101mis", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the highest object of meditation?", "id": "56d1cf79e7d4791d0090220a", "answers": [{"text": "ar\u016bpajh\u0101nas", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does arupyadhatu mean?", "id": "56d1cf79e7d4791d0090220b", "answers": [{"text": "formless realms", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The above are further subdivided into 31 planes of existence.[web 4] Rebirths in some of the higher heavens, known as the \u015auddh\u0101v\u0101sa Worlds or Pure Abodes, can be attained only by skilled Buddhist practitioners known as an\u0101g\u0101mis (non-returners). Rebirths in the \u0100r\u016bpyadh\u0101tu (formless realms) can be attained by only those who can meditate on the ar\u016bpajh\u0101nas, the highest object of meditation."}, {"qas": [{"question": "There is a transitional state between one life and the next according to what branches of Buddhism?", "id": "56d0a384234ae51400d9c3e4", "answers": [{"text": "East Asian and Tibetan", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What branch of Buddhism rejects that there is a transitional state between lives?", "id": "56d0a384234ae51400d9c3e5", "answers": [{"text": "Theravada", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Passages in what teaching support the idea that the Buddha taught of a stage between lives?", "id": "56d0a384234ae51400d9c3e6", "answers": [{"text": "Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the state called between lives?", "id": "56d128f817492d1400aabae2", "answers": [{"text": "bardo", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which major part of Buddhism rejects bardo?", "id": "56d128f817492d1400aabae3", "answers": [{"text": "Theravada", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What book discusses bardo?", "id": "56d128f817492d1400aabae4", "answers": [{"text": "Samyutta Nikaya", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other than Tibetan Buddhism, what other Buddhism supports bardo?", "id": "56d128f817492d1400aabae5", "answers": [{"text": "East Asian", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "There is an intermediate state between one life and the next according to what Buddism?", "id": "56d1d04ce7d4791d0090221b", "answers": [{"text": "East Asian and Tibetan", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of Theravada rejects the intermediate state idea?", "id": "56d1d04ce7d4791d0090221c", "answers": [{"text": "orthodox", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Some passages of what Canon support the idea of intermediate stages?", "id": "56d1d04ce7d4791d0090221d", "answers": [{"text": "Pali", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to East Asian and Tibetan Buddhism, there is an intermediate state (Tibetan \"bardo\") between one life and the next. The orthodox Theravada position rejects this; however there are passages in the Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the Buddha taught of an intermediate stage between one life and the next.[page needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is considered to be central to the teachings of Buddhism?", "id": "56d0a422234ae51400d9c3ea", "answers": [{"text": "the Four Noble Truths", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do the Four Noble Truths explain?", "id": "56d0a422234ae51400d9c3eb", "answers": [{"text": "the nature of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What teachings are the most important to Buddhism?", "id": "56d12a0417492d1400aabb06", "answers": [{"text": "the Four Noble Truths", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of Dukkha deals with pain?", "id": "56d12a0417492d1400aabb0a", "answers": [{"text": "suffering", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is considered central to the teachings of Buddhism?", "id": "56d1d0bbe7d4791d00902227", "answers": [{"text": "Four Noble Truths", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The four truths explain the nature of what?", "id": "56d1d0bbe7d4791d00902228", "answers": [{"text": "dukkha", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The teachings on the Four Noble Truths are regarded as central to the teachings of Buddhism, and are said to provide a conceptual framework for Buddhist thought. These four truths explain the nature of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome. The four truths are:[note 4]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does the first of the Four Noble Truths explain?", "id": "56d0a458234ae51400d9c3ee", "answers": [{"text": "the nature of dukkha", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Dukkha?", "id": "56d0a458234ae51400d9c3ef", "answers": [{"text": "\"suffering\", \"anxiety\", \"unsatisfactoriness\", \"unease\", etc.", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the first truth cover?", "id": "56d131e817492d1400aabbe6", "answers": [{"text": "Dukkha", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another word for Dukkha?", "id": "56d131e817492d1400aabbe7", "answers": [{"text": "suffering", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another nature of Dukkha?", "id": "56d131e817492d1400aabbe8", "answers": [{"text": "anxiety", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many aspects are there to Dukkha?", "id": "56d131e817492d1400aabbe9", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dukkha can be translated as what word in regards to unhappiness?", "id": "56d131e817492d1400aabbea", "answers": [{"text": "unsatisfactoriness", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness, and unease is the translation of what word?", "id": "56d1d169e7d4791d00902235", "answers": [{"text": "Dukkha", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many aspects does dukkha have?", "id": "56d1d169e7d4791d00902236", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first truth explains the nature of dukkha. Dukkha is commonly translated as \"suffering\", \"anxiety\", \"unsatisfactoriness\", \"unease\", etc., and it is said to have the following three aspects:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does the second of the Four Noble Truths explain?", "id": "56d0a5bf234ae51400d9c3f2", "answers": [{"text": "that the origin of dukkha can be known", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the origin of dukkha?", "id": "56d0a5bf234ae51400d9c3f3", "answers": [{"text": "craving (Pali: tanha) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avijja)", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the third of the Four Noble Truths explain?", "id": "56d0a5bf234ae51400d9c3f4", "answers": [{"text": "the complete cessation of dukkha is possible", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths explain?", "id": "56d0a5bf234ae51400d9c3f5", "answers": [{"text": "identifies a path to this cessation", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the second truth?", "id": "56d1341de7d4791d00901fe1", "answers": [{"text": "dukkha can be known.", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is the meaning of Dukkha explained?", "id": "56d1341de7d4791d00901fe2", "answers": [{"text": "craving", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a contributing factor to Dukkha?", "id": "56d1341de7d4791d00901fe3", "answers": [{"text": "ignorance", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The second truth is?", "id": "56d1d2c4e7d4791d00902243", "answers": [{"text": "the origin of dukkha can be known", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The origin of dukkha is explained as craving conditioned by what?", "id": "56d1d2c4e7d4791d00902244", "answers": [{"text": "ignorance", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The root cause of dukkha is identified as ignorance of what?", "id": "56d1d2c4e7d4791d00902245", "answers": [{"text": "true nature of things", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The third noble truth is that the complete cessation of what is possible?", "id": "56d1d2c4e7d4791d00902246", "answers": [{"text": "dukkha", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The second truth is that the origin of dukkha can be known. Within the context of the four noble truths, the origin of dukkha is commonly explained as craving (Pali: tanha) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avijja). On a deeper level, the root cause of dukkha is identified as ignorance (Pali: avijja) of the true nature of things. The third noble truth is that the complete cessation of dukkha is possible, and the fourth noble truth identifies a path to this cessation.[note 7]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the fourth of the Buddha's Four Noble Truths?", "id": "56d0a745234ae51400d9c3fa", "answers": [{"text": "The Noble Eightfold Path", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the purpose of the Noble Eightfold Path?", "id": "56d0a745234ae51400d9c3fb", "answers": [{"text": "lead to the cessation of dukkha", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the eight factors of the Noble Eightfold Path?", "id": "56d0a745234ae51400d9c3fc", "answers": [{"text": "Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Noble Eightfold Path is which of Buddha's Truths?", "id": "56d1358ee7d4791d00902007", "answers": [{"text": "the fourth", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The fourth truth consists of how many factors?", "id": "56d1358ee7d4791d00902008", "answers": [{"text": "Eight", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the end goal of the Fourth Truth?", "id": "56d1358ee7d4791d00902009", "answers": [{"text": "the cessation of dukkha", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one of the eight factors?", "id": "56d1358ee7d4791d0090200a", "answers": [{"text": "Right Action", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Noble Eightfold Path is which Noble Truth?", "id": "56d1d3e4e7d4791d0090225b", "answers": [{"text": "the fourth", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The noble Eightfold path is a set of how many inerconnected factors?", "id": "56d1d3e4e7d4791d0090225c", "answers": [{"text": "eight", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When the eight factors are developed together, is leads to the cessation of what?", "id": "56d1d3e4e7d4791d0090225d", "answers": [{"text": "dukkha", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Noble Eightfold Path\u2014the fourth of the Buddha's Noble Truths\u2014consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of dukkha. These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who describes the Noble Eightfold Path as \"a mandala of interconnected factors that support and moderate each other.\"?", "id": "56d0a894234ae51400d9c400", "answers": [{"text": "Ajahn Sucitto", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are the eight factors of the Noble Eightfold Path to be understood?", "id": "56d0a895234ae51400d9c401", "answers": [{"text": "as eight significant dimensions of one's behaviour", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can one's behaviour be divided into?", "id": "56d1d4cce7d4791d00902270", "answers": [{"text": "mental, spoken, and bodily", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who describes the path as \"a mandala of interconnected factor that support and moderate each other\"?", "id": "56d1d4cce7d4791d00902271", "answers": [{"text": "Ajahn Sucitto", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Ajahn Sucitto describes the path as \"a mandala of interconnected factors that support and moderate each other.\" The eight factors of the path are not to be understood as stages, in which each stage is completed before moving on to the next. Rather, they are understood as eight significant dimensions of one's behaviour\u2014mental, spoken, and bodily\u2014that operate in dependence on one another; taken together, they define a complete path, or way of living."}, {"qas": [{"question": "During his search for enlightenment, Gautama combined what teachings?", "id": "56d0a987234ae51400d9c404", "answers": [{"text": "the yoga practice of his teacher Kalama with what later became known as \"the immeasurables\"", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the new kind of human invented by Gautama?", "id": "56d0a987234ae51400d9c405", "answers": [{"text": "one without egotism", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the Four Immeasurable Minds also known as?", "id": "56d0a987234ae51400d9c406", "answers": [{"text": "brahmaviharas, divine abodes, or simply as four immeasurables", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the best known of the four immeasurables?", "id": "56d0a987234ae51400d9c407", "answers": [{"text": "mett\u0101 or loving-kindness meditation", "answer_start": 521}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates what?", "id": "56d0a987234ae51400d9c408", "answers": [{"text": "wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings", "answer_start": 666}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Gautama combined the yoga practice of what teacher?", "id": "56d1d5e8e7d4791d0090227f", "answers": [{"text": "Kalama", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Gautama invented a new kind of human without what?", "id": "56d1d5e8e7d4791d00902280", "answers": [{"text": "egotism", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the \"four Immeasurable minds\"?", "id": "56d1d5e8e7d4791d00902281", "answers": [{"text": "love, compassion, joy, and equanimity", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who calls the four immeasurable minds \"four limitless ones\"?", "id": "56d1d5e8e7d4791d00902282", "answers": [{"text": "Pema Ch\u00f6dr\u00f6n", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of what?", "id": "56d1d5e8e7d4791d00902283", "answers": [{"text": "meditation", "answer_start": 546}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "While he searched for enlightenment, Gautama combined the yoga practice of his teacher Kalama with what later became known as \"the immeasurables\".[dubious \u2013 discuss] Gautama thus invented a new kind of human, one without egotism.[dubious \u2013 discuss] What Thich Nhat Hanh calls the \"Four Immeasurable Minds\" of love, compassion, joy, and equanimity[full citation needed] are also known as brahmaviharas, divine abodes, or simply as four immeasurables.[web 5] Pema Ch\u00f6dr\u00f6n calls them the \"four limitless ones\". Of the four, mett\u0101 or loving-kindness meditation is perhaps the best known.[web 5] The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates \"wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings.\"[web 6][web 7]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did Gautama Buddha discover the Middle Way?", "id": "56d0a9c3234ae51400d9c40e", "answers": [{"text": "prior to his enlightenment", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "An important guiding priciple of Buddhist practice is what?", "id": "56d1d643e7d4791d00902289", "answers": [{"text": "the Middle Way", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Guatama discovered the middle path before his what?", "id": "56d1d643e7d4791d0090228a", "answers": [{"text": "enlightenment", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "An important guiding principle of Buddhist practice is the Middle Way (or Middle Path), which is said to have been discovered by Gautama Buddha prior to his enlightenment. The Middle Way has several definitions:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are some of the theories and philosophies produced by Buddhist scholars?", "id": "56d0aa5a234ae51400d9c410", "answers": [{"text": "Abhidharma, Buddhist philosophy and Reality in Buddhism", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does Buddhism encourage or discourage doctrinal studies?", "id": "56d0aa5a234ae51400d9c411", "answers": [{"text": "Some schools of Buddhism discourage doctrinal study, and some regard it as essential practice.", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has produced a number of theories and concepts such as Abhidharma and Reality in Buddhism?", "id": "56d1d6fae7d4791d0090228d", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhist scholars", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Some schools within Buddhism discourage what type of study?", "id": "56d1d6fae7d4791d0090228e", "answers": [{"text": "doctrinal", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Buddhist scholars have produced a number of intellectual theories, philosophies and world view concepts (see, for example, Abhidharma, Buddhist philosophy and Reality in Buddhism). Some schools of Buddhism discourage doctrinal study, and some regard it as essential practice."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the goal of the Buddhist path?", "id": "56d0ac6c234ae51400d9c414", "answers": [{"text": "liberation", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Upon awakening to the true nature of the self, what is one is liberated from?", "id": "56d0ac6c234ae51400d9c415", "answers": [{"text": "suffering (dukkha) and the cycle of incessant rebirths (sa\u1e43s\u0101ra)", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Liberation is know as what?", "id": "56d1d7cbe7d4791d00902291", "answers": [{"text": "nirv\u0101\u1e47a", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the goal of the buddhist path?", "id": "56d1d7cbe7d4791d00902292", "answers": [{"text": "nirv\u0101\u1e47a", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In awakening to the true nature of the self, one no longer care about what?", "id": "56d1d7cbe7d4791d00902293", "answers": [{"text": "objects", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Buddha recommended viewing thing by how many marks of existence?", "id": "56d1d7cbe7d4791d00902294", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The concept of liberation (nirv\u0101\u1e47a)\u2014the goal of the Buddhist path\u2014is closely related to overcoming ignorance (avidy\u0101), a fundamental misunderstanding or mis-perception of the nature of reality. In awakening to the true nature of the self and all phenomena one develops dispassion for the objects of clinging, and is liberated from suffering (dukkha) and the cycle of incessant rebirths (sa\u1e43s\u0101ra). To this end, the Buddha recommended viewing things as characterized by the three marks of existence."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the meaning of impermanence in Buddhism?", "id": "56d0b63c234ae51400d9c418", "answers": [{"text": "all compounded or conditioned phenomena (all things and experiences) are inconstant, unsteady, and impermanent", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to the Buddhist doctrine of impermanence, how does life express impermanence?", "id": "56d0b63c234ae51400d9c419", "answers": [{"text": "in the aging process, the cycle of rebirth (sa\u1e43s\u0101ra), and in any experience of loss", "answer_start": 609}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why is attachment to things futile?", "id": "56d0b63c234ae51400d9c41a", "answers": [{"text": "because things are impermanent", "answer_start": 720}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is in a constant flux?", "id": "56d1e224e7d4791d0090233a", "answers": [{"text": "Everything", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Everything is continuously coming into being and what?", "id": "56d1e224e7d4791d0090233b", "answers": [{"text": "ceasing to be", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The cycle of rebirth is also called what?", "id": "56d1e224e7d4791d0090233c", "answers": [{"text": "sa\u1e43s\u0101ra", "answer_start": 653}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to doctrine, because all thing don't last, attachment can lead to what?", "id": "56d1e224e7d4791d0090233d", "answers": [{"text": "suffering", "answer_start": 794}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Impermanence (P\u0101li: anicca) expresses the Buddhist notion that all compounded or conditioned phenomena (all things and experiences) are inconstant, unsteady, and impermanent. Everything we can experience through our senses is made up of parts, and its existence is dependent on external conditions. Everything is in constant flux, and so conditions and the thing itself are constantly changing. Things are constantly coming into being, and ceasing to be. Since nothing lasts, there is no inherent or fixed nature to any object or experience. According to the doctrine of impermanence, life embodies this flux in the aging process, the cycle of rebirth (sa\u1e43s\u0101ra), and in any experience of loss. The doctrine asserts that because things are impermanent, attachment to them is futile and leads to suffering (dukkha)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The term dukkha corresponds to what English terms?", "id": "56d0b98f234ae51400d9c41e", "answers": [{"text": "suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness, sorrow, affliction, anxiety, dissatisfaction, discomfort, anguish, stress, misery, and frustration", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dukkha is often translated as suffering, but the philosophical meaning of dukkha of more closely related to what term?", "id": "56d0b98f234ae51400d9c41f", "answers": [{"text": "disquietude", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Buddhism seeks to be neither pessimistic or optimistic, but what?", "id": "56d0b98f234ae51400d9c420", "answers": [{"text": "realistic", "answer_start": 683}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Suffering is a central concept in what?", "id": "56d1e3efe7d4791d00902343", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhism", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The philosophical meaning of suffering is close what term?", "id": "56d1e3efe7d4791d00902344", "answers": [{"text": "disquietude", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The condition of being disturbed is what?", "id": "56d1e3efe7d4791d00902345", "answers": [{"text": "disquietude", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In translation what term is often left untranslated to keep of fuller definition?", "id": "56d1e3efe7d4791d00902346", "answers": [{"text": "dukkha", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Suffering (P\u0101li: \u0926\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0916 dukkha; Sanskrit \u0926\u0941\u0903\u0916 du\u1e25kha) is also a central concept in Buddhism. The word roughly corresponds to a number of terms in English including suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness, sorrow, affliction, anxiety, dissatisfaction, discomfort, anguish, stress, misery, and frustration. Although the term is often translated as \"suffering\", its philosophical meaning is more analogous to \"disquietude\" as in the condition of being disturbed. As such, \"suffering\" is too narrow a translation with \"negative emotional connotations\"[web 9] that can give the impression that the Buddhist view is pessimistic, but Buddhism seeks to be neither pessimistic nor optimistic, but realistic. In English-language Buddhist literature translated from P\u0101li, \"dukkha\" is often left untranslated, so as to encompass its full range of meaning.[note 8]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the third mark of existence in Buddhism?", "id": "56d0bb66234ae51400d9c424", "answers": [{"text": "Not-self (P\u0101li: anatta; Sanskrit: an\u0101tman)", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Buddha rejected the metaphysical assertions \"I have a Self\" and \"I have no Self\" as views that bind one to what?", "id": "56d0bb66234ae51400d9c425", "answers": [{"text": "suffering", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the answer given when the Buddha was asked if the body is the same as the self?", "id": "56d0bb66234ae51400d9c426", "answers": [{"text": "the Buddha refused to answer", "answer_start": 537}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the conclusion that one comes to when analyzing the changing physical and mental components or  person or thing?", "id": "56d0bb66234ae51400d9c427", "answers": [{"text": "neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self", "answer_start": 717}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the 3rd mark of existence?", "id": "56d1e4f7e7d4791d00902391", "answers": [{"text": "Not-self", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what form is anatta not meant as a metaphysical assertion?", "id": "56d1e4f7e7d4791d00902392", "answers": [{"text": "Nikayas", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Buddha rejected the assertion \"I have a Self\" and what other related assertion?", "id": "56d1e4f7e7d4791d00902393", "answers": [{"text": "\"I have no Self\"", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term for constantly changing physical and mental parts?", "id": "56d1e4f7e7d4791d00902394", "answers": [{"text": "skandhas", "answer_start": 638}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Not-self (P\u0101li: anatta; Sanskrit: an\u0101tman) is the third mark of existence. Upon careful examination, one finds that no phenomenon is really \"I\" or \"mine\"; these concepts are in fact constructed by the mind. In the Nikayas anatta is not meant as a metaphysical assertion, but as an approach for gaining release from suffering. In fact, the Buddha rejected both of the metaphysical assertions \"I have a Self\" and \"I have no Self\" as ontological views that bind one to suffering.[note 9] When asked if the self was identical with the body, the Buddha refused to answer. By analyzing the constantly changing physical and mental constituents (skandhas) of a person or object, the practitioner comes to the conclusion that neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the Buddhist doctrine that states that phenomena arise together in a mutually interdependent web of cause and effect?", "id": "56d0bc53234ae51400d9c42c", "answers": [{"text": "prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da, (Sanskrit; Pali: paticcasamupp\u0101da; Tibetan Wylie: rten cing 'brel bar 'byung ba; Chinese: \u7de3\u8d77)", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Translated into English, what does prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da mean?", "id": "56d0bc53234ae51400d9c42d", "answers": [{"text": "\"dependent origination\", \"conditioned genesis\", \"dependent relationship\", \"dependent co-arising\", \"interdependent arising\", or \"contingency\"", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The doctrine of pratityasumatupada is a important part of what type of metaphysics?", "id": "56d1e7abe7d4791d00902407", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhist", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The doctrine of prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da, (Sanskrit; Pali: paticcasamupp\u0101da; Tibetan Wylie: rten cing 'brel bar 'byung ba; Chinese: \u7de3\u8d77) is an important part of Buddhist metaphysics. It states that phenomena arise together in a mutually interdependent web of cause and effect. It is variously rendered into English as \"dependent origination\", \"conditioned genesis\", \"dependent relationship\", \"dependent co-arising\", \"interdependent arising\", or \"contingency\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the most common application of the concept of prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da?", "id": "56d0bc8f234ae51400d9c430", "answers": [{"text": "the scheme of Twelve Nid\u0101nas", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the scheme of Twelve Nid\u0101nas explain?", "id": "56d0bc8f234ae51400d9c431", "answers": [{"text": "the continuation of the cycle of suffering and rebirth (sa\u1e43s\u0101ra) in detail.", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "An application of the idea of pratityasamutpada is the scheme of what?", "id": "56d1e81be7d4791d00902429", "answers": [{"text": "Twelve Nid\u0101nas", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What doe nidana mean?", "id": "56d1e81be7d4791d0090242a", "answers": [{"text": "cause, foundation, source or origin", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The best-known application of the concept of prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da is the scheme of Twelve Nid\u0101nas (from P\u0101li \"nid\u0101na\" meaning \"cause, foundation, source or origin\"), which explain the continuation of the cycle of suffering and rebirth (sa\u1e43s\u0101ra) in detail.[note 10]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What describes the connection between the conditions of cyclic existence?", "id": "56d0bcc5234ae51400d9c434", "answers": [{"text": "The Twelve Nid\u0101nas", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What describes the causal connection between the subsequent conditions of cyclic existance?", "id": "56d1e851e7d4791d00902443", "answers": [{"text": "The Twelve Nid\u0101nas", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Twelve Nid\u0101nas describe a causal connection between the subsequent characteristics or conditions of cyclic existence, each one giving rise to the next:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "How are sentient beings freed from suffering?", "id": "56d0bd38234ae51400d9c436", "answers": [{"text": "by attaining Nirvana", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the first Nid\u0101na?", "id": "56d0bd38234ae51400d9c437", "answers": [{"text": "ignorance", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The absence of ignorance leads to what?", "id": "56d0bd38234ae51400d9c438", "answers": [{"text": "the absence of the others", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who always suffers throughout samsara?", "id": "56d1e8c3e7d4791d00902463", "answers": [{"text": "Sentient beings", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is suffering also called?", "id": "56d1e8c3e7d4791d00902464", "answers": [{"text": "dukkha", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do you free yourself of dukkha?", "id": "56d1e8c3e7d4791d00902465", "answers": [{"text": "attaining Nirvana", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the first Nidana?", "id": "56d1e8c3e7d4791d00902466", "answers": [{"text": "ignorance", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Sentient beings always suffer throughout sa\u1e43s\u0101ra until they free themselves from this suffering (dukkha) by attaining Nirvana. Then the absence of the first Nid\u0101na\u2014ignorance\u2014leads to the absence of the others."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Nagarjuna's main contribution was the exposition of the concept of what?", "id": "56d1e9ace7d4791d009024b2", "answers": [{"text": "\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does sunyata mean?", "id": "56d1e9ace7d4791d009024b3", "answers": [{"text": "emptiness", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Nagarjuna said that sentient beings are empty of what?", "id": "56d1e9ace7d4791d009024b4", "answers": [{"text": "\u0101tman", "answer_start": 643}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does dharmas mean?", "id": "56d1e9ace7d4791d009024b5", "answers": [{"text": "phenomena", "answer_start": 654}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Mahayana Buddhism received significant theoretical grounding from Nagarjuna (perhaps c. 150\u2013250 CE), arguably the most influential scholar within the Mahayana tradition. Nagarjuna's primary contribution to Buddhist philosophy was the systematic exposition of the concept of \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101, or \"emptiness\", widely attested in the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 sutras that emerged in his era. The concept of emptiness brings together other key Buddhist doctrines, particularly anatta and dependent origination, to refute the metaphysics of Sarvastivada and Sautrantika (extinct non-Mahayana schools). For Nagarjuna, it is not merely sentient beings that are empty of \u0101tman; all phenomena (dharmas) are without any svabhava (literally \"own-nature\" or \"self-nature\"), and thus without any underlying essence; they are \"empty\" of being independent; thus the heterodox theories of svabhava circulating at the time were refuted on the basis of the doctrines of early Buddhism. Nagarjuna's school of thought is known as the M\u0101dhyamaka. Some of the writings attributed to Nagarjuna made explicit references to Mahayana texts, but his philosophy was argued within the parameters set out by the agamas. He may have arrived at his positions from a desire to achieve a consistent exegesis of the Buddha's doctrine as recorded in the Canon. In the eyes of Nagarjuna the Buddha was not merely a forerunner, but the very founder of the M\u0101dhyamaka system."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What teaching were criticized by Nagarjuna?", "id": "56d1eab6e7d4791d00902515", "answers": [{"text": "Sarvastivada teachings", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What scholars reformed Sarvastivada teachings?", "id": "56d1eab6e7d4791d00902516", "answers": [{"text": "Vasubandhu and Asanga", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the doctrine that says that the mind and only the mind are real?", "id": "56d1eab6e7d4791d00902517", "answers": [{"text": "cittamatra", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Yogacarins asserted that the mind was not truly existent?", "id": "56d1eab6e7d4791d00902518", "answers": [{"text": "Vasubandhu and Asanga", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Sarvastivada teachings\u2014which were criticized by N\u0101g\u0101rjuna\u2014were reformulated by scholars such as Vasubandhu and Asanga and were adapted into the Yogacara school. While the M\u0101dhyamaka school held that asserting the existence or non-existence of any ultimately real thing was inappropriate, some exponents of Yogacara asserted that the mind and only the mind is ultimately real (a doctrine known as cittamatra). Not all Yogacarins asserted that mind was truly existent; Vasubandhu and Asanga in particular did not.[web 11] These two schools of thought, in opposition or synthesis, form the basis of subsequent Mahayana metaphysics in the Indo-Tibetan tradition."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does tathagatagarbha mean?", "id": "56d1ebdfe7d4791d00902577", "answers": [{"text": "Buddha-nature", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what does prajnaparamita mean?", "id": "56d1ebdfe7d4791d00902578", "answers": [{"text": "perfected spiritual insight", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to what school is tathgatagarbha the inseparability of clairty and emptiness of one's mind?", "id": "56d1ebdfe7d4791d00902579", "answers": [{"text": "Sakya", "answer_start": 374}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to what school does it refer to the innate qualities of the mind that express themselves as omniscience?", "id": "56d1ebdfe7d4791d0090257a", "answers": [{"text": "Jonang", "answer_start": 732}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of sutras were generally ignored in india?", "id": "56d1ebdfe7d4791d0090257b", "answers": [{"text": "tath\u0101gatagarbha", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Besides emptiness, Mahayana schools often place emphasis on the notions of perfected spiritual insight (praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101) and Buddha-nature (tath\u0101gatagarbha). There are conflicting interpretations of the tath\u0101gatagarbha in Mah\u0101y\u0101na thought. The idea may be traced to Abhidharma, and ultimately to statements of the Buddha in the Nik\u0101yas. In Tibetan Buddhism, according to the Sakya school, tath\u0101gatagarbha is the inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one's mind. In Nyingma, tath\u0101gatagarbha also generally refers to inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one's mind. According to the Gelug school, it is the potential for sentient beings to awaken since they are empty (i.e. dependently originated). According to the Jonang school, it refers to the innate qualities of the mind that expresses themselves as omniscience etc. when adventitious obscurations are removed. The \"Tath\u0101gatagarbha Sutras\" are a collection of Mahayana sutras that present a unique model of Buddha-nature. Even though this collection was generally ignored in India, East Asian Buddhism provides some significance to these texts."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What term means cessation?", "id": "56d1ec45e7d4791d00902581", "answers": [{"text": "Nirvana", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term means awakening?", "id": "56d1ec45e7d4791d00902582", "answers": [{"text": "nirvana", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term for someone who has achieved nirvana?", "id": "56d1ec45e7d4791d00902583", "answers": [{"text": "arahant", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Nirvana (Sanskrit; Pali: \"Nibb\u0101na\") means \"cessation\", \"extinction\" (of craving and ignorance and therefore suffering and the cycle of involuntary rebirths (sa\u1e43s\u0101ra)), \"extinguished\", \"quieted\", \"calmed\"; it is also known as \"Awakening\" or \"Enlightenment\" in the West. The term for anybody who has achieved nirvana, including the Buddha, is arahant."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the term applied to the experience of the awakening of arahants?", "id": "56d1ece4e7d4791d00902587", "answers": [{"text": "Bodhi", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In early Buddhism Bodhi used a meaning synonymous to what word?", "id": "56d1ece4e7d4791d00902588", "answers": [{"text": "nirvana", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term for greed or craving?", "id": "56d1ece4e7d4791d00902589", "answers": [{"text": "raga", "answer_start": 374}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what is the word for hate or aversion?", "id": "56d1ece4e7d4791d0090258a", "answers": [{"text": "dosa", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does moha mean?", "id": "56d1ece4e7d4791d0090258b", "answers": [{"text": "delusion", "answer_start": 445}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Bodhi (P\u0101li and Sanskrit, in devanagari: \u092c\u094a\u0927\u093f) is a term applied to the experience of Awakening of arahants. Bodhi literally means \"awakening\", but it is more commonly translated into English as \"enlightenment\". In Early Buddhism, bodhi carried a meaning synonymous to nirvana, using only some different metaphors to describe the experience, which implies the extinction of raga (greed, craving),[web 12] dosa (hate, aversion)[web 13] and moha (delusion).[web 14] In the later school of Mahayana Buddhism, the status of nirvana was downgraded in some scriptures, coming to refer only to the extinction of greed and hate, implying that delusion was still present in one who attained nirvana, and that one needed to attain bodhi to eradicate delusion:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What has achieved nirvana and also liberation from delusion?", "id": "56d1ee4ae7d4791d00902591", "answers": [{"text": "bodhisattva", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If bodhi is attained what do you become?", "id": "56d1ee4ae7d4791d00902592", "answers": [{"text": "a buddha", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In theravada buddhism, bodhi and what term have the same meaning?", "id": "56d1ee4ae7d4791d00902593", "answers": [{"text": "nirvana", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Therefore, according to Mahayana Buddhism, the arahant has attained only nirvana, thus still being subject to delusion, while the bodhisattva not only achieves nirvana but full liberation from delusion as well. He thus attains bodhi and becomes a buddha. In Theravada Buddhism, bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning as in the early texts, that of being freed from greed, hate and delusion."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What term is used for the complete nirvana attained by the arahant at death?", "id": "56d1eeece7d4791d00902597", "answers": [{"text": "parinirvana", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The term parinirvana is also encountered in Buddhism, and this generally refers to the complete nirvana attained by the arahant at the moment of death, when the physical body expires."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who is a fully awakened being who has purified his mind of the three poisons of desire, aversion, and ignorance?", "id": "56d1ef6ae7d4791d00902599", "answers": [{"text": "a Buddha", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A Buddha is no longer bound by what?", "id": "56d1ef6ae7d4791d0090259a", "answers": [{"text": "Samsara", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do unawakend people experience?", "id": "56d1ef6ae7d4791d0090259b", "answers": [{"text": "suffering", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to Buddhist traditions a Buddha is a fully awakened being who has completely purified his mind of the three poisons of desire, aversion and ignorance. A Buddha is no longer bound by Samsara and has ended the suffering which unawakened people experience in life."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many Buddhas are considered to have existed in the Pali Canon?", "id": "56d1f064e7d4791d0090259f", "answers": [{"text": "28", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A Theravada and Mahayana belief is that the next Buddha will be one named what?", "id": "56d1f064e7d4791d009025a0", "answers": [{"text": "Maitreya", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Mahayana has many Buddhas of what origin?", "id": "56d1f064e7d4791d009025a1", "answers": [{"text": "celestial", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Buddhists do not consider Siddhartha Gautama to have been the only Buddha. The Pali Canon refers to many previous ones (see List of the 28 Buddhas), while the Mahayana tradition additionally has many Buddhas of celestial, rather than historical, origin (see Amitabha or Vairocana as examples, for lists of many thousands Buddha names see Taish\u014d Shinsh\u016b Daiz\u014dky\u014d numbers 439\u2013448). A common Theravada and Mahayana Buddhist belief is that the next Buddha will be one named Maitreya (Pali: Metteyya)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "A person can awaken from the \"sleep of ignorance\" by acknowledging the true nature of what?", "id": "56d1f14be7d4791d009025a5", "answers": [{"text": "reality", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At the end of the cycle of rebirth a person is called what?", "id": "56d1f14be7d4791d009025a6", "answers": [{"text": "arahants", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Theravada doctrine, a person may awaken from the \"sleep of ignorance\" by directly realizing the true nature of reality; such people are called arahants and occasionally buddhas. After numerous lifetimes of spiritual striving, they have reached the end of the cycle of rebirth, no longer reincarnating as human, animal, ghost, or other being. The commentaries to the Pali Canon classify these awakened beings into three types:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Nirvana and what term carry the same meaning?", "id": "56d1f214e7d4791d009025ab", "answers": [{"text": "Bodhi", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term for extinction of only hatred and greed, with residue of delusion?", "id": "56d1f214e7d4791d009025ac", "answers": [{"text": "anagami", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning, that of being freed from craving, hate, and delusion. In attaining bodhi, the arahant has overcome these obstacles. As a further distinction, the extinction of only hatred and greed (in the sensory context) with some residue of delusion, is called anagami."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In the Mahayana, who is thought to be an omnipresent being?", "id": "56d1f2b4e7d4791d009025af", "answers": [{"text": "Buddha", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is thought to be beyond the range and reach of thought?", "id": "56d1f2b4e7d4791d009025b0", "answers": [{"text": "Buddha", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what sutras are the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha viewed as One?", "id": "56d1f2b4e7d4791d009025b1", "answers": [{"text": "Mahayana", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the Mahayana, the Buddha tends not to be viewed as merely human, but as the earthly projection of a beginningless and endless, omnipresent being (see Dharmakaya) beyond the range and reach of thought. Moreover, in certain Mahayana sutras, the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha are viewed essentially as One: all three are seen as the eternal Buddha himself."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Buddha's death is seen as an illusion, as he is living in other planes of what?", "id": "56d1f365e7d4791d009025b5", "answers": [{"text": "existence", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is permitted to offer \"new truths\" based on Buddhas input?", "id": "56d1f365e7d4791d009025b6", "answers": [{"text": "monks", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term for the idea of ultimately nothing has existance?", "id": "56d1f365e7d4791d009025b7", "answers": [{"text": "\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who are enlightened people who vow to continue being reborn?", "id": "56d1f365e7d4791d009025b8", "answers": [{"text": "bodhisattvas", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Buddha's death is seen as an illusion, he is living on in other planes of existence, and monks are therefore permitted to offer \"new truths\" based on his input. Mahayana also differs from Theravada in its concept of \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101 (that ultimately nothing has existence), and in its belief in bodhisattvas (enlightened people who vow to continue being reborn until all beings can be enlightened)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is characterized by the deep truts in the \"other-power\" of Amitabha Buddha", "id": "56d1f453e7d4791d009025bd", "answers": [{"text": "Pure Land", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is perhaps the most faith-oriented for of Buddhism?", "id": "56d1f453e7d4791d009025be", "answers": [{"text": "Pure Land", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Buddha vowed to rescue all beings from samsaric suffering?", "id": "56d1f453e7d4791d009025bf", "answers": [{"text": "Amitabha", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "\nThe method of self-exertion or \"self-power\"\u2014without reliance on an external force or being\u2014stands in contrast to another major form of Buddhism, Pure Land, which is characterized by utmost trust in the salvific \"other-power\" of Amitabha Buddha. Pure Land Buddhism is a very widespread and perhaps the most faith-orientated manifestation of Buddhism and centres upon the conviction that faith in Amitabha Buddha and the chanting of homage to his name liberates one at death into the Blissful (\u5b89\u6a02), Pure Land (\u6de8\u571f) of Amitabha Buddha. This Buddhic realm is variously construed as a foretaste of Nirvana, or as essentially Nirvana itself. The great vow of Amitabha Buddha to rescue all beings from samsaric suffering is viewed within Pure Land Buddhism as universally efficacious, if only one has faith in the power of that vow or chants his name."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who is believed to have achieved enlightenment first?", "id": "56d1f5e8e7d4791d009025c3", "answers": [{"text": "Gautama Buddha", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term for the stretch of history during which people rmember and practice the teachings of the earliest known buddha?", "id": "56d1f5e8e7d4791d009025c4", "answers": [{"text": "A Buddha era", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the Buddha of this Buddha era?", "id": "56d1f5e8e7d4791d009025c5", "answers": [{"text": "Gautama Buddha", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who taught directly or indirectly to all other Buddhas?", "id": "56d1f5e8e7d4791d009025c6", "answers": [{"text": "Gautama Buddha", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Buddhists believe Gautama Buddha was the first to achieve enlightenment in this Buddha era and is therefore credited with the establishment of Buddhism. A Buddha era is the stretch of history during which people remember and practice the teachings of the earliest known Buddha. This Buddha era will end when all the knowledge, evidence and teachings of Gautama Buddha have vanished. This belief therefore maintains that many Buddha eras have started and ended throughout the course of human existence.[web 15][web 16] The Gautama Buddha, therefore, is the Buddha of this era, who taught directly or indirectly to all other Buddhas in it (see types of Buddhas)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who believes there are innumerable other Buddhas in other universes?", "id": "56d1f685e7d4791d009025cb", "answers": [{"text": "Mahayana Buddhists", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What buddhist belief says that Buddhas come one at a time and not within other eras?", "id": "56d1f685e7d4791d009025cc", "answers": [{"text": "Theravada", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In addition, Mahayana Buddhists believe there are innumerable other Buddhas in other universes. A Theravada commentary says that Buddhas arise one at a time in this world element, and not at all in others. The understandings of this matter reflect widely differing interpretations of basic terms, such as \"world realm\", between the various schools of Buddhism."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What form of Buddhism has declined to the point where few are capable of following the path?", "id": "56d1f878e7d4791d009025cf", "answers": [{"text": "Pure Land", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The idea of the decline and gradual disappearance of the teaching has been influential in East Asian Buddhism. Pure Land Buddhism holds that it has declined to the point where few are capable of following the path, so it may be best to rely on the power of Amit\u0101bha."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does Bodhisattva mean?", "id": "56d1fc6ae7d4791d009025d1", "answers": [{"text": "enlightenment being", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term for the spontaneous wish to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all beings?", "id": "56d1fc6ae7d4791d009025d2", "answers": [{"text": "bodhicitta", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Bodhisattva means \"enlightenment being\", and generally refers to one who is on the path to buddhahood. Traditionally, a bodhisattva is anyone who, motivated by great compassion, has generated bodhicitta, which is a spontaneous wish to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings. Theravada Buddhism primarily uses the term in relation to Gautama Buddha's previous existences, but has traditionally acknowledged and respected the bodhisattva path as well.[web 17]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What term means \"great vehicle\"?", "id": "56d1fd7ee7d4791d009025d6", "answers": [{"text": "Mahayana", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an honorary synonym for Bodhisattvayana?", "id": "56d1fd7ee7d4791d009025d7", "answers": [{"text": "Mahayana", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Sutra is an important text of what type?", "id": "56d1fd7ee7d4791d009025d8", "answers": [{"text": "Mahayana", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to Jan Nattier, the term Mah\u0101y\u0101na \"Great Vehicle\" was originally even an honorary synonym for Bodhisattvay\u0101na \"Bodhisattva Vehicle.\" The A\u1e63\u1e6das\u0101hasrik\u0101 Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 S\u016btra, an early and important Mahayana text, contains a simple and brief definition for the term bodhisattva: \"Because he has enlightenment as his aim, a bodhisattva-mah\u0101sattva is so called.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What buddhism encourages everyone to become bodhisattvas?", "id": "56d1fe20e7d4791d009025dc", "answers": [{"text": "Mahayana", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the idea there the practitioner promises to work for the complete enlightenment of all beings by practicing the six paramitas?", "id": "56d1fe20e7d4791d009025dd", "answers": [{"text": "bodhisattva vow", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the six perfections under Mahayana teachings?", "id": "56d1fe20e7d4791d009025de", "answers": [{"text": "d\u0101na, \u015b\u012bla, k\u1e63anti, v\u012brya, dhy\u0101na, and praj\u00f1\u0101", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Mahayana Buddhism encourages everyone to become bodhisattvas and to take the bodhisattva vow, where the practitioner promises to work for the complete enlightenment of all beings by practicing the six p\u0101ramit\u0101s. According to Mahayana teachings, these perfections are: d\u0101na, \u015b\u012bla, k\u1e63anti, v\u012brya, dhy\u0101na, and praj\u00f1\u0101."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which Dalai Lama cites Shantideva's famous saying?", "id": "56d20c26e7d4791d0090262c", "answers": [{"text": "the 14th Dalai Lama", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A famous saying by the 8th-century Indian Buddhist scholar-saint Shantideva, which the 14th Dalai Lama often cites as his favourite verse, summarizes the Bodhisattva's intention (Bodhicitta) as follows: \"For as long as space endures, and for as long as living beings remain, until then may I too abide to dispel the misery of the world.\"[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Devotion is an important part of the practice of most what?", "id": "56d20c93e7d4791d0090262f", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhists", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the devotional practices?", "id": "56d20c93e7d4791d00902630", "answers": [{"text": "bowing, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Devotion is an important part of the practice of most Buddhists. Devotional practices include bowing, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting. In Pure Land Buddhism, devotion to the Buddha Amitabha is the main practice. In Nichiren Buddhism, devotion to the Lotus Sutra is the main practice."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Buddhism traditionally incorporates states of what type of absorption?", "id": "56d20db9e7d4791d00902635", "answers": [{"text": "meditative", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The most acient yogic ideas is found in the early sermons of who?", "id": "56d20db9e7d4791d00902636", "answers": [{"text": "the Buddha", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The difference between the Buddha's teaching and the yoga presented in what what type of texts is significant?", "id": "56d20db9e7d4791d00902637", "answers": [{"text": "Brahminic", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to the Buddha event he highest meditative state is not what?", "id": "56d20db9e7d4791d00902638", "answers": [{"text": "liberating", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Buddhism traditionally incorporates states of meditative absorption (Pali: jh\u0101na; Skt: dhy\u0101na). The most ancient sustained expression of yogic ideas is found in the early sermons of the Buddha. One key innovative teaching of the Buddha was that meditative absorption must be combined with liberating cognition. The difference between the Buddha's teaching and the yoga presented in early Brahminic texts is striking. Meditative states alone are not an end, for according to the Buddha, even the highest meditative state is not liberating. Instead of attaining a complete cessation of thought, some sort of mental activity must take place: a liberating cognition, based on the practice of mindful awareness."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Meditation was an aspect of the practice of who?", "id": "56d2124ce7d4791d0090263d", "answers": [{"text": "the yogis", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Buddhism, what must be developed at all times?", "id": "56d2124ce7d4791d0090263e", "answers": [{"text": "mindfulness and clear awareness", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Meditation was an aspect of the practice of the yogis in the centuries preceding the Buddha. The Buddha built upon the yogis' concern with introspection and developed their meditative techniques, but rejected their theories of liberation. In Buddhism, mindfulness and clear awareness are to be developed at all times; in pre-Buddhist yogic practices there is no such injunction. A yogi in the Brahmanical tradition is not to practice while defecating, for example, while a Buddhist monastic should do so."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Religious knowledge is also known as what?", "id": "56d21aa5e7d4791d00902643", "answers": [{"text": "vision", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of techniques were shared with other traditions of his day?", "id": "56d21aa5e7d4791d00902644", "answers": [{"text": "meditative", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "There is an idea where ethics are causally related to the attainment of what?", "id": "56d21aa5e7d4791d00902645", "answers": [{"text": "transcendent wisdom", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Religious knowledge or \"vision\" was indicated as a result of practice both within and outside of the Buddhist fold. According to the Sama\u00f1\u00f1aphala Sutta, this sort of vision arose for the Buddhist adept as a result of the perfection of \"meditation\" coupled with the perfection of \"discipline\" (Pali s\u012bla; Skt. \u015b\u012bla). Some of the Buddha's meditative techniques were shared with other traditions of his day, but the idea that ethics are causally related to the attainment of \"transcendent wisdom\" (Pali pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101; Skt. praj\u00f1\u0101) was original.[web 18]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are probably the earliest texts describing meditation techniques?", "id": "56d21b46e7d4791d00902649", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhist texts", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What describes meditative states exising before the Buddha?", "id": "56d21b46e7d4791d0090264a", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhist texts", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two items were written after the rise of Buddhism?", "id": "56d21b46e7d4791d0090264b", "answers": [{"text": "Upanishads", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Buddhist texts are probably the earliest describing meditation techniques. They describe meditative practices and states that existed before the Buddha as well as those first developed within Buddhism. Two Upanishads written after the rise of Buddhism do contain full-fledged descriptions of yoga as a means to liberation."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In pre-buddhist early Brahminic texts there is no evidence for what?", "id": "56d21c3ae7d4791d0090264f", "answers": [{"text": "meditation", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The upanishads statements reflect what type of tradition?", "id": "56d21c3ae7d4791d00902651", "answers": [{"text": "contemplative", "answer_start": 479}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What contains evidence for a contemplative tradition?", "id": "56d21c3ae7d4791d00902652", "answers": [{"text": "Nasadiya Sukta", "answer_start": 523}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "While there is no convincing evidence for meditation in pre-Buddhist early Brahminic texts, Wynne argues that formless meditation originated in the Brahminic or Shramanic tradition, based on strong parallels between Upanishadic cosmological statements and the meditative goals of the two teachers of the Buddha as recorded in the early Buddhist texts. He mentions less likely possibilities as well. Having argued that the cosmological statements in the Upanishads also reflect a contemplative tradition, he argues that the Nasadiya Sukta contains evidence for a contemplative tradition, even as early as the late Rig Vedic period."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the first step in a school of Buddhism?", "id": "56d21d1fe7d4791d00902657", "answers": [{"text": "the Three Jewels", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What mentions taking refuge on behalf of young or unborn children?", "id": "56d21d1fe7d4791d00902658", "answers": [{"text": "Majjhima Nikaya", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of Buddhism adds a fourth refuge?", "id": "56d21d1fe7d4791d00902659", "answers": [{"text": "Tibetan", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Three Jewels are preceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging what?", "id": "56d21d1fe7d4791d0090265a", "answers": [{"text": "essence.", "answer_start": 915}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has an irreversable effect?", "id": "56d21d1fe7d4791d0090265b", "answers": [{"text": "The Three Jewels", "answer_start": 699}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: tri-ratna, P\u0101li: ti-ratana)[web 19] as the foundation of one's religious practice. The practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the Majjhima Nikaya, recognized by most scholars as an early text (cf. Infant baptism). Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the lama. In Mahayana, the person who chooses the bodhisattva path makes a vow or pledge, considered the ultimate expression of compassion. In Mahayana, too, the Three Jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect: \"The Three Jewels have the quality of excellence. Just as real jewels never change their faculty and goodness, whether praised or reviled, so are the Three Jewels (Refuges), because they have an eternal and immutable essence. These Three Jewels bring a fruition that is changeless, for once one has reached Buddhahood, there is no possibility of falling back to suffering."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who presented himself as a model?", "id": "56d21dcce7d4791d00902661", "answers": [{"text": "Gautama Buddha", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What offers a refuge by providing guidelines for the alleviation of suffering?", "id": "56d21dcce7d4791d00902662", "answers": [{"text": "Dharma", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What provides refuge by preserving the authentic teachings of the Buddha?", "id": "56d21dcce7d4791d00902663", "answers": [{"text": "Sangha", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to the scriptures, Gautama Buddha presented himself as a model. The Dharma offers a refuge by providing guidelines for the alleviation of suffering and the attainment of Nirvana. The Sangha is considered to provide a refuge by preserving the authentic teachings of the Buddha and providing further examples that the truth of the Buddha's teachings is attainable."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is an action committed through the body and involves intentional effort?", "id": "56d21fd7e7d4791d00902672", "answers": [{"text": "\u015a\u012bla", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Sila is the second what?", "id": "56d21fd7e7d4791d00902673", "answers": [{"text": "p\u0101ramit\u0101", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "\u015a\u012bla (Sanskrit) or s\u012bla (P\u0101li) is usually translated into English as \"virtuous behavior\", \"morality\", \"moral discipline\", \"ethics\" or \"precept\". It is an action committed through the body, speech, or mind, and involves an intentional effort. It is one of the three practices (s\u012bla, sam\u0101dhi, and pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101) and the second p\u0101ramit\u0101. It refers to moral purity of thought, word, and deed. The four conditions of \u015b\u012bla are chastity, calmness, quiet, and extinguishment."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four realms of existance?", "id": "56d2207ee7d4791d0090268d", "answers": [{"text": "keeping the precepts", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the foundation of Samadhi/Bhavana?", "id": "56d2207ee7d4791d0090268e", "answers": [{"text": "\u015a\u012bla", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What promotes not only the peace of mind but also peace in the community?", "id": "56d2207ee7d4791d0090268f", "answers": [{"text": "keeping the precepts", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "\u015a\u012bla is the foundation of Sam\u0101dhi/Bh\u0101vana (Meditative cultivation) or mind cultivation. Keeping the precepts promotes not only the peace of mind of the cultivator, which is internal, but also peace in the community, which is external. According to the Law of Karma, keeping the precepts is meritorious and it acts as causes that would bring about peaceful and happy effects. Keeping these precepts keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four woeful realms of existence."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does sila refer to?", "id": "56d2392cb329da140004ec14", "answers": [{"text": "overall principles of ethical behavior", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Lay people tend to live by the five what?", "id": "56d2392cb329da140004ec15", "answers": [{"text": "precepts", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Schools can undertake eight precepts, which add basic what?", "id": "56d2392cb329da140004ec17", "answers": [{"text": "asceticism.", "answer_start": 448}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "\u015a\u012bla refers to overall principles of ethical behavior. There are several levels of s\u012bla, which correspond to \"basic morality\" (five precepts), \"basic morality with asceticism\" (eight precepts), \"novice monkhood\" (ten precepts) and \"monkhood\" (Vinaya or Patimokkha). Lay people generally undertake to live by the five precepts, which are common to all Buddhist schools. If they wish, they can choose to undertake the eight precepts, which add basic asceticism."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Precepts are not created as imperatives, but as what?", "id": "56d23abcb329da140004ec26", "answers": [{"text": "training rules", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The cultivation of dana and what kind of conduct refine consciousness?", "id": "56d23abcb329da140004ec27", "answers": [{"text": "ethical", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Even if there is no further Buddhist practice, what heavens is still likely?", "id": "56d23abcb329da140004ec28", "answers": [{"text": "lower", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The precepts are not formulated as imperatives, but as training rules that laypeople undertake voluntarily to facilitate practice. In Buddhist thought, the cultivation of dana and ethical conduct themselves refine consciousness to such a level that rebirth in one of the lower heavens is likely, even if there is no further Buddhist practice. There is nothing improper or un-Buddhist about limiting one's aims to this level of attainment."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Of the eight precepts which one is on sexual misconduct?", "id": "56d23b26b329da140004ec2e", "answers": [{"text": "third", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the third strict precept on sexual misconduct?", "id": "56d23b26b329da140004ec2f", "answers": [{"text": "a precept of celibacy", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the eight precepts, the third precept on sexual misconduct is made more strict, and becomes a precept of celibacy. The three additional precepts are:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many precepts are on the list?", "id": "56d23c30b329da140004ec3c", "answers": [{"text": "ten", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the complete list of precepts, which one is partitioned into two?", "id": "56d23c30b329da140004ec3e", "answers": [{"text": "seventh", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The complete list of ten precepts may be observed by laypeople for short periods. For the complete list, the seventh precept is partitioned into two, and a tenth added:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many basic precepts are there for monastics?", "id": "56d23cc4b329da140004ec42", "answers": [{"text": "the ten precepts", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the specific moral code for monks and nuns?", "id": "56d23cc4b329da140004ec43", "answers": [{"text": "vinaya", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many rules dows the patimokkha have?", "id": "56d23cc4b329da140004ec44", "answers": [{"text": "227", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the scriptures on vinaya called?", "id": "56d23cc4b329da140004ec45", "answers": [{"text": "vinayapitaka", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Vinaya is the specific moral code for monks and nuns. It includes the Patimokkha, a set of 227 rules for monks in the Theravadin recension. The precise content of the vinayapitaka (scriptures on Vinaya) differs slightly according to different schools, and different schools or subschools set different standards for the degree of adherence to Vinaya. Novice-monks use the ten precepts, which are the basic precepts for monastics."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Regarding the monastic rules, the Buddha reminds his hearers that it is the spirit that what?", "id": "56d23d72b329da140004ec4c", "answers": [{"text": "counts", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The rules themselves are designed to assure a satisfying what?", "id": "56d23d72b329da140004ec4d", "answers": [{"text": "life", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The rules are a perfect springboard for what?", "id": "56d23d72b329da140004ec4e", "answers": [{"text": "higher attainments", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Monastics are instructed by the Buddha to live as what?", "id": "56d23d72b329da140004ec4f", "answers": [{"text": "islands unto themselves", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Regarding the monastic rules, the Buddha constantly reminds his hearers that it is the spirit that counts. On the other hand, the rules themselves are designed to assure a satisfying life, and provide a perfect springboard for the higher attainments. Monastics are instructed by the Buddha to live as \"islands unto themselves\". In this sense, living life as the vinaya prescribes it is, as one scholar puts it: \"more than merely a means to an end: it is very nearly the end in itself.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Distinctive Vinaya and ethics are contained within what sutra?", "id": "56d23eaeb329da140004ec54", "answers": [{"text": "Mahayana Brahmajala", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Bodhisattvas are not encouraged to eat what?", "id": "56d23eaeb329da140004ec55", "answers": [{"text": "meat", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the monastic vinaya displaced and clergy is allowed to marry?", "id": "56d23eaeb329da140004ec57", "answers": [{"text": "Japan", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Eastern Buddhism, there is also a distinctive Vinaya and ethics contained within the Mahayana Brahmajala Sutra (not to be confused with the Pali text of that name) for Bodhisattvas, where, for example, the eating of meat is frowned upon and vegetarianism is actively encouraged (see vegetarianism in Buddhism). In Japan, this has almost completely displaced the monastic vinaya, and allows clergy to marry."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In Chinese Buddhism what meditation is more popular?", "id": "56d24042b329da140004ec6a", "answers": [{"text": "Zen", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Evidence has shown some lay people got to proficiency in all eight what?", "id": "56d24042b329da140004ec6c", "answers": [{"text": "jh\u0101nas", "answer_start": 926}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Buddhist meditation is fundamentally concerned with two themes: transforming the mind and using it to explore itself and other phenomena. According to Theravada Buddhism the Buddha taught two types of meditation, samatha meditation (Sanskrit: \u015bamatha) and vipassan\u0101 meditation (Sanskrit: vipa\u015byan\u0101). In Chinese Buddhism, these exist (translated chih kuan), but Ch\u00e1n (Zen) meditation is more popular. According to Peter Harvey, whenever Buddhism has been healthy, not only monks, nuns, and married lamas, but also more committed lay people have practiced meditation. According to Routledge's Encyclopedia of Buddhism, in contrast, throughout most of Buddhist history before modern times, serious meditation by lay people has been unusual. The evidence of the early texts suggests that at the time of the Buddha, many male and female lay practitioners did practice meditation, some even to the point of proficiency in all eight jh\u0101nas (see the next section regarding these).[note 11]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does the word samyaksamadhi mean?", "id": "56d240dbb329da140004ec76", "answers": [{"text": "right concentration", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Meditation is the primary means of cultivating what?", "id": "56d240dbb329da140004ec77", "answers": [{"text": "sam\u0101dhi", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Upon development of samadhi, a person gets rid of what?", "id": "56d240dbb329da140004ec78", "answers": [{"text": "defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the language of the Noble Eightfold Path, samyaksam\u0101dhi is \"right concentration\". The primary means of cultivating sam\u0101dhi is meditation. Upon development of sam\u0101dhi, one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is powerful concentration called?", "id": "56d2415fb329da140004ec7c", "answers": [{"text": "jh\u0101na", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term when the mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight?", "id": "56d2415fb329da140004ec7d", "answers": [{"text": "vipassan\u0101", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Mindfulness is essential to concentration, which is neede to achieve what?", "id": "56d2415fb329da140004ec7e", "answers": [{"text": "insight", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Once the meditator achieves a strong and powerful concentration (jh\u0101na, Sanskrit \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 dhy\u0101na), his mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight (vipassan\u0101) into the ultimate nature of reality, eventually obtaining release from all suffering. The cultivation of mindfulness is essential to mental concentration, which is needed to achieve insight."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or what?", "id": "56d24217b329da140004ec8a", "answers": [{"text": "idea", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term for tranquility?", "id": "56d24217b329da140004ec8b", "answers": [{"text": "jh\u0101na", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or idea, which is expanded to one's body, mind and entire surroundings, leading to a state of total concentration and tranquility (jh\u0101na). There are many variations in the style of meditation, from sitting cross-legged or kneeling to chanting or walking. The most common method of meditation is to concentrate on one's breath (anapanasati), because this practice can lead to both samatha and vipassana'."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In Buddhism, samatha meditation can calm the what?", "id": "56d2429fb329da140004ec92", "answers": [{"text": "mind", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Vipassana meditation can reveal how the mind was what?", "id": "56d2429fb329da140004ec93", "answers": [{"text": "disturbed", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term for insight knowledge?", "id": "56d2429fb329da140004ec94", "answers": [{"text": "j\u00f1\u0101na", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term for understanding?", "id": "56d2429fb329da140004ec95", "answers": [{"text": "praj\u00f1\u0101", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What eradicates the defilements completely?", "id": "56d2429fb329da140004ec96", "answers": [{"text": "understanding", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind, only vipassan\u0101 meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to insight knowledge (j\u00f1\u0101na; P\u0101li \u00f1\u0101\u1e47a) and understanding (praj\u00f1\u0101 P\u0101li pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101), and thus can lead to nirv\u0101\u1e47a (P\u0101li nibb\u0101na). When one is in jhana, all defilements are suppressed temporarily. Only understanding (praj\u00f1\u0101 or vipassana) eradicates the defilements completely. Jhanas are also states that Arahants abide in order to rest."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In Theravada Buddhism, what is the cause of human existence and suffering?", "id": "56d244ddb329da140004ecb0", "answers": [{"text": "craving", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does craving carry with it?", "id": "56d244ddb329da140004ecb1", "answers": [{"text": "defilements", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Deeply rooted afflictions of the mind create what?", "id": "56d244ddb329da140004ecb3", "answers": [{"text": "suffering and stress", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the ultimate goal for Theravadins?", "id": "56d244ddb329da140004ecb4", "answers": [{"text": "Nibb\u0101na", "answer_start": 652}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Therav\u0101da Buddhism, the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving, which carries with it the various defilements. These various defilements are traditionally summed up as greed, hatred and delusion. These are believed deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress. To be free from suffering and stress, these defilements must be permanently uprooted through internal investigation, analyzing, experiencing, and understanding of the true nature of those defilements by using jh\u0101na, a technique of the Noble Eightfold Path. It then leads the meditator to realize the Four Noble Truths, Enlightenment and Nibb\u0101na. Nibb\u0101na is the ultimate goal of Theravadins."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many Noble Truths are there?", "id": "56d24619b329da140004ecbf", "answers": [{"text": "Four", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Prajna is the wisom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about what?", "id": "56d24619b329da140004ecc0", "answers": [{"text": "bodhi", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is listed as the sixth of the six paramitas of the mahayana?", "id": "56d24619b329da140004ecc1", "answers": [{"text": "Praj\u00f1\u0101", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Praj\u00f1\u0101 (Sanskrit) or pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101 (P\u0101li) means wisdom that is based on a realization of dependent origination, The Four Noble Truths and the three marks of existence. Praj\u00f1\u0101 is the wisdom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about bodhi. It is spoken of as the principal means of attaining nirv\u0101\u1e47a, through its revelation of the true nature of all things as dukkha (unsatisfactoriness), anicca (impermanence) and anatta (not-self). Praj\u00f1\u0101 is also listed as the sixth of the six p\u0101ramit\u0101s of the Mahayana."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Initially prajna is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to what?", "id": "56d246e7b329da140004ecce", "answers": [{"text": "sermons", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In theory when can one attain Nirvana during practice?", "id": "56d246e7b329da140004eccf", "answers": [{"text": "at any point", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can be applied to daily life once it is attained?", "id": "56d246e7b329da140004ecd0", "answers": [{"text": "conceptual understanding", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Initially, praj\u00f1\u0101 is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to sermons (dharma talks), reading, studying, and sometimes reciting Buddhist texts and engaging in discourse. Once the conceptual understanding is attained, it is applied to daily life so that each Buddhist can verify the truth of the Buddha's teaching at a practical level. Notably, one could in theory attain Nirvana at any point of practice, whether deep in meditation, listening to a sermon, conducting the business of one's daily life, or any other activity."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Zen Buddhism is known as what in Korea?", "id": "56d24773b329da140004ecd4", "answers": [{"text": "seon", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What form of buddhism lays special emphasis on meditation?", "id": "56d24773b329da140004ecd5", "answers": [{"text": "Zen", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What form of Buddhism places less emphasis on scriptures?", "id": "56d24773b329da140004ecd6", "answers": [{"text": "Zen", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Zen focuses on what type of breakthroughs?", "id": "56d24773b329da140004ecd7", "answers": [{"text": "spiritual", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Zen Buddhism (\u7985), pronounced Ch\u00e1n in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhy\u0101na, meaning \"meditation\") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Zen Buddhism is divided into how many main schools?", "id": "56d2485bb329da140004ece0", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which schools of Zen likes the use of meditation on the koan for spiritual breakthroughs?", "id": "56d2485bb329da140004ece2", "answers": [{"text": "Rinzai", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Zen Buddhism is divided into two main schools: Rinzai (\u81e8\u6e08\u5b97) and S\u014dt\u014d (\u66f9\u6d1e\u5b97), the former greatly favouring the use in meditation on the koan (\u516c\u6848, a meditative riddle or puzzle) as a device for spiritual break-through, and the latter (while certainly employing koans) focusing more on shikantaza or \"just sitting\".[note 13]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What Buddhist teachings are often full of paradox?", "id": "56d249a4b329da140004ecf1", "answers": [{"text": "Zen", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of self is equated with the Buddha?", "id": "56d249a4b329da140004ecf3", "answers": [{"text": "True Self", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is not allowed to confine and bind oneself?", "id": "56d249a4b329da140004ecf4", "answers": [{"text": "Thinking and thought", "answer_start": 615}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Zen Buddhist teaching is often full of paradox, in order to loosen the grip of the ego and to facilitate the penetration into the realm of the True Self or Formless Self, which is equated with the Buddha himself.[note 14] According to Zen master Kosho Uchiyama, when thoughts and fixation on the little \"I\" are transcended, an Awakening to a universal, non-dual Self occurs: \"When we let go of thoughts and wake up to the reality of life that is working beyond them, we discover the Self that is living universal non-dual life (before the separation into two) that pervades all living creatures and all existence.\" Thinking and thought must therefore not be allowed to confine and bind one."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of Buddhism is Tibeto-Mongolian based on?", "id": "56d24a6fb329da140004ecfd", "answers": [{"text": "Mahayana", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the English term for Vajrayana?", "id": "56d24a6fb329da140004ecfe", "answers": [{"text": "Diamond Vehicle", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of Buddhism is concerned with ritual and meditative practices?", "id": "56d24a6fb329da140004ecff", "answers": [{"text": "Tantric", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Psycho-physical energy is harnessed through what?", "id": "56d24a6fb329da140004ed00", "answers": [{"text": "ritual", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Though based upon Mahayana, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism is one of the schools that practice Vajrayana or \"Diamond Vehicle\" (also referred to as Mantray\u0101na, Tantray\u0101na, Tantric Buddhism, or esoteric Buddhism). It accepts all the basic concepts of Mah\u0101y\u0101na, but also includes a vast array of spiritual and physical techniques designed to enhance Buddhist practice. Tantric Buddhism is largely concerned with ritual and meditative practices. One component of the Vajray\u0101na is harnessing psycho-physical energy through ritual, visualization, physical exercises, and meditation as a means of developing the mind. Using these techniques, it is claimed that a practitioner can achieve Buddhahood in one lifetime, or even as little as three years. In the Tibetan tradition, these practices can include sexual yoga, though only for some very advanced practitioners."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What time period was the beginning of Buddhism?", "id": "56d24b65b329da140004ed11", "answers": [{"text": "second half of the first millennium BCE", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Scholars believe that karma originated in what?", "id": "56d24b65b329da140004ed12", "answers": [{"text": "the shramanas", "answer_start": 788}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What groups broke with Brahmanic tradition?", "id": "56d24b65b329da140004ed13", "answers": [{"text": "shramanas", "answer_start": 523}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Shramanas were a continuation of what type of trand of Indian thought?", "id": "56d24b65b329da140004ed14", "answers": [{"text": "non-Vedic", "answer_start": 559}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of ancient India during the second half of the first millennium BCE. That was a period of social and religious turmoil, as there was significant discontent with the sacrifices and rituals of Vedic Brahmanism.[note 15] It was challenged by numerous new ascetic religious and philosophical groups and teachings that broke with the Brahmanic tradition and rejected the authority of the Vedas and the Brahmans.[note 16] These groups, whose members were known as shramanas, were a continuation of a non-Vedic strand of Indian thought distinct from Indo-Aryan Brahmanism.[note 17] Scholars have reasons to believe that ideas such as samsara, karma (in the sense of the influence of morality on rebirth), and moksha originated in the shramanas, and were later adopted by Brahmin orthodoxy.[note 18][note 19][note 20][note 21][note 22][note 23]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Buddhism arose in what area?", "id": "56d24c8bb329da140004ed19", "answers": [{"text": "Greater Magadha", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Greater magadha stretched from Sravasti in the north-west to what area in the south-east?", "id": "56d24c8bb329da140004ed1a", "answers": [{"text": "Rajagrha", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What time period did the eastward spread of Brahmanism start?", "id": "56d24c8bb329da140004ed1b", "answers": [{"text": "2nd or 3rd centuries", "answer_start": 477}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "This view is supported by a study of the region where these notions originated. Buddhism arose in Greater Magadha, which stretched from Sravasti, the capital of Kosala in the north-west, to Rajagrha in the south east. This land, to the east of aryavarta, the land of the Aryas, was recognized as non-Vedic. Other Vedic texts reveal a dislike of the people of Magadha, in all probability because the Magadhas at this time were not Brahmanised.[page needed] It was not until the 2nd or 3rd centuries BCE that the eastward spread of Brahmanism into Greater Magadha became significant. Ideas that developed in Greater Magadha prior to this were not subject to Vedic influence. These include rebirth and karmic retribution that appear in a number of movements in Greater Magadha, including Buddhism. These movements inherited notions of rebirth and karmic retribution from an earlier culture[page needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Movements were influenced by philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition such as what?", "id": "56d24e17b329da140004ed33", "answers": [{"text": "in the Upanishads", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The movement included atomists such as what?", "id": "56d24e17b329da140004ed34", "answers": [{"text": "Pakudha Kaccayana", "answer_start": 284}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term for agnostics?", "id": "56d24e17b329da140004ed36", "answers": [{"text": "Ajnanas", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What movement focused on the idea that the sould must be freed from matter?", "id": "56d24e17b329da140004ed37", "answers": [{"text": "Jains", "answer_start": 544}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "At the same time, these movements were influenced by, and in some respects continued, philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition as reflected e.g. in the Upanishads. These movements included, besides Buddhism, various skeptics (such as Sanjaya Belatthiputta), atomists (such as Pakudha Kaccayana), materialists (such as Ajita Kesakambali), antinomians (such as Purana Kassapa); the most important ones in the 5th century BCE were the Ajivikas, who emphasized the rule of fate, the Lokayata (materialists), the Ajnanas (agnostics) and the Jains, who stressed that the soul must be freed from matter. Many of these new movements shared the same conceptual vocabulary\u2014atman (\"Self\"), buddha (\"awakened one\"), dhamma (\"rule\" or \"law\"), karma (\"action\"), nirvana (\"extinguishing\"), samsara (\"eternal recurrence\") and yoga (\"spiritual practice\").[note 24] The shramanas rejected the Veda, and the authority of the brahmans, who claimed they possessed revealed truths not knowable by any ordinary human means. Moreover, they declared that the entire Brahmanical system was fraudulent: a conspiracy of the brahmans to enrich themselves by charging exorbitant fees to perform bogus rites and give useless advice."}, {"qas": [{"question": "A criticism the Buddha gave dealing with animals was?", "id": "56d24f27b329da140004ed47", "answers": [{"text": "Vedic animal sacrifice", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Buddha mocked what hymn of the Vedic?", "id": "56d24f27b329da140004ed48", "answers": [{"text": "hymn of the cosmic man", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The original Veda of the rishis was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced what?", "id": "56d24f27b329da140004ed49", "answers": [{"text": "animal sacrifices", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Buddha refused to pay respect to who, during their time of animal sacrifice?", "id": "56d24f27b329da140004ed4a", "answers": [{"text": "Vedas", "answer_start": 575}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A particular criticism of the Buddha was Vedic animal sacrifice.[web 18] He also mocked the Vedic \"hymn of the cosmic man\". However, the Buddha was not anti-Vedic, and declared that the Veda in its true form was declared by \"Kashyapa\" to certain rishis, who by severe penances had acquired the power to see by divine eyes. He names the Vedic rishis, and declared that the original Veda of the rishis[note 25] was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced animal sacrifices. The Buddha says that it was on this alteration of the true Veda that he refused to pay respect to the Vedas of his time. However, he did not denounce the union with Brahman,[note 26] or the idea of the self uniting with the Self. At the same time, the traditional Hindu itself gradually underwent profound changes, transforming it into what is recognized as early Hinduism."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is in dispute regarding the research into the core of the teachings?", "id": "56d25056b329da140004ed51", "answers": [{"text": "The reliability", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Information of the oldest teachings may be obtained by analysis of the oldest texts. One method to obtain information on the oldest core of Buddhism is to compare the oldest extant versions of the Theravadin Pali Canon and other texts.[note 27] The reliability of these sources, and the possibility to draw out a core of oldest teachings, is a matter of dispute.[page needed][page needed][page needed][page needed] According to Vetter, inconsistencies remain, and other methods must be applied to resolve those inconsistencies.[note 28]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "A large problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relationship of dhyana and what else?", "id": "56d25b1c59d6e41400145eea", "answers": [{"text": "insight", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Liberating insight is attained after mastering what?", "id": "56d25b1c59d6e41400145eeb", "answers": [{"text": "Rupa Jhanas", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Later edition of texts such as what has the Rupa Jhanas?", "id": "56d25b1c59d6e41400145eec", "answers": [{"text": "Majjhima Nikaya", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A core problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relation between dhyana and insight. Schmithausen, in his often-cited article On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting \"liberating insight\", which is attained after mastering the Rupa Jhanas, is a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36.[page needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "According the Bronkhorst, intentions and desire are responsible for what?", "id": "56d25ee359d6e41400145f0c", "answers": [{"text": "rebirth", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Bronkhurst says that Buddha had a view of 'what' much different then current day?", "id": "56d25ee359d6e41400145f0d", "answers": [{"text": "karma", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Bruce Matthews notes that there is no cohesive presentation of karma in the Sutta Pitaka, which may mean that the doctrine was incidental to the main perspective of early Buddhist soteriology. Schmithausen is a notable scholar who has questioned whether karma already played a role in the theory of rebirth of earliest Buddhism.[page needed][note 32] According to Vetter, \"the Buddha at first sought \"the deathless\" (amata/amrta), which is concerned with the here and now. According to Vetter, only after this realization did he become acquainted with the doctrine of rebirth.\" Bronkhorst disagrees, and concludes that the Buddha \"introduced a concept of karma that differed considerably from the commonly held views of his time.\" According to Bronkhorst, not physical and mental activities as such were seen as responsible for rebirth, but intentions and desire."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the earliest Buddhism type?", "id": "56d25f6e59d6e41400145f14", "answers": [{"text": "dhyana", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Buddha's way to release was by means of what type of practices? ", "id": "56d25f6e59d6e41400145f15", "answers": [{"text": "meditative", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to Tilmann Vetter, the core of earliest Buddhism is the practice of dhy\u0101na. Bronkhorst agrees that dhyana was a Buddhist invention, whereas Norman notes that \"the Buddha's way to release [...] was by means of meditative practices.\" Discriminating insight into transiency as a separate path to liberation was a later development."}, {"qas": [{"question": "From which jhana did Buddha gain bodhi?", "id": "56d2600c59d6e41400145f18", "answers": [{"text": "fourth", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A logic problem arises when noting that the four truths constitute what?", "id": "56d2600c59d6e41400145f19", "answers": [{"text": "liberating insight", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The four truths depict what type of path of practice?", "id": "56d2600c59d6e41400145f1a", "answers": [{"text": "linear", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to the Mah\u0101saccakasutta,[note 33] from the fourth jhana the Buddha gained bodhi. Yet, it is not clear what he was awakened to.[page needed] \"Liberating insight\" is a later addition to this text, and reflects a later development and understanding in early Buddhism.[page needed][page needed] The mentioning of the four truths as constituting \"liberating insight\" introduces a logical problem, since the four truths depict a linear path of practice, the knowledge of which is in itself not depicted as being liberating.[note 34]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the Sanskrit form of Nibbana?", "id": "56d2606959d6e41400145f1e", "answers": [{"text": "Nirv\u0101na", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Many terms for Nibbana can be found throughout the what?", "id": "56d2606959d6e41400145f1f", "answers": [{"text": "Nikayas", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The desired goal for buddhism is what?", "id": "56d2606959d6e41400145f20", "answers": [{"text": "Nirv\u0101na", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although \"Nibb\u0101na\" (Sanskrit: Nirv\u0101na) is the common term for the desired goal of this practice, many other terms can be found throughout the Nikayas, which are not specified.[note 35]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "A description of the Buddhist path may have been as simplistic as what term?", "id": "56d260ee59d6e41400145f2c", "answers": [{"text": "the middle way", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The description of buddhism was broadened resulting in what path?", "id": "56d260ee59d6e41400145f2d", "answers": [{"text": "eightfold", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term \"the middle way\". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Authors Bronkhorst and Anderson claim the four truths bacame a substitution for what?", "id": "56d2641d59d6e41400145f52", "answers": [{"text": "prajna", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is prajna called in english?", "id": "56d2641d59d6e41400145f53", "answers": [{"text": "liberating insight", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Gotamas teachings may have been personal and adjusted to the need of each what?", "id": "56d2641d59d6e41400145f54", "answers": [{"text": "person", "answer_start": 413}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to both Bronkhorst and Anderson, the four truths became a substitution for prajna, or \"liberating insight\", in the suttas in those texts where \"liberating insight\" was preceded by the four jhanas. According to Bronkhorst, the four truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of \"liberating insight\". Gotama's teachings may have been personal, \"adjusted to the need of each person.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many marks of existence reflect Upanishadic influences?", "id": "56d2647159d6e41400145f58", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The three marks of existence may reflect Upanishadic or other influences. K.R. Norman supposes that the these terms were already in use at the Buddha's time, and were familiair to his hearers."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The periods of Buddhisma in India is divided into how many periods?", "id": "56d2652a59d6e41400145f5a", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the first period of Buddhism called?", "id": "56d2652a59d6e41400145f5b", "answers": [{"text": "Early Buddhism", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for Nikaya buddhism?", "id": "56d2652a59d6e41400145f5c", "answers": [{"text": "Sectarian", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the last period of Buddhism?", "id": "56d2652a59d6e41400145f5d", "answers": [{"text": "Esoteric Buddhism", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Esoteric Buddhism also called?", "id": "56d2652a59d6e41400145f5e", "answers": [{"text": "Vajrayana", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism (also called Vajrayana Buddhism)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Was is the earliest phase of buddhism?", "id": "56d265eb59d6e41400145f6a", "answers": [{"text": "Pre-sectarian", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Gautama Buddha most likely taught the idea of Karma and what?", "id": "56d265eb59d6e41400145f6c", "answers": [{"text": "rebirth", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Gautama buddha taught what Path concept?", "id": "56d265eb59d6e41400145f6d", "answers": [{"text": "Noble Eightfold", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Pre-sectarian Buddhism is the earliest phase of Buddhism, recognized by nearly all scholars. Its main scriptures are the Vinaya Pitaka and the four principal Nikayas or Agamas. Certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts, so most scholars conclude that Gautama Buddha must have taught something similar to the Three marks of existence, the Five Aggregates, dependent origination, karma and rebirth, the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, and nirvana. Some scholars disagree, and have proposed many other theories."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Soon after the parinirvana of Gautama Buddha, what type of council was held?", "id": "56d2675b59d6e41400145f72", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhist", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was cousin of the Buddha?", "id": "56d2675b59d6e41400145f73", "answers": [{"text": "\u0100nanda", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the discourses of the Buddha called?", "id": "56d2675b59d6e41400145f74", "answers": [{"text": "s\u016btras", "answer_start": 490}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Some sources say that discourse of who else were recited along with Buddha's?", "id": "56d2675b59d6e41400145f75", "answers": [{"text": "abhidhamma", "answer_start": 562}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to the scriptures, soon after the parinirv\u0101\u1e47a (from Sanskrit: \"highest extinguishment\") of Gautama Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held. As with any ancient Indian tradition, transmission of teaching was done orally. The primary purpose of the assembly was to collectively recite the teachings to ensure that no errors occurred in oral transmission. In the first council, \u0100nanda, a cousin of the Buddha and his personal attendant, was called upon to recite the discourses (s\u016btras, P\u0101li suttas) of the Buddha, and, according to some sources, the abhidhamma. Up\u0101li, another disciple, recited the monastic rules (vinaya). Most scholars regard the traditional accounts of the council as greatly exaggerated if not entirely fictitious.[note 36]Richard Gombrich noted Sariputta led communal recitations of the Buddha's teaching for preservation in the Buddha's lifetime in Sangiti Sutta (Digha Nikaya #33), and something similar to the First Council must have taken place to compose Buddhist scriptures."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The Sangha began to break into separte factions after what council?", "id": "56d267f859d6e41400145f7c", "answers": [{"text": "the Second", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to the Dipavamsa they started immediately after what council?", "id": "56d267f859d6e41400145f7d", "answers": [{"text": "the Second Council", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Mahasanghika places the breakup at what time?", "id": "56d267f859d6e41400145f7e", "answers": [{"text": "100 BCE", "answer_start": 477}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to most scholars, at some period after the Second Council the Sangha began to break into separate factions.[note 37] The various accounts differ as to when the actual schisms occurred. According to the Dipavamsa of the P\u0101li tradition, they started immediately after the Second Council, the Puggalavada tradition places it in 137 AN, the Sarvastivada tradition of Vasumitra says it was in the time of Ashoka and the Mahasanghika tradition places it much later, nearly 100 BCE."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The major schism was between the Sthaviras and what other group?", "id": "56d2693359d6e41400145f8e", "answers": [{"text": "Mahasanghikas", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Dipavamsa says that the losing party broke away in protest and formed what?", "id": "56d2693359d6e41400145f8f", "answers": [{"text": "Mahasanghika", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Mahasanghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand what?", "id": "56d2693359d6e41400145f90", "answers": [{"text": "the vinaya", "answer_start": 530}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The root schism was between the Sthaviras and the Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e45ghikas. The fortunate survival of accounts from both sides of the dispute reveals disparate traditions. The Sthavira group offers two quite distinct reasons for the schism. The Dipavamsa of the Therav\u0101da says that the losing party in the Second Council dispute broke away in protest and formed the Mahasanghika. This contradicts the Mahasanghikas' own vinaya, which shows them as on the same, winning side. The Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e45ghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand the vinaya and may also have challenged what they perceived were excessive claims or inhumanly high criteria for arhatship. Both parties, therefore, appealed to tradition."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who gave rise to the Theravada school?", "id": "56d269b759d6e41400145f96", "answers": [{"text": "Sthaviras", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same what?", "id": "56d269b759d6e41400145f97", "answers": [{"text": "monasteries", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By the latest at around 100 CE, schisms were being caused by what type of desagreements?", "id": "56d269b759d6e41400145f98", "answers": [{"text": "doctrinal", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Sthaviras gave rise to several schools, one of which was the Therav\u0101da school. Originally, these schisms were caused by disputes over vinaya, and monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same monasteries, but eventually, by about 100 CE if not earlier, schisms were being caused by doctrinal disagreements too."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material called?", "id": "56d26abd59d6e41400145fa2", "answers": [{"text": "Abhidharma", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The abhidharma texts do not contain treatises, but what?", "id": "56d26abd59d6e41400145fa3", "answers": [{"text": "summaries or numerical lists", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Abhidharma texts are from what time?", "id": "56d26abd59d6e41400145fa4", "answers": [{"text": "3rd century BCE", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "There is a disagreement on whether a school had an Abhidhamma or not, which school is it?", "id": "56d26abd59d6e41400145fa5", "answers": [{"text": "Mahasanghika", "answer_start": 804}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Sa\u1e45gha started to accumulate an Abhidharma, a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material appearing in the Suttas, according to schematic classifications. These Abhidharma texts do not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or numerical lists. Scholars generally date these texts to around the 3rd century BCE, 100 to 200 years after the death of the Buddha. Therefore the seven Abhidharma works are generally claimed not to represent the words of the Buddha himself, but those of disciples and great scholars.[note 38] Every school had its own version of the Abhidharma, with different theories and different texts. The different Abhidharmas of the various schools did not agree with each other. Scholars disagree on whether the Mahasanghika school had an Abhidhamma Pitaka or not.[note 38]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which sutras are among the earliest Mahayana sutras?", "id": "56d26b3159d6e41400145faa", "answers": [{"text": "Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Prajnaparamita sutras were developed along the krsna river in what region of South India?", "id": "56d26b3159d6e41400145fab", "answers": [{"text": "\u0100ndhra", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Several scholars have suggested that the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 s\u016btras, which are among the earliest Mah\u0101y\u0101na s\u016btras, developed among the Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghika along the K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a River in the \u0100ndhra region of South India."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The earliest Mahayana sutra include the very first version of what genre?", "id": "56d26bde59d6e41400145fb4", "answers": [{"text": "Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were written down in what century?", "id": "56d26bde59d6e41400145fb5", "answers": [{"text": "1st century BCE", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Author Warder believes that the Mahayana originated in the south of India in what area?", "id": "56d26bde59d6e41400145fb6", "answers": [{"text": "\u0100ndhra", "answer_start": 362}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The earliest Mah\u0101y\u0101na s\u016btras to include the very first versions of the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 genre, along with texts concerning Ak\u1e63obhya Buddha, which were probably written down in the 1st century BCE in the south of India. Guang Xing states, \"Several scholars have suggested that the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 probably developed among the Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghikas in southern India, in the \u0100ndhra country, on the K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a River.\" A.K. Warder believes that \"the Mah\u0101y\u0101na originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the \u0100ndhra country.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "The ancient buddhist site  in the lower Krsna Valley can be traced to at least what century BCE?", "id": "56d26d7d59d6e41400145fc7", "answers": [{"text": "third", "answer_start": 475}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Evidence suggests that many Early mahayana scriptures originated in what part of India?", "id": "56d26d7d59d6e41400145fc8", "answers": [{"text": "South", "answer_start": 605}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Anthony Barber and Sree Padma note that \"historians of Buddhist thought have been aware for quite some time that such pivotally important Mahayana Buddhist thinkers as N\u0101g\u0101rjuna, Dignaga, Candrak\u012brti, \u0100ryadeva, and Bhavaviveka, among many others, formulated their theories while living in Buddhist communities in \u0100ndhra.\" They note that the ancient Buddhist sites in the lower K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a Valley, including Amaravati, N\u0101g\u0101rjunako\u1e47\u1e0d\u0101 and Jaggayyape\u1e6da \"can be traced to at least the third century BCE, if not earlier.\" Akira Hirakawa notes the \"evidence suggests that many Early Mahayana scriptures originated in South India.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "There is no evidence that Mahayana ever referred to a separate school of what?", "id": "56d26e4b59d6e41400145fcc", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhism", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The mahayana never tried to have separte what?", "id": "56d26e4b59d6e41400145fcd", "answers": [{"text": "Vinaya", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "We know that both Mahayana and non Mahayana monks live in the same what?", "id": "56d26e4b59d6e41400145fce", "answers": [{"text": "monasteries", "answer_start": 869}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There is no evidence that Mah\u0101y\u0101na ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvay\u0101na (the \"Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas\"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mah\u0101y\u0101na never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each bhik\u1e63u or bhik\u1e63u\u1e47\u012b adhering to the Mah\u0101y\u0101na formally belonged to an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia, and the M\u016blasarv\u0101stiv\u0101da ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore Mah\u0101y\u0101na was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mah\u0101y\u0101na and non-Mah\u0101y\u0101na monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Most of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mhayana comes from what type of translations?", "id": "56d2706859d6e41400145fdc", "answers": [{"text": "Chinese", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Mahayana teachings were first propagated into China by who?", "id": "56d2706859d6e41400145fdd", "answers": [{"text": "Lokak\u1e63ema", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The earliest Mahayana sutras included the very first versions of what series?", "id": "56d2706859d6e41400145fde", "answers": [{"text": "Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101", "answer_start": 395}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were probably composed in what century BCE?", "id": "56d2706859d6e41400145fdf", "answers": [{"text": "1st", "answer_start": 499}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mah\u0101y\u0101na comes from early Chinese translations of Mah\u0101y\u0101na texts. These Mah\u0101y\u0101na teachings were first propagated into China by Lokak\u1e63ema, the first translator of Mah\u0101y\u0101na s\u016btras into Chinese during the 2nd century CE.[note 39] Some scholars have traditionally considered the earliest Mah\u0101y\u0101na s\u016btras to include the very first versions of the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 series, along with texts concerning Ak\u1e63obhya Buddha, which were probably composed in the 1st century BCE in the south of India.[note 40]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What four types of thought developed during the period of late mahayna buddhism?", "id": "56d2726659d6e41400145ff8", "answers": [{"text": "Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the latest thought type?", "id": "56d2726659d6e41400145ff9", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhist Logic", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In India the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were Madhyamaka and what else?", "id": "56d2726659d6e41400145ffa", "answers": [{"text": "Yogacara", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the period of Late Mahayana Buddhism, four major types of thought developed: Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic as the last and most recent. In India, the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were the Madhyamaka and the later Yogacara. According to Dan Lusthaus, Madhyamaka and Yogacara have a great deal in common, and the commonality stems from early Buddhism. There were no great Indian teachers associated with tathagatagarbha thought."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Buddhism may have spread quickly because of what Mauryan emperor?", "id": "56d2733d59d6e41400146000", "answers": [{"text": "Ashoka", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The support of Asoka and his descendants led to what being built more?", "id": "56d2733d59d6e41400146001", "answers": [{"text": "st\u016bpas", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does stupas mean in English?", "id": "56d2733d59d6e41400146002", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhist religious memorials", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Buddhism may have spread only slowly in India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of A\u015boka and his descendants led to the construction of more st\u016bpas (Buddhist religious memorials) and to efforts to spread Buddhism throughout the enlarged Maurya empire and even into neighboring lands\u2014particularly to the Iranian-speaking regions of Afghanistan and Central Asia, beyond the Mauryas' northwest border, and to the island of Sri Lanka south of India. These two missions, in opposite directions, would ultimately lead, in the first case to the spread of Buddhism into China, and in the second case, to the emergence of Therav\u0101da Buddhism and its spread from Sri Lanka to the coastal lands of Southeast Asia."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Emissaries were sent to various countries to what direct from India?", "id": "56d273d059d6e41400146006", "answers": [{"text": "west", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Scholars disagree on whether emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist what?", "id": "56d273d059d6e41400146007", "answers": [{"text": "missionaries", "answer_start": 426}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the emissaries used for?", "id": "56d273d059d6e41400146008", "answers": [{"text": "to spread Buddhism", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "This period marks the first known spread of Buddhism beyond India. According to the edicts of A\u015boka, emissaries were sent to various countries west of India to spread Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean. It is a matter of disagreement among scholars whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist missionaries."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The gradual spread of Buddhism exposed it to a variety of influences including what civilization?", "id": "56d2779759d6e4140014601a", "answers": [{"text": "Persian and Greek", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Greek king immortalized in Buddhist canon?", "id": "56d2779759d6e4140014601c", "answers": [{"text": "Menander", "answer_start": 520}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions\u2014themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandh\u0101ra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The Theravada school spread south from india in what century BCE?", "id": "56d277f759d6e41400146020", "answers": [{"text": "3rd century", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Dharmagupta schol spread in what century to Kashmir?", "id": "56d277f759d6e41400146021", "answers": [{"text": "3rd century", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Theravada school spread south from India in the 3rd century BCE, to Sri Lanka and Thailand and Burma and later also Indonesia. The Dharmagupta school spread (also in 3rd century BCE) north to Kashmir, Gandhara and Bactria (Afghanistan)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China?", "id": "56d2786c59d6e41400146025", "answers": [{"text": "2nd century CE", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Silk Road transmission of Buddhism to China is most commonly thought to have started in the late 2nd or the 1st century CE, though the literary sources are all open to question.[note 41] The first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China were in the 2nd century CE, probably as a consequence of the expansion of the Kushan Empire into the Chinese territory of the Tarim Basin."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Mahayana Sutras spread to China during what century?", "id": "56d278ee59d6e41400146028", "answers": [{"text": "2nd century CE", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two countries after China was the Mahayana sutras spread?", "id": "56d278ee59d6e41400146029", "answers": [{"text": "Korea and Japan", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Buddhism apread from India to Tibet?", "id": "56d278ee59d6e4140014602a", "answers": [{"text": "8th century onwards", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the 2nd century CE, Mahayana Sutras spread to China, and then to Korea and Japan, and were translated into Chinese. During the Indian period of Esoteric Buddhism (from the 8th century onwards), Buddhism spread from India to Tibet and Mongolia."}, {"qas": [{"question": "China and India are now starting to fund what type of shrines in various Asian countries?", "id": "56d28a5d59d6e41400146055", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhist", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "By the late Middle Ages, Buddhism had become virtually extinct in India, although it continued to exist in surrounding countries. It is now again gaining strength worldwide. China and India are now starting to fund Buddhist shrines in various Asian countries as they compete for influence in the region.[web 20]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the Dharma?", "id": "56d28b0659d6e41400146063", "answers": [{"text": "the teachings of the Buddha", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Sangha?", "id": "56d28b0659d6e41400146064", "answers": [{"text": "the Buddhist community", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and what?", "id": "56d28b0659d6e41400146065", "answers": [{"text": "progressive", "answer_start": 503}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "New forms of Buddhism are created because of what reason?", "id": "56d28b0659d6e41400146066", "answers": [{"text": "Modern influences", "answer_start": 751}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha (the Buddhist community). At the present time, the teachings of all three branches of Buddhism have spread throughout the world, and Buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages. While in the West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and progressive, in the East it is regarded as familiar and traditional. Buddhists in Asia are frequently well organized and well funded. In countries such as Cambodia and Bhutan, it is recognized as the state religion and receives government support. Modern influences increasingly lead to new forms of Buddhism that significantly depart from traditional beliefs and practices."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did a number of modern movement in Buddhism emerge?", "id": "56d28b6559d6e4140014606c", "answers": [{"text": "second half of the 20th Century", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Dalit buddhist movement sometimes called?", "id": "56d28b6559d6e4140014606d", "answers": [{"text": "neo-Buddhism", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A number of modern movements or tendencies in Buddhism emerged during the second half of the 20th Century, including the Dalit Buddhist movement (also sometimes called 'neo-Buddhism'), Engaged Buddhism, and the further development of various Western Buddhist traditions."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What Buddhism emerged in the second half of the 20th century in Japan?", "id": "56d28bf559d6e4140014607a", "answers": [{"text": "Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Soka Gakkai mean in English?", "id": "56d28bf559d6e4140014607b", "answers": [{"text": "Value Creation Society", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Buddhist movement has linked more than 12 million people?", "id": "56d28bf559d6e4140014607c", "answers": [{"text": "Soka Gakkai International", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the largest Buddhist movement in the world?", "id": "56d28bf559d6e4140014607d", "answers": [{"text": "SGI", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the second half of the 20th Century a modern movement in Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society) emerged in Japan and spread further to other countries. Soka Gakkai International (SGI) is a lay Buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world, and is currently described as \"the most diverse\" and \"the largest lay Buddhist movement in the world\".[web 21]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What religion is practiced by an estimated 488 to 535 million people?", "id": "56d28c4259d6e41400146082", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhism", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Buddhism is practiced by an estimated 488 million,[web 1] 495 million, or 535 million people as of the 2010s, representing 7% to 8% of the world's total population."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What country has the largest population of Buddhists?", "id": "56d28c9259d6e41400146086", "answers": [{"text": "China", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Buddhists are in China?", "id": "56d28c9259d6e41400146087", "answers": [{"text": "244 million", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "China is the country with the largest population of Buddhists, approximately 244 million or 18.2% of its total population.[web 1] They are mostly followers of Chinese schools of Mahayana, making this the largest body of Buddhist traditions. Mahayana, also practiced in broader East Asia, is followed by over half of world Buddhists.[web 1]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "How may adherents does Mahayana have?", "id": "56d28ce759d6e41400146092", "answers": [{"text": "360 million", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many adherents does Thervada have?", "id": "56d28ce759d6e41400146093", "answers": [{"text": "150 million", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Buddists are outside of Asia?", "id": "56d28ce759d6e41400146095", "answers": [{"text": "Seven million", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to a demographic analysis reported by Peter Harvey (2013): Mahayana has 360 million adherents; Theravada has 150 million adherents; and Vajrayana has 18,2 million adherents. Seven million additional Buddhists are found outside of Asia."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many Buddhists were there in 1910?", "id": "56d28d3d59d6e4140014609a", "answers": [{"text": "138 million", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Buddhists are there in 2010?", "id": "56d28d3d59d6e4140014609b", "answers": [{"text": "495 million", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many buddhists are in Asia?", "id": "56d28d3d59d6e4140014609c", "answers": [{"text": "487 million", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to Johnson and Grim (2013), Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. According to them, there was a fast annual growth of Buddhism in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and several Western European countries (1910\u20132010). More recently (2000\u20132010), the countries with highest growth rates are Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Iran and some African countries."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does Hinayana mean in English?", "id": "56d28e7059d6e414001460a8", "answers": [{"text": "lesser vehicle", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is used by Mahayana followers to name the early schools?", "id": "56d28e7059d6e414001460a9", "answers": [{"text": "Hinayana", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some scholars[note 44] use other schemes. Buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes. Hinayana (literally \"lesser vehicle\") is used by Mahayana followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravada emerged, but as this term is rooted in the Mahayana viewpoint and can be considered derogatory, a variety of other terms are increasingly used instead, including \u015ar\u0101vakay\u0101na, Nikaya Buddhism, early Buddhist schools, sectarian Buddhism, conservative Buddhism, mainstream Buddhism and non-Mahayana Buddhism."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Each tradition has its own core what?", "id": "56d28ecf59d6e414001460b2", "answers": [{"text": "concepts", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "there are common concepts to both major buddhist branches according to what organization?", "id": "56d28ecf59d6e414001460b3", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhist ecumenical organization", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Not all traditions of Buddhism share the same philosophical outlook, or treat the same concepts as central. Each tradition, however, does have its own core concepts, and some comparisons can be drawn between them. For example, according to one Buddhist ecumenical organization,[web 23] several concepts common to both major Buddhist branches:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the oldest surviving Buddhist school?", "id": "56d28f5159d6e414001460b7", "answers": [{"text": "Theravada", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does the name theravada come from?", "id": "56d28f5159d6e414001460b8", "answers": [{"text": "ancestral Sth\u0101vir\u012bya", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Sinhalese buddhist reformer portrayed what Canon as the original version of scripture?", "id": "56d28f5159d6e414001460b9", "answers": [{"text": "Pali Canon", "answer_start": 616}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Theravada (\"Doctrine of the Elders\", or \"Ancient Doctrine\") is the oldest surviving Buddhist school. It is relatively conservative, and generally closest to early Buddhism. The name Therav\u0101da comes from the ancestral Sth\u0101vir\u012bya, one of the early Buddhist schools, from which the Theravadins claim descent. After unsuccessfully trying to modify the Vinaya, a small group of \"elderly members\", i.e. sthaviras, broke away from the majority Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghika during the Second Buddhist council, giving rise to the Sthavira sect. Sinhalese Buddhist reformers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries portrayed the Pali Canon as the original version of scripture. They also emphasized Theravada being rational and scientific."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where is there a growing presence of Theravada?", "id": "56d291c759d6e414001460be", "answers": [{"text": "the west", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Therav\u0101da is primarily practiced today in Sri Lanka, Burma, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia as well as small portions of China, Vietnam, Malaysia and Bangladesh. It has a growing presence in the west."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth?", "id": "56d2924159d6e414001460c2", "answers": [{"text": "Theravadin", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Laypersons can perform good actions, producing what?", "id": "56d2924159d6e414001460c4", "answers": [{"text": "merit", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth. Monks follow the vinaya: meditating, teaching and serving their lay communities. Laypersons can perform good actions, producing merit."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the most important Mahayana centre of learning?", "id": "56d2929e59d6e414001460c9", "answers": [{"text": "N\u0101land\u0101 University", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Mahayana Buddhism flourished in India from the 5th century CE onwards, during the dynasty of the Guptas. Mah\u0101y\u0101na centres of learning were established, the most important one being the N\u0101land\u0101 University in north-eastern India."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Mahayana schools recognize all or part of what?", "id": "56d293b759d6e414001460cc", "answers": [{"text": "Mahayana Sutras", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A few of the sutras for Mahayanists became a manifestation of who?", "id": "56d293b759d6e414001460cd", "answers": [{"text": "the Buddha", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Faith in and veneration of Mahayana are stated in what sutras?", "id": "56d293b759d6e414001460ce", "answers": [{"text": "Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Mahayana schools recognize all or part of the Mahayana Sutras. Some of these sutras became for Mahayanists a manifestation of the Buddha himself, and faith in and veneration of those texts are stated in some sutras (e.g. the Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra) to lay the foundations for the later attainment of Buddhahood itself."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Native Mahayana buddhism is also called what?", "id": "56d2946f59d6e414001460d2", "answers": [{"text": "Eastern Buddhism", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions and Mongolia are often referred to as?", "id": "56d2946f59d6e414001460d3", "answers": [{"text": "Northern Buddhism", "answer_start": 348}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most widely practised Eastern Buddhism?", "id": "56d2946f59d6e414001460d4", "answers": [{"text": "the Pure Land school of Mahayana", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Native Mahayana Buddhism is practiced today in China, Japan, Korea, Singapore, parts of Russia and most of Vietnam (also commonly referred to as \"Eastern Buddhism\"). The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions, and Mongolia is also Mahayana in origin, but is discussed below under the heading of Vajrayana (also commonly referred to as \"Northern Buddhism\"). There are a variety of strands in Eastern Buddhism, of which \"the Pure Land school of Mahayana is the most widely practised today.\". In most of this area however, they are fused into a single unified form of Buddhism. In Japan in particular, they form separate denominations with the five major ones being: Nichiren, peculiar to Japan; Pure Land; Shingon, a form of Vajrayana; Tendai, and Zen. In Korea, nearly all Buddhists belong to the Chogye school, which is officially Son (Zen), but with substantial elements from other traditions."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The royal courts sponsored both Buddhism and what?", "id": "56d2955559d6e414001460e2", "answers": [{"text": "Saivism", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda, and Vaisnava tantra will be effective if applied by who?", "id": "56d2955559d6e414001460e3", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhists", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What work is associated with Guhyasamaja tradition?", "id": "56d2955559d6e414001460e4", "answers": [{"text": "The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Various classes of Vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and Saivism. The Ma\u00f1jusrimulakalpa, which later came to classified under Kriyatantra, states that mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda and Vaisnava tantras will be effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all taught originally by Manjushri. The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra, a work associated with the Guhyasamaja tradition, prescribes acting as a Saiva guru and initiating members into Saiva Siddhanta scriptures and mandalas. The Samvara tantra texts adopted the pitha list from the Saiva text Tantrasadbhava, introducing a copying error where a deity was mistaken for a place."}, {"qas": [{"question": "There is a great variety of what type of scripture?", "id": "56d295de59d6e414001460e8", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhist", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Some schools venerate certain texts as religious what?", "id": "56d295de59d6e414001460e9", "answers": [{"text": "objects", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Buddhist scriptures and other texts exist in great variety. Different schools of Buddhism place varying levels of value on learning the various texts. Some schools venerate certain texts as religious objects in themselves, while others take a more scholastic approach. Buddhist scriptures are mainly written in P\u0101li, Tibetan, Mongolian, and Chinese. Some texts still exist in Sanskrit and Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Unlike most religions, Buddhism has no single central what?", "id": "56d296f259d6e414001460f8", "answers": [{"text": "text", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the what?", "id": "56d296f259d6e414001460fa", "answers": [{"text": "\u0101gamas", "answer_start": 447}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Some scholars say there is no universally accepted common what?", "id": "56d296f259d6e414001460fb", "answers": [{"text": "core", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has been seen by some as a hinderance to understanding Buddhist philosophy?", "id": "56d296f259d6e414001460fc", "answers": [{"text": "size and complexity of the Buddhist canons", "answer_start": 656}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Unlike many religions, Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions. However, some scholars have referred to the Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka as the common core of all Buddhist traditions.[page needed] This could be considered misleading, as Mah\u0101y\u0101na considers these merely a preliminary, and not a core, teaching. The Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the \u0101gamas (though theoretically they recognize them) and they play no part in the religious life of either clergy or laity in China and Japan. Other scholars say there is no universally accepted common core. The size and complexity of the Buddhist canons have been seen by some (including Buddhist social reformer Babasaheb Ambedkar) as presenting barriers to the wider understanding of Buddhist philosophy."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In Sri Lanka, what was determined to be the best unifying scripture?", "id": "56d2981a59d6e41400146112", "answers": [{"text": "Dhammapada", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "There have been attempts to create a single text with all the main ideas of what religion?", "id": "56d2981a59d6e41400146113", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhism", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "condensed study texts where created in what tradition?", "id": "56d2981a59d6e41400146114", "answers": [{"text": "Theravada", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Over the years, various attempts have been made to synthesize a single Buddhist text that can encompass all of the major principles of Buddhism. In the Theravada tradition, condensed 'study texts' were created that combined popular or influential scriptures into single volumes that could be studied by novice monks. Later in Sri Lanka, the Dhammapada was championed as a unifying scripture."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Goddard collected mainly what type of Buddhist scripture?", "id": "56d298dd59d6e41400146118", "answers": [{"text": "Zen", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single combined document with all Buddhist principles and called it?", "id": "56d298dd59d6e4140014611a", "answers": [{"text": "The Buddha and His Dhamma", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Dwight Goddard collected a sample of Buddhist scriptures, with the emphasis on Zen, along with other classics of Eastern philosophy, such as the Tao Te Ching, into his 'Buddhist Bible' in the 1920s. More recently, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single, combined document of Buddhist principles in \"The Buddha and His Dhamma\". Other such efforts have persisted to present day, but currently there is no single text that represents all Buddhist traditions."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What means \"three baskets\"?", "id": "56d29a9a59d6e4140014611e", "answers": [{"text": "P\u0101li Tipitaka", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the \"three baskets\" refer to?", "id": "56d29a9a59d6e4140014611f", "answers": [{"text": "the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What contains disciplinary rules for Buddhist Monks and nuns?", "id": "56d29a9a59d6e41400146120", "answers": [{"text": "Vinaya Pitaka", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What contains discourses ascribed to Gautama Buddha?", "id": "56d29a9a59d6e41400146121", "answers": [{"text": "the Sutta Pitaka", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What contains material ofen described as systematic expositions of the Gautama Buddha teachings?", "id": "56d29a9a59d6e41400146122", "answers": [{"text": "Abhidhamma Pitaka", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The P\u0101li Tipitaka, which means \"three baskets\", refers to the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka. The Vinaya Pitaka contains disciplinary rules for the Buddhist monks and nuns, as well as explanations of why and how these rules were instituted, supporting material, and doctrinal clarification. The Sutta Pitaka contains discourses ascribed to Gautama Buddha. The Abhidhamma Pitaka contains material often described as systematic expositions of the Gautama Buddha's teachings."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the only Tipitaka to survive intact in its original language?", "id": "56d29b0e59d6e41400146128", "answers": [{"text": "P\u0101li Tipitaka", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is is said that some early schools of buddhism had how many pitakas?", "id": "56d29b0e59d6e41400146129", "answers": [{"text": "five or seven", "answer_start": 461}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The P\u0101li Tipitaka is the only early Tipitaka (Sanskrit: Tripi\u1e6daka) to survive intact in its original language, but a number of early schools had their own recensions of the Tipitaka featuring much of the same material. We have portions of the Tipitakas of the S\u0101rv\u0101stiv\u0101da, Dharmaguptaka, Sammitya, Mah\u0101sa\u1e45ghika, K\u0101\u015byap\u012bya, and Mah\u012b\u015b\u0101saka schools, most of which survive in Chinese translation only. According to some sources, some early schools of Buddhism had five or seven pitakas."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which monk presided after the death of the Buddha?", "id": "56d29bca59d6e4140014612c", "answers": [{"text": "Mah\u0101k\u0101\u015byapa", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the goal of the council?", "id": "56d29bca59d6e4140014612d", "answers": [{"text": "to record the Buddha's teachings", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "the vinaya was recited by?", "id": "56d29bca59d6e4140014612e", "answers": [{"text": "Up\u0101li", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Buddha's personal attendant?", "id": "56d29bca59d6e4140014612f", "answers": [{"text": "\u0100nanda", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Ananda was called upon to recite what?", "id": "56d29bca59d6e41400146130", "answers": [{"text": "dhamma", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to the scriptures, soon after the death of the Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held; a monk named Mah\u0101k\u0101\u015byapa (P\u0101li: Mah\u0101kassapa) presided. The goal of the council was to record the Buddha's teachings. Up\u0101li recited the vinaya. \u0100nanda, the Buddha's personal attendant, was called upon to recite the dhamma. These became the basis of the Tripitaka. However, this record was initially transmitted orally in form of chanting, and was committed to text in the last century BCE. Both the s\u016btras and the vinaya of every Buddhist school contain a wide variety of elements including discourses on the Dharma, commentaries on other teachings, cosmological and cosmogonical texts, stories of the Gautama Buddha's previous lives, and various other subjects."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically what?", "id": "56d29c7059d6e41400146136", "answers": [{"text": "Theravadin", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who may have added texts to the Canon for some time?", "id": "56d29c7059d6e41400146137", "answers": [{"text": "The Theravadins", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically \"Theravadin\", but is instead the collection of teachings that this school preserved from the early, non-sectarian body of teachings. According to Peter Harvey, it contains material at odds with later Theravadin orthodoxy. He states: \"The Theravadins, then, may have added texts to the Canon for some time, but they do not appear to have tampered with what they already had from an earlier period.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are considered the original teachings of the Buddha?", "id": "56d29d4659d6e41400146144", "answers": [{"text": "Mahayana sutras", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a very broad genre of Buddhist scripture?", "id": "56d29d4659d6e41400146145", "answers": [{"text": "Mahayana sutras", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What teaching was criticized by Nagarjuna?", "id": "56d29d4659d6e41400146146", "answers": [{"text": "Sarvastivada Abhidharma", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Mahayana sutras are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early Buddhist thought) and the Mahayana sutras as authentic teachings of Gautama Buddha, and claim they were designed for different types of persons and different levels of spiritual understanding."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What sutras are reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path?", "id": "56d29dd059d6e4140014614a", "answers": [{"text": "Mahayana", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Mahayana mean?", "id": "56d29dd059d6e4140014614b", "answers": [{"text": "the Great Vehicle", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What path is described as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings?", "id": "56d29dd059d6e4140014614c", "answers": [{"text": "bodhisattva path", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Mahayana sutras often claim to articulate the Buddha's deeper, more advanced doctrines, reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path. That path is explained as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings from unhappiness. Hence the name Mah\u0101y\u0101na (lit., the Great Vehicle)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What sutras were transmitted in secret?", "id": "56d29e6759d6e41400146150", "answers": [{"text": "Mahayana", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sutras could have been preserved in non-human worlds?", "id": "56d29e6759d6e41400146151", "answers": [{"text": "Mahayana", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What tradition says that sutras might have come from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas?", "id": "56d29e6759d6e41400146152", "answers": [{"text": "Mahayana tradition", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to Mahayana tradition, the Mahayana sutras were transmitted in secret, came from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas, or were preserved in non-human worlds because human beings at the time could not understand them:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many Mahayana sutras have survivied in Sanskrit or in Chinese or Tibetan translations?", "id": "56d29ed559d6e41400146156", "answers": [{"text": "six hundred", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What buddhism recognizes sutras of Chinese origin?", "id": "56d29ed559d6e41400146157", "answers": [{"text": "East Asian Buddhism", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Approximately six hundred Mahayana sutras have survived in Sanskrit or in Chinese or Tibetan translations. In addition, East Asian Buddhism recognizes some sutras regarded by scholars as of Chinese rather than Indian origin."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did Mahayana sutras start to influence the behavior of mainstream buddhists in India?", "id": "56d29fc959d6e4140014615c", "answers": [{"text": "after the 5th century CE", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the pejorative label for those that rejected Mahayana sutras?", "id": "56d29fc959d6e4140014615d", "answers": [{"text": "Hinayana", "answer_start": 900}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Generally, scholars conclude that the Mahayana scriptures were composed from the 1st century CE onwards: \"Large numbers of Mahayana sutras were being composed in the period between the beginning of the common era and the fifth century\", five centuries after the historical Gautama Buddha. Some of these had their roots in other scriptures composed in the 1st century BCE. It was not until after the 5th century CE that the Mahayana sutras started to influence the behavior of mainstream Buddhists in India: \"But outside of texts, at least in India, at exactly the same period, very different\u2014in fact seemingly older\u2014ideas and aspirations appear to be motivating actual behavior, and old and established Hinnayana groups appear to be the only ones that are patronized and supported.\" These texts were apparently not universally accepted among Indian Buddhists when they appeared; the pejorative label Hinayana was applied by Mahayana supporters to those who rejected the Mahayana sutras."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What school does not include the Mahayava scriptures in its canon?", "id": "56d2a05e59d6e41400146162", "answers": [{"text": "the Theravada", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The modern Theravada school stablished itself in what country?", "id": "56d2a05e59d6e41400146163", "answers": [{"text": "Sri Lanka", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Mahayana related label is considered derogatory?", "id": "56d2a05e59d6e41400146164", "answers": [{"text": "hinayana", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Only the Theravada school does not include the Mahayana scriptures in its canon. As the modern Theravada school is descended from a branch of Buddhism that diverged and established itself in Sri Lanka prior to the emergence of the Mahayana texts, debate exists as to whether the Theravada were historically included in the hinayana designation; in the modern era, this label is seen as derogatory, and is generally avoided."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The mahayana occasionally referred to early Buddhism as what?", "id": "56d2a16f59d6e41400146168", "answers": [{"text": "Hinayana", "answer_start": 441}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term was more politically correct term for the word Hinayana?", "id": "56d2a16f59d6e4140014616a", "answers": [{"text": "\u015ar\u0101vakay\u0101na", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Scholar Isabelle Onians asserts that although \"the Mah\u0101y\u0101na ... very occasionally referred contemptuously to earlier Buddhism as the Hinay\u0101na, the Inferior Way,\" \"the preponderance of this name in the secondary literature is far out of proportion to occurrences in the Indian texts.\" She notes that the term \u015ar\u0101vakay\u0101na was \"the more politically correct and much more usual\" term used by Mah\u0101y\u0101nists. Jonathan Silk has argued that the term \"Hinayana\" was used to refer to whomever one wanted to criticize on any given occasion, and did not refer to any definite grouping of Buddhists."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What provides chances for comparative study with a large range of subjects?", "id": "56d2a28059d6e4140014616e", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhism", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Buddhism's emphasis on the Middle Way provides a guideline for what?", "id": "56d2a28059d6e4140014616f", "answers": [{"text": "ethics", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Buddism has what kind of parallels withother systems of thought?", "id": "56d2a28059d6e41400146170", "answers": [{"text": "moral and spiritual", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Buddhism had similiar tenets to what other common religion?", "id": "56d2a28059d6e41400146171", "answers": [{"text": "Christianity", "answer_start": 465}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Buddhist concept of dependent origination has been compared to what modern thought?", "id": "56d2a28059d6e41400146172", "answers": [{"text": "scientific", "answer_start": 600}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Buddhism provides many opportunities for comparative study with a diverse range of subjects. For example, Buddhism's emphasis on the Middle way not only provides a unique guideline for ethics but has also allowed Buddhism to peacefully coexist with various differing beliefs, customs and institutions in countries where it has resided throughout its history. Also, its moral and spiritual parallels with other systems of thought\u2014for example, with various tenets of Christianity\u2014have been subjects of close study. In addition, the Buddhist concept of dependent origination has been compared to modern scientific thought, as well as Western metaphysics."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What school of thought is questioned on whether or not it is a religion?", "id": "56d2a34459d6e41400146178", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhism", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is often referred to as a religion by many sources?", "id": "56d2a34459d6e41400146179", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhism", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There are differences of opinion on the question of whether or not Buddhism should be considered a religion. Many sources commonly refer to Buddhism as a religion. For example:"}]}, {"title": "American_Idol", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Who is the creator of American Idol?", "id": "56d21eb1e7d4791d00902667", "answers": [{"text": "Simon Fuller", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company produces American idol?", "id": "56d21eb1e7d4791d00902668", "answers": [{"text": "19 Entertainment", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did American Idol begin airing?", "id": "56d21eb1e7d4791d00902669", "answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What British show is American Idols format based on?", "id": "56d21eb1e7d4791d0090266a", "answers": [{"text": "Pop Idol", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What television network does American Idol air on?", "id": "56d21eb1e7d4791d0090266b", "answers": [{"text": "Fox", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company produces American Idol?", "id": "56d3661659d6e414001462d7", "answers": [{"text": "19 Entertainment", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What British series is American Idols format based on?", "id": "56d3661659d6e414001462d8", "answers": [{"text": "Pop Idol", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who created American Idol?", "id": "56daebe7e7c41114004b4b15", "answers": [{"text": "Simon Fuller", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who produced American Idol?", "id": "56daebe7e7c41114004b4b16", "answers": [{"text": "19 Entertainment", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did American Idol first air on TV?", "id": "56daebe7e7c41114004b4b18", "answers": [{"text": "June 11, 2002", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What British show was American Idol based on?", "id": "56daebe7e7c41114004b4b19", "answers": [{"text": "Pop Idol", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "American Idol is an American singing competition series created by Simon Fuller and produced by 19 Entertainment, and is distributed by FremantleMedia North America. It began airing on Fox on June 11, 2002, as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series is to find new solo recording artists, with the winner being determined by the viewers in America. Winners chosen by viewers through telephone, Internet, and SMS text voting were Kelly Clarkson, Ruben Studdard, Fantasia Barrino, Carrie Underwood, Taylor Hicks, Jordin Sparks, David Cook, Kris Allen, Lee DeWyze, Scotty McCreery, Phillip Phillips, Candice Glover, Caleb Johnson, and Nick Fradiani."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What record producer was an original judge on American Idol?", "id": "56d2202ce7d4791d00902679", "answers": [{"text": "Randy Jackson", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What comedian was an original host on American Idol? ", "id": "56d2202ce7d4791d0090267a", "answers": [{"text": "Brian Dunkleman", "answer_start": 480}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What actress is a judge on the most current season of American Idol? ", "id": "56d2202ce7d4791d0090267c", "answers": [{"text": "Jennifer Lopez", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was a host on all seasons of American Idol?", "id": "56d2202ce7d4791d0090267d", "answers": [{"text": "Ryan Seacrest", "answer_start": 453}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What comedian was an original host on American Idol?", "id": "56d3665c59d6e414001462e1", "answers": [{"text": "Brian Dunkleman", "answer_start": 480}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What pop singer was an original judge on American Idol?", "id": "56d3665c59d6e414001462e2", "answers": [{"text": "Paula Abdul", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What actress is a judge on the most current season of American Idol?", "id": "56d3665c59d6e414001462e3", "answers": [{"text": "Jennifer Lopez", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which original judge was a record producer and music manager?", "id": "56daec56e7c41114004b4b1f", "answers": [{"text": "Randy Jackson", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which original judge was a choreographer?", "id": "56daec56e7c41114004b4b20", "answers": [{"text": "Paula Abdul", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which original judge was a music executive?", "id": "56daec56e7c41114004b4b21", "answers": [{"text": "Simon Cowell", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which judge is a country music singer?", "id": "56daec56e7c41114004b4b22", "answers": [{"text": "Keith Urban", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which judge is a jazz singer?", "id": "56daec56e7c41114004b4b23", "answers": [{"text": "Harry Connick, Jr.", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "American Idol employs a panel of judges who critique the contestants' performances. The original judges were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson, pop singer and choreographer Paula Abdul and music executive and manager Simon Cowell. The judging panel for the most recent season consisted of country singer Keith Urban, singer and actress Jennifer Lopez, and jazz singer Harry Connick, Jr. The show was originally hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman, with Seacrest continuing on for the rest of the seasons."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many Billboard hits did American Idol produce in its first ten years?", "id": "56d22394e7d4791d0090269b", "answers": [{"text": "345", "answer_start": 377}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who called American Idol \"the most impactful show in the history of television\"?", "id": "56d22394e7d4791d0090269d", "answers": [{"text": "a rival TV executive", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol?", "id": "56d366bb59d6e414001462ee", "answers": [{"text": "Fantasia", "answer_start": 493}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Billboard chart toppers did American Idol contestants have within the first ten seasons?", "id": "56daece1e7c41114004b4b29", "answers": [{"text": "345", "answer_start": 377}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said that American Idol is \"the most impactful show in the history of televsion?", "id": "56daece1e7c41114004b4b2a", "answers": [{"text": "a rival TV executive", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The success of American Idol has been described as \"unparalleled in broadcasting history\". The series was also said by a rival TV executive to be \"the most impactful show in the history of television\". It has become a recognized springboard for launching the career of many artists as bona fide stars. According to Billboard magazine, in its first ten years, \"Idol has spawned 345 Billboard chart-toppers and a platoon of pop idols, including Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood, Chris Daughtry, Fantasia, Ruben Studdard, Jennifer Hudson, Clay Aiken, Adam Lambert and Jordin Sparks while remaining a TV ratings juggernaut.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did FOX announce that American Idol was cancelled?", "id": "56d223d5e7d4791d009026a5", "answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did FOX announce the cancellation of American Idol?", "id": "56d366ee59d6e414001462f4", "answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For how many seasons did American Idol air? ", "id": "56d366ee59d6e414001462f6", "answers": [{"text": "15", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many consecutive years did American Idol been ranked number one in ratings?", "id": "56daed37e7c41114004b4b2d", "answers": [{"text": "eight", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Fox announce that American Idol is ending?", "id": "56daed37e7c41114004b4b2e", "answers": [{"text": "May 11, 2015", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "For an unprecedented eight consecutive years, from the 2003\u201304 television season through the 2010\u201311 season, either its performance or result show had been ranked number one in U.S. television ratings. The popularity of American Idol however declined, and on May 11, 2015, Fox announced that the series would conclude its run in its fifteenth season."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What show in New Zealand was the inspiration for the British Series Pop Idol?", "id": "56d367d259d6e414001462fa", "answers": [{"text": "Popstars", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the creator of British Series Pop Idol?", "id": "56d367d259d6e414001462fb", "answers": [{"text": "Simon Fuller", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Pop Idol make its television debut?", "id": "56d367d259d6e414001462fc", "answers": [{"text": "2001", "answer_start": 620}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was a judge on the British series Pop Idol in 2001?", "id": "56d367d259d6e414001462fd", "answers": [{"text": "Simon Cowell", "answer_start": 716}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Wha was the executive producer of Pop Idol in 2001?", "id": "56d367d259d6e414001462fe", "answers": [{"text": "Nigel Lythgoe", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What show was Pop Idols based on?", "id": "56daedd8e7c41114004b4b33", "answers": [{"text": "Popstars", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who saw Popstars while in Australia and wanted Britain to have the same thing?", "id": "56daedd8e7c41114004b4b34", "answers": [{"text": "Nigel Lythgoe", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to back stories and drama, what did Fuller add to the show?", "id": "56daedd8e7c41114004b4b35", "answers": [{"text": "telephone voting", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Pop Idol premiere in Britain?", "id": "56daedd8e7c41114004b4b36", "answers": [{"text": "2001", "answer_start": 620}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the executive producer of Pop Idol?", "id": "56daedd8e7c41114004b4b37", "answers": [{"text": "Lythgoe", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "American Idol was based on the British show Pop Idol created by Simon Fuller, which was in turn inspired by the New Zealand television singing competition Popstars. Television producer Nigel Lythgoe saw it in Australia and helped bring it over to Britain. Fuller was inspired by the idea from Popstars of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition. He then added other elements, such as telephone voting by the viewing public (which at the time was already in use in shows such as the Eurovision Song Contest), the drama of backstories and real-life soap opera unfolding in real time. The show debuted in 2001 in Britain with Lythgoe as showrunner\u200d\u2014\u200cthe executive producer and production leader\u200d\u2014\u200cand Simon Cowell as one of the judges, and was a big success with the viewing public."}, {"qas": [{"question": "For how many seasons was American Idol the most watched show in the US?", "id": "56d3686b59d6e41400146304", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 884}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did American Idol first air on FOX?", "id": "56d3686b59d6e41400146305", "answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 432}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did producers attempt to sell the Pop Idol format in the United States? ", "id": "56d3686b59d6e41400146307", "answers": [{"text": "2001", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who talked Rupert Murdoch into buying American Idol for FOX?", "id": "56d3686b59d6e41400146308", "answers": [{"text": "his daughter Elisabeth", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the head of Fox's parent company?", "id": "56daeed2e7c41114004b4b3d", "answers": [{"text": "Rupert Murdoch", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Pop Idol renamed to for its American debut?", "id": "56daeed2e7c41114004b4b3f", "answers": [{"text": "American Idol: The Search for a Superstar", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2001, Fuller, Cowell, and TV producer Simon Jones attempted to sell the Pop Idol format to the United States, but the idea was met with poor response from United States television networks. However, Rupert Murdoch, head of Fox's parent company, was persuaded to buy the show by his daughter Elisabeth, who was a fan of the British show. The show was renamed American Idol: The Search for a Superstar and debuted in the summer of 2002. Cowell was initially offered the job as showrunner but refused; Lythgoe then took over that position. Much to Cowell's surprise, it became one of the hit shows for the summer that year. The show, with the personal engagement of the viewers with the contestants through voting, and the presence of the acid-tongued Cowell as a judge, grew into a phenomenon. By 2004, it had become the most-watched show in the U.S., a position it then held on for seven consecutive seasons."}, {"qas": [{"question": "For how many seasons were the three original judges on American Idol?", "id": "56d368b859d6e4140014630e", "answers": [{"text": "eight", "answer_start": 606}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many judges were originally planned for American Idol?", "id": "56d368b859d6e4140014630f", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What New York radio personalty was hired as a judge for American Idol in season two but declined?", "id": "56d368b859d6e41400146310", "answers": [{"text": "Angie Martinez", "answer_start": 383}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What radio DJ was originally hired as a judge in season one but declined?", "id": "56d368b859d6e41400146311", "answers": [{"text": "Stryker", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many judges were originally intended for the show?", "id": "56daf04ae7c41114004b4b47", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which judge quit before the premiere, citing image concerns?", "id": "56daf04ae7c41114004b4b48", "answers": [{"text": "DJ Stryker", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During Season two, which judge quit after a few days?", "id": "56daf04ae7c41114004b4b49", "answers": [{"text": "Angie Martinez", "answer_start": 383}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did American Idol change to a four-judge panel?", "id": "56daf04ae7c41114004b4b4b", "answers": [{"text": "season eight", "answer_start": 599}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The show had originally planned on having four judges following the Pop Idol format; however, only three judges had been found by the time of the audition round in the first season, namely Randy Jackson, Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell. A fourth judge, radio DJ Stryker, was originally chosen but he dropped out citing \"image concerns\". In the second season, New York radio personality Angie Martinez had been hired as a fourth judge but withdrew only after a few days of auditions due to not being comfortable with giving out criticism. The show decided to continue with the three judges format until season eight. All three original judges stayed on the judging panel for eight seasons."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was added as a fourth judge in the eighth season of American Idol?", "id": "56d3692959d6e41400146316", "answers": [{"text": "Kara DioGuardi", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who replaced Paula Abdul as a judge in season nine of American Idol?", "id": "56d3692959d6e41400146317", "answers": [{"text": "Ellen DeGeneres", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For how many seasons was Steven Tyler a judge on American Idol?", "id": "56d3692959d6e41400146318", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Simon Cowell announce that he was leaving American Idol?", "id": "56d3692959d6e41400146319", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 426}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What show did Simon Cowell launch in 2011 after leaving American Idol?", "id": "56d3692959d6e4140014631a", "answers": [{"text": "The X Factor", "answer_start": 539}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was added as a fourth judge for the eighth season?", "id": "56daf1b9e7c41114004b4b51", "answers": [{"text": "Kara DioGuardi", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Paula Abdul quit as a judge?", "id": "56daf1b9e7c41114004b4b52", "answers": [{"text": "before season nine", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Simon Cowell announce he was no longer going to be a judge?", "id": "56daf1b9e7c41114004b4b53", "answers": [{"text": "January 11, 2010", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which talk show host replaced Paula Abdul?", "id": "56daf1b9e7c41114004b4b54", "answers": [{"text": "Ellen DeGeneres", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Steven Tyler become a judge?", "id": "56daf1b9e7c41114004b4b55", "answers": [{"text": "season ten", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In season eight, Latin Grammy Award-nominated singer\u2013songwriter and record producer Kara DioGuardi was added as a fourth judge. She stayed for two seasons and left the show before season ten. Paula Abdul left the show before season nine after failing to agree terms with the show producers. Emmy Award-winning talk show host Ellen DeGeneres replaced Paula Abdul for that season, but left after just one season. On January 11, 2010, Simon Cowell announced that he was leaving the show to pursue introducing the American version of his show The X Factor to the USA for 2011. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined the judging panel in season ten, but both left after two seasons. They were replaced by three new judges, Mariah Carey, Nicki Minaj and Keith Urban, who joined Randy Jackson in season 12. However both Carey and Minaj left after one season, and Randy Jackson also announced that he would depart the show after twelve seasons as a judge but would return as a mentor. Urban is the only judge from season 12 to return in season 13. He was joined by previous judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick, Jr.. Lopez, Urban and Connick, Jr. all returned as judges for the show's fourteenth and fifteenth seasons."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what season was Lionel Richie a guest judge on American Idol?", "id": "56d369ca59d6e41400146320", "answers": [{"text": "season two", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which season eight contestant was a guest judge in season fourteen?", "id": "56d369ca59d6e41400146321", "answers": [{"text": "Adam Lambert", "answer_start": 576}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what season was Donna Summer a guest judge on American Idol?", "id": "56d369ca59d6e41400146322", "answers": [{"text": "season three", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which season was Shania Twain a guest judge on American Idol?", "id": "56d369ca59d6e41400146323", "answers": [{"text": "season six", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which season of American Idol featured Katy Perry as a guest judge?", "id": "56d369ca59d6e41400146324", "answers": [{"text": "season nine", "answer_start": 535}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were the guest judges in season two?", "id": "56daf26ae7c41114004b4b5b", "answers": [{"text": "Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Shania Twain a guest judge for auditions?", "id": "56daf26ae7c41114004b4b5c", "answers": [{"text": "season eight", "answer_start": 468}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Donna Summer help the contestants during the final rounds?", "id": "56daf26ae7c41114004b4b5e", "answers": [{"text": "season three", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Guest judges may occasionally be introduced. In season two, guest judges such as Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb were used, and in season three Donna Summer, Quentin Tarantino and some of the mentors also joined as judges to critique the performances in the final rounds. Guest judges were used in the audition rounds for seasons four, six, nine, and fourteen such as Gene Simmons and LL Cool J in season four, Jewel and Olivia Newton-John in season six, Shania Twain in season eight, Neil Patrick Harris, Avril Lavigne and Katy Perry in season nine, and season eight runner-up, Adam Lambert, in season fourteen."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the only host of American Idol after season one?", "id": "56d369f459d6e4140014632b", "answers": [{"text": "Ryan Seacrest", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which host quit after the first season?", "id": "56daf29ee7c41114004b4b66", "answers": [{"text": "Brian Dunkleman", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first season was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman. Dunkleman quit thereafter, making Seacrest the sole emcee of the show starting with season two."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was a mentor to the contestants on American Idol in its thirteenth season? ", "id": "56d36a6c59d6e4140014632e", "answers": [{"text": "Randy Jackson", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who mentored contestants in the fourteenth and fifteenth seasons of American Idol?", "id": "56d36a6c59d6e41400146330", "answers": [{"text": "Scott Borchetta", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two things did the mentors help the contestants with?", "id": "56daf310e7c41114004b4b74", "answers": [{"text": "song choice and performance", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the mentor for seasons 10 - 12?", "id": "56daf310e7c41114004b4b75", "answers": [{"text": "Jimmy Iovine", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the mentor for season 13?", "id": "56daf310e7c41114004b4b76", "answers": [{"text": "Randy Jackson", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the mentor for seasons 14 and 15?", "id": "56daf310e7c41114004b4b77", "answers": [{"text": "Scott Borchetta", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beginning in the tenth season[citation needed], permanent mentors were brought in during the live shows to help guide the contestants with their song choice and performance. Jimmy Iovine was the mentor in the tenth through twelfth seasons, former judge Randy Jackson was the mentor for the thirteenth season and Scott Borchetta was the mentor for the fourteenth and fifteenth season. The mentors regularly bring in guest mentors to aid them, including Akon, Alicia Keys, Lady Gaga, and current judge Harry Connick, Jr.."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the upper age limit for contestants on American Idol?", "id": "56d36a9f59d6e41400146339", "answers": [{"text": "twenty-eight", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the age limit increased to 28?", "id": "56daf3c0e7c41114004b4b89", "answers": [{"text": "season four", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Currently, contestants can not have a recording track by what stage of the competition? ", "id": "56daf3c0e7c41114004b4b8b", "answers": [{"text": "semi-final stage", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The eligible age-range for contestants is currently fifteen to twenty-eight years old. The initial age limit was sixteen to twenty-four in the first three seasons, but the upper limit was raised to twenty-eight in season four, and the lower limit was reduced to fifteen in season ten. The contestants must be legal U.S. residents, cannot have advanced to particular stages of the competition in previous seasons (varies depending on the season, currently by the semi-final stage until season thirteen), and must not hold any current recording or talent representation contract by the semi-final stage (in previous years by the audition stage)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many auditions are there before contestants audition for the judges?", "id": "56d36b3d59d6e4140014633f", "answers": [{"text": "at least three", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which audition stage is televised?", "id": "56d36b3d59d6e41400146340", "answers": [{"text": "the judges", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many contestants make it through the initial auditions in each city?", "id": "56d36b3d59d6e41400146341", "answers": [{"text": "a few hundred", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the only televised portion of the preliminary audition rounds?", "id": "56daf479e7c41114004b4b91", "answers": [{"text": "in front of the judges", "answer_start": 426}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many rounds can a contestant make it through before Hollywood?", "id": "56daf479e7c41114004b4b92", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who do contestants sing for in the second round of cuts during auditions?", "id": "56daf479e7c41114004b4b93", "answers": [{"text": "producers", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If contestants get approval from the judges, where do they go next?", "id": "56daf479e7c41114004b4b94", "answers": [{"text": "Hollywood", "answer_start": 545}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Contestants go through at least three sets of cuts. The first is a brief audition with a few other contestants in front of selectors which may include one of the show's producers. Although auditions can exceed 10,000 in each city, only a few hundred of these make it past the preliminary round of auditions. Successful contestants then sing in front of producers, where more may be cut. Only then can they proceed to audition in front of the judges, which is the only audition stage shown on television. Those selected by the judges are sent to Hollywood. Between 10\u201360 people in each city may make it to Hollywood[citation needed]."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which season did not have a group round in Hollywood?", "id": "56d36bc559d6e41400146346", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 634}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which seasons were contestants required to write original lyrics?", "id": "56d36bc559d6e41400146347", "answers": [{"text": "two and three", "answer_start": 500}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Hollywood rounds were there in the first nine seasons?", "id": "56d36bc559d6e41400146348", "answers": [{"text": "usually three", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which season were contestants separated by gender to form groups?", "id": "56d36bc559d6e41400146349", "answers": [{"text": "twelve", "answer_start": 831}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many rounds of cuts were in the Hollywood stage until season ten?", "id": "56daf539e7c41114004b4ba4", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was eliminated from the Hollywood round in Season seven?", "id": "56daf539e7c41114004b4ba5", "answers": [{"text": "groups", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which seasons did contestants have to write an original lyric or melody?", "id": "56daf539e7c41114004b4ba7", "answers": [{"text": "seasons two and three", "answer_start": 492}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Once in Hollywood, the contestants perform individually or in groups in a series of rounds. Until season ten, there were usually three rounds of eliminations in Hollywood. In the first round the contestants emerged in groups but performed individually. For the next round, the contestants put themselves in small groups and perform a song together. In the final round, the contestants perform solo with a song of their choice a cappella or accompanied by a band\u200d\u2014\u200cdepending on the season. In seasons two and three, contestants were also asked to write original lyrics or melody in an additional round after the first round. In season seven, the group round was eliminated and contestants may, after a first solo performance and on judges approval, skip a second solo round and move directly to the final Hollywood round. In season twelve, the executive producers split up the females and males and chose the members to form the groups in the group round."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what city did contestants perform an additional round in seasons ten and eleven?", "id": "56d36c0559d6e4140014634e", "answers": [{"text": "Las Vegas", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Las Vegas round called in season twelve?", "id": "56d36c0559d6e4140014634f", "answers": [{"text": "Sudden Death", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which season was the \"Hollywood or Home\" round added to the competition?", "id": "56d36c0559d6e41400146350", "answers": [{"text": "twelve", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In seasons ten and eleven, a further round was added in Las Vegas, where the contestants perform in groups based on a theme, followed by one final solo round to determine the semi-finalists. At the end of this stage of the competition, 24 to 36 contestants are selected to move on to the semi-final stage. In season twelve the Las Vegas round became a Sudden Death round, where the judges had to choose five guys and five girls each night (four nights) to make the top twenty. In season thirteen, a new round called \"Hollywood or Home\" was added, where if the judges were uncertain about some contestants, those contestants were required to perform soon after landing in Los Angeles, and those who failed to impress were sent back home before they reached Hollywood."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many text message votes were there in season eight?", "id": "56d36c4859d6e41400146355", "answers": [{"text": "178 million", "answer_start": 1137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which season was online voting introduced?", "id": "56d36c4859d6e41400146356", "answers": [{"text": "ten", "answer_start": 833}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company counts the votes on American Idol? ", "id": "56d36c4859d6e41400146357", "answers": [{"text": "Telescope Inc", "answer_start": 1270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what point does the public begin voting for contestants?", "id": "56daf672e7c41114004b4bb5", "answers": [{"text": "the semi-finals", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many votes were cast for contestants in the first season?", "id": "56daf672e7c41114004b4bb7", "answers": [{"text": "Over 110 million", "answer_start": 765}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many votes were cast by season ten for all contestants?", "id": "56daf672e7c41114004b4bb8", "answers": [{"text": "nearly 750 million", "answer_start": 873}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "From the semi-finals onwards, the fate of the contestants is decided by public vote. During the contestant's performance as well as the recap at the end, a toll-free telephone number for each contestant is displayed on the screen. For a two-hour period after the episode ends (up to four hours for the finale) in each US time zone, viewers may call or send a text message to their preferred contestant's telephone number, and each call or text message is registered as a vote for that contestant. Viewers are allowed to vote as many times as they can within the two-hour voting window. However, the show reserves the right to discard votes by power dialers. One or more of the least popular contestants may be eliminated in successive weeks until a winner emerges. Over 110 million votes were cast in the first season, and by season ten the seasonal total had increased to nearly 750 million. Voting via text messaging was made available in the second season when AT&T Wireless joined as a sponsor of the show, and 7.5 million text messages were sent to American Idol that season. The number of text messages rapidly increased, reaching 178 million texts by season eight. Online voting was offered for the first time in season ten. The votes are counted and verified by Telescope Inc."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many finalists were there on the first season of American Idol?", "id": "56d36ce959d6e4140014635e", "answers": [{"text": "ten", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the round that gives failed contestants another chance?", "id": "56d36ce959d6e41400146360", "answers": [{"text": "wildcard", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How were the semi-finalists split up to perform in season one?", "id": "56daf725e7c41114004b4bc7", "answers": [{"text": "three groups of ten", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How were the semi-finalists split up to perform in seasons two and three?", "id": "56daf725e7c41114004b4bc8", "answers": [{"text": "four groups of eight", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the wildcard round become a factor?", "id": "56daf725e7c41114004b4bc9", "answers": [{"text": "season one", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many finalists were chosen for season one?", "id": "56daf725e7c41114004b4bca", "answers": [{"text": "ten", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many finalists made it to the finals for seasons two and three?", "id": "56daf725e7c41114004b4bcb", "answers": [{"text": "12", "answer_start": 689}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the first three seasons, the semi-finalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night. In season one, there were three groups of ten, with the top three contestants from each group making the finals. In seasons two and three, there were four groups of eight, and the top two of each selected. These seasons also featured a wildcard round, where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance. In season one, only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges, giving a total of ten finalists. In seasons two and three, each of the three judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals, making 12 finalists in all."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many semi-finalists were there in season 4?", "id": "56d36d2859d6e41400146366", "answers": [{"text": "twenty-four", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How were the semi-finalists divided in season four?", "id": "56d36d2859d6e41400146367", "answers": [{"text": "by gender", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many men were in the top twelve on season five of American Idol?", "id": "56d36d2859d6e41400146368", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many women were in the top twelve on season nine of American Idol?", "id": "56d36d2859d6e41400146369", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many women were semi-finalists on season six of American Idol?", "id": "56d36d2859d6e4140014636a", "answers": [{"text": "twelve", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "From seasons four to seven and nine, the twenty-four semi-finalists were divided by gender in order to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve. The men and women sang separately on consecutive nights, and the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many wildcards were chosen by the judges in season eight?", "id": "56d36d5f59d6e41400146370", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many wildcard contestants were advanced in the competition in season ten?", "id": "56d36d5f59d6e41400146371", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many women were in the top ten in season twelve?", "id": "56d36d5f59d6e41400146372", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many finalists were there in season eight?", "id": "56d36d5f59d6e41400146373", "answers": [{"text": "thirteen", "answer_start": 626}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What season saw the return of the Wild Card round?", "id": "56daf8e2e7c41114004b4bd9", "answers": [{"text": "season eight", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many contestants moved forward from each round?", "id": "56daf8e2e7c41114004b4bdb", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many wildcard contestants were chosen?", "id": "56daf8e2e7c41114004b4bdc", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many contestants were finalists for season 12?", "id": "56daf8e2e7c41114004b4bdd", "answers": [{"text": "10", "answer_start": 612}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The wildcard round returned in season eight, wherein there were three groups of twelve, with three contestants moving forward \u2013 the highest male, the highest female, and the next highest-placed singer - for each night, and four wildcards were chosen by the judges to produce a final 13. Starting season ten, the girls and boys perform on separate nights. In seasons ten and eleven, five of each gender were chosen, and three wildcards were chosen by the judges to form a final 13. In season twelve, the top twenty semifinalists were split into gender groups, with five of each gender advancing to form the final 10. In season thirteen, there were thirty semifinalists, but only twenty semifinalists (ten for each gender) were chosen by the judges to perform on the live shows, with five in each gender and three wildcards chosen by the judges composing the final 13."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where studio hosts the live final rounds on American Idol?", "id": "56d36db659d6e41400146378", "answers": [{"text": "CBS Television City", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the mentor on season ten of American Idol? ", "id": "56d36db659d6e41400146379", "answers": [{"text": "Jimmy Iovine", "answer_start": 732}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many weeks did the finals of season thirteen last?", "id": "56d36db659d6e4140014637a", "answers": [{"text": "thirteen", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many weeks did the finals last in the first season?", "id": "56d36db659d6e4140014637c", "answers": [{"text": "eight", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are the finals broadcast from?", "id": "56daf966e7c41114004b4be3", "answers": [{"text": "CBS Television City", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was a mentor for the contestants in Season 10?", "id": "56daf966e7c41114004b4be5", "answers": [{"text": "Jimmy Iovine", "answer_start": 732}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many songs do contestants sing initially in the finals?", "id": "56daf966e7c41114004b4be6", "answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When do contestants start singing two songs?", "id": "56daf966e7c41114004b4be7", "answers": [{"text": "top four or five", "answer_start": 879}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The finals are broadcast in prime time from CBS Television City in Los Angeles, in front of a live studio audience. The finals lasted eight weeks in season one, eleven weeks in subsequent seasons until seasons ten and eleven which lasted twelve weeks except for season twelve, which lasted ten weeks, and season thirteen, which lasted for thirteen weeks. Each finalist performs songs based on a weekly theme which may be a musical genre such as Motown, disco, or big band, songs by artists such as Michael Jackson, Elvis Presley or The Beatles, or more general themes such as Billboard Number 1 hits or songs from the contestant's year of birth. Contestants usually work with a celebrity mentor related to the theme. In season ten, Jimmy Iovine was brought in as a mentor for the season. Initially the contestants sing one song each week, but this is increased to two songs from top four or five onwards, then three songs for the top two or three."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what season was the \"Judges Save\" introduced to give contestants a second chance?", "id": "56d36e2059d6e41400146382", "answers": [{"text": "eight", "answer_start": 708}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many time can the judges save be used each season?", "id": "56d36e2059d6e41400146386", "answers": [{"text": "once", "answer_start": 837}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When three are called, one is often sent to what?", "id": "56db01c5e7c41114004b4c26", "answers": [{"text": "safety", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which season was the Idol Gives Back episode?", "id": "56db01c5e7c41114004b4c29", "answers": [{"text": "season six", "answer_start": 535}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The most popular contestants are usually not revealed in the results show. Instead, typically the three contestants (two in later rounds) who received the lowest number of votes are called to the center of the stage. One of these three is usually sent to safety; however the two remaining are not necessarily the bottom two. The contestant with the fewest votes is then revealed and eliminated from the competition. A montage of the eliminated contestant's time on the show is played and they give their final performance. However, in season six, during the series' first ever Idol Gives Back episode, no contestant was eliminated, but on the following week, two were sent home. Moreover, starting in season eight, the judges may overturn viewers' decision with a \"Judges' Save\" if they unanimously agree to. \"The save\" can only be used once, and only up through the top five. In the eighth, ninth, tenth, and fourteenth seasons, a double elimination then took place in the week following the activation of the save, but in the eleventh and thirteenth seasons, a regular single elimination took place. The save was not activated in the twelfth season and consequently, a non-elimination took place in the week after its expiration with the votes then carrying over into the following week."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In which season was the \"Fan Save\" first used?", "id": "56d36e4b59d6e4140014638c", "answers": [{"text": "fourteen", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do people vote using the fan save?", "id": "56d36e4b59d6e4140014638d", "answers": [{"text": "Twitter", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was introduced in season 14 to allow the fans to help save a contestant?", "id": "56db0286e7c41114004b4c2f", "answers": [{"text": "Fan Save", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do viewers vote for a contestant using Fan Save?", "id": "56db0286e7c41114004b4c31", "answers": [{"text": "Twitter", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When does the Fan Save start?", "id": "56db0286e7c41114004b4c32", "answers": [{"text": "Top 8", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The \"Fan Save\" was introduced in the fourteenth season. During the finals, viewers are given a five-minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their Twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show, starting with the Top 8."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What venue was the American Idol season seven finale held at?", "id": "56d36e9659d6e41400146393", "answers": [{"text": "the Nokia Theatre", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people can attend an American Idol finale at the Dolby Theatre?", "id": "56d36e9659d6e41400146394", "answers": [{"text": "3,400", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what episode is the winner of American Idol revealed?", "id": "56d36e9659d6e41400146396", "answers": [{"text": "The finale", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the season one finale broadcast from?", "id": "56db031de7c41114004b4c41", "answers": [{"text": "Dolby Theatre", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many audience members can fit in Dolby Theatre?", "id": "56db031de7c41114004b4c42", "answers": [{"text": "3,400", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the capacity for Gibson Ampitheatre?", "id": "56db031de7c41114004b4c44", "answers": [{"text": "6,000", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For seasons 7-13, the season finale was held where?", "id": "56db031de7c41114004b4c45", "answers": [{"text": "Nokia Theatre", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The finale is the two-hour last episode of the season, culminating in revealing the winner. For seasons one, three through six, and fourteen, it was broadcast from the Dolby Theatre, which has an audience capacity of approximately 3,400. The finale for season two took place at the Gibson Amphitheatre, which has an audience capacity of over 6,000. In seasons seven through thirteen, the venue was at the Nokia Theatre, which holds an audience of over 7,000."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which company manages the winners of American Idol?", "id": "56d36fa259d6e4140014639c", "answers": [{"text": "19 Management", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What record label signed the winner of season fourteen of American Idol?", "id": "56d36fa259d6e4140014639d", "answers": [{"text": "Big Machine Records", "answer_start": 795}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long does the record company have the right of first refusal for contestants on American Idol?", "id": "56d36fa259d6e4140014639f", "answers": [{"text": "three months", "answer_start": 693}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the winner of American Idol receive?", "id": "56db059de7c41114004b4c59", "answers": [{"text": "a record deal", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The winner also receives a management contract with which company?", "id": "56db059de7c41114004b4c5a", "answers": [{"text": "19 Management", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In season 14, the winner was signed to which company?", "id": "56db059de7c41114004b4c5c", "answers": [{"text": "Big Machine Records", "answer_start": 795}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The winner receives a record deal with a major label, which may be for up to six albums, and secures a management contract with American Idol-affiliated 19 Management (which has the right of first refusal to sign all contestants), as well as various lucrative contracts. All winners prior to season nine reportedly earned at least $1 million in their first year as winner. All the runners-up of the first ten seasons, as well as some of other finalists, have also received record deals with major labels. However, starting in season 11, the runner-up may only be guaranteed a single-only deal. BMG/Sony (seasons 1\u20139) and UMG (season 10\u2013) had the right of first refusal to sign contestants for three months after the season's finale. Starting in the fourteenth season, the winner was signed with Big Machine Records. Prominent music mogul Clive Davis also produced some of the selected contestants' albums, such as Kelly Clarkson, Clay Aiken, Fantasia Barrino and Diana DeGarmo. All top 10 (11 in seasons 10 and 12) finalists earn the privilege of going on a tour, where the participants may each earn a six-figure sum."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is given to contestants who make it past the audition round?", "id": "56d36fe159d6e414001463a7", "answers": [{"text": "a golden ticket", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the audition rounds, what do contestants who win the approval of the judges receive?", "id": "56db0637e7c41114004b4c63", "answers": [{"text": "a golden ticket", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who votes for the winning contestants starting with the semi-final round?", "id": "56db0637e7c41114004b4c65", "answers": [{"text": "the public", "answer_start": 692}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Each season premieres with the audition round, taking place in different cities. The audition episodes typically feature a mix of potential finalists, interesting characters and woefully inadequate contestants. Each successful contestant receives a golden ticket to proceed on to the next round in Hollywood. Based on their performances during the Hollywood round (Las Vegas round for seasons 10 onwards), 24 to 36 contestants are selected by the judges to participate in the semifinals. From the semifinal onwards the contestants perform their songs live, with the judges making their critiques after each performance. The contestants are voted for by the viewing public, and the outcome of the public votes is then revealed in the results show typically on the following night. The results shows feature group performances by the contestants as well as guest performers. The Top-three results show also features the homecoming events for the Top 3 finalists. The season reaches its climax in a two-hour results finale show, where the winner of the season is revealed."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In which season were contestants first allowed to use musical instruments?", "id": "56d3702e59d6e414001463af", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was in charge of the American Idol band in season eleven?", "id": "56d3702e59d6e414001463b0", "answers": [{"text": "Ray Chew", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what season did American Idol start airing on Thursday nights?", "id": "56d3702e59d6e414001463b1", "answers": [{"text": "ten", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the American Idol band in season five?", "id": "56d3702e59d6e414001463b2", "answers": [{"text": "Rickey Minor", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the American Idol band between seasons four and nine?", "id": "56db06dae7c41114004b4c6e", "answers": [{"text": "Rickey Minor", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the American Idol band after Rickey Minor's departure?", "id": "56db06dae7c41114004b4c6f", "answers": [{"text": "Ray Chew", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What season were contestants allowed use a musical instrument when they sing?", "id": "56db06dae7c41114004b4c70", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "With the exception of seasons one and two, the contestants in the semifinals onwards perform in front of a studio audience. They perform with a full band in the finals. From season four to season nine, the American Idol band was led by Rickey Minor; from season ten onwards, Ray Chew. Assistance may also be given by vocal coaches and song arrangers, such as Michael Orland and Debra Byrd to contestants behind the scene. Starting with season seven, contestants may perform with a musical instrument from the Hollywood rounds onwards. In the first nine seasons, performances were usually aired live on Tuesday nights, followed by the results shows on Wednesdays in the United States and Canada, but moved to Wednesdays and Thursdays in season ten."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What network aired the first season of American Idol?", "id": "56d3705759d6e414001463b8", "answers": [{"text": "Fox", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did American Idol first debut?", "id": "56d3705759d6e414001463b9", "answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Ryan Seacrests co-host in the first season of American Idol?", "id": "56d3705759d6e414001463ba", "answers": [{"text": "Brian Dunkleman", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did American Idol debut?", "id": "56db0710e7c41114004b4c77", "answers": [{"text": "June 2002", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What network did American Idol debut on?", "id": "56db0710e7c41114004b4c78", "answers": [{"text": "Fox", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who co-hosted American Idol?", "id": "56db0710e7c41114004b4c79", "answers": [{"text": "Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first season of American Idol debuted as a summer replacement show in June 2002 on the Fox network. It was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many contestants made it past the first round of auditions?", "id": "56d370aa59d6e414001463be", "answers": [{"text": "121", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people initially auditioned?", "id": "56d370aa59d6e414001463bf", "answers": [{"text": "around 10,000", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first known homosexual contestant on American Idol?", "id": "56d370aa59d6e414001463c0", "answers": [{"text": "Jim Verraros", "answer_start": 589}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestant was surprisingly eliminated during the top four episode? ", "id": "56d370aa59d6e414001463c1", "answers": [{"text": "Tamyra Gray", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Christina Christian at when she was eliminated from the show?", "id": "56d370aa59d6e414001463c2", "answers": [{"text": "the hospital", "answer_start": 575}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many contestants were chosen from the 10,000 that auditioned?", "id": "56db079fe7c41114004b4c7d", "answers": [{"text": "121", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of the 121 chosen, how many became semi-finalists?", "id": "56db079fe7c41114004b4c7e", "answers": [{"text": "30", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestant was disqualified for lying about his age?", "id": "56db079fe7c41114004b4c7f", "answers": [{"text": "Delano Cagnolatti", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Tamyra Gray eliminated?", "id": "56db079fe7c41114004b4c80", "answers": [{"text": "top four", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was eliminated while she was in the hospital due to chest pains?", "id": "56db079fe7c41114004b4c81", "answers": [{"text": "Christina Christian", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the audition rounds, 121 contestants were selected from around 10,000 who attended the auditions. These were cut to 30 for the semifinal, with ten going on to the finals. One semifinalist, Delano Cagnolatti, was disqualified for lying to evade the show's age limit. One of the early favorites, Tamyra Gray, was eliminated at the top four, the first of several such shock eliminations that were to be repeated in later seasons. Christina Christian was hospitalized before the top six result show due to chest pains and palpitations, and she was eliminated while she was in the hospital. Jim Verraros was the first openly gay contestant on the show; his sexual orientation was revealed in his online journal, however it was removed during the competition after a request from the show producers over concerns that it might be unfairly influencing votes."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did Kelly Clarkson win?", "id": "56d370d259d6e414001463c8", "answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 374}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the runner up to Kelly Clarkson?", "id": "56d370d259d6e414001463c9", "answers": [{"text": "Justin Guarini", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What month did Kelly Clarkson win?", "id": "56d370d259d6e414001463ca", "answers": [{"text": "September", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of the final two, which was an early favorite to win?", "id": "56db07fae7c41114004b4c88", "answers": [{"text": "Justin Guarini", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who won the first season of American Idol?", "id": "56db07fae7c41114004b4c89", "answers": [{"text": "Kelly Clarkson", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Clarkson win the crown?", "id": "56db07fae7c41114004b4c8a", "answers": [{"text": "September 4, 2002", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The final showdown was between Justin Guarini, one of the early favorites, and Kelly Clarkson. Clarkson was not initially thought of as a contender, but impressed the judges with some good performances in the final rounds, such as her performance of Aretha Franklin's \"Natural Woman\", and Betty Hutton's \"Stuff Like That There\", and eventually won the crown on September 4, 2002."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the fist song released by Kelly Clarkson after winning American Idol?", "id": "56d371e359d6e414001463d8", "answers": [{"text": "A Moment Like This", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What film did Kelly Clarkson and Justin Guarini star in after they were on American Idol?", "id": "56d371e359d6e414001463d9", "answers": [{"text": "From Justin to Kelly", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many albums has Kelly Clarkson sold around the world?", "id": "56d371e359d6e414001463da", "answers": [{"text": "more than 23 million", "answer_start": 637}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song did Kelly Clarkson perform during the finale?", "id": "56d371e359d6e414001463db", "answers": [{"text": "A Moment Like This", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Clarkson sing during the finale?", "id": "56db0888e7c41114004b4c8f", "answers": [{"text": "the coronation song", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the song?", "id": "56db0888e7c41114004b4c90", "answers": [{"text": "A Moment Like This", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which record did the song break, which was the biggest leap to the top of the Billboard charts?", "id": "56db0888e7c41114004b4c91", "answers": [{"text": "The Beatles", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the film that the two finalists made together?", "id": "56db0888e7c41114004b4c92", "answers": [{"text": "From Justin to Kelly", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many worldwide album sales has Kelly Clarkson had since winning Idol?", "id": "56db0888e7c41114004b4c93", "answers": [{"text": "more than 23 million", "answer_start": 637}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In what was to become a tradition, Clarkson performed the coronation song during the finale, and released the song immediately after the season ended. The single, \"A Moment Like This\", went on to break a 38-year-old record held by The Beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the Billboard Hot 100. Guarini did not release any song immediately after the show and remains the only runner-up not to do so. Both Clarkson and Guarini made a musical film, From Justin to Kelly, which was released in 2003 but was widely panned. Clarkson has since become the most successful Idol contestant internationally, with worldwide album sales of more than 23 million."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did season two of American Idol first air?", "id": "56d3721359d6e414001463e1", "answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was a correspondent on season two of American Idol?", "id": "56d3721359d6e414001463e3", "answers": [{"text": "Kristin Adams", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did season two air?", "id": "56db08b8e7c41114004b4c99", "answers": [{"text": "January 2003", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was a correspondent for season two?", "id": "56db08b8e7c41114004b4c9b", "answers": [{"text": "Kristin Adams", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Following the success of season one, the second season was moved up to air in January 2003. The number of episodes increased, as did the show's budget and the charge for commercial spots. Dunkleman left the show, leaving Seacrest as the lone host. Kristin Adams was a correspondent for this season."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which judge did Corey Clark claim to have had an affair with?", "id": "56d3726559d6e414001463e7", "answers": [{"text": "Paula Abdul", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestant was removed from the competition for having been a model on an adult website?", "id": "56d3726559d6e414001463e8", "answers": [{"text": "Frenchie Davis", "answer_start": 492}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestant was removed from the competition for not revealing his police record?", "id": "56d3726559d6e414001463e9", "answers": [{"text": "Corey Clark", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestant had previously been arrested and charged with assault?", "id": "56d3726559d6e414001463eb", "answers": [{"text": "Jaered Andrews", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was disqualified for having a police record?", "id": "56db0942e7c41114004b4c9f", "answers": [{"text": "Corey Clark", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestant was removed from the show for modelling for an adult website?", "id": "56db0942e7c41114004b4ca1", "answers": [{"text": "Frenchie Davis", "answer_start": 492}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestant was disqualified because of an assault charge?", "id": "56db0942e7c41114004b4ca2", "answers": [{"text": "Jaered Andrews", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Corey Clark was disqualified during the finals for having an undisclosed police record; however, he later alleged that he and Paula Abdul had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion. Clark also claimed that Abdul gave him preferential treatment on the show due to their affair. The allegations were dismissed by Fox after an independent investigation. Two semi-finalists were also disqualified that year \u2013 Jaered Andrews for an arrest on an assault charge, and Frenchie Davis for having previously modelled for an adult website."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the season two winner of American Idol?", "id": "56d372a659d6e414001463f1", "answers": [{"text": "Ruben Studdard", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many votes were cast during the final week?", "id": "56d372a659d6e414001463f2", "answers": [{"text": "24 million", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the runner up on season two of American Idol?", "id": "56d372a659d6e414001463f3", "answers": [{"text": "Clay Aiken", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many votes did Ruben Studdard win by?", "id": "56d372a659d6e414001463f4", "answers": [{"text": "134,000", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the shows executive producer?", "id": "56d372a659d6e414001463f5", "answers": [{"text": "Nigel Lythgoe", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who won season two?", "id": "56db09ace7c41114004b4ca7", "answers": [{"text": "Ruben Studdard", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the runner up for season two?", "id": "56db09ace7c41114004b4ca8", "answers": [{"text": "Clay Aiken", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many more votes did Studdard have at the finale?", "id": "56db09ace7c41114004b4ca9", "answers": [{"text": "134,000", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many votes were cast for the finale?", "id": "56db09ace7c41114004b4caa", "answers": [{"text": "24 million", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Nigel Lythgoe say was a fan favorite for the majority of the season?", "id": "56db09ace7c41114004b4cab", "answers": [{"text": "Clay Aiken", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner, beating Clay Aiken by a small margin. Out of a total of 24 million votes, Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken. This slim margin of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through. In an interview prior to season five, executive producer Nigel Lythgoe indicated that Aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the first song that Ruben Studdard released after winning American Idol?", "id": "56d372d559d6e414001463fb", "answers": [{"text": "Flying Without Wings", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What contestant came in fourth on season two of American Idol?", "id": "56d372d559d6e414001463fc", "answers": [{"text": "Josh Gracin", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song did Clay Aiken first release after losing American Idol?", "id": "56d372d559d6e414001463fd", "answers": [{"text": "This Is the Night", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Studdard's coronation song?", "id": "56db0b29e7c41114004b4cbb", "answers": [{"text": "Flying Without Wings", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Aiken's single release named?", "id": "56db0b29e7c41114004b4cbc", "answers": [{"text": "This Is the Night", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of the final two had more success with his first album?", "id": "56db0b29e7c41114004b4cbd", "answers": [{"text": "Aiken", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who finished fourth on season two?", "id": "56db0b29e7c41114004b4cbe", "answers": [{"text": "Josh Gracin", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Both finalists found success after the show, but Aiken out-performed Studdard's coronation song \"Flying Without Wings\" with his single release from the show \"This Is the Night\", as well as in their subsequent album releases. The fourth-place finisher Josh Gracin also enjoyed some success as a country singer."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did the third season of American Idol first air?", "id": "56d3730659d6e4140014640b", "answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestant was best known for his bad audition of \"She Bangs\"?", "id": "56d3730659d6e4140014640c", "answers": [{"text": "William Hung", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestant sold more albums than all except two from season three of American Idol?", "id": "56d3730659d6e4140014640d", "answers": [{"text": "William Hung", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did season three premiere?", "id": "56db0b9be7c41114004b4cc3", "answers": [{"text": "January 19, 2004", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestant sang an off-key \"She Bangs\"?", "id": "56db0b9be7c41114004b4cc4", "answers": [{"text": "William Hung", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestant was number three in sales from season three?", "id": "56db0b9be7c41114004b4cc5", "answers": [{"text": "William Hung", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Season three premiered on January 19, 2004. One of the most talked-about contestants during the audition process was William Hung whose off-key rendition of Ricky Martin's \"She Bangs\" received widespread attention. His exposure on Idol landed him a record deal and surprisingly he became the third best-selling singer from that season."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What were the three black female contestants on season three of American Idol commonly referred to as?", "id": "56d3733e59d6e41400146411", "answers": [{"text": "the Three Divas", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestant was eliminated during the week of the top seven?", "id": "56d3733e59d6e41400146412", "answers": [{"text": "Jennifer Hudson", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What famous singer made claims of racism after Jennifer Hudson was eliminated from American Idol?", "id": "56d3733e59d6e41400146413", "answers": [{"text": "Elton John", "answer_start": 278}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which season three contestant on American Idol was the recipient of reported death threats?", "id": "56d3733e59d6e41400146414", "answers": [{"text": "John Stevens", "answer_start": 406}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London and Jennifer Hudson called?", "id": "56db18bae7c41114004b4cf1", "answers": [{"text": "the Three Divas", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of the three was eliminated?", "id": "56db18bae7c41114004b4cf3", "answers": [{"text": "Jennifer Hudson", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said that the results were racist?", "id": "56db18bae7c41114004b4cf4", "answers": [{"text": "Elton John", "answer_start": 278}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestant reportedly received a death threat on the show?", "id": "56db18bae7c41114004b4cf5", "answers": [{"text": "John Stevens", "answer_start": 406}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Much media attention on the season had been focused on the three black singers, Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London, and Jennifer Hudson, dubbed the Three Divas. All three unexpectedly landed on the bottom three on the top seven result show, with Hudson controversially eliminated. Elton John, who was one of the mentors that season, called the results of the votes \"incredibly racist\". The prolonged stays of John Stevens and Jasmine Trias in the finals, despite negative comments from the judges, had aroused resentment, so much so that John Stevens reportedly received a death threat, which he dismissed as a joke 'blown out of proportion'."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the runner up on the third season of American Idol?", "id": "56d3738f59d6e4140014641b", "answers": [{"text": "Diana DeGarmo", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the first single that Fantasia released after winning American Idol?", "id": "56d3738f59d6e4140014641c", "answers": [{"text": "I Believe", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first song released by Diana DeGarmo after coming in second on American Idol?", "id": "56d3738f59d6e4140014641d", "answers": [{"text": "Dreams", "answer_start": 434}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song did Fantasia sing on the Top 8 show?", "id": "56db193ce7c41114004b4cfb", "answers": [{"text": "Summertime", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has said that Barrino's rendition of Summertime has been his top moment of all seasons?", "id": "56db193ce7c41114004b4cfc", "answers": [{"text": "Simon Cowell", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were the final two contestants?", "id": "56db193ce7c41114004b4cfd", "answers": [{"text": "Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was declared the season winner?", "id": "56db193ce7c41114004b4cfe", "answers": [{"text": "Fantasia", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Fantasia's coronation song?", "id": "56db193ce7c41114004b4cff", "answers": [{"text": "I Believe", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The performance of \"Summertime\" by Barrino, later known simply as \"Fantasia\", at Top 8 was widely praised, and Simon Cowell considered it as his favorite Idol moment in the nine seasons he was on the show. Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo were the last two finalists, and Fantasia was crowned as the winner. Fantasia released as her coronation single \"I Believe\", a song co-written by season one finalist Tamyra Gray, and DeGarmo released \"Dreams\". Fantasia went on to gain some successes as a recording artist, while Hudson, who placed seventh, became the only Idol contestant so far to win both an Academy Award and a Grammy."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who got a spot in the top 12 after Mario Vasquez dropped out?", "id": "56d3741959d6e4140014642f", "answers": [{"text": "Nikko Smith", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who replaced Vasquez as a finalist?", "id": "56db1a27e7c41114004b4d10", "answers": [{"text": "Nikko Smith", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company produces the show?", "id": "56db1a27e7c41114004b4d11", "answers": [{"text": "Freemantle Media", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A former employee states he was fired after complaining about which finalist?", "id": "56db1a27e7c41114004b4d12", "answers": [{"text": "Vazquez", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The top 12 finalists originally included Mario Vazquez, but he dropped out citing 'personal reasons' and was replaced by Nikko Smith. Later, an employee of Freemantle Media, which produces the show, sued the company for wrongful termination, claiming that he was dismissed after complaining about lewd behavior by Vazquez toward him during the show."}, {"qas": [{"question": "During what week was there a problem with voting?", "id": "56d3743659d6e41400146433", "answers": [{"text": "top 11 week", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the results show happen?", "id": "56db1a7de7c41114004b4d1a", "answers": [{"text": "the following night", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the top 11 week, due to a mix-up with the contestants' telephone number, voting was repeated on what was normally the result night, with the result reveal postponed until the following night."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did Carrie Underwood win American Idol?", "id": "56d3747759d6e41400146437", "answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many record has Carrie Underwood sold since winning American Idol?", "id": "56d3747759d6e41400146439", "answers": [{"text": "65 million", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first song released by Carrie Underwood after winning American Idol? ", "id": "56d3747759d6e4140014643a", "answers": [{"text": "Inside Your Heaven", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which American Idol contestant has won the biggest number of Grammy Awards?", "id": "56d3747759d6e4140014643b", "answers": [{"text": "Carrie Underwood", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the winner declared?", "id": "56db1ae3e7c41114004b4d1f", "answers": [{"text": "May 2005", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the winner of this season?", "id": "56db1ae3e7c41114004b4d20", "answers": [{"text": "Carrie Underwood", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song did the two finalists release?", "id": "56db1ae3e7c41114004b4d22", "answers": [{"text": "Inside Your Heaven", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many records has Underwood sold in America?", "id": "56db1ae3e7c41114004b4d23", "answers": [{"text": "14 million", "answer_start": 284}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In May 2005, Carrie Underwood was announced the winner, with Bice the runner-up. Both Underwood and Bice released the coronation song \"Inside Your Heaven\". Underwood has since sold 65 million records worldwide, and become the most successful Idol contestant in the U.S., selling over 14 million albums copies in the U.S. and has more  Underwood has won seven Grammy Awards, the most Grammys by an \"American Idol\" alumnus."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which season of American Idol stands out for having the highest ratings?", "id": "56d374a259d6e41400146442", "answers": [{"text": "Season five", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two contestants were removed from the show for accusations of identity theft?", "id": "56d374a259d6e41400146443", "answers": [{"text": "the Brittenum twins", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which season has been the highest rated of all American Idol seasons?", "id": "56db1b5ee7c41114004b4d33", "answers": [{"text": "Season five", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did season five premiere?", "id": "56db1b5ee7c41114004b4d34", "answers": [{"text": "January 17, 2006", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two contestants were kicked off the show for identity theft?", "id": "56db1b5ee7c41114004b4d35", "answers": [{"text": "the Brittenum twins", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Season five began on January 17, 2006. It remains the highest-rated season in the show's run so far. Two of the more prominent contestants during the Hollywood round were the Brittenum twins who were later disqualified for identity theft."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which contestant did the band Fuel ask to be their new lead singer?", "id": "56d374c959d6e41400146447", "answers": [{"text": "Chris Daughtry", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which season five contestant caused controversy with their performance of I Walk the Line?", "id": "56d374c959d6e41400146448", "answers": [{"text": "Chris Daughtry", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestant was surprisingly eliminated during the week of the top four?", "id": "56d374c959d6e41400146449", "answers": [{"text": "Chris Daughtry", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who performed a Fuel song on this season?", "id": "56db1bd0e7c41114004b4d3f", "answers": [{"text": "Chris Daughtry", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Fuel asked Chris Daughtry to become what?", "id": "56db1bd0e7c41114004b4d40", "answers": [{"text": "lead singer", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was eliminated in the Top 4 show?", "id": "56db1bd0e7c41114004b4d41", "answers": [{"text": "Chris Daughtry", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which song performance did he receive both praise and criticism for?", "id": "56db1bd0e7c41114004b4d42", "answers": [{"text": "I Walk the Line", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did he receive criticism for I Walk the Line", "id": "56db1bd0e7c41114004b4d43", "answers": [{"text": "not crediting the arrangement to Live", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chris Daughtry's performance of Fuel's \"Hemorrhage (In My Hands)\" on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as Fuel's new lead singer, an invitation he declined. His performance of Live's version of \"I Walk the Line\" was well received by the judges but later criticized in some quarters for not crediting the arrangement to Live. He was eliminated at the top four in a shocking result."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the winner American Idol in 2006?", "id": "56d3753559d6e4140014644d", "answers": [{"text": "Taylor Hicks", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the first song that Taylor Hicks released after winning American Idol?", "id": "56d3753559d6e4140014644f", "answers": [{"text": "Do I Make You Proud", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first song that Katherine McPhee released after coming in second on American Idol?", "id": "56d3753559d6e41400146450", "answers": [{"text": "My Destiny", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the winner for this season?", "id": "56db1c21e7c41114004b4d4a", "answers": [{"text": "Taylor Hicks", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Hick's debut single?", "id": "56db1c21e7c41114004b4d4c", "answers": [{"text": "Do I Make You Proud", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was McPhee's first single?", "id": "56db1c21e7c41114004b4d4d", "answers": [{"text": "My Destiny", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On May 30, 2006, Taylor Hicks was named American Idol, with Katharine McPhee the runner-up. \"Do I Make You Proud\" was released as Hicks' first single and McPhee's was \"My Destiny\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which season five contestant has had the most success after the show?", "id": "56d3754d59d6e41400146455", "answers": [{"text": "Chris Daughtry", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name if the band that has Chris Daughtry as its lead singer?", "id": "56d3754d59d6e41400146456", "answers": [{"text": "Daughtry", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the most successful artist from this season?", "id": "56db1c56e7c41114004b4d53", "answers": [{"text": "Chris Daughtry", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What band does Chris Daughtry sing for?", "id": "56db1c56e7c41114004b4d54", "answers": [{"text": "Daughtry", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Despite being eliminated earlier in the season, Chris Daughtry (as lead of the band Daughtry) became the most successful recording artist from this season. Other contestants, such as Hicks, McPhee, Bucky Covington, Mandisa, Kellie Pickler, and Elliott Yamin have had varying levels of success."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did the sixth season of American Idol first air?", "id": "56d3757559d6e41400146459", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people watched the season premiere of American Idol in 2007?", "id": "56d3757559d6e4140014645a", "answers": [{"text": "37.3 million", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did season six premiere?", "id": "56db1c9de7c41114004b4d57", "answers": [{"text": "January 16, 2007", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many overall viewers did the first show of the season generate?", "id": "56db1c9de7c41114004b4d58", "answers": [{"text": "37.3 million", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Season six began on Tuesday, January 16, 2007. The premiere drew a massive audience of 37.3 million viewers, peaking in the last half hour with more than 41 million viewers."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the most discussed singer in American Idols sixth season?", "id": "56d375b159d6e4140014645d", "answers": [{"text": "Sanjaya Malakar", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What celebrity asked his fans to vote for Sanjaya Malakar on American Idol?", "id": "56d375b159d6e4140014645e", "answers": [{"text": "Howard Stern", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the blog that tried to rally votes for Sanjaya Malakar on American Idol?", "id": "56d375b159d6e4140014645f", "answers": [{"text": "Vote for the Worst", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What date was Sanjaya Malakar eliminated on American Idol?", "id": "56d375b159d6e41400146460", "answers": [{"text": "April 18", "answer_start": 295}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What season six American Idol contestant was known for his strange hairstyles?", "id": "56d375b159d6e41400146461", "answers": [{"text": "Sanjaya Malakar", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestant was talked about more than any other this season?", "id": "56db1d2fe7c41114004b4d67", "answers": [{"text": "Sanjaya Malakar", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the main reason Sanjaya garnered such attention?", "id": "56db1d2fe7c41114004b4d68", "answers": [{"text": "hair", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which weblog helped Sanjaya survive elimination week over and over again?", "id": "56db1d2fe7c41114004b4d69", "answers": [{"text": "Vote for the Worst", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which shock jock urged people to vote for Sanjaya?", "id": "56db1d2fe7c41114004b4d6a", "answers": [{"text": "Howard Stern", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Sanjaya eliminated? ", "id": "56db1d2fe7c41114004b4d6b", "answers": [{"text": "April 18", "answer_start": 295}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Teenager Sanjaya Malakar was the season's most talked-about contestant for his unusual hairdo, and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern, who both encouraged fans to vote for him. However, on April 18, Sanjaya was voted off."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the charity event on season six of American Idol?", "id": "56d3760759d6e41400146471", "answers": [{"text": "Idol Gives Back", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money did the Idol Gives Back event raise in 2007?", "id": "56d3760759d6e41400146472", "answers": [{"text": "$76 million", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What singer came in third on the sixth season of American Idol?", "id": "56d3760759d6e41400146474", "answers": [{"text": "Melinda Doolittle", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the charity event that occurred this season?", "id": "56db1d92e7c41114004b4d71", "answers": [{"text": "Idol Gives Back", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two contestants were eliminated the following week?", "id": "56db1d92e7c41114004b4d73", "answers": [{"text": "Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was eliminated on the Top 3 show?", "id": "56db1d92e7c41114004b4d74", "answers": [{"text": "Melinda Doolittle", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "This season saw the first Idol Gives Back telethon-inspired event, which raised more than $76 million in corporate and viewer donations. No contestant was eliminated that week, but two (Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson) were eliminated the next. Melinda Doolittle was eliminated in the final three."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the winner of American Idols sixth season?", "id": "56d3762f59d6e41400146479", "answers": [{"text": "Jordin Sparks", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who came in second on season six of American Idol?", "id": "56d3762f59d6e4140014647a", "answers": [{"text": "Blake Lewis", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did American Idol air its season six finale?", "id": "56d3762f59d6e4140014647b", "answers": [{"text": "May 23", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the finale aired?", "id": "56db1dbfe7c41114004b4d79", "answers": [{"text": "May 23", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestant won the season?", "id": "56db1dbfe7c41114004b4d7a", "answers": [{"text": "Jordin Sparks", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the May 23 season finale, Jordin Sparks was declared the winner with the runner-up being Blake Lewis. Sparks has had some success as a recording artist post-Idol."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did season four of American Idol first air?", "id": "56d3765559d6e4140014647f", "answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many contestants auditioned for the fourth season of American Idol?", "id": "56d3765559d6e41400146480", "answers": [{"text": "over 100,000", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the oldest that you could be to qualify as a contestant on the fourth season of American Idol?", "id": "56d3765559d6e41400146481", "answers": [{"text": "28", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What  was the first full season of American Idol to air in high definition?", "id": "56d3765559d6e41400146482", "answers": [{"text": "Season four", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which season was Bo Bice a contestant on American Idol?", "id": "56d3765559d6e41400146483", "answers": [{"text": "Season four", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did season four premiere?", "id": "56db19b5e7c41114004b4d05", "answers": [{"text": "January 18, 2005", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Season four was the first full season to be aired in what?", "id": "56db19b5e7c41114004b4d06", "answers": [{"text": "high definition", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people auditioned to be on American Idol?", "id": "56db19b5e7c41114004b4d07", "answers": [{"text": "over 100,000", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the maximum age a contestant could be starting this season?", "id": "56db19b5e7c41114004b4d08", "answers": [{"text": "28", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Season four premiered on January 18, 2005; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition, although the finale of season three was also aired in high definition. The number of those attending the auditions by now had increased to over 100,000 from the 10,000 of the first season. The age limit was raised to 28 in this season, and among those who benefited from this new rule were Constantine Maroulis and Bo Bice, the two rockers of the show."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did American Idol begin a contest to decide the winners single?", "id": "56d3768e59d6e41400146489", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 363}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the first song released by Jordin Sparks after winning American Idol?", "id": "56d3768e59d6e4140014648a", "answers": [{"text": "This Is My Now", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was \"This is My Now\" decided as the first single for the American Idol winner in 2007?", "id": "56d3768e59d6e4140014648b", "answers": [{"text": "public vote", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contest started during this season?", "id": "56db1e20e7c41114004b4d87", "answers": [{"text": "American Idol Songwriter contest", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Fans could vote for what during this contest?", "id": "56db1e20e7c41114004b4d88", "answers": [{"text": "coronation song", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of the thousands of songs entered, how many were the public able to vote for?", "id": "56db1e20e7c41114004b4d89", "answers": [{"text": "20", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song won the contest?", "id": "56db1e20e7c41114004b4d8a", "answers": [{"text": "This Is My Now", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Sparks release her version of the song?", "id": "56db1e20e7c41114004b4d8b", "answers": [{"text": "May 24, 2007", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "This season also saw the launch of the American Idol Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the \"coronation song\". Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters, and 20 entries selected for the public vote. The winning song, \"This Is My Now\", was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24, 2007."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did season seven of American Idol first air?", "id": "56d376c859d6e4140014648f", "answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which season seven contestant had worked as a stripper before his time on American Idol?", "id": "56d376c859d6e41400146491", "answers": [{"text": "David Hernandez", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestant was talked about most for having a record deal before being a contestant on American Idol?", "id": "56d376c859d6e41400146492", "answers": [{"text": "Carly Smithson", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did season seven premiere?", "id": "56db1edbe7c41114004b4d91", "answers": [{"text": "January 15, 2008", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestant drew attention because he was a former stripper?", "id": "56db1edbe7c41114004b4d93", "answers": [{"text": "David Hernandez", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did many of the contestants draw the attention of the media?", "id": "56db1edbe7c41114004b4d94", "answers": [{"text": "professional status", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestant garnered the most attention because of a prior recording contract?", "id": "56db1edbe7c41114004b4d95", "answers": [{"text": "Carly Smithson", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Season seven premiered on January 15, 2008, for a two-day, four-hour premiere. The media focused on the professional status of the season seven contestants, the so-called 'ringers', many of whom, including Kristy Lee Cook, Brooke White, Michael Johns, and in particular Carly Smithson, had prior recording contracts. Contestant David Hernandez also attracted some attention due to his past employment as a stripper."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What song did David Cook sing on American Idol during the week of the top ten?", "id": "56d3772859d6e41400146497", "answers": [{"text": "Billie Jean", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which American Idol contestant was hospitalized after singing during the week of the top nine?", "id": "56d3772859d6e41400146498", "answers": [{"text": "David Cook", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who arranged the version of \"Billie Jean\" that David Cook performed on American Idol?", "id": "56d3772859d6e41400146499", "answers": [{"text": "Chris Cornell", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did the American Idol finals begin?", "id": "56d3772859d6e4140014649a", "answers": [{"text": "March 11, 2008", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did American Idol showcase a new set and stage?", "id": "56db1f69e7c41114004b4da3", "answers": [{"text": "March 11, 2008", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which arrangement was used for Cook's version of Billie Jean?", "id": "56db1f69e7c41114004b4da5", "answers": [{"text": "Chris Cornell", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was taken to the hospital after the top nine show?", "id": "56db1f69e7c41114004b4da6", "answers": [{"text": "David Cook", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "For the finals, American Idol debuted a new state-of-the-art set and stage on March 11, 2008, along with a new on-air look. David Cook's performance of \"Billie Jean\" on top-ten night was lauded by the judges, but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the Chris Cornell arrangement to be David Cook's own even though the performance was introduced as Cornell's version. Cornell himself said he was 'flattered' and praised David Cook's performance. David Cook was taken to the hospital after the top-nine performance show due to heart palpitations and high blood pressure."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which contestant sang \"Imagine\" on season seven of American Idol?", "id": "56d3776759d6e4140014649f", "answers": [{"text": "David Archuleta", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which season of American Idol did Jennifer Lopez become a judge?", "id": "56d3776759d6e414001464a0", "answers": [{"text": "season ten", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song did Jason Castro receive praise for singing during the semi-finals on American Idol?", "id": "56d3776759d6e414001464a1", "answers": [{"text": "Hallelujah", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose recording of Hallelujah became successful again after being performed on American Idol?", "id": "56d3776759d6e414001464a2", "answers": [{"text": "Jeff Buckley", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what digital platform were contestants performances released to after airing on American Idol?", "id": "56d3776759d6e414001464a3", "answers": [{"text": "iTunes", "answer_start": 507}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which David Archuletta cover was thought to be the best of the season by many?", "id": "56db2011e7c41114004b4dab", "answers": [{"text": "John Lennon's \"Imagine\"", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said it Archuletta's rendition is one that she will never forget?", "id": "56db2011e7c41114004b4dac", "answers": [{"text": "Jennifer Lopez", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which finalist sang \"Hallelujah\" during the semi-finals?", "id": "56db2011e7c41114004b4dad", "answers": [{"text": "Jason Castro", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Castro's performance sent which singer's version to the top of a Billboard chart?", "id": "56db2011e7c41114004b4dae", "answers": [{"text": "Jeff Buckley", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For the first time, recordings of the contestant's songs could be purchased where?", "id": "56db2011e7c41114004b4daf", "answers": [{"text": "iTunes", "answer_start": 507}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "David Archuleta's performance of John Lennon's \"Imagine\" was considered by many as one of the best of the season. Jennifer Lopez, who was brought in as a judge in season ten, called it a beautiful song-moment that she will never forget. Jason Castro's semi-final performance of \"Hallelujah\" also received considerable attention, and it propelled Jeff Buckley's version of the song to the top of the Billboard digital song chart. This was the first season in which contestants' recordings were released onto iTunes after their performances, and although sales information was not released so as not to prejudice the contest, leaked information indicated that contestants' songs frequently reached the top of iTunes sales charts."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who won season seven of American Idol?", "id": "56d3788a59d6e414001464aa", "answers": [{"text": "David Cook", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first Rock and Roll artist to win American Idol?", "id": "56d3788a59d6e414001464ad", "answers": [{"text": "David Cook", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the winner announced?", "id": "56db2056e7c41114004b4db6", "answers": [{"text": "May 21, 2008", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the winner?", "id": "56db2056e7c41114004b4db7", "answers": [{"text": "David Cook", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The finalists were Cook and Archuleta. David Cook was announced the winner on May 21, 2008, the first rocker to win the show. Both Cook and Archuleta had some success as recording artists with both selling over a million albums in the U.S."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the first song released by David Cook after winning American Idol?", "id": "56d378bb59d6e414001464b3", "answers": [{"text": "The Time of My Life", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was the winning single chose on season seven of American Idol?", "id": "56d378bb59d6e414001464b4", "answers": [{"text": "The American Idol Songwriter contest", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did David Cook release the single, \"The Time of My Life\"?", "id": "56d378bb59d6e414001464b5", "answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the coronation song?", "id": "56db20bae7c41114004b4dc8", "answers": [{"text": "The Time of My Life", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Cook release his version of The Time of My Life?", "id": "56db20bae7c41114004b4dc9", "answers": [{"text": "May 22, 2008", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The American Idol Songwriter contest was also held this season. From ten of the most popular submissions, each of the final two contestants chose a song to perform, although neither of their selections was used as the \"coronation song\". The winning song, \"The Time of My Life\", was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22, 2008."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did the eighth season of American Idol first air?", "id": "56d378f459d6e414001464b9", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestant from season eight suffered the loss of a spouse?", "id": "56d378f459d6e414001464ba", "answers": [{"text": "Danny Gokey", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Mike Darnells position at Fox in 2009?", "id": "56d378f459d6e414001464bb", "answers": [{"text": "president of alternative programming", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What month did American Idol begin airing its eighth season?", "id": "56d378f459d6e414001464bc", "answers": [{"text": "January", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did season eight premiere?", "id": "56db2120e7c41114004b4dcd", "answers": [{"text": "January 13, 2009", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the president of alternative programming at Fox?", "id": "56db2120e7c41114004b4dce", "answers": [{"text": "Mike Darnell", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestant received a lot of attention because of his widowhood?", "id": "56db2120e7c41114004b4dd0", "answers": [{"text": "Danny Gokey", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Season eight premiered on January 13, 2009. Mike Darnell, the president of alternative programming for Fox, stated that the season would focus more on the contestants' personal life. Much early attention on the show was therefore focused on the widowhood of Danny Gokey.[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was brought in as a new judge during American Idols eighth season?", "id": "56d3793a59d6e414001464c1", "answers": [{"text": "Kara DioGuardi", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did the Hollywood round air for in season eight of American Idol?", "id": "56d3793a59d6e414001464c2", "answers": [{"text": "two weeks", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What show did Nigel Lythgoe leave American Idol to produce?", "id": "56d3793a59d6e414001464c3", "answers": [{"text": "So You Think You Can Dance", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What venue hosted the Hollywood round on American Idol for the first time in 2009?", "id": "56d3793a59d6e414001464c4", "answers": [{"text": "the Kodak Theatre", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did American Idol choose not to have its Idol Gives Back special in 2009?", "id": "56d3793a59d6e414001464c5", "answers": [{"text": "the global recession", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many judges were on the panel for this season?", "id": "56db2190e7c41114004b4dd5", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which judge joined the panel?", "id": "56db2190e7c41114004b4dd6", "answers": [{"text": "Kara DioGuardi", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Nigel Lythgoe quit the show to focus on what other show?", "id": "56db2190e7c41114004b4dd7", "answers": [{"text": "So You Think You Can Dance", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the Hollywood round moved to?", "id": "56db2190e7c41114004b4dd8", "answers": [{"text": "Kodak Theatre", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was canceled for this year of Idol?", "id": "56db2190e7c41114004b4dd9", "answers": [{"text": "Idol Gives Back", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the first major change to the judging panel, a fourth judge, Kara DioGuardi, was introduced. This was also the first season without executive producer Nigel Lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show So You Think You Can Dance. The Hollywood round was moved to the Kodak Theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks. Idol Gives Back was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many finalists were there on season eight of American Idol?", "id": "56d37a4159d6e414001464cb", "answers": [{"text": "13", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first contestant to benefit from the Judges Save?", "id": "56d37a4159d6e414001464cc", "answers": [{"text": "Matt Giraud", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many contestants were eliminated during the first week after the judges save?", "id": "56d37a4159d6e414001464cd", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many contestants were sent home during the first week of finals?", "id": "56d37a4159d6e414001464ce", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was sent home the week after the judges saved Matt Giraud?", "id": "56d37a4159d6e414001464cf", "answers": [{"text": "Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many finalists were on this season?", "id": "56db221be7c41114004b4ddf", "answers": [{"text": "13", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many finalists were eliminated during the first results show?", "id": "56db221be7c41114004b4de0", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestant was saved with the first Judges' Save?", "id": "56db221be7c41114004b4de1", "answers": [{"text": "Matt Giraud", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There were 13 finalists this season, but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals. A new feature introduced was the \"Judges' Save\", and Matt Giraud was saved from elimination at the top seven by the judges when he received the fewest votes. The next week, Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai were eliminated."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who were the final two contestants on season eight of American Idol?", "id": "56d37ac659d6e414001464d5", "answers": [{"text": "Kris Allen and Adam Lambert", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who won season eight of American Idol?", "id": "56d37ac659d6e414001464d6", "answers": [{"text": "Kris Allen", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What state is American Idol winner Kris Allen from?", "id": "56d37ac659d6e414001464d7", "answers": [{"text": "Arkansas", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many votes were cast in the American Idol finale in season eight?", "id": "56d37ac659d6e414001464d9", "answers": [{"text": "100 million", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who won the season?", "id": "56db229de7c41114004b4dea", "answers": [{"text": "Kris Allen", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The only prior season to have matching controversy over the winner was?", "id": "56db229de7c41114004b4deb", "answers": [{"text": "season two", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many votes were cast for the final two?", "id": "56db229de7c41114004b4dec", "answers": [{"text": "100 million", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was accused of teaching the public how to power text for the winner?", "id": "56db229de7c41114004b4ded", "answers": [{"text": "AT&T employees", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The two finalists were Kris Allen and Adam Lambert, both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five. Allen won the contest in the most controversial voting result since season two. It was claimed, later retracted, that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from Allen's home state of Arkansas alone, and that AT&T employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power-texting at viewing parties in Arkansas."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the song that Kris Allen and Adam Lamber released after American Idol?", "id": "56d37afb59d6e414001464df", "answers": [{"text": "No Boundaries", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who helped write the song \"No Boundaries\"?", "id": "56d37afb59d6e414001464e1", "answers": [{"text": "DioGuardi", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the coronation song for this season?", "id": "56db2305e7c41114004b4df3", "answers": [{"text": "No Boundaries", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who co-wrote the coronation song?", "id": "56db2305e7c41114004b4df4", "answers": [{"text": "DioGuardi", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Unlike every previous winner, the winner of this season failed to achieve what status?", "id": "56db2305e7c41114004b4df5", "answers": [{"text": "gold album status", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many contestants from this season reached platinum album status?", "id": "56db2305e7c41114004b4df6", "answers": [{"text": "none", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Both Allen and Lambert released the coronation song, \"No Boundaries\" which was co-written by DioGuardi. This is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status, and none from that season achieved platinum album status in the U.S.[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did season nine of American Idol first air?", "id": "56d37b7659d6e414001464e5", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who filled the judges spot vacated by Paula Abdul on season nine of American Idol?", "id": "56d37b7659d6e414001464e6", "answers": [{"text": "Ellen DeGeneres", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what point during season 9 of American Idol did Ellen Degeneres become a judge?", "id": "56d37b7659d6e414001464e7", "answers": [{"text": "Hollywood Week", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did season nine premiere?", "id": "56db25f5e7c41114004b4e0f", "answers": [{"text": "January 12, 2010", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which original judge left prior to the start of the season?", "id": "56db25f5e7c41114004b4e10", "answers": [{"text": "Paula Abdul", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who replaced Abdul?", "id": "56db25f5e7c41114004b4e11", "answers": [{"text": "Ellen DeGeneres", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Ellen join the judges' panel?", "id": "56db25f5e7c41114004b4e12", "answers": [{"text": "Hollywood Week", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Season nine premiered on January 12, 2010. The upheaval at the judging panel continued. Ellen DeGeneres joined as a judge to replace Paula Abdul at the start of Hollywood Week."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which contestant had to go to the hospital during the week of the top 20?", "id": "56d37bac59d6e414001464eb", "answers": [{"text": "Crystal Bowersox", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What producer wanted to remove Crystal Bowersox from the competition?", "id": "56d37bac59d6e414001464ec", "answers": [{"text": "Ken Warwick", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was Crystal Bowersox in the hospital during the week of the top 20 on American Idol?", "id": "56d37bac59d6e414001464ee", "answers": [{"text": "diabetic ketoacidosis", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestant had Type-I diabetes?", "id": "56db2664e7c41114004b4e17", "answers": [{"text": "Crystal Bowersox", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Crystal hospitalized?", "id": "56db2664e7c41114004b4e18", "answers": [{"text": "top 20 week", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was changed so she could still qualify?", "id": "56db2664e7c41114004b4e19", "answers": [{"text": "The schedule", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Bowersox later reveal wanted her to be disqualified?", "id": "56db2664e7c41114004b4e1a", "answers": [{"text": "Ken Warwick", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What role does Warwick have on the show?", "id": "56db2664e7c41114004b4e1b", "answers": [{"text": "producer", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Crystal Bowersox, who has Type-I diabetes, fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized. The schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead; she later revealed that Ken Warwick, the show producer, wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which contestant was saved by the judges in season nine of American Idol?", "id": "56d37bf859d6e414001464f3", "answers": [{"text": "Michael Lynche", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what point did the judges use their save on American Idols ninth season?", "id": "56d37bf859d6e414001464f4", "answers": [{"text": "top nine", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first American Idol contestant to return to the show as a mentor?", "id": "56d37bf859d6e414001464f5", "answers": [{"text": "Adam Lambert", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money was brought in by the Idol Gives Back special on season nine of American Idol?", "id": "56d37bf859d6e414001464f6", "answers": [{"text": "$45 million", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was saved with the Judges' Save?", "id": "56db26c6e7c41114004b4e22", "answers": [{"text": "Michael Lynche", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which former contestant was a mentor this season?", "id": "56db26c6e7c41114004b4e24", "answers": [{"text": "Adam Lambert", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges' Save. The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated. That week, Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor, the first Idol alum to do so. Idol Gives Back returned this season on April 21, 2010, and raised $45 million."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who had their final season in the show in season nine?", "id": "56d37c1b59d6e414001464fd", "answers": [{"text": "Simon Cowell", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Paula Abdul appear on the season nine finale of American Idol?", "id": "56d37c1b59d6e414001464fe", "answers": [{"text": "tribute to Simon Cowell", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who had a special tribute at the finale?", "id": "56db2703e7c41114004b4e2b", "answers": [{"text": "Simon Cowell", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which former Idol star made an appearance for Cowell's tribute?", "id": "56db2703e7c41114004b4e2d", "answers": [{"text": "Paula Abdul", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A special tribute to Simon Cowell was presented in the finale for his final season with the show. Many figures from the show's past, including Paula Abdul, made an appearance."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the winner of American Idols ninth season?", "id": "56d37c5a59d6e41400146502", "answers": [{"text": "Lee DeWyze", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What U2 song was released by Lee DeWyze after winning American Idol?", "id": "56d37c5a59d6e41400146504", "answers": [{"text": "Beautiful Day", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the finale held?", "id": "56db275ae7c41114004b4e3c", "answers": [{"text": "May 26", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song did DeWyze cover for his first release?", "id": "56db275ae7c41114004b4e3e", "answers": [{"text": "Beautiful Day", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which song did Bowersox cover for her first release?", "id": "56db275ae7c41114004b4e3f", "answers": [{"text": "Up to the Mountain", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The final two contestants were Lee DeWyze and Bowersox. DeWyze was declared the winner during the May 26 finale. No new song was used as coronation song this year; instead, the two finalists each released a cover song \u2013 DeWyze chose U2's \"Beautiful Day\", and Bowersox chose Patty Griffin's \"Up to the Mountain\". This is the first season where neither finalist achieved significant album sales."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did season ten of American Idol first air?", "id": "56d37ccd59d6e41400146509", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which season of American Idol did Steven Tyler and Jennifer Lopez become judges?", "id": "56d37ccd59d6e4140014650a", "answers": [{"text": "ten", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who replace weekly mentors as a more permanent mentor on American Idols tenth season? ", "id": "56d37ccd59d6e4140014650b", "answers": [{"text": "Jimmy Iovine", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What show did Simon Cowell join after leaving American Idol?", "id": "56d37ccd59d6e4140014650c", "answers": [{"text": "The X Factor", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the executive producer of American Idols tenth season?", "id": "56d37ccd59d6e4140014650d", "answers": [{"text": "Nigel Lythgoe", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did season ten premiere?", "id": "56db27dfe7c41114004b4e45", "answers": [{"text": "January 19, 2011", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who returned as executive producer this season?", "id": "56db27dfe7c41114004b4e46", "answers": [{"text": "Nigel Lythgoe", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two new judges joined Randy Jackson on the judges' panel?", "id": "56db27dfe7c41114004b4e48", "answers": [{"text": "Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the in-house mentor this season?", "id": "56db27dfe7c41114004b4e49", "answers": [{"text": "Jimmy Iovine", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Season ten of the series premiered on January 19, 2011. Many changes were introduced this season, from the format to the personnel of the show. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined Randy Jackson as judges following the departures of Simon Cowell (who left to launch the U.S. version of The X Factor), Kara DioGuardi (whose contract was not renewed) and Ellen DeGeneres, while Nigel Lythgoe returned as executive producer. Jimmy Iovine, chairman of the Interscope Geffen A&M label group, the new partner of American Idol, acted as the in-house mentor in place of weekly guest mentors, although in later episodes special guest mentors such as Beyonc\u00e9, will.i.am and Lady Gaga were brought in."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the first season of American Idol to feature online auditions?", "id": "56d37d0c59d6e41400146513", "answers": [{"text": "Season ten", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What website hosted auditions for American Idols tenth season?", "id": "56d37d0c59d6e41400146514", "answers": [{"text": "Myspace", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Karen Rodriguez audition for American Idol season ten?", "id": "56d37d0c59d6e41400146515", "answers": [{"text": "Myspace", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "This is the first season to have what kind of auditions?", "id": "56db2880e7c41114004b4e59", "answers": [{"text": "online", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where could contestants submit a video audition?", "id": "56db2880e7c41114004b4e5a", "answers": [{"text": "Myspace", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Season ten is the first to include online auditions where contestants could submit a 40-second video audition via Myspace. Karen Rodriguez was one such auditioner and reached the final rounds."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which contestant had a fianc\u00e9 that had suffered brain damage?", "id": "56d37d7f59d6e41400146519", "answers": [{"text": "Chris Medina", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which round was Chris Medina eliminated n season ten of American Idol?", "id": "56d37d7f59d6e4140014651a", "answers": [{"text": "Top 40", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which season ten contestant was in the hospital instead of at the Top 13 results show?", "id": "56d37d7f59d6e4140014651b", "answers": [{"text": "Casey Abrams", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestants did the judges save on season ten of American Idol?", "id": "56d37d7f59d6e4140014651d", "answers": [{"text": "Casey Abrams", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestant cared for his brain-damaged fiancee?", "id": "56db290be7c41114004b4e61", "answers": [{"text": "Chris Medina", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Medina eliminated from the competition?", "id": "56db290be7c41114004b4e62", "answers": [{"text": "Top 40 round", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestant suffered from ulcerative colitis?", "id": "56db290be7c41114004b4e63", "answers": [{"text": "Casey Abrams", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which show did Abrams miss because he was in the hospital?", "id": "56db290be7c41114004b4e64", "answers": [{"text": "Top 13 result show", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "One of the more prominent contestants this year was Chris Medina, whose story of caring for his brain-damaged fianc\u00e9e received widespread coverage. Medina was cut in the Top 40 round. Casey Abrams, who suffers from ulcerative colitis, was hospitalized twice and missed the Top 13 result show. The judges used their one save on Abrams on the Top 11, and as a result this was the first season that 11 finalists went on tour instead of 10. In the following week, Naima Adedapo and Thia Megia were both eliminated the following week."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What contestant came in ninth on season ten of American Idol?", "id": "56d37db259d6e41400146523", "answers": [{"text": "Pia Toscano", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What actor was upset when Pia Toscano was eliminated on American Idol?", "id": "56d37db259d6e41400146524", "answers": [{"text": "Tom Hanks", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which fan favorite was unexpectedly eliminated earlier than expected?", "id": "56db295ae7c41114004b4e75", "answers": [{"text": "Pia Toscano", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which actor criticized Toscano's elimination?", "id": "56db295ae7c41114004b4e77", "answers": [{"text": "Tom Hanks", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Pia Toscano, one of the presumed favorites to advance far in the season, was unexpectedly eliminated on April 7, 2011, finishing in ninth place. Her elimination drew criticisms from some former Idol contestants, as well as actor Tom Hanks."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What genre of music did season ten American Idol contestant Lauren Alaina sing?", "id": "56d37de759d6e41400146527", "answers": [{"text": "country", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the winner of American Idols tenth season?", "id": "56d37de759d6e41400146528", "answers": [{"text": "Scotty McCreery", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song did Scotty McCreery first release after winning American Idol?", "id": "56d37de759d6e41400146529", "answers": [{"text": "I Love You This Big", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song did Lauren Alaina release after coming in second on American Idol?", "id": "56d37de759d6e4140014652a", "answers": [{"text": "Like My Mother Does", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the successful album that Ruben Studdard released in 2003?", "id": "56d37de759d6e4140014652b", "answers": [{"text": "Soulful", "answer_start": 491}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the season finale of Idol?", "id": "56db29dae7c41114004b4e7d", "answers": [{"text": "May 25", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Scotty's first album reached the top Billboard spot, the first time for an Idol winner since when?", "id": "56db29dae7c41114004b4e7f", "answers": [{"text": "Ruben Studdard", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The two finalists in 2011 were Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery, both teenage country singers. McCreery won the competition on May 25, being the youngest male winner and the fourth male in a row to win American Idol. McCreery released his first single, \"I Love You This Big\", as his coronation song, and Alaina released \"Like My Mother Does\". McCreery's debut album, Clear as Day, became the first debut album by an Idol winner to reach No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 since Ruben Studdard's Soulful in 2003, and he became the youngest male artist to reach No. 1 on the Billboard 200."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did American Idol first air its eleventh season?", "id": "56d37e1f59d6e41400146531", "answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many contestants made it to the finals on season 11 of American Idol?", "id": "56d37e1f59d6e41400146532", "answers": [{"text": "25", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What contestant was removed from the competition for concealing legal troubles?", "id": "56d37e1f59d6e41400146533", "answers": [{"text": "Jermaine Jones", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did season 11 premiere?", "id": "56db2a39e7c41114004b4e85", "answers": [{"text": "January 18, 2012", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who joined the finalists, making it a Top 25?", "id": "56db2a39e7c41114004b4e86", "answers": [{"text": "Jermaine Jones", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Jones removed from the show?", "id": "56db2a39e7c41114004b4e87", "answers": [{"text": "March 14", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was Jones disqualified?", "id": "56db2a39e7c41114004b4e88", "answers": [{"text": "concealing arrests and outstanding warrants", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Season 11 premiered on January 18, 2012. On February 23, it was announced that one more finalist would join the Top 24 making it the Top 25, and that was Jermaine Jones. However, on March 14, Jones was disqualified in 12th place for concealing arrests and outstanding warrants. Jones denied the accusation that he concealed his arrests."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which season 11 contestant had to go to the hospital before the Top 13 Results?", "id": "56d37e5059d6e41400146539", "answers": [{"text": "Phillip Phillips", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was Phillip Phillips hospitalized during his time on American Idol?", "id": "56d37e5059d6e4140014653a", "answers": [{"text": "kidney stones", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many times did Phillip Phillips have surgery when he was on American Idol?", "id": "56d37e5059d6e4140014653b", "answers": [{"text": "eight", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestant thought about leaving the contest because of pain in his kidney?", "id": "56d37e5059d6e4140014653c", "answers": [{"text": "Phillip Phillips", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestant had eight surgeries during his Idol run?", "id": "56db2be3e7c41114004b4e97", "answers": [{"text": "Phillip Phillips", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of pain did Phillips endure?", "id": "56db2be3e7c41114004b4e98", "answers": [{"text": "kidney pain", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Finalist Phillip Phillips suffered from kidney pain and was taken to the hospital before the Top 13 results show, and later received medical procedure to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones. He was reported to have eight surgeries during his Idol run, and had considered quitting the show due to the pain. He underwent surgery to remove the stones and reconstruct his kidney soon after the season had finished."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which contestant was saved by the judges on season 11 of American Idol?", "id": "56d37eb059d6e41400146541", "answers": [{"text": "Jessica Sanchez", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first female to be saved by the judges on American Idol?", "id": "56d37eb059d6e41400146542", "answers": [{"text": "Jessica Sanchez", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was eliminated the week after judges saved Jessica Sanchez on American Idol?", "id": "56d37eb059d6e41400146543", "answers": [{"text": "Colton Dixon", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How far did Jessica Sanchez make it on American Idol?", "id": "56d37eb059d6e41400146544", "answers": [{"text": "final two", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the judges use their save this season?", "id": "56db2c52e7c41114004b4e9d", "answers": [{"text": "Top 7", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the recipient of the Judges' Save?", "id": "56db2c52e7c41114004b4e9e", "answers": [{"text": "Jessica Sanchez", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestant was sent home the following week?", "id": "56db2c52e7c41114004b4ea0", "answers": [{"text": "Colton Dixon", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Jessica Sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the Top 7 week, and the judges decided to use their \"save\" option on her, making her the first female recipient of the save. The following week, unlike previous seasons, Colton Dixon was the only contestant sent home. Sanchez later made the final two, the first season where a recipient of the save reached the finale."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What former contestant did Ace Young ask to marry him?", "id": "56d37eef59d6e4140014654b", "answers": [{"text": "Diana DeGarmo", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what season was Ace Young a finalist on American Idol?", "id": "56d37eef59d6e4140014654c", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In What season did Diana DeGarmo come in second on American Idol?", "id": "56d37eef59d6e4140014654d", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which season was Ace Young on?", "id": "56db2c98e7c41114004b4eb3", "answers": [{"text": "season five", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which season was Diana DeGarmo on?", "id": "56db2c98e7c41114004b4eb4", "answers": [{"text": "season three", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Phillips became the winner, beating Sanchez. Prior to the announcement of the winner, season five finalist Ace Young proposed marriage to season three runner-up Diana DeGarmo on stage \u2013 which she accepted."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the first song that Phillip Phliips released after winning American Idol?", "id": "56d37f1a59d6e41400146553", "answers": [{"text": "Home", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the song that Jessica Sanchez released first after American Idol?", "id": "56d37f1a59d6e41400146554", "answers": [{"text": "Change Nothing", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Phillip's coronation song?", "id": "56db2cc2e7c41114004b4eb9", "answers": [{"text": "Home", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song did Sanchez release?", "id": "56db2cc2e7c41114004b4eba", "answers": [{"text": "Change Nothing", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which song is the best selling coronation song of all Idol seasons?", "id": "56db2cc2e7c41114004b4ebb", "answers": [{"text": "Home", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Phillips released \"Home\" as his coronation song, while Sanchez released \"Change Nothing\". Phillips' \"Home\" has since become the best selling of all coronation songs."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did season 12 of American Idol first air?", "id": "56d37f7059d6e41400146559", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Mariah Careys position on season 12 of American Idol?", "id": "56d37f7059d6e4140014655b", "answers": [{"text": "Judges", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What website showed video of an altercation between Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj?", "id": "56d37f7059d6e4140014655c", "answers": [{"text": "TMZ", "answer_start": 463}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did season 12 premiere?", "id": "56db2d28e7c41114004b4ec7", "answers": [{"text": "January 16, 2013", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many judges did this season have?", "id": "56db2d28e7c41114004b4ec9", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Season 12 premiered on January 16, 2013. Judges Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler left the show after two seasons. This season's judging panel consisted of Randy Jackson, along with Mariah Carey, Keith Urban and Nicki Minaj. This was the first season since season nine to have four judges on the panel. The pre-season buzz and the early episodes of the show were dominated by the feud between the judges Minaj and Carey after a video of their dispute was leaked to TMZ."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many girls were in the top 10 on season 12 of American Idol?", "id": "56d37fda59d6e41400146563", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the last guy to be sent home on season 12 of American Idol?", "id": "56d37fda59d6e41400146564", "answers": [{"text": "Lazaro Arbos", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many contestants did this season have?", "id": "56db2da5e7c41114004b4ed1", "answers": [{"text": "10", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many weeks in a row were male contestants eliminated?", "id": "56db2da5e7c41114004b4ed2", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who as the last man to be eliminated?", "id": "56db2da5e7c41114004b4ed3", "answers": [{"text": "Lazaro Arbos", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many contestants were able to perform for two weeks without any eliminations?", "id": "56db2da5e7c41114004b4ed5", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The top 10 contestants started with five males and five females, however, the males were eliminated consecutively in the first five weeks, with Lazaro Arbos the last male to be eliminated. For the first time in the show's history, the top 5 contestants were all female. It was also the first time that the judges' \"save\" was not used, the top four contestants were therefore given an extra week to perform again with their votes carried over with no elimination in the first week."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the winner of American Idols twelfth season?", "id": "56d3802e59d6e41400146577", "answers": [{"text": "Candice Glover", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestant came in second on season 12 of American Idol?", "id": "56d3802e59d6e41400146578", "answers": [{"text": "Kree Harrison", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first song released by Candice Glover after winning American Idol?", "id": "56d3802e59d6e41400146579", "answers": [{"text": "I Am Beautiful", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song did Kree Harrison first release after being on American Idol?", "id": "56d3802e59d6e4140014657b", "answers": [{"text": "All Cried Out", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the runner up?", "id": "56db2df9e7c41114004b4edc", "answers": [{"text": "Kree Harrison", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Glover's first single?", "id": "56db2df9e7c41114004b4edd", "answers": [{"text": "I Am Beautiful", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Harrison's first single?", "id": "56db2df9e7c41114004b4ede", "answers": [{"text": "All Cried Out", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "This is the first season when what did not happen to the first runner up?", "id": "56db2df9e7c41114004b4edf", "answers": [{"text": "not signed by a music label", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "23-year-old Candice Glover won the season with Kree Harrison taking the runner-up spot. Glover is the first female to win American Idol since Jordin Sparks. Glover released \"I Am Beautiful\" as a single while Harrison released \"All Cried Out\" immediately after the show. Glover sold poorly with her debut album, and this is also the first season that the runner-up was not signed by a music label."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which long time judge decided to leave his position at the end of the season?", "id": "56d3805859d6e41400146581", "answers": [{"text": "Randy Jackson", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many seasons was Mariah Carey a judge on American Idol?", "id": "56d3805859d6e41400146582", "answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who announced this would be his final year as a judge?", "id": "56db2e2de7c41114004b4eeb", "answers": [{"text": "Randy Jackson", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were the other judges to leave after this season?", "id": "56db2e2de7c41114004b4eec", "answers": [{"text": "Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Towards the end of the season, Randy Jackson, the last remaining of the original judges, announced that he would no longer serve as a judge to pursue other business ventures. Both judges Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj also decided to leave after one season to focus on their music careers."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did season 13 of American Idol first air?", "id": "56d380a459d6e41400146587", "answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the host of American idol in its thirteenth season?", "id": "56d380a459d6e41400146588", "answers": [{"text": "Ryan Seacrest", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What new role did Randy Jackson assume during American Idols thirteenth season?", "id": "56d380a459d6e41400146589", "answers": [{"text": "in-mentor", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who directed the thirteenth season of American Idol?", "id": "56d380a459d6e4140014658b", "answers": [{"text": "Gregg Gelfand", "answer_start": 582}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did season 13 premiere?", "id": "56db2eaae7c41114004b4eef", "answers": [{"text": "January 15, 2014", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the mentor this season?", "id": "56db2eaae7c41114004b4ef0", "answers": [{"text": "Randy Jackson", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which former judge came back to the judges' panel this season?", "id": "56db2eaae7c41114004b4ef1", "answers": [{"text": "Jennifer Lopez", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which former mentor joined the judges' panel this season?", "id": "56db2eaae7c41114004b4ef2", "answers": [{"text": "Harry Connick, Jr.", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Per Blankens, Jesse Ignjatovic, and Evan Pragger replaced which two executives?", "id": "56db2eaae7c41114004b4ef3", "answers": [{"text": "Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The thirteenth season premiered on January 15, 2014, with Ryan Seacrest returning as host. Randy Jackson and Keith Urban returned, though Jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in-mentor. Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj left the panel after one season. Former judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick, Jr. joined Urban on the panel. Also, Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick were replaced as executive producers by Per Blankens, Jesse Ignjatovic and Evan Pragger. Bill DeRonde replaced Warwick as a director of the audition episodes, while Louis J. Horvitz replaced Gregg Gelfand as a director of the show."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which contestant was saved by the judges after getting the least votes on season 13 of American Idol?", "id": "56d381bd59d6e4140014659d", "answers": [{"text": "Sam Woolf", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what point in season 13 did American Idol air its 500th show?", "id": "56d381bd59d6e4140014659e", "answers": [{"text": "Top 3 performance night", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Contestants could perform what in the final rounds for the first time ever?", "id": "56db30ede7c41114004b4f0b", "answers": [{"text": "songs they wrote themselves", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who received the Judges' Save this season?", "id": "56db30ede7c41114004b4f0c", "answers": [{"text": "Sam Woolf", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the judges use their save on Woolf?", "id": "56db30ede7c41114004b4f0d", "answers": [{"text": "Top 8", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What episode was the 500th of the entire series?", "id": "56db30ede7c41114004b4f0e", "answers": [{"text": "Top 3 performance night", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "This was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves. In the Top 8, Sam Woolf received the fewest votes, but he was saved from elimination by the judges. The 500th episode of the series was the Top 3 performance night."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who won season 13 of American Idol?", "id": "56d3823359d6e414001465ad", "answers": [{"text": "Caleb Johnson", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who came in second on season 13 of American Idol?", "id": "56d3823359d6e414001465ae", "answers": [{"text": "Jena Irene", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song did Caleb Johnson first release after winning American Idol? ", "id": "56d3823359d6e414001465af", "answers": [{"text": "As Long as You Love Me", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song did Jena Irene release after coming in second on American Idol? ", "id": "56d3823359d6e414001465b0", "answers": [{"text": "We Are One", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the runner up this season?", "id": "56db3123e7c41114004b4f14", "answers": [{"text": "Jena Irene", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Johnson's coronation song?", "id": "56db3123e7c41114004b4f15", "answers": [{"text": "As Long as You Love Me", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Irene's coronation song?", "id": "56db3123e7c41114004b4f16", "answers": [{"text": "We Are One", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season, with Jena Irene as the runner-up. Johnson released \"As Long as You Love Me\" as his coronation single while Irene released \"We Are One\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did American Idol first air its fourteenth season?", "id": "56d3827a59d6e414001465bf", "answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the host of American Idol in its fourteenth season? ", "id": "56d3827a59d6e414001465c0", "answers": [{"text": "Ryan Seacrest", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which former contestant replaced Keith Urban for auditions in New York City?", "id": "56d3827a59d6e414001465c1", "answers": [{"text": "Adam Lambert", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Keith Urbans position on American Idol in its fourteenth season? ", "id": "56d3827a59d6e414001465c2", "answers": [{"text": "judges", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did not come back as a mentor in season 14?", "id": "56d3827a59d6e414001465c3", "answers": [{"text": "Randy Jackson", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did season 14 premiere?", "id": "56db3174e7c41114004b4f1b", "answers": [{"text": "January 7, 2015", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who took Urban's spot at the New York auditions?", "id": "56db3174e7c41114004b4f1c", "answers": [{"text": "Adam Lambert", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The fourteenth season premiered on January 7, 2015. Ryan Seacrest returned to host, while Jennifer Lopez, Keith Urban and Harry Connick, Jr. returned for their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges. Eighth season runner-up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions. Randy Jackson did not return as the in-house mentor for this season."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many episodes did American Idol have each week of the top ten?", "id": "56d382b159d6e414001465c9", "answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What drink company ended their relationship with American Idol in season 14?", "id": "56d382b159d6e414001465ca", "answers": [{"text": "Coca Cola", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What car company had a relationship with American Idol in season 14?", "id": "56d382b159d6e414001465cb", "answers": [{"text": "Ford Motor Company", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What record label had a contract with the winner of American Idols fourteenth season?", "id": "56d382b159d6e414001465cc", "answers": [{"text": "Big Machine Records", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Starting this season, how many episodes of Idol aired every week?", "id": "56db31c5e7c41114004b4f1f", "answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who ended their sponsorship this season?", "id": "56db31c5e7c41114004b4f20", "answers": [{"text": "Coca Cola", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other company reduced their sponsorship this season?", "id": "56db31c5e7c41114004b4f21", "answers": [{"text": "Ford Motor Company", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "This season, the winner won a recording contract with what company?", "id": "56db31c5e7c41114004b4f22", "answers": [{"text": "Big Machine Records", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten. Coca Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role. The winner of the season also received a recording contract with Big Machine Records."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who won American Idols fourteenth season?", "id": "56d3831159d6e414001465d1", "answers": [{"text": "Nick Fradiani", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who came in second on American Idol in season 14?", "id": "56d3831159d6e414001465d2", "answers": [{"text": "Clark Beckham", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who came in third on American Idol in season 14?", "id": "56d3831159d6e414001465d3", "answers": [{"text": "Jax", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Nick Fradianis victory song?", "id": "56d3831159d6e414001465d4", "answers": [{"text": "Beautiful Life", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song did Jax release after coming in third on American Idol?", "id": "56d3831159d6e414001465d5", "answers": [{"text": "Forcefield", "answer_start": 284}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who won this season of Idol?", "id": "56db3c93e7c41114004b4f77", "answers": [{"text": "Nick Fradiani", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the runner up of Idol?", "id": "56db3c93e7c41114004b4f78", "answers": [{"text": "Clark Beckham", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Nick's coronation song?", "id": "56db3c93e7c41114004b4f79", "answers": [{"text": "Beautiful Life", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Beckham's first release?", "id": "56db3c93e7c41114004b4f7a", "answers": [{"text": "Champion", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which contestant came in third place?", "id": "56db3c93e7c41114004b4f7b", "answers": [{"text": "Jax", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Nick Fradiani won the season, defeating Clark Beckham. By winning, Fradiani became the first winner from the Northeast region. Fradiani released \"Beautiful Life\" as his coronation single while Beckham released \"Champion\". Jax, the third place finalist, also released a single called \"Forcefield\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did Fox announce the cancellation of American Idol?", "id": "56d383b159d6e414001465e5", "answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many seasons of American Idol have there been?", "id": "56d383b159d6e414001465e6", "answers": [{"text": "15", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many seasons was Jennifer Lopez a judge on American Idol? ", "id": "56d383b159d6e414001465e7", "answers": [{"text": "5", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Keith Urbans role on American Idols fifteenth season?", "id": "56d383b159d6e414001465e8", "answers": [{"text": "judges", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who hosted American Idol in its last season?", "id": "56d383b159d6e414001465e9", "answers": [{"text": "Ryan Seacrest", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Fox announce that Season 15 would be the final season?", "id": "56db3d0ce7c41114004b4f82", "answers": [{"text": "May 11, 2015", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is returning as host?", "id": "56db3d0ce7c41114004b4f83", "answers": [{"text": "Ryan Seacrest", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Fox announced on May 11, 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of American Idol; as such, the season is expected to have an additional focus on the program's alumni. Ryan Seacrest returns as host, with Harry Connick Jr., Keith Urban, and Jennifer Lopez all returning for their respective third, fourth, and fifth seasons as judges."}, {"qas": [{"question": "As of 2012, how many finalists did American Idol have? ", "id": "56d3841059d6e414001465ef", "answers": [{"text": "131", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did American Idol begin? ", "id": "56d3841059d6e414001465f0", "answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What region of the United States were American Idols first five winners from? ", "id": "56d3841059d6e414001465f1", "answers": [{"text": "Southern", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What state is American Idol contestant Clay Aiken from?", "id": "56d3841059d6e414001465f2", "answers": [{"text": "North Carolina", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What state is American Idol contestant Chris Daughtry from? ", "id": "56d3841059d6e414001465f3", "answers": [{"text": "North Carolina", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Idol winners have come from the southern part of America?", "id": "56db3d7fe7c41114004b4f89", "answers": [{"text": "ten", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to Clay Aiken and Kellie Pickler, which other Idol is from North Carolina?", "id": "56db3d7fe7c41114004b4f8a", "answers": [{"text": "Chris Daughtry", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Since the show's inception in 2002, ten of the fourteen Idol winners, including its first five, have come from the Southern United States. A large number of other notable finalists during the series' run have also hailed from the American South, including Clay Aiken, Kellie Pickler, and Chris Daughtry, who are all from North Carolina. In 2012, an analysis of the 131 contestants who have appeared in the finals of all seasons of the show up to that point found that 48% have some connection to the Southern United States."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many CDs from American Idol contestants had been sold at the beginning of 2010? ", "id": "56d3844659d6e414001465f9", "answers": [{"text": "47 million", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the same study, how much more likely was someone from Kentucky to tune into the show?", "id": "56db3e49e7c41114004b4f90", "answers": [{"text": "16 percent", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many CDS were sold by Idol contestants up to 2010?", "id": "56db3e49e7c41114004b4f91", "answers": [{"text": "47 million", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of the CDs sold, how many were by the contestants with southern ties?", "id": "56db3e49e7c41114004b4f92", "answers": [{"text": "85 percent", "answer_start": 432}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The show itself is popular in the Southern United States, with households in the Southeastern United States 10% more likely to watch American Idol during the eighth season in 2009, and those in the East Central region, such as Kentucky, were 16 percent more likely to tune into the series. Data from Nielsen SoundScan, a music-sales tracking service, showed that of the 47 million CDs sold by Idol contestants through January 2010, 85 percent were by contestants with ties to the American South."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who won season five of American Idol? ", "id": "56d3847159d6e414001465fd", "answers": [{"text": "Taylor Hicks", "answer_start": 626}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What state is Taylor Hicks from? ", "id": "56d3847159d6e414001465fe", "answers": [{"text": "Alabama", "answer_start": 665}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where do people in the Southern United States often begin singing? ", "id": "56d3847159d6e414001465ff", "answers": [{"text": "church", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where do a lot of people get their start in singing in the south?", "id": "56db3ebee7c41114004b4f97", "answers": [{"text": "church", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Taylor Hicks from?", "id": "56db3ebee7c41114004b4f99", "answers": [{"text": "Alabama", "answer_start": 665}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Theories given for the success of Southerners on Idol have been: more versatility with musical genres, as the Southern U.S. is home to several music genre scenes; not having as many opportunities to break into the pop music business; text-voting due to the South having the highest percentage of cell-phone only households; and the strong heritage of music and singing, which is notable in the Bible Belt, where it is in church that many people get their start in public singing. Others also suggest that the Southern character of these contestants appeal to the South, as well as local pride. According to season five winner Taylor Hicks, who is from the state of Alabama, \"People in the South have a lot of pride ... So, they're adamant about supporting the contestants who do well from their state or region.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does the acronym WGWG stand for? ", "id": "56d384b059d6e41400146603", "answers": [{"text": "White guy with guitar", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who won season eleven of American Idol? ", "id": "56d384b059d6e41400146604", "answers": [{"text": "Phillip Phillips", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the book written by Richard Rushfield about American Idol? ", "id": "56d384b059d6e41400146605", "answers": [{"text": "American Idol: The Untold Story", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many seasons in a row were won by caucasian guitar playing males? ", "id": "56d384b059d6e41400146606", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What instrument did the winners for five seasons in a row play?", "id": "56db3f2ce7c41114004b4f9d", "answers": [{"text": "guitar", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the WGWG factor?", "id": "56db3f2ce7c41114004b4f9e", "answers": [{"text": "White guy with guitar", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote American Idol: The Untold Story?", "id": "56db3f2ce7c41114004b4f9f", "answers": [{"text": "Richard Rushfield", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was named the winner of Season 11?", "id": "56db3f2ce7c41114004b4fa0", "answers": [{"text": "Phillip Phillips", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "For five consecutive seasons, starting in season seven, the title was given to a white male who plays the guitar \u2013 a trend that Idol pundits call the \"White guy with guitar\" or \"WGWG\" factor. Just hours before the season eleven finale, where Phillip Phillips was named the winner, Richard Rushfield, author of the book American Idol: The Untold Story, said, \"You have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it, not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio, but as .... who's the nicest guy in a popularity contest,\" he says, \"And that has led to this dynasty of four, and possibly now five, consecutive, affable, very nice, good-looking white boys.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What company are contestants required to sign a contract with on American Idol?", "id": "56d384e559d6e4140014660b", "answers": [{"text": "19 Entertainment", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The show had been criticized in earlier seasons over the onerous contract contestants had to sign that gave excessive control to 19 Entertainment over their future career, and handed a large part of their future earnings to the management."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who won season two of American Idol? ", "id": "56d3852a59d6e41400146619", "answers": [{"text": "Ruben Studdard", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who came in second on season two of American Idol? ", "id": "56d3852a59d6e4140014661a", "answers": [{"text": "Clay Aiken", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Vote for the Worst cease operations? ", "id": "56d3852a59d6e4140014661b", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 552}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many more text votes were there in season eight of American Idol over season seven? ", "id": "56d3852a59d6e4140014661c", "answers": [{"text": "100 million", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which season had the biggest voting controversy?", "id": "56db401ae7c41114004b4fab", "answers": [{"text": "season two", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which season had a voting controversy because of a huge increase in text votes?", "id": "56db401ae7c41114004b4fac", "answers": [{"text": "season eight", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which voting concern has been present since the first season?", "id": "56db401ae7c41114004b4fad", "answers": [{"text": "power voting", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Vote for the Girls start?", "id": "56db401ae7c41114004b4fae", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 591}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Vote for the Worst close?", "id": "56db401ae7c41114004b4faf", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 552}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Voting results have been a consistent source of controversy. The mechanism of voting had also aroused considerable criticisms, most notably in season two when Ruben Studdard beat Clay Aiken in a close vote, and in season eight, when the massive increase in text votes (100 million more text votes than season 7) fueled the texting controversy. Concerns about power voting have been expressed from the very first season. Since 2004, votes also have been affected to a limited degree by online communities such as DialIdol, Vote for the Worst (closed in 2013), and Vote for the Girls (started 2010)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the special that raises money for charities on American Idol?", "id": "56d3856959d6e41400146621", "answers": [{"text": "Idol Gives Back", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money has American Idol raised for charity with its Idol Gives Back specials? ", "id": "56d3856959d6e41400146623", "answers": [{"text": "$185 million", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the charity that Idol has?", "id": "56db407de7c41114004b4fb5", "answers": [{"text": "Idol Gives Back", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the first Idol Gives Back?", "id": "56db407de7c41114004b4fb7", "answers": [{"text": "season six", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Idol Gives Back is a special charity event started in season six featuring performances by celebrities and various fund-raising initiatives. This event was also held in seasons seven and nine and has raised nearly $185 million in total."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did American Idol being to air on television? ", "id": "56d385c459d6e41400146629", "answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people watched the first episode of American Idol? ", "id": "56d385c459d6e4140014662a", "answers": [{"text": "9.9 million", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people on average watched the American Idol finale in its first season? ", "id": "56d385c459d6e4140014662b", "answers": [{"text": "23 million", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What season of the year did American Idol first air on television? ", "id": "56d385c459d6e4140014662d", "answers": [{"text": "summer", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did American Idol premiere?", "id": "56db410fe7c41114004b4fc5", "answers": [{"text": "June 2002", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people watched the first episode of American Idol?", "id": "56db410fe7c41114004b4fc6", "answers": [{"text": "9.9 million", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the average for viewership by finale night?", "id": "56db410fe7c41114004b4fc7", "answers": [{"text": "23 million", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "American Idol premiered in June 2002 and became the surprise summer hit show of 2002. The first show drew 9.9 million viewers, giving Fox the best viewing figure for the 8.30 pm spot in over a year. The audience steadily grew, and by finale night, the audience had averaged 23 million, with more than 40 million watching some part of that show. That episode was placed third amongst all age groups, but more importantly it led in the 18\u201349 demographic, the age group most valued by advertisers."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many people watched the first episode of American Idols second season? ", "id": "56d3863559d6e41400146633", "answers": [{"text": "26.5 million", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people on average tuned in to watch American Idol in its second season? ", "id": "56d3863559d6e41400146634", "answers": [{"text": "21.7 million", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What contestant won the second season of American Idol? ", "id": "56d3863559d6e41400146635", "answers": [{"text": "Ruben Studdard", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what season did American Idol become the highest rated show across all demographics? ", "id": "56d3863559d6e41400146636", "answers": [{"text": "season four", "answer_start": 588}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which season of American Idol was watched by the most people? ", "id": "56d3863559d6e41400146637", "answers": [{"text": "season five", "answer_start": 778}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people watched the second season premiere of American Idol?", "id": "56db419ee7c41114004b4fcb", "answers": [{"text": "26.5 million", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people watched on average for season two?", "id": "56db419ee7c41114004b4fcc", "answers": [{"text": "21.7 million", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what season was American Idol the most watched show on TV?", "id": "56db419ee7c41114004b4fcf", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 595}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The growth continued into the next season, starting with a season premiere of 26.5 million. The season attracted an average of 21.7 million viewers, and was placed second overall amongst the 18\u201349 age group. The finale night when Ruben Studdard won over Clay Aiken was also the highest-rated ever American Idol episode at 38.1 million for the final hour. By season three, the show had become the top show in the 18\u201349 demographic a position it has held for all subsequent years up to and including season ten, and its competition stages ranked first in the nationwide overall ratings. By season four, American Idol had become the most watched series amongst all viewers on American TV for the first time, with an average viewership of 26.8 million. The show reached its peak in season five with numbers averaging 30.6 million per episode, and season five remains the highest-rated season of the series."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which season premier of American Idol was the most watched?", "id": "56d3867b59d6e4140014663d", "answers": [{"text": "Season six", "answer_start": 720}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During which season to American Idols rating begin to fall?", "id": "56d3867b59d6e4140014663e", "answers": [{"text": "Season six", "answer_start": 720}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did other television networks refer to American Idol as because of its ratings?", "id": "56d3867b59d6e4140014663f", "answers": [{"text": "the Death Star", "answer_start": 453}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which television network originally aired The Cosby Show? ", "id": "56d3867b59d6e41400146640", "answers": [{"text": "NBC", "answer_start": 410}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which season premiere was the most watched of all seasons?", "id": "56db42dee7c41114004b4fd5", "answers": [{"text": "Season six", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the show called by other networks?", "id": "56db42dee7c41114004b4fd6", "answers": [{"text": "the Death Star", "answer_start": 453}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Season six saw what for the first time in viewership?", "id": "56db42dee7c41114004b4fd8", "answers": [{"text": "decline", "answer_start": 596}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Season six was the first season where what had more viewers?", "id": "56db42dee7c41114004b4fd9", "answers": [{"text": "results show", "answer_start": 772}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Season six premiered with the series' highest-rated debut episode and a few of its succeeding episodes rank among the most watched episodes of American Idol. During this time, many television executives begun to regard the show as a programming force unlike any seen before, as its consistent dominance of up to two hours two or three nights a week exceeded the 30- or 60-minute reach of previous hits such as NBC's The Cosby Show. The show was dubbed \"the Death Star\", and competing networks often rearranged their schedules in order to minimize losses. However, season six also showed a steady decline in viewership over the course of the season. The season finale saw a drop in ratings of 16% from the previous year. Season six was the first season wherein the average results show rated higher than the competition stages (unlike in the previous seasons), and became the second highest-rated of the series after the preceding season."}, {"qas": [{"question": "During which season of American Idol did Fox beat the other networks in ratings for the first time? ", "id": "56d386a959d6e41400146645", "answers": [{"text": "season seven", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why were television ratings down across the board during American Idols seventh season? ", "id": "56d386a959d6e41400146646", "answers": [{"text": "Writers Guild of America strike", "answer_start": 818}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what season was Kristy Lee Cook a contestant on American Idol? ", "id": "56d386a959d6e41400146647", "answers": [{"text": "season seven", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was eliminated during the lowest rated show since season one?", "id": "56db43dae7c41114004b4fdf", "answers": [{"text": "Kristy Lee Cook", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the series' third most watched finale?", "id": "56db43dae7c41114004b4fe0", "answers": [{"text": "season seven", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Because of the rebound in viewers, Fox became what for the first time?", "id": "56db43dae7c41114004b4fe1", "answers": [{"text": "the most watched TV network", "answer_start": 490}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened in 2007-2008 that had a drop in viewers for all networks?", "id": "56db43dae7c41114004b4fe2", "answers": [{"text": "Writers Guild of America strike", "answer_start": 818}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The loss of viewers continued into season seven. The premiere was down 11% among total viewers, and the results show in which Kristy Lee Cook was eliminated delivered its lowest-rated Wednesday show among the 18\u201334 demo since the first season in 2002. However, the ratings rebounded for the season seven finale with the excitement over the battle of the Davids, and improved over season six as the series' third most watched finale. The strong finish of season seven also helped Fox become the most watched TV network in the country for the first time since its inception, a first ever in American television history for a non-Big Three major broadcast network. Overall ratings for the season were down 10% from season six, which is in line with the fall in viewership across all networks due in part to the 2007\u20132008 Writers Guild of America strike."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which television network aired the Winter Olympics in 2010? ", "id": "56d386e359d6e4140014664b", "answers": [{"text": "NBC", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which television network originally aired All in the Family? ", "id": "56d386e359d6e4140014664d", "answers": [{"text": "CBS", "answer_start": 592}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did NBC beat American Idol in the ratings for the first time?", "id": "56d386e359d6e4140014664e", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What finally beat Idol in the ratings during season nine?", "id": "56db44cbe7c41114004b4fe8", "answers": [{"text": "2010 Winter Olympics", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people watched the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 as compared to the 18.4 million who tuned into Idol?", "id": "56db44cbe7c41114004b4fe9", "answers": [{"text": "30.1 million", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At the end of season nine, American Idol remained on top as the most watched show for how many years in a row?", "id": "56db44cbe7c41114004b4fea", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The declining trend however continued into season eight, as total viewers numbers fell by 5\u201310% for early episodes compared to season seven, and by 9% for the finale. In season nine, Idol's six-year extended streak of perfection in the ratings was broken, when NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 beat Idol in the same time slot with 30.1 million viewers over Idol's 18.4 million. Nevertheless, American Idol overall finished its ninth season as the most watched TV series for the sixth year running, breaking the previous record of five consecutive seasons achieved by CBS' All in the Family and NBC's The Cosby Show."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the average age of American Idols viewers in its first season? ", "id": "56d3870b59d6e4140014665d", "answers": [{"text": "32.1", "answer_start": 563}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the average age of American Idols viewers in its tenth season? ", "id": "56d3870b59d6e4140014665e", "answers": [{"text": "47.2", "answer_start": 530}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the median age of viewers this season?", "id": "56db5c62e7c41114004b4ff3", "answers": [{"text": "47.2", "answer_start": 530}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the median age for viewers for season one?", "id": "56db5c62e7c41114004b4ff4", "answers": [{"text": "32.1", "answer_start": 563}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In season ten, the total viewer numbers for the first week of shows fell 12\u201313%, and by up to 23% in the 18\u201349 demo compared to season nine. Later episodes, however, retained viewers better, and the season ended on a high with a significant increase in viewership for the finale \u2013 up 12% for the adults 18\u201349 demo and a 21% increase in total viewers from the season nine finale. While the overall viewer number has increased this season, its viewer demographics have continued to age year on year \u2013 the median age this season was 47.2 compared to a median age of 32.1 in its first season. By the time of the 2010\u201311 television season, Fox was in its seventh consecutive season of victory overall in the 18\u201349 demographic ratings in the United States."}, {"qas": [{"question": "For how many years was American Idol the top rated show on television? ", "id": "56d3876659d6e41400146663", "answers": [{"text": "eight", "answer_start": 530}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What program saw more viewers than American Idol this season?", "id": "56db5cece7c41114004b4ffb", "answers": [{"text": "Sunday Night Football", "answer_start": 660}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did Fox reign in the 18-49 demographics in the Nielsen ratings?", "id": "56db5cece7c41114004b4ffc", "answers": [{"text": "eight years", "answer_start": 530}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Season eleven, however, suffered a steep drop in ratings, a drop attributed by some to the arrival of new shows such as The Voice and The X-Factor. The ratings for the first two episodes of season eleven fell 16\u201321% in overall viewer numbers and 24\u201327% in the 18/49 demo, while the season finale fell 27% in total viewer number and 30% in the 18-49 demo. The average viewership for the season fell below 20 million viewers the first time since 2003, a drop of 23% in total viewers and 30% in the 18/49 demo. For the first time in eight years, American Idol lost the leading position in both the total viewers number and the 18/49 demo, coming in second to NBC Sunday Night Football, although the strengths of Idol in its second year in the Wednesday-Thursday primetime slots helped Fox achieve the longest period of 18-49 demographic victory in the Nielsen ratings, standing at 8 straight years from 2004 to 2012."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many people on average watched season 12 of American Idol? ", "id": "56d3878f59d6e41400146667", "answers": [{"text": "13.3 million", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During which season did American Idol fall out of the top ten shows in ratings? ", "id": "56d3878f59d6e41400146668", "answers": [{"text": "13", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did American Idol first air on television? ", "id": "56d3878f59d6e41400146669", "answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 717}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The season finale for season 12 had how many fewer viewers than season 11?", "id": "56db5d64e7c41114004b5001", "answers": [{"text": "7.2 million", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many viewers watched on average this season?", "id": "56db5d64e7c41114004b5002", "answers": [{"text": "13.3 million", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The loss of viewers continued into season 12, which saw the show hitting a number of series low in the 18-49 demo. The finale had 7.2 million fewer viewers than the previous season, and saw a drop of 44% in the 18-49 demo. The season viewers averaged at 13.3 million, a drop of 24% from the previous season. The thirteenth season suffered a huge decline in the 18\u201349 demographic, a drop of 28% from the twelfth season, and American Idol lost its Top 10 position in the Nielsen ratings by the end of the 2013\u201314 television season for the first time since its entry to the rankings in 2003 as a result, although the entire series to date had not yet been dropped from the Nielsen Top 30 rankings since its inception in 2002."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What drink company ended its relationship with American Idol during season 14?", "id": "56d3881459d6e4140014666d", "answers": [{"text": "Coca-Cola", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people watched American Idols finale in season 14?", "id": "56d3881459d6e4140014666f", "answers": [{"text": "8.03 million", "answer_start": 621}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After what season will American Idol be cancelled? ", "id": "56d3881459d6e41400146671", "answers": [{"text": "15", "answer_start": 345}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Fox announce the following season would be Idol's last?", "id": "56db5db6e7c41114004b500a", "answers": [{"text": "May 11, 2015", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people watched the season 14 finale?", "id": "56db5db6e7c41114004b500b", "answers": [{"text": "8.03 million", "answer_start": 621}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The continuing decline influenced further changes for season 14, including the loss of Coca-Cola as the show's major sponsor, and a decision to only broadcast one, two-hour show per week during the top 12 rounds (with results from the previous week integrated into the performance show, rather than having a separate results show). On May 11, 2015, prior to the fourteenth season finale, Fox announced that the fifteenth season of American Idol would be its last. Despite these changes, the show's ratings would decline more sharply. The fourteenth season finale was the lowest-rated finale ever, with an average of only 8.03 million viewers watching the finale."}, {"qas": [{"question": "For how many years was American Idol the highest rated reality show on television?", "id": "56d3883859d6e41400146678", "answers": [{"text": "9", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The enormous success of the show and the revenue it generated was transformative for Fox Broadcasting Company. American Idol and fellow competing shows Survivor and Who Wants to Be a Millionaire were altogether credited for expanding reality television programming in the United States in the 1990s and 2000s, and Idol became the most watched non-scripted primetime television series for almost a decade, from 2003 to 2012, breaking records on U.S. television (dominated by drama shows and sitcoms in the preceding decades)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "For how many years was Fox the highest rated network with young adults because of American Idol? ", "id": "56d3887c59d6e4140014667b", "answers": [{"text": "8", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What television network originally aired the show Glee?", "id": "56d3887c59d6e4140014667c", "answers": [{"text": "Fox", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What television network originally aired the show House? ", "id": "56d3887c59d6e4140014667d", "answers": [{"text": "Fox", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who created American Idol? ", "id": "56d3887c59d6e4140014667e", "answers": [{"text": "Simon Fuller", "answer_start": 495}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The show pushed Fox to become the number one U.S. TV network amongst adults 18\u201349, the key demographic coveted by advertisers, for an unprecedented eight consecutive years by 2012. Its success also helped lift the ratings of other shows that were scheduled around it such as House and Bones, and Idol, for years, had become Fox's strongest platform primetime television program for promoting eventual hit shows of the 2010s (of the same network) such as Glee and New Girl. The show, its creator Simon Fuller claimed, \"saved Fox\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What dancing show featuring celebrities has been helped by American Idol?", "id": "56d3889e59d6e41400146683", "answers": [{"text": "Dancing with the Stars", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another singing show similar to American Idol? ", "id": "56d3889e59d6e41400146684", "answers": [{"text": "The Voice", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The show's massive success in the mid-2000s and early 2010s spawned a number of imitating singing-competition shows, such as Rock Star, Nashville Star, The Voice, Rising Star, The Sing-Off, and The X Factor. Its format also served as a blueprint for non-singing TV shows such as Dancing with the Stars and So You Think You Can Dance, most of which contribute to the current highly competitive reality TV landscape on American television."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What show helped launched the career of Kelly Clarkson? ", "id": "56d388cf59d6e41400146691", "answers": [{"text": "American Idol", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What show helped launched the career of Carrie Underwood? ", "id": "56d388cf59d6e41400146692", "answers": [{"text": "American Idol", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What show helped launched the career of Daughtry? ", "id": "56d388cf59d6e41400146693", "answers": [{"text": "American Idol", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As one of the most successful shows on U.S. television history, American Idol has a strong impact not just on television, but also in the wider world of entertainment. It helped create a number of highly successful recording artists, such as Kelly Clarkson, Daughtry and Carrie Underwood, as well as others of varying notability."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many number one Billboard singles were released by American Idol contestants in the shows first decade? ", "id": "56d3893659d6e41400146697", "answers": [{"text": "345", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the president of Mediabase? ", "id": "56d3893659d6e41400146698", "answers": [{"text": "Rich Meyer", "answer_start": 607}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the most successful American Idol winner on radio as of 2010? ", "id": "56d3893659d6e41400146699", "answers": [{"text": "Kelly Clarkson", "answer_start": 688}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many number ones have Idol singers achieved on Billboard charts in just the first ten years?", "id": "56db5ff1e7c41114004b5021", "answers": [{"text": "345", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who authored books on Billboard charts?", "id": "56db5ff1e7c41114004b5022", "answers": [{"text": "Fred Bronson", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many contestants had at least one million radio spins by 2010?", "id": "56db5ff1e7c41114004b5024", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 628}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many radio spins did Kelly Clarkson have by 2010?", "id": "56db5ff1e7c41114004b5025", "answers": [{"text": "over four million", "answer_start": 726}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Various American Idol alumni had success on various record charts around the world; in the U.S. they had achieved 345 number ones on the Billboard charts in its first ten years. According to Fred Bronson, author of books on the Billboard charts, no other entity has ever created as many hit-making artists and best-selling albums and singles. In 2007, American Idol alums accounted for 2.1% of all music sales. Its alumni have a massive impact on radio; in 2007, American Idol had become \"a dominant force in radio\" according to the president of the research company Mediabase which monitors radio stations Rich Meyer. By 2010, four winners each had more than a million radio spins, with Kelly Clarkson leading the field with over four million spins."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many albums have been sold by American Idol contestants up until 2013?", "id": "56d3895c59d6e4140014669d", "answers": [{"text": "59 million", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many single have been sold by American Idol contestants up until 2013? ", "id": "56d3895c59d6e4140014669e", "answers": [{"text": "120 million", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many albums have Idol contestants created as of 2013?", "id": "56db60b7e7c41114004b502b", "answers": [{"text": "59 million", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many singles and digital downloads have Idol contestants created as of 2013?", "id": "56db60b7e7c41114004b502c", "answers": [{"text": "120 million", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As of 2013, the American Idol alumni in their post-Idol careers have amassed over 59 million albums and 120 million singles and digital track downloads in the United States alone."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which American Idol contestant won an Oscar for Dreamgirls? ", "id": "56d3897859d6e414001466a1", "answers": [{"text": "Jennifer Hudson", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What job does Debra Byrd do on American Idol? ", "id": "56d3897859d6e414001466a2", "answers": [{"text": "vocal coach", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what area of the entertainment industry have some Idol contestants found success?", "id": "56db6122e7c41114004b502f", "answers": [{"text": "musical theatre", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Idol won an Academy Award?", "id": "56db6122e7c41114004b5031", "answers": [{"text": "Jennifer Hudson", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What film did Jennifer Hudson win an Academy Award for?", "id": "56db6122e7c41114004b5032", "answers": [{"text": "Dreamgirls", "answer_start": 495}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who recommended the role for Hudon?", "id": "56db6122e7c41114004b5033", "answers": [{"text": "Debra Byrd", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The impact of American Idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre, where many of Idol alumni have forged successful careers. The striking effect of former American Idol contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on. The casting of a popular Idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What publication does Ken Tucker work for? ", "id": "56d389a959d6e414001466a5", "answers": [{"text": "Entertainment Weekly", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did American Idols first winner sing at the Lincoln Memorial in 2002? ", "id": "56d389a959d6e414001466a7", "answers": [{"text": "the national anthem", "answer_start": 850}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which journalist felt Idol produced entertaining TV more than entertaining music?", "id": "56db61d2e7c41114004b5039", "answers": [{"text": "Ken Tucker", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which publication did Tucker work for?", "id": "56db61d2e7c41114004b503a", "answers": [{"text": "Entertainment Weekly", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who called American Idol a conniving multimedia monster?", "id": "56db61d2e7c41114004b503b", "answers": [{"text": "Karla Peterson", "answer_start": 586}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the season one winner sing the national anthem that received huge criticism?", "id": "56db61d2e7c41114004b503c", "answers": [{"text": "Lincoln Memorial", "answer_start": 877}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Early reviews were mixed in their assessment. Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly considered that \"As TV, American Idol is crazily entertaining; as music, it's dust-mote inconsequential\". Others, however, thought that \"the most striking aspect of the series was the genuine talent it revealed\". It was also described as a \"sadistic musical bake-off\", and \"a romp in humiliation\". Other aspects of the show have attracted criticisms. The product placement in the show in particular was noted, and some critics were harsh about what they perceived as its blatant commercial calculations \u2013 Karla Peterson of The San Diego Union-Tribune charged that American Idol is \"a conniving multimedia monster\" that has \"absorbed the sin of our debauched culture and spit them out in a lump of reconstituted evil\". The decision to send the season one winner to sing the national anthem at the Lincoln Memorial on the first anniversary of the September 11 attacks in 2002 was also poorly received by many. Lisa de Moraes of The Washington Post noted sarcastically that \"The terrorists have won\" and, with a sideswipe at the show's commercialism and voting process, that the decision as to who \"gets to turn this important site into just another cog in the 'Great American Idol Marketing Mandala' is in the hands of the millions of girls who have made American Idol a hit. Them and a handful of phone-redialer geeks who have been clocking up to 10,000 calls each week for their contestant of choice (but who, according to Fox, are in absolutely no way skewing the outcome).\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What publication does Michael Slezak write for?", "id": "56d389de59d6e414001466ab", "answers": [{"text": "Entertainment Weekly", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was accused of being mean and cruel on American Idol? ", "id": "56d389de59d6e414001466ac", "answers": [{"text": "Simon Cowell", "answer_start": 842}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What singer had bad things to say about contestants on American Idol? ", "id": "56d389de59d6e414001466ad", "answers": [{"text": "John Mayer", "answer_start": 1039}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What magazine does Ramin Wetoodeh write for? ", "id": "56d389de59d6e414001466ae", "answers": [{"text": "Newsweek", "answer_start": 819}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Sheryl Crow felt the show undermined art and promoted what?", "id": "56db6246e7c41114004b5043", "answers": [{"text": "commercialism", "answer_start": 448}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said that American Idol has reshaped the American songbook?", "id": "56db6246e7c41114004b5044", "answers": [{"text": "Ann Powers", "answer_start": 481}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was accused of helping meanness thrive?", "id": "56db6246e7c41114004b5045", "answers": [{"text": "Simon Cowell", "answer_start": 842}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which singer said the contestants are not real artists with self respect?", "id": "56db6246e7c41114004b5046", "answers": [{"text": "John Mayer", "answer_start": 1039}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some of the later writers about the show were more positive, Michael Slezak, again of Entertainment Weekly, thought that \"for all its bloated, synthetic, product-shilling, money-making trappings, Idol provides a once-a-year chance for the average American to combat the evils of today's music business.\" Singer Sheryl Crow, who was later to act as a mentor on the show, however took the view that the show \"undermines art in every way and promotes commercialism\". Pop music critic Ann Powers nevertheless suggested that Idol has \"reshaped the American songbook\", \"led us toward a new way of viewing ourselves in relationship to mainstream popular culture\", and connects \"the classic Hollywood dream to the multicentered popular culture of the future.\" Others focused on the personalities in the show; Ramin Setoodeh of Newsweek accused judge Simon Cowell's cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness, that \"Simon Cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him.\" Some such as singer John Mayer disparaged the contestants, suggesting that those who appeared on Idol are not real artists with self-respect."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What famous singer declined an offer to be a judge on American Idol after having been a mentor? ", "id": "56d38a1559d6e414001466b3", "answers": [{"text": "Elton John", "answer_start": 1037}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Carrie Underwood win a Country Music Award for Best Female Artist? ", "id": "56d38a1559d6e414001466b4", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 891}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What singer criticized Carrie Underwood for winning a Country Music Award? ", "id": "56d38a1559d6e414001466b5", "answers": [{"text": "LeAnn Rimes", "answer_start": 777}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who felt that American Idol helped the true art form of music get lost?", "id": "56db62cce7c41114004b504b", "answers": [{"text": "Usher", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who won the Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards in 2006?", "id": "56db62cce7c41114004b504c", "answers": [{"text": "Carrie Underwood", "answer_start": 804}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Carrie beat out for the award?", "id": "56db62cce7c41114004b504d", "answers": [{"text": "Faith Hill", "answer_start": 877}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said that Carrie had not paid her dues to win that award?", "id": "56db62cce7c41114004b504e", "answers": [{"text": "LeAnn Rimes", "answer_start": 777}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was a mentor but later turned down the opportunity to judge Idol?", "id": "56db62cce7c41114004b504f", "answers": [{"text": "Elton John", "answer_start": 1037}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some in the entertainment industry were critical of the star-making aspect of the show. Usher, a mentor on the show, bemoaning the loss of the \"true art form of music\", thought that shows like American Idol made it seem \"so easy that everyone can do it, and that it can happen overnight\", and that \"television is a lie\". Musician Michael Feinstein, while acknowledging that the show had uncovered promising performers, said that American Idol \"isn't really about music. It's about all the bad aspects of the music business \u2013 the arrogance of commerce, this sense of 'I know what will make this person a star; artists themselves don't know.' \" That American Idol is seen to be a fast track to success for its contestants has been a cause of resentment for some in the industry. LeAnn Rimes, commenting on Carrie Underwood winning Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards over Faith Hill in 2006, said that \"Carrie has not paid her dues long enough to fully deserve that award\". It is a common theme that has been echoed by many others. Elton John, who had appeared as a mentor in the show but turned down an offer to be a judge on American Idol, commenting on talent shows in general, said that \"there have been some good acts but the only way to sustain a career is to pay your dues in small clubs\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which music genre has had the most success from American Idol? ", "id": "56d38a2359d6e414001466b9", "answers": [{"text": "country", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which genre has felt the impact of Idol the most?", "id": "56db6302e7c41114004b5055", "answers": [{"text": "country music", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The success of the show's alumni however has led to a more positive assessment of the show, and the show was described as having \"proven it has a valid way to pick talent and a proven way to sell records\". While the industry is divided on the show success, its impact is felt particularly strongly in the country music format. According to a CMT exec, reflecting on the success of Idol alumni in the country genre, \"if you want to try and get famous fast by going to a cattle call audition on TV, Idol reasonably remains the first choice for anyone,\" and that country music and Idol \"go together well\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many nominations has American Idol received for Outstanding Reality Competition Program?  ", "id": "56d38b4e59d6e414001466d7", "answers": [{"text": "9", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What director win an Emmy Award for his work on American Idol? ", "id": "56d38b4e59d6e414001466d8", "answers": [{"text": "Bruce Gower", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many total Emmy Awards has American Idol won? ", "id": "56d38b4e59d6e414001466d9", "answers": [{"text": "8", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What American Idol special received a Governors Award in 2007?", "id": "56d38b4e59d6e414001466da", "answers": [{"text": "Idol Gives Back", "answer_start": 374}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many times was American Idol nominated for an Emmy?", "id": "56db635fe7c41114004b5059", "answers": [{"text": "nine", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What award did American Idol win for its Idol Gives Back charity work?", "id": "56db635fe7c41114004b505b", "answers": [{"text": "Governor's Award in 2007", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "American Idol was nominated for the Emmy's Outstanding Reality Competition Program for nine years but never won. Director Bruce Gower won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing For A Variety, Music Or Comedy Series in 2009, and the show won a Creative Arts Emmys each in 2007 and 2008, three in 2009, and two in 2011, as well as a Governor's Award in 2007 for its Idol Gives Back edition. It won the People's Choice Award, which honors the popular culture of the previous year as voted by the public, for favorite competition/reality show in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011 and 2012. It won the first Critics' Choice Television Award in 2011 for Best Reality Competition."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How much money did American Idol make in 2004?", "id": "56d38b8959d6e414001466df", "answers": [{"text": "$900 million", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money did American Idol generate from its first eight seasons? ", "id": "56d38b8959d6e414001466e0", "answers": [{"text": "$6.4 billion", "answer_start": 479}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the American Idol theme attraction with Disney? ", "id": "56d38b8959d6e414001466e1", "answers": [{"text": "The American Idol Experience", "answer_start": 932}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money did American Idol generate from ads in its seventh season?", "id": "56d38b8959d6e414001466e2", "answers": [{"text": "$900 million", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Idol partner with to create The American Idol Experience?", "id": "56db63dbe7c41114004b5064", "answers": [{"text": "Disney", "answer_start": 896}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The dominance of American Idol in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in U.S. TV for many years. The show was estimated to generate $900 million for the year 2004 through sales of TV ads, albums, merchandise and concert tickets. By season seven, the show was estimated to earn around $900 million from its ad revenue alone, not including ancillary sponsorship deals and other income. One estimate puts the total TV revenue for the first eight seasons of American at $6.4 billion. Sponsors that bought fully integrated packages can expect a variety of promotions of their products on the show, such as product placement, adverts and product promotion integrated into the show, and various promotional opportunities. Other off-air promotional partners pay for the rights to feature \"Idol\" branding on their packaging, products and marketing programs. American Idol also partnered with Disney in its theme park attraction The American Idol Experience."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In which season did American Idol become the costliest show for advertising on television? ", "id": "56d38bc459d6e414001466f1", "answers": [{"text": "season four", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot on the American Idol season four finale?", "id": "56d38bc459d6e414001466f2", "answers": [{"text": "$1.3 million", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot during American Idol in 2014? ", "id": "56d38bc459d6e414001466f3", "answers": [{"text": "less than $300,000", "answer_start": 952}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot during American Idol in its seventh season? ", "id": "56d38bc459d6e414001466f4", "answers": [{"text": "$737,000", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what season was Idol the  highest advertising cost of all shows?", "id": "56db6457e7c41114004b5069", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Idol earn in ad revenue alone for season 8?", "id": "56db6457e7c41114004b506d", "answers": [{"text": "800 million", "answer_start": 626}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "American Idol became the most expensive series on broadcast networks for advertisers starting season four, and by the next season, it had broken the record in advertising rate for a regularly scheduled prime-time network series, selling over $700,000 for a 30-seconds slot, and reaching up to $1.3 million for the finale. Its ad prices reached a peak in season seven at $737,000. Estimated revenue more than doubled from $404 million in season three to $870 million in season six. While that declined from season eight onwards, it still earned significantly more than its nearest competitor, with advertising revenue topping $800 million annually the next few seasons. However, the sharp drop in ratings in season eleven also resulted in a sharp drop in advertising rate for season twelve, and the show lost its leading position as the costliest show for advertisers. By 2014, ad revenue from had fallen to $427 million where a 30-second spot went for less than $300,000."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In which season did Coca-Cola become a sponsor of American Idol? ", "id": "56d38c1059d6e414001466f9", "answers": [{"text": "season one", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which season did Ford Motor Company become a sponsor of American Idol? ", "id": "56d38c1059d6e414001466fa", "answers": [{"text": "season one", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which mobile carrier became a sponsor of American Idol in its second season? ", "id": "56d38c1059d6e414001466fb", "answers": [{"text": "AT&T Wireless", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Coca-Cola stop being a sponsor of American Idol? ", "id": "56d38c1059d6e414001466fc", "answers": [{"text": "after season 13", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which season did iTunes begin a partnership with American Idol? ", "id": "56d38c1059d6e414001466fd", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 492}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did it cost each company for the first season?", "id": "56db64ace7c41114004b5074", "answers": [{"text": "10 million", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did it cost each company in season 7?", "id": "56db64ace7c41114004b5075", "answers": [{"text": "35 million", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the third largest sponsor?", "id": "56db64ace7c41114004b5076", "answers": [{"text": "AT&T", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Ford Motor Company and Coca-Cola were two of the first sponsors of American Idol in its first season. The sponsorship deal cost around $10 million in season one, rising to $35 million by season 7, and between $50 to $60 million in season 10. The third major sponsor AT&T Wireless joined in the second season but ended after season 12, and Coca-Cola officially ended its sponsorship after season 13 amidst the declining ratings of Idol in the mid-2010s. iTunes sponsored the show since season seven."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What service did AT&T promote on American Idol as a way of voting? ", "id": "56d38c2d59d6e4140014670d", "answers": [{"text": "text-messaging", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many product placements had Idol shown by season six?", "id": "56db64e9e7c41114004b507d", "answers": [{"text": "4,349", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "American Idol prominent display of its sponsors' logo and products had been noted since the early seasons. By season six, Idol showed 4,349 product placements according to Nielsen Media Research. The branded entertainment integration proved beneficial to its advertisers \u2013 promotion of AT&T text-messaging as a means to vote successfully introduced the technology into the wider culture, and Coca-Cola has seen its equity increased during the show."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which major drink manufacturer decided at the beginning of American Idol not to be a sponsor? ", "id": "56d38c6559d6e41400146711", "answers": [{"text": "PepsiCo", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What show did PepsiCo begin sponsoring in hopes of not missing another opportunity like American Idol? ", "id": "56d38c6559d6e41400146712", "answers": [{"text": "The X Factor", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which soda company did not want to sponsor American Idol?", "id": "56db6544e7c41114004b507f", "answers": [{"text": "PepsiCo", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In hopes of not repeating another mistake, which show did PepsiCo sponsor?", "id": "56db6544e7c41114004b5080", "answers": [{"text": "The X Factor", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "PepsiCo fell to what place by 2010, which is in part credited with refusing to sponsor American Idol?", "id": "56db6544e7c41114004b5081", "answers": [{"text": "third", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Coca-Cola's archrival PepsiCo declined to sponsor American Idol at the show's start. What the Los Angeles Times later called \"missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation\" contributed to Pepsi losing market share, by 2010 falling to third place from second in the United States. PepsiCo sponsored the American version of Cowell's The X Factor in hopes of not repeating its Idol mistake until its cancellation."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which season of American Idol had the highest profit on its tour?", "id": "56d38cab59d6e41400146721", "answers": [{"text": "season five", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company was a sponsor of the American Idol tour in its ninth season? ", "id": "56d38cab59d6e41400146725", "answers": [{"text": "M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was added to the tour in season 12?", "id": "56db65ace7c41114004b5086", "answers": [{"text": "a semi-finalist who won a sing-off", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who sponsored the first seven tours?", "id": "56db65ace7c41114004b5087", "answers": [{"text": "Kellogg's Pop-Tarts", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who sponsored the ninth tour?", "id": "56db65ace7c41114004b5088", "answers": [{"text": "M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which was the most successful tour?", "id": "56db65ace7c41114004b5089", "answers": [{"text": "season five", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The top ten (eleven in season ten) toured at the end of every season. In the season twelve tour a semi-finalist who won a sing-off was also added to the tour. Kellogg's Pop-Tarts was the sponsor for the first seven seasons, and Guitar Hero was added for the season seven tour. M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies was a sponsor of the season nine tour. The season five tour was the most successful tour with gross of over $35 million."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did iTunes become a sponsor on American Idol? ", "id": "56d38cd959d6e41400146735", "answers": [{"text": "season seven", "answer_start": 591}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For how many seasons did American Idol put out a compilation of hits at seasons end? ", "id": "56d38cd959d6e41400146736", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company has released studio recordings from American Idol since season seven?", "id": "56d38cd959d6e41400146737", "answers": [{"text": "iTunes", "answer_start": 691}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Idol releases both the performances as well as what for sale?", "id": "56db6621e7c41114004b508f", "answers": [{"text": "the winner's coronation single", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How were the recordings released for the initial five seasons?", "id": "56db6621e7c41114004b5090", "answers": [{"text": "as a compilation album", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Because all five were in the top ten of Billboard's charts, this made Idol what?", "id": "56db6621e7c41114004b5091", "answers": [{"text": "the most successful soundtrack franchise", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who joined Idol as a sponsor in season seven?", "id": "56db6621e7c41114004b5092", "answers": [{"text": "iTunes", "answer_start": 691}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "American Idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then American Idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in season five, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the American Idol official website only. In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor. In Season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What company has the right to all recordings from contestants on American Idol?", "id": "56d38d1a59d6e4140014673f", "answers": [{"text": "19 Recordings", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company took over as American Idols music label in 2010?", "id": "56d38d1a59d6e41400146740", "answers": [{"text": "UMG", "answer_start": 670}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company had released music from American Idol in addition to Sony Music Entertainment? ", "id": "56d38d1a59d6e41400146741", "answers": [{"text": "BMG", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who owns 19 Recordings?", "id": "56db66a2e7c41114004b5097", "answers": [{"text": "19 Entertainment", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who owns the rights to all phonographic material done by the contestants?", "id": "56db66a2e7c41114004b5098", "answers": [{"text": "19 Recordings", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did 19 initially partner with to distribute the recordings?", "id": "56db66a2e7c41114004b5099", "answers": [{"text": "BMG", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did BMG partner with in 2005-2007?", "id": "56db66a2e7c41114004b509a", "answers": [{"text": "Sony Music Entertainment", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who replaced Sony in 2010 as Idol's music label?", "id": "56db66a2e7c41114004b509b", "answers": [{"text": "UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records", "answer_start": 670}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "19 Recordings, a recording label owned by 19 Entertainment, currently hold the rights to phonographic material recorded by all the contestants. 19 originally partnered with Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG) to promote and distribute the recordings through its labels RCA Records, Arista Records, J Records, Jive Records. In 2005-2007, BMG partnered with Sony Music Entertainment to form a joint venture known as Sony BMG Music Entertainment. From 2008-2010, Sony Music handled the distribution following their acquisition of BMG. Sony Music was partnered with American Idol and distribute its music, and In 2010, Sony was replaced by as the music label for American Idol by UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What company has a them park attraction known as The American Idol Experience? ", "id": "56d38d5a59d6e41400146747", "answers": [{"text": "The Walt Disney Company", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did The Walt Disney Company open The American Idol Experience? ", "id": "56d38d5a59d6e41400146748", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did The Walt Disney Company close The American Idol Experience? ", "id": "56d38d5a59d6e41400146749", "answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 956}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company had a partnership with The Walt Disney Company for The American Idol Experience? ", "id": "56d38d5a59d6e4140014674a", "answers": [{"text": "19 Entertainment", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the American Idol Experience open?", "id": "56db670ce7c41114004b50a1", "answers": [{"text": "February 14, 2009", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did it open?", "id": "56db670ce7c41114004b50a2", "answers": [{"text": "Walt Disney World", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the winner win?", "id": "56db670ce7c41114004b50a4", "answers": [{"text": "Dream Ticket", "answer_start": 821}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Experience close?", "id": "56db670ce7c41114004b50a5", "answers": [{"text": "August 30, 2014", "answer_start": 945}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On February 14, 2009, The Walt Disney Company debuted \"The American Idol Experience\" at its Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. In this live production, co-produced by 19 Entertainment, park guests chose from a list of songs and auditioned privately for Disney cast members. Those selected then performed on a stage in a 1000-seat theater replicating the Idol set. Three judges, whose mannerisms and style mimicked those of the real Idol judges, critiqued the performances. Audience members then voted for their favorite performer. There were several preliminary-round shows during the day that culminated in a \"finals\" show in the evening where one of the winners of the previous rounds that day was selected as the overall winner. The winner of the finals show received a \"Dream Ticket\" that granted them front-of-the-line privileges at any future American Idol audition. The attraction closed on August 30, 2014."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many different countries air American Idol on television? ", "id": "56d38d9359d6e41400146757", "answers": [{"text": "over 100", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What network broadcasted American Idol live in Canada for thirteen seasons? ", "id": "56d38d9359d6e41400146758", "answers": [{"text": "CTV", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did CTV stop showing live broadcasts of American Idol? ", "id": "56d38d9359d6e41400146759", "answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Canadian network began airing American Idol in 2015? ", "id": "56d38d9359d6e4140014675a", "answers": [{"text": "Yes TV", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many nations receive the Idol broadcast?", "id": "56db6760e7c41114004b50ab", "answers": [{"text": "over 100", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who aired the first thirteen seasons in Canada?", "id": "56db6760e7c41114004b50ac", "answers": [{"text": "CTV and/or CTV Two", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who stated in August 2014 that they picked up the rights beginning in its 2015 season?", "id": "56db6760e7c41114004b50ae", "answers": [{"text": "Yes TV", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "American Idol is broadcast to over 100 nations outside of the United States. In most nations these are not live broadcasts and may be tape delayed by several days or weeks. In Canada, the first thirteen seasons of American Idol were aired live by CTV and/or CTV Two, in simulcast with Fox. CTV dropped Idol after its thirteenth season and in August 2014, Yes TV announced that it had picked up Canadian rights to American Idol beginning in its 2015 season."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What network in Italy aired American Idol in season twelve? ", "id": "56d38dcc59d6e4140014675f", "answers": [{"text": "La3", "answer_start": 1116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many days does someone in the United Kingdom have to wait to watch American Idol after its original broadcast? ", "id": "56d38dcc59d6e41400146760", "answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 707}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What television network in Asia shows American Idol? ", "id": "56d38dcc59d6e41400146761", "answers": [{"text": "STAR World", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what days of the week does American Idol air in the Philippines? ", "id": "56d38dcc59d6e41400146762", "answers": [{"text": "Thursday and Friday", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who broadcasts Idol in southeast Asia?", "id": "56db67d3e7c41114004b50b3", "answers": [{"text": "STAR World", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who broadcast the 12th season in Italy?", "id": "56db67d3e7c41114004b50b7", "answers": [{"text": "La3", "answer_start": 1116}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Latin America, the show is broadcast and subtitled by Sony Entertainment Television. In southeast Asia, it is broadcast by STAR World every Thursday and Friday nine or ten hours after. In Philippines, it is aired every Thursday and Friday nine or ten hours after its United States telecast; from 2002 to 2007 on ABC 5; 2008\u201311 on QTV, then GMA News TV; and since 2012 on ETC. On Philippine television history. In Australia, it is aired a few hours after the U.S. telecast. It was aired on Network Ten from 2002 to 2007 and then again in 2013, from 2008 to 2012 on Fox8, from season 13 onwards it airs on digital channel, Eleven, a sister channel to Network Ten. In the United Kingdom, episodes are aired one day after the U.S. broadcast on digital channel ITV2. As of season 12, the episodes air on 5*. It is also aired in Ireland on TV3 two days after the telecast. In Brazil and Israel, the show airs two days after its original broadcast. In the instances where the airing is delayed, the shows may sometimes be combined into one episode to summarize the results. In Italy, the twelfth season was broadcast by La3."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Producers have been accused of planting what within the show?", "id": "56db3f98e7c41114004b4fa7", "answers": [{"text": "ringers", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Individual contestants have generated controversy in this competition for their past actions, or for being 'ringers' planted by the producers. A number of contestants had been disqualified for various reasons, such as for having an existing contract or undisclosed criminal records, although the show had been accused of double standard for disqualifying some but not others."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many consecutive years was American Idol the top rated show?", "id": "56db40d4e7c41114004b4fc0", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many consecutive years did either the performance or results show rank number one?", "id": "56db40d4e7c41114004b4fc1", "answers": [{"text": "eight", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Seasonal rankings (based on average total viewers per episode) of American Idol. It holds the distinction of having the longest winning streak in the Nielsen annual television ratings; it became the highest-rated of all television programs in the United States overall for an unprecedented seven consecutive years, or eight consecutive (and total) years when either its performance or result show was ranked number one overall."}]}, {"title": "Dog", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What is the three word Latin name for domesticated dogs?", "id": "56d47d7d2ccc5a1400d8314e", "answers": [{"text": "Canis lupus familiaris", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Canis familiaris?", "id": "56d99788dc89441400fdb580", "answers": [{"text": "domestic dog", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long has the domestic dog been selectively bred?", "id": "56d99788dc89441400fdb581", "answers": [{"text": "millennia", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with various behaviors and physical attributes, what were domestic dogs bred for?", "id": "56d99788dc89441400fdb582", "answers": [{"text": "sensory capabilities", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris) is a domesticated canid which has been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What decade had significant studies of dog genes to determine origins?", "id": "56d4a7a72ccc5a1400d83168", "answers": [{"text": "2010s", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Testing revealed today's dogs trace back by how many years?", "id": "56d4a7a72ccc5a1400d83169", "answers": [{"text": "40,000", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the region where domesticated dogs ancestry traces to?", "id": "56d4a7a72ccc5a1400d8316a", "answers": [{"text": "Eurasia", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of diet can modern domesticated dogs thrive eating that other dogs cannot?", "id": "56d4a7a72ccc5a1400d8316b", "answers": [{"text": "starch-rich", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was undertaken in 2010 to determine where dogs originated from?", "id": "56d997d0dc89441400fdb590", "answers": [{"text": "extensive genetic studies", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although initially thought to have originated as a manmade variant of an extant canid species (variously supposed as being the dhole, golden jackal, or gray wolf), extensive genetic studies undertaken during the 2010s indicate that dogs diverged from an extinct wolf-like canid in Eurasia 40,000 years ago. Being the oldest domesticated animal, their long association with people has allowed dogs to be uniquely attuned to human behavior, as well as thrive on a starch-rich diet which would be inadequate for other canid species."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the most common phrase, or nickname, used by people in the United States to describe dogs in general?", "id": "56d4bb172ccc5a1400d83186", "answers": [{"text": "man's best friend", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What moniker has been given to dogs in Western cultures?", "id": "56d9984fdc89441400fdb592", "answers": [{"text": "man's best friend", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dogs are a source of what in some cultures?", "id": "56d9984fdc89441400fdb593", "answers": [{"text": "meat", "answer_start": 334}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This impact on human society has given them the nickname \"man's best friend\" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are a source of meat."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the Proto-Germanic word that \"dog\" may have come from?", "id": "56d4bc242ccc5a1400d8318b", "answers": [{"text": "dukk\u014dn", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What may be the earliest vocabulary that the word \"dog\" came from?", "id": "56d4bc242ccc5a1400d8318c", "answers": [{"text": "Proto-Indo-European", "answer_start": 521}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does the word dog originate?", "id": "56d998c8dc89441400fdb597", "answers": [{"text": "Old English docga", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dog could also come from the original layer of what vocabulary?", "id": "56d998c8dc89441400fdb598", "answers": [{"text": "Proto-Indo-European", "answer_start": 521}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The term \"domestic dog\" is generally used for both of the domesticated and feral varieties. The English word dog comes from Middle English dogge, from Old English docga, a \"powerful dog breed\". The term may possibly derive from Proto-Germanic *dukk\u014dn, represented in Old English finger-docce (\"finger-muscle\"). The word also shows the familiar petname diminutive -ga also seen in frogga \"frog\", picga \"pig\", stagga \"stag\", wicga \"beetle, worm\", among others. The term dog may ultimately derive from the earliest layer of Proto-Indo-European vocabulary."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the common 14th-century word for dogs for those who spoke English?", "id": "56d4bcef2ccc5a1400d8319a", "answers": [{"text": "hound", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What breed was so prolific it became a prototype of hound?", "id": "56d4bcef2ccc5a1400d8319b", "answers": [{"text": "mastiff.", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what century did \"hound\" start to only apply to hunting dogs?", "id": "56d4bcef2ccc5a1400d8319c", "answers": [{"text": "16th", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the common term for all domesticated dogs in England during the 14th century?", "id": "56d99962dc89441400fdb5a6", "answers": [{"text": "hound", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the word dog become the common term for canines?", "id": "56d99962dc89441400fdb5a7", "answers": [{"text": "16th century", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Hound became the term for dogs who did what activity during this time?", "id": "56d99962dc89441400fdb5a8", "answers": [{"text": "hunting", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Proto-Indo-European word is hound from?", "id": "56d99962dc89441400fdb5a9", "answers": [{"text": "*kwon- \"dog\"", "answer_start": 468}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 14th-century England, hound (from Old English: hund) was the general word for all domestic canines, and dog referred to a subtype of hound, a group including the mastiff. It is believed this \"dog\" type was so common, it eventually became the prototype of the category \"hound\". By the 16th century, dog had become the general word, and hound had begun to refer only to types used for hunting. The word \"hound\" is ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *kwon- \"dog\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are a single birth group of puppies of a dog called collectively?", "id": "56d4bdcd2ccc5a1400d831aa", "answers": [{"text": "a litter.", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the male who is father of the pups called?", "id": "56d4bdcd2ccc5a1400d831ab", "answers": [{"text": "sire", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the French word that \"puppy\" comes from?", "id": "56d4bdcd2ccc5a1400d831ac", "answers": [{"text": "poup\u00e9e", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is giving birth to dogs called?", "id": "56d4bdcd2ccc5a1400d831ad", "answers": [{"text": "whelping", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the English word for female dog that has also become profanity?", "id": "56d4bdcd2ccc5a1400d831ae", "answers": [{"text": "bitch", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A male canine is called a dog while a female canine is called a what in reference to breeding?", "id": "56d999dcdc89441400fdb5ae", "answers": [{"text": "bitch", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are canine offspring referred as?", "id": "56d999dcdc89441400fdb5af", "answers": [{"text": "litter", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the father of a litter referred as?", "id": "56d999dcdc89441400fdb5b0", "answers": [{"text": "sire", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the mother of a litter referred as?", "id": "56d999dcdc89441400fdb5b1", "answers": [{"text": "dam", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the individual litter canines called?", "id": "56d999dcdc89441400fdb5b2", "answers": [{"text": "pups", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In breeding circles, a male canine is referred to as a dog, while a female is called a bitch (Middle English bicche, from Old English bicce, ultimately from Old Norse bikkja). A group of offspring is a litter. The father of a litter is called the sire, and the mother is called the dam. Offspring are, in general, called pups or puppies, from French poup\u00e9e, until they are about a year old. The process of birth is whelping, from the Old English word hwelp."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the Latin term for \"dog.?\"", "id": "56d4befa2ccc5a1400d831b4", "answers": [{"text": "Canis", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year are dogs first listed in Systema Naturae?", "id": "56d4befa2ccc5a1400d831b5", "answers": [{"text": "1758", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who published Systema Naturae?", "id": "56d4befa2ccc5a1400d831b6", "answers": [{"text": "Linnaeus", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the modern single English word for Canis lupus?", "id": "56d4befa2ccc5a1400d831b7", "answers": [{"text": "wolf", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What 1982 publication listed regular family dogs under wolves?", "id": "56d4befa2ccc5a1400d831b8", "answers": [{"text": "Mammal Species of the World", "answer_start": 731}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Latin word for dog?", "id": "56d99aa4dc89441400fdb5b8", "answers": [{"text": "Canis", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Canis familiaris is the classification for dogs, and is known as what?", "id": "56d99aa4dc89441400fdb5b9", "answers": [{"text": "family dog", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Latin name for a wolf?", "id": "56d99aa4dc89441400fdb5ba", "answers": [{"text": "Canis lupus", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Feral dogs have what Latin classification?", "id": "56d99aa4dc89441400fdb5bb", "answers": [{"text": "Canis dingo", "answer_start": 507}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Canis familiaris listed under Canis lupus?", "id": "56d99aa4dc89441400fdb5bc", "answers": [{"text": "1982", "answer_start": 704}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1758, the taxonomist Linnaeus published in Systema Naturae a categorization of species which included the Canis species. Canis is a Latin word meaning dog, and the list included the dog-like carnivores: the domestic dog, wolves, foxes and jackals. The dog was classified as Canis familiaris, which means \"Dog-family\" or the family dog. On the next page he recorded the wolf as Canis lupus, which means \"Dog-wolf\". In 1978, a review aimed at reducing the number of recognized Canis species proposed that \"Canis dingo is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog. Canis familiaris is used for domestic dogs, although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with Canis lupus.\" In 1982, the first edition of Mammal Species of the World listed Canis familiaris under Canis lupus with the comment: \"Probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog, familiaris. Canis familiaris has page priority over Canis lupus, but both were published simultaneously in Linnaeus (1758), and Canis lupus has been universally used for this species\", which avoided classifying the wolf as the family dog. The dog is now listed among the many other Latin-named subspecies of Canis lupus as Canis lupus familiaris."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year was it decided that if wolves and dogs were one species, then their scientific name is the name of the wild variety?", "id": "56d4c13d2ccc5a1400d831d2", "answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What 2005 publication in its third edition kept to that ruling?", "id": "56d4c13d2ccc5a1400d831d3", "answers": [{"text": "Mammal Species of the World", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Latin dog term is still used because wild and domesticated dogs are recognizably different?", "id": "56d4c13d2ccc5a1400d831d4", "answers": [{"text": "Canis familiaris.", "answer_start": 775}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What official body recognizes both Canis lupus and Canis familiaris?", "id": "56d4c13d2ccc5a1400d831d5", "answers": [{"text": "ICZN", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Many researchers prefer what term?", "id": "56d4c13d2ccc5a1400d831d6", "answers": [{"text": "Canis familiaris.", "answer_start": 775}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who ruled in 2003 that scientific names for wild animals share the same scientific name as their domestic counterparts?", "id": "56d99b58dc89441400fdb5c2", "answers": [{"text": "ICZN", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was this decision called?", "id": "56d99b58dc89441400fdb5c3", "answers": [{"text": "Opinion 2027", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2003, the ICZN ruled in its Opinion 2027 that if wild animals and their domesticated derivatives are regarded as one species, then the scientific name of that species is the scientific name of the wild animal. In 2005, the third edition of Mammal Species of the World upheld Opinion 2027 with the name Lupus and the note: \"Includes the domestic dog as a subspecies, with the dingo provisionally separate - artificial variants created by domestication and selective breeding\". However, Canis familiaris is sometimes used due to an ongoing nomenclature debate because wild and domestic animals are separately recognizable entities and that the ICZN allowed users a choice as to which name they could use, and a number of internationally recognized researchers prefer to use Canis familiaris."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What indicated dogs and gray wolves developed as two monophyletic clades?", "id": "56d4c2102ccc5a1400d831ee", "answers": [{"text": "genetic studies", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The common relative of dogs and existing wolves is now considered what?", "id": "56d4c2102ccc5a1400d831ef", "answers": [{"text": "extinct.", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Later genetic studies strongly supported dogs and gray wolves forming two sister monophyletic clades within the one species, and that the common ancestor of dogs and extant wolves is extinct."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Modern dogs likely began when human beings were considered to be what?", "id": "56d4c3ba2ccc5a1400d831fd", "answers": [{"text": "hunter-gatherers", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Due to admixture, what species are many Arctic dogs related to?", "id": "56d4c3ba2ccc5a1400d831ff", "answers": [{"text": "Taimyr wolf of North Asia", "answer_start": 606}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Rather than with agriculturists, dogs seemingly were during the time of who?", "id": "56d99c62dc89441400fdb5e2", "answers": [{"text": "human hunter-gatherers", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Most breeds share a genetic likeness to what animal?", "id": "56d99c62dc89441400fdb5e3", "answers": [{"text": "gray wolf", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Some Arctic breeds are more like what wolf rather than the gray wolf?", "id": "56d99c62dc89441400fdb5e4", "answers": [{"text": "Taimyr", "answer_start": 606}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The origin of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris) is not clear. Whole genome sequencing indicates that the dog, the gray wolf and the extinct Taymyr wolf diverged at around the same time 27,000\u201340,000 years ago. These dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter-gatherers and not agriculturists. Modern dogs are more closely related to ancient wolf fossils that have been found in Europe than they are to modern gray wolves. Nearly all dog breeds' genetic closeness to the gray wolf are due to admixture, except several Arctic dog breeds are close to the Taimyr wolf of North Asia due to admixture."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What species shows more difference in size, looks and actions than any other?", "id": "56d4c4bd2ccc5a1400d8320e", "answers": [{"text": "Modern dog breeds", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are dog teeth best suited for?", "id": "56d4c4bd2ccc5a1400d8320f", "answers": [{"text": "catching and tearing.", "answer_start": 434}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dogs are considered to be predators and what else?", "id": "56d4c4bd2ccc5a1400d83210", "answers": [{"text": "scavengers", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What bones in dog legs are fused?", "id": "56d4c4bd2ccc5a1400d83211", "answers": [{"text": "wrist", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A dog's heart and vascular ability if best suited for sprinting and what else?", "id": "56d4c4bd2ccc5a1400d83212", "answers": [{"text": "endurance", "answer_start": 409}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are a dog's teeth mainly used for?", "id": "56d99cfedc89441400fdb5eb", "answers": [{"text": "catching and tearing", "answer_start": 434}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dogs originated as predators and what?", "id": "56d99cfedc89441400fdb5ec", "answers": [{"text": "scavengers", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. Dogs are predators and scavengers, and like many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Dogs show an extreme range in what two characteristics?", "id": "56d4d4b82ccc5a1400d8327c", "answers": [{"text": "height and weight.", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What breed was the largest dog known to have lived?", "id": "56d4d4b82ccc5a1400d8327f", "answers": [{"text": "English Mastiff", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the biggest known dog?", "id": "56d99d69dc89441400fdb5f4", "answers": [{"text": "English Mastiff", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Dogs are highly variable in height and weight. The smallest known adult dog was a Yorkshire Terrier, that stood only 6.3 cm (2.5 in) at the shoulder, 9.5 cm (3.7 in) in length along the head-and-body, and weighed only 113 grams (4.0 oz). The largest known dog was an English Mastiff which weighed 155.6 kg (343 lb) and was 250 cm (98 in) from the snout to the tail. The tallest dog is a Great Dane that stands 106.7 cm (42.0 in) at the shoulder."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which coat is more common with dogs living in colder climates?", "id": "56d5aeea1c85041400946db3", "answers": [{"text": "double", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with a gruff guard hair, what else makes up the double coat?", "id": "56d5aeea1c85041400946db4", "answers": [{"text": "soft down hair", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the more common coat for dogs from colder climates?", "id": "56d99dcfdc89441400fdb608", "answers": [{"text": "double", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a single coat?", "id": "56d99dcfdc89441400fdb609", "answers": [{"text": "topcoat only", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: \"double\" being common with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or \"single\", with the topcoat only."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When a dog has a camouflage pattern on its coat, this is called what?", "id": "56d5af531c85041400946dba", "answers": [{"text": "countershading", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A dog with countershading has dark coloring where?", "id": "56d5af531c85041400946dbb", "answers": [{"text": "upper surfaces", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A natural camo pattern is known as what?", "id": "56d99e45dc89441400fdb60e", "answers": [{"text": "countershading", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What color is on a dogs upper surfaces if it has countershading?", "id": "56d99e45dc89441400fdb60f", "answers": [{"text": "dark coloring", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is reduced when a dog has countershading?", "id": "56d99e45dc89441400fdb610", "answers": [{"text": "visibility", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading, a common natural camouflage pattern. A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below, which reduces its general visibility. Thus, many breeds will have an occasional \"blaze\", stripe, or \"star\" of white fur on their chest or underside."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What part of a dog can be straight, curly or cork-screwed?", "id": "56d5afb81c85041400946dc2", "answers": [{"text": "tails", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does a dog communicate with its tail?", "id": "56d5afb81c85041400946dc3", "answers": [{"text": "emotional state", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of a dog can be straight, curled, or cork-screwed?", "id": "56d99ea7dc89441400fdb620", "answers": [{"text": "tails", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There are many different shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, or cork-screw. As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be important in getting along with others. In some hunting dogs, however, the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries. In some breeds, such as the Braque du Bourbonnais, puppies can be born with a short tail or no tail at all."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are some dogs prone to?", "id": "56d5c9061c85041400946dca", "answers": [{"text": "genetic ailments", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are all dogs susceptible to?", "id": "56d5c9061c85041400946dcc", "answers": [{"text": "parasites", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Pyometra usually affects what type of female dog?", "id": "56d5c9061c85041400946dcd", "answers": [{"text": "unspayed", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does pyometra affect?", "id": "56d9a0cadc89441400fdb637", "answers": [{"text": "unspayed females", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are fleas, ticks and mites called?", "id": "56d9a0cadc89441400fdb639", "answers": [{"text": "parasites", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some breeds of dogs are prone to certain genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees. Two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and bloat, which affects the larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions, and can kill rapidly. Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, and mites, as well as hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Some foods that are okay for people to eat are what to dogs?", "id": "56d5ca321c85041400946dd2", "answers": [{"text": "toxic", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Grapes, raisins, onions, garlic and what common sugar alcohol (sweetener) is toxic to dogs?", "id": "56d5ca321c85041400946dd3", "answers": [{"text": "xylitol", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of nut is poisonous to dogs?", "id": "56d5ca321c85041400946dd4", "answers": [{"text": "macadamia", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the chemical in chocolate that is poisonous to dogs?", "id": "56d5ca321c85041400946dd5", "answers": [{"text": "theobromine", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Some human foods can be what to dogs?", "id": "56d9a199dc89441400fdb64e", "answers": [{"text": "toxic", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What in tobacco can hurt dogs?", "id": "56d9a199dc89441400fdb64f", "answers": [{"text": "nicotine", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What form of chocolate is especially toxic to dogs?", "id": "56d9a199dc89441400fdb652", "answers": [{"text": "dark", "answer_start": 890}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous. Dogs can get it by scavenging in garbage or ashtrays; eating cigars and cigarettes. Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other signs are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death. Dogs are highly susceptible to theobromine poisoning, typically from ingestion of chocolate. Theobromine is toxic to dogs because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Mutts, dogs that have several breed characteristics, live how much longer than purebred dogs?", "id": "56d5cba21c85041400946dde", "answers": [{"text": "1.2 years", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do bigger dogs typically have longer or shorter lives?", "id": "56d5cba21c85041400946ddf", "answers": [{"text": "shorter", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was a study done that discovered mixed breeds tend to live longer than pure breeds?", "id": "56d9a21edc89441400fdb65a", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Typically, how much longer do mixed breeds live?", "id": "56d9a21edc89441400fdb65b", "answers": [{"text": "1.2 years longer", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2013, a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1.2 years longer than pure breeds, and that increasing body-weight was negatively correlated with longevity (i.e. the heavier the dog the shorter its lifespan)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the median lifespan of canines?", "id": "56d5cc661c85041400946de2", "answers": [{"text": "10 to 13 years.", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most the median longevity, the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive, ranges from 10 to 13 years. Individual dogs may live well beyond the median of their breed."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the canine breed with shortest median lifespan?", "id": "56d5cd181c85041400946de4", "answers": [{"text": "Dogue de Bordeaux", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the median length of life for the canine breed that lives the least amount of years?", "id": "56d5cd181c85041400946de5", "answers": [{"text": "5.2 years", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the average lifespan of an Irish Wolfhound?", "id": "56d5cd181c85041400946de6", "answers": [{"text": "6 to 7 years.", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which dog has the shortest lifespan?", "id": "56d9a294dc89441400fdb662", "answers": [{"text": "Dogue de Bordeaux", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the average lifespan for a Dogue de Borddeaux?", "id": "56d9a294dc89441400fdb663", "answers": [{"text": "5.2 years", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The breed with the shortest lifespan (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size) is the Dogue de Bordeaux, with a median longevity of about 5.2 years, but several breeds, including Miniature Bull Terriers, Bloodhounds, and Irish Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived, with median longevities of 6 to 7 years."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the average length of years of life for canines with long lifespans?", "id": "56d5ceda1c85041400946dea", "answers": [{"text": "14 to 15 years.", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the canine that is reported to have lived the longest?", "id": "56d5ceda1c85041400946deb", "answers": [{"text": "Bluey", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the dog in the Guinness Book of World Records for longest lived?", "id": "56d5ceda1c85041400946dec", "answers": [{"text": "Pusuke", "answer_start": 468}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the dog die that is reported to be the longest lived but not officially in a record book?", "id": "56d5ceda1c85041400946dee", "answers": [{"text": "1939", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the dog who lived to be 29.5 years?", "id": "56d9a315dc89441400fdb66d", "answers": [{"text": "Bluey", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Bluey die?", "id": "56d9a315dc89441400fdb66e", "answers": [{"text": "1939", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Guinness Book of World Records say was the oldest dog in 2011?", "id": "56d9a315dc89441400fdb66f", "answers": [{"text": "Pusuke", "answer_start": 468}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodles, Japanese Spitz, Border Terriers, and Tibetan Spaniels, have median longevities of 14 to 15 years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. The dog widely reported to be the longest-lived is \"Bluey\", who died in 1939 and was claimed to be 29.5 years old at the time of his death. On 5 December 2011, Pusuke, the world's oldest living dog recognized by Guinness Book of World Records, died aged 26 years and 9 months."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many times per year do female dogs go into heat?", "id": "56d5d0101c85041400946df5", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does going into heat (estrous) prepare a female dog for?", "id": "56d5d0101c85041400946df6", "answers": [{"text": "pregnancy.", "answer_start": 358}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Some larger breeds could take how long to become sexually mature?", "id": "56d9a527dc89441400fdb681", "answers": [{"text": "two years", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does a female dog experience at sexual maturity?", "id": "56d9a527dc89441400fdb682", "answers": [{"text": "first estrous cycle", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In domestic dogs, sexual maturity begins to happen around age six to twelve months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds. This is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles biannually, during which the body prepares for pregnancy. At the peak of the cycle, females will come into estrus, being mentally and physically receptive to copulation. Because the ova survive and are capable of being fertilized for a week after ovulation, it is possible for a female to mate with more than one male."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How long do female dogs carry before delivering puppies?", "id": "56d5d0cb1c85041400946dfe", "answers": [{"text": "58 to 68 days", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the average length of dog pregnancy?", "id": "56d5d0cb1c85041400946dff", "answers": [{"text": "63 days", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the average number of pups in a litter?", "id": "56d5d0cb1c85041400946e00", "answers": [{"text": "about six", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For small dogs, what is the average number of pups in a litter?", "id": "56d5d0cb1c85041400946e02", "answers": [{"text": "one to four", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the average for a dog to bear her litter?", "id": "56d9a582dc89441400fdb68a", "answers": [{"text": "63 days", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the average number of pups per litter?", "id": "56d9a582dc89441400fdb68b", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Smaller dogs tend to have how many pups per litter?", "id": "56d9a582dc89441400fdb68c", "answers": [{"text": "one to four", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is it called when an animal is altered to prevent procreation?", "id": "56d5d6521c85041400946e16", "answers": [{"text": "Neutering", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to the text, what agency recommends altering dogs to prevent pregnancies?", "id": "56d5d6521c85041400946e17", "answers": [{"text": "the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA)", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is typically surgically removed on male dogs to prevent procreation?", "id": "56d5d6521c85041400946e18", "answers": [{"text": "testicles", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is usually removed in female dogs to prevent pregnancy?", "id": "56d5d6521c85041400946e19", "answers": [{"text": "ovaries and uterus", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In neutering, what is removed in a male dog?", "id": "56d9a7b5dc89441400fdb6b2", "answers": [{"text": "testicles", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In neutering, what is removed in female dogs?", "id": "56d9a7b5dc89441400fdb6b3", "answers": [{"text": "ovaries and uterus", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the ASPCA recommend for dogs who are not used for breeding purposes?", "id": "56d9a7b5dc89441400fdb6b4", "answers": [{"text": "neutered", "answer_start": 425}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may have to later be euthanized."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Hypersexual behavior in male dogs is diminished by what?", "id": "56d5d7fa1c85041400946e24", "answers": [{"text": "Neutering", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to the text, what is a possible side effect of neutering a female dog?", "id": "56d5d7fa1c85041400946e26", "answers": [{"text": "urinary incontinence", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Female dogs are less likely to develop cancer if what happens?", "id": "56d9a9e3dc89441400fdb6bc", "answers": [{"text": "Spayed", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is increased in female dogs with neutering?", "id": "56d9a9e3dc89441400fdb6bd", "answers": [{"text": "urinary incontinence", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is increased in male dogs with neutering?", "id": "56d9a9e3dc89441400fdb6be", "answers": [{"text": "prostate cancer", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs. Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop some forms of cancer, affecting mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs. However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs, and prostate cancer in males, as well as osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the dog that could ID over 200 things?", "id": "56d5d92a1c85041400946e2c", "answers": [{"text": "Rico", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the Border collie that knew over 1000 words?", "id": "56d5d92a1c85041400946e2d", "answers": [{"text": "Chaser", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to interpreting body language and verbal commands dogs can also interpret what two other things?", "id": "56d5d92a1c85041400946e2e", "answers": [{"text": "gesturing and pointing", "answer_start": 685}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What wild canine did better at a problem-solving experiment?", "id": "56d5d92a1c85041400946e2f", "answers": [{"text": "Australian dingos", "answer_start": 849}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one thing, according to the text, that domesticated dogs use humans for?", "id": "56d5d92a1c85041400946e30", "answers": [{"text": "to solve their problems for them.", "answer_start": 1297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Perceiving information and retaining it is what?", "id": "56d9aa93dc89441400fdb6c2", "answers": [{"text": "intelligence", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many labels does Rico the dog know?", "id": "56d9aa93dc89441400fdb6c3", "answers": [{"text": "over 200", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of memory skills do dogs have?", "id": "56d9aa93dc89441400fdb6c4", "answers": [{"text": "advanced", "answer_start": 416}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many words did Chaser know?", "id": "56d9aa93dc89441400fdb6c5", "answers": [{"text": "over 1,000", "answer_start": 590}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, \"Chaser\", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. A study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving experiment, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Dogs are estimated to be domesticated as far back as what date range of years on the calendar?", "id": "56d5da871c85041400946e36", "answers": [{"text": "9,000\u201330,000 years BCE", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dog minds have been shaped by thousands of years of contact with what species?", "id": "56d5da871c85041400946e37", "answers": [{"text": "humans.", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do some dog skills parallel in human beings?", "id": "56d5da871c85041400946e38", "answers": [{"text": "social-cognitive skills of human children", "answer_start": 826}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dogs are  very well attuned to what other species' behaviors?", "id": "56d5da871c85041400946e39", "answers": [{"text": "humans.", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dogs can understand and communicate with what other species?", "id": "56d5da871c85041400946e3a", "answers": [{"text": "humans.", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a dog's responses to stimuli known as?", "id": "56d9b01bdc89441400fdb6cc", "answers": [{"text": "Dog behavior", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "More than any other species, dogs are able to do what with people?", "id": "56d9b01bdc89441400fdb6ce", "answers": [{"text": "understand and communicate", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dogs have some social skills that parallel what?", "id": "56d9b01bdc89441400fdb6cf", "answers": [{"text": "human children", "answer_start": 853}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and/or external stimuli. As the oldest domesticated species, with estimates ranging from 9,000\u201330,000 years BCE, the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs, more than any other species, have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans and they are uniquely attuned to our behaviors. Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in the otherwise humble domestic dog. These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes. Rather, these skills parallel some of the social-cognitive skills of human children."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is gustatory communication include in dogs?", "id": "56d5dcee1c85041400946e4a", "answers": [{"text": "scents, pheromones and taste", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "People communicate with dogs by voice commands, body language or posture and what else?", "id": "56d5dcee1c85041400946e4b", "answers": [{"text": "hand signals", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Eye gaze, vocalization and body posture are examples of what?", "id": "56d9b06edc89441400fdb6de", "answers": [{"text": "Dog communication", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to vocalization and body posture, how do people communicate with dogs?", "id": "56d9b06edc89441400fdb6df", "answers": [{"text": "hand signals", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Dog communication is about how dogs \"speak\" to each other, how they understand messages that humans send to them, and how humans can translate the ideas that dogs are trying to transmit.:xii These communication behaviors include eye gaze, facial expression, vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs) and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones and taste). Humans communicate with dogs by using vocalization, hand signals and body posture."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which typically has thicker skin, dogs or wolves?", "id": "56d5debf1c85041400946e53", "answers": [{"text": "dogs.", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dogs having ears that are not erect may be due to what?", "id": "56d5debf1c85041400946e54", "answers": [{"text": "atrophy of the jaw muscles.", "answer_start": 1018}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of features differentiate gray wolves from dogs?", "id": "56d9b374dc89441400fdb6e2", "answers": [{"text": "diagnostic features", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How often do female wolves enter estrus?", "id": "56d9b374dc89441400fdb6e6", "answers": [{"text": "once a year.", "answer_start": 911}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Despite their close genetic relationship and the ability to inter-breed, there are a number of diagnostic features to distinguish the gray wolves from domestic dogs. Domesticated dogs are clearly distinguishable from wolves by starch gel electrophoresis of red blood cell acid phosphatase. The tympanic bullae are large, convex and almost spherical in gray wolves, while the bullae of dogs are smaller, compressed and slightly crumpled. Compared to equally sized wolves, dogs tend to have 20% smaller skulls and 30% smaller brains.:35 The teeth of gray wolves are also proportionately larger than those of dogs; the premolars and molars of wolves are much less crowded and have more complex cusp patterns. Wolves do not have dewclaws on their back legs, unless there has been admixture with dogs. Dogs lack a functioning pre-caudal gland, and most enter estrus twice yearly, unlike gray wolves which only do so once a year. Dogs require fewer calories to function than wolves. The dog's limp ears may be the result of atrophy of the jaw muscles. The skin of domestic dogs tends to be thicker than that of wolves, with some Inuit tribes favoring the former for use as clothing due to its greater resistance to wear and tear in harsh weather."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Instead of genetic traits for production, dogs are bred for what?", "id": "56d5f6b21c85041400946e64", "answers": [{"text": "behaviors.", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many \"fixed\" genes demonstrate the differences between the wolf and dog?", "id": "56d5f6b21c85041400946e65", "answers": [{"text": "11", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The gene differences indicate what two things done by selection in dogs during breeding for domestication?", "id": "56d5f6b21c85041400946e66", "answers": [{"text": "morphology and behavior", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the common trait selected for dogs in overall breeding?", "id": "56d5f6b21c85041400946e67", "answers": [{"text": "tameness", "answer_start": 586}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do most dogs show less of than wolves?", "id": "56d5f6b21c85041400946e68", "answers": [{"text": "fear and aggression", "answer_start": 651}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Most domestic animals were selected for what traits?", "id": "56d9b439dc89441400fdb6f6", "answers": [{"text": "production-related traits", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why were dogs initially selected?", "id": "56d9b439dc89441400fdb6f7", "answers": [{"text": "for their behaviors.", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For wolves and dogs, how many fixed genes show a variation?", "id": "56d9b439dc89441400fdb6f8", "answers": [{"text": "11", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dogs show less fear and what as opposed to wolves?", "id": "56d9b439dc89441400fdb6f9", "answers": [{"text": "aggression", "answer_start": 660}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors. In 2016, a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution, and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to have an impact on the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response (i.e. selection for tameness), and emotional processing. Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared to wolves. Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and then later in breed formation."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the larger count for numbers of dogs considered to populate the planet?", "id": "56d5f7181c85041400946e6e", "answers": [{"text": "525 million", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many dogs are estimated to be in the world?", "id": "56d9b4b3dc89441400fdb704", "answers": [{"text": "525 million", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are dog population estimates based on other than land uses?", "id": "56d9b4b3dc89441400fdb705", "answers": [{"text": "human population densities", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The global dog population is estimated at 525 million:225 based on a transparent methodology, as opposed to other estimates where the methodology has not been made available \u2013 all dog population estimates are based on regional human population densities and land uses."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Like wolves, big domesticated dogs are considered what type of predator?", "id": "56d5f9181c85041400946e7a", "answers": [{"text": "apex", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Wolves may act in what behavioral manner when attacking dogs?", "id": "56d5f9181c85041400946e7d", "answers": [{"text": "fearless", "answer_start": 671}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What animal is reported to be killed more often than sheep by wolves in Croatia?", "id": "56d5f9181c85041400946e7e", "answers": [{"text": "dogs", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Like wolves, what kind of predators are large dogs?", "id": "56d9b5eddc89441400fdb71a", "answers": [{"text": "apex", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dogs die as a result of Croatian wolf encounters more than what kind of animal?", "id": "56d9b5eddc89441400fdb71b", "answers": [{"text": "sheep", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What limits the feral dog population in Russia?", "id": "56d9b5eddc89441400fdb71c", "answers": [{"text": "Wolves", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although large wild dogs, like wolves, are apex predators, they can be killed in territory disputes with wild animals. Furthermore, in areas where both dogs and other large predators live, dogs can be a major food source for big cats or canines. Reports from Croatia indicate wolves kill dogs more frequently than they kill sheep. Wolves in Russia apparently limit feral dog populations. In Wisconsin, more compensation has been paid for dog losses than livestock. Some wolf pairs have been reported to prey on dogs by having one wolf lure the dog out into heavy brush where the second animal waits in ambush. In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs, to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What large cat has a particular taste for dogs no matter how big the dog is?", "id": "56d5fa0e1c85041400946e84", "answers": [{"text": "leopards.", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a typical predator of dogs in places such as Turkmenistan?", "id": "56d5fa0e1c85041400946e85", "answers": [{"text": "Striped hyenas", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two reptiles kill dogs and consume them?", "id": "56d5fa0e1c85041400946e86", "answers": [{"text": "alligators and pythons", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What big cat has a tendency to attack dogs?", "id": "56d9b69cdc89441400fdb726", "answers": [{"text": "Leopards", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What big cats in Indonesia also attack dogs?", "id": "56d9b69cdc89441400fdb727", "answers": [{"text": "Tigers", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of reptiles eat dogs?", "id": "56d9b69cdc89441400fdb728", "answers": [{"text": "alligators and pythons", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a known predator of village dogs in India?", "id": "56d9b69cdc89441400fdb729", "answers": [{"text": "Striped hyenas", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs. Leopards in particular are known to have a predilection for dogs, and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of the dog's size or ferocity. Tigers in Manchuria, Indochina, Indonesia, and Malaysia are reputed to kill dogs with the same vigor as leopards. Striped hyenas are major predators of village dogs in Turkmenistan, India, and the Caucasus. Reptiles such as alligators and pythons have been known to kill and eat dogs."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Dogs exhibit carnivore as well as what other type of dietary behavior?", "id": "56d5fb031c85041400946e8a", "answers": [{"text": "omnivores", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dogs can digest meat as well as what else?", "id": "56d5fb031c85041400946e8c", "answers": [{"text": "vegetables and grains", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Cats are known as what type of carnivore?", "id": "56d5fb031c85041400946e8e", "answers": [{"text": "obligate", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Because of what they eat, dogs are classified as what?", "id": "56d9b75edc89441400fdb73a", "answers": [{"text": "carnivores or omnivores", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dogs do not require a very high level of what when eating?", "id": "56d9b75edc89441400fdb73b", "answers": [{"text": "protein", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dogs have genes that allow them to thrive on what when compared to wolves, who cannot?", "id": "56d9b75edc89441400fdb73c", "answers": [{"text": "starch", "answer_start": 623}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Despite their descent from wolves and classification as Carnivora, dogs are variously described in scholarly and other writings as carnivores or omnivores. Unlike obligate carnivores, such as the cat family with its shorter small intestine, dogs can adapt to a wide-ranging diet, and are not dependent on meat-specific protein nor a very high level of protein in order to fulfill their basic dietary requirements. Dogs will healthily digest a variety of foods, including vegetables and grains, and can consume a large proportion of these in their diet. Comparing dogs and wolves, dogs have adaptations in genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The majority of dog breeds have only been around for how long?", "id": "56d5fbbd1c85041400946e94", "answers": [{"text": "a few hundred years", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "People selected dogs they wanted based on what two things?", "id": "56d5fbbd1c85041400946e95", "answers": [{"text": "particular morphologies and behaviors", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Hundreds of different dog breeds exist because of what?", "id": "56d5fbbd1c85041400946e96", "answers": [{"text": "selective breeding", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Height measurements in dogs go from six inches for Chihuahuas to 30 inches in what breed?", "id": "56d5fbbd1c85041400946e97", "answers": [{"text": "Irish Wolfhound", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old are most dog breeds?", "id": "56d9b7e2dc89441400fdb74a", "answers": [{"text": "a few hundred years old", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many different breeds are there?", "id": "56d9b7e2dc89441400fdb74b", "answers": [{"text": "hundreds", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Gray color is often called what when referring to dogs?", "id": "56d9b7e2dc89441400fdb74d", "answers": [{"text": "blue", "answer_start": 543}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Most breeds of dog are at most a few hundred years old, having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles. Through this selective breeding, the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds, and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal. For example, height measured to the withers ranges from 15.2 centimetres (6.0 in) in the Chihuahua to about 76 cm (30 in) in the Irish Wolfhound; color varies from white through grays (usually called \"blue\") to black, and browns from light (tan) to dark (\"red\" or \"chocolate\") in a wide variation of patterns; coats can be short or long, coarse-haired to wool-like, straight, curly, or smooth. It is common for most breeds to shed this coat."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Natural selection and what makes certain dogs behave certain ways?", "id": "56d5fc2a1c85041400946e9e", "answers": [{"text": "selective breeding", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What distinguishes different types of dogs from one another?", "id": "56d5fc2a1c85041400946ea0", "answers": [{"text": "breed", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who keeps classifications of different dog breeds?", "id": "56d5fc2a1c85041400946ea1", "answers": [{"text": "modern kennel clubs.", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is responsible for different dog types and breeds today?", "id": "56d9bf08dc89441400fdb774", "answers": [{"text": "natural selection and selective breeding", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Animals that share characteristics that are different than what other animals in that species have is known as what?", "id": "56d9bf08dc89441400fdb775", "answers": [{"text": "breeds", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Modern dog breeds are what type of classification which is maintained by modern kennel clubs?", "id": "56d9bf08dc89441400fdb776", "answers": [{"text": "non-scientific", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "While all dogs are genetically very similar, natural selection and selective breeding have reinforced certain characteristics in certain populations of dogs, giving rise to dog types and dog breeds. Dog types are broad categories based on function, genetics, or characteristics. Dog breeds are groups of animals that possess a set of inherited characteristics that distinguishes them from other animals within the same species. Modern dog breeds are non-scientific classifications of dogs kept by modern kennel clubs."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The methods kennel clubs used to classify dogs is what?", "id": "56d5ff441c85041400946ea6", "answers": [{"text": "unsystematic.", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A scientific study of dog genetics has shown only how many  types of dogs being determinably distinct?", "id": "56d5ff441c85041400946ea7", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What, according to the text, are two examples of \"old world\" dogs?", "id": "56d5ff441c85041400946ea8", "answers": [{"text": "Malamute and Shar Pei", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "the Border collie is an example of what type of dog?", "id": "56d5ff441c85041400946ea9", "answers": [{"text": "herding", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many main types of dogs are there?", "id": "56d9bf81dc89441400fdb784", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of dogs are Shar Peis?", "id": "56d9bf81dc89441400fdb785", "answers": [{"text": "old world dogs", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the other modern and hunting types of dogs called?", "id": "56d9bf81dc89441400fdb788", "answers": [{"text": "all others", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Purebred dogs of one breed are genetically distinguishable from purebred dogs of other breeds, but the means by which kennel clubs classify dogs is unsystematic. Systematic analyses of the dog genome has revealed only four major types of dogs that can be said to be statistically distinct. These include the \"old world dogs\" (e.g., Malamute and Shar Pei), \"Mastiff\"-type (e.g., English Mastiff), \"herding\"-type (e.g., Border Collie), and \"all others\" (also called \"modern\"- or \"hunting\"-type)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is one of the complex behaviors pet dogs have gotten from wolves?", "id": "56d600eb1c85041400946eb8", "answers": [{"text": "bite inhibition", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What may make dogs have the ability to be trained by, play with and fit in with people?", "id": "56d600eb1c85041400946eb9", "answers": [{"text": "sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Higher social attributes  and human relationships may have caused dogs to reach what as a species?", "id": "56d600eb1c85041400946eba", "answers": [{"text": "one of the most successful species on the planet today.", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a complex behavior that dogs inherited from wolves?", "id": "56d9c0c0dc89441400fdb798", "answers": [{"text": "bite inhibition", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack hunters with complex body language. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations, and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today.:pages95-136"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Dogs had a worth to what type of early humans?", "id": "56d601b61c85041400946ec8", "answers": [{"text": "hunter-gatherers", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dogs have hunted with and done other things for people for a long time, but what is a more recent help to people they provide?", "id": "56d601b61c85041400946eca", "answers": [{"text": "aiding handicapped individuals.", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Because of a dog's resourcefulness to people, they have been given what nickname?", "id": "56d9c11cdc89441400fdb79c", "answers": [{"text": "man's best friend", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Some cultures treat dogs as what rather than companions?", "id": "56d9c11cdc89441400fdb79d", "answers": [{"text": "a source of meat", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This impact on human society has given them the nickname \"man's best friend\" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did dogs clean up to help with keeping habitations of people clean?", "id": "56d626661c85041400946f36", "answers": [{"text": "food scraps.", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do Australian aborigines call a frigid night? ", "id": "56d626661c85041400946f37", "answers": [{"text": "three dog night", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did a dog's good hearing help humans with?", "id": "56d626661c85041400946f38", "answers": [{"text": "early warning.", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How could dogs have helped with sanitation issues in camps?", "id": "56d9c3c7dc89441400fdb7be", "answers": [{"text": "cleaning up food scraps", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Australian Aboriginal expression that indicates a very cold night?", "id": "56d9c3c7dc89441400fdb7bf", "answers": [{"text": "three dog night", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Humans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs associated with their camps. For instance, dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps. Dogs may have provided warmth, as referred to in the Australian Aboriginal expression \"three dog night\" (an exceptionally cold night), and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers, using their acute hearing to provide an early warning."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of hunting is it called when humans and dogs hunt together?", "id": "56d627261c85041400946f3e", "answers": [{"text": "cooperative hunting", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was research completed to demonstrate humans benefited by having dogs hunt with them?", "id": "56d627261c85041400946f3f", "answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 284}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What would have been the top benefit for dogs in camps?", "id": "56d9c483dc89441400fdb7ca", "answers": [{"text": "sense of smell", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The successful mixing of dogs with hunting is often given as a primary reason for what?", "id": "56d9c483dc89441400fdb7cc", "answers": [{"text": "the domestication of the wolf", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Anthropologists believe the most significant benefit would have been the use of dogs' robust sense of smell to assist with the hunt. The relationship between the presence of a dog and success in the hunt is often mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf, and a 2004 study of hunter groups with and without a dog gives quantitative support to the hypothesis that the benefits of cooperative hunting was an important factor in wolf domestication."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of working dog may have been the reason so many humans were able to get into North America 12,000 tears ago?", "id": "56d629291c85041400946f48", "answers": [{"text": "sled dogs", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did ancient people walk across from Siberia into North America?", "id": "56d629291c85041400946f49", "answers": [{"text": "Bering land bridge", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old are the oldest findings of dogs in North America?", "id": "56d629291c85041400946f4a", "answers": [{"text": "9,400 years", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Evidence places dogs in North America when?", "id": "56d9c708dc89441400fdb7fa", "answers": [{"text": "12,000 years ago", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dogs were the only domesticated animals for what North American population?", "id": "56d9c708dc89441400fdb7fb", "answers": [{"text": "Athabascan", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dogs contributed to what migration 1400 years ago?", "id": "56d9c708dc89441400fdb7fc", "answers": [{"text": "Apache and Navajo tribes", "answer_start": 578}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "People still used dogs as pack animals even after what other animal began being used for this purpose?", "id": "56d9c708dc89441400fdb7fd", "answers": [{"text": "horse", "answer_start": 712}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Emigrants from Siberia that walked across the Bering land bridge into North America may have had dogs in their company, and one writer suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago, although the earliest archaeological evidence of dog-like canids in North America dates from about 9,400 years ago.:104 Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan population in North America, and were their only domesticated animal. Dogs also carried much of the load in the migration of the Apache and Navajo tribes 1,400 years ago. Use of dogs as pack animals in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to North America."}, {"qas": [{"question": "A grave from 12,000 BC was found to contain an older person and what else?", "id": "56d62acb1c85041400946f54", "answers": [{"text": "puppy", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two species have the most widespread bonding?", "id": "56d62acb1c85041400946f55", "answers": [{"text": "humans and dogs", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did more people begin to keep dogs as pets?", "id": "56d62acb1c85041400946f56", "answers": [{"text": "after World War II", "answer_start": 408}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What decade showed a change in the way people kept dogs as pets?", "id": "56d62acb1c85041400946f57", "answers": [{"text": "1980s", "answer_start": 785}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the 1950s and 1960s most dogs where kept where?", "id": "56d62acb1c85041400946f58", "answers": [{"text": "outside", "answer_start": 496}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Historically, who in particular had dogs as companions?", "id": "56d9c9f6dc89441400fdb818", "answers": [{"text": "elites", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dogs were kept where in the 1950s and 1960s as compared to today?", "id": "56d9c9f6dc89441400fdb81a", "answers": [{"text": "outside", "answer_start": 496}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the role of dogs change to be more than guardians or walking companions?", "id": "56d9c9f6dc89441400fdb81b", "answers": [{"text": "1980s", "answer_start": 785}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "\"The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs\" and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history. (As a possible example, at the Natufian culture site of Ain Mallaha in Israel, dated to 12,000 BC, the remains of an elderly human and a four-to-five-month-old puppy were found buried together). However, pet dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased. In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (using the expression \"in the doghouse\" to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s, there have been changes in the role of the pet dog, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians. People and dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's lives, to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Shaping dogs to what people want is called what?", "id": "56d62ba51c85041400946f68", "answers": [{"text": "commodification", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The idea of what constitutes a family, from the human perspective, has enlarged to include what?", "id": "56d62ba51c85041400946f69", "answers": [{"text": "dogs.", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many big trends are involved in how much the position of dogs has changed in human civilization?", "id": "56d62ba51c85041400946f6a", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When a person shapes a dog to conform to his expectations of behavior, it is called what?", "id": "56d9ca63dc89441400fdb828", "answers": [{"text": "commodification", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A second major trend has been increasing the idea of family and home to include dogs in what?", "id": "56d9ca63dc89441400fdb829", "answers": [{"text": "everyday routines", "answer_start": 304}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There have been two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs. The first has been the 'commodification' of the dog, shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour. The second has been the broadening of the concept of the family and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices."}, {"qas": [{"question": "It is easy to turn a canine into the perfect companion because so much of what is available?", "id": "56d62c011c85041400946f6e", "answers": [{"text": "commodity forms", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dog training can be researched back to what century?", "id": "56d62c011c85041400946f6f", "answers": [{"text": "18th", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do dogs establish their territory as far as scent is concerned?", "id": "56d62c011c85041400946f70", "answers": [{"text": "urine marking", "answer_start": 597}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How far back can dog training be found?", "id": "56d9cadedc89441400fdb82c", "answers": [{"text": "18th century", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do dogs mark their territory?", "id": "56d9cadedc89441400fdb82d", "answers": [{"text": "urine marking", "answer_start": 597}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has become important to ensure dogs do not do things that humans don't want them to do, such as jumping?", "id": "56d9cadedc89441400fdb82e", "answers": [{"text": "training", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion. The list of goods, services and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing, to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches, and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries. While dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking (which dogs do to establish territory through scent), became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog. Dog training books, classes and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How do most people describe the relationship with their dogs?", "id": "56d62ca31c85041400946f74", "answers": [{"text": "part of the family", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What television show uses a dominance model of dog and human relationships?", "id": "56d62ca31c85041400946f75", "answers": [{"text": "Dog Whisperer.", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Most people today describe their dogs as what?", "id": "56d9cb52dc89441400fdb83c", "answers": [{"text": "part of the family", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What TV show promotes a dominance model for the relationships people have with their dogs?", "id": "56d9cb52dc89441400fdb83d", "answers": [{"text": "Dog Whisperer", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The majority of contemporary people with dogs describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog\u2013human family as a pack. A dominance model of dog\u2013human relationships has been promoted by some dog trainers, such as on the television program Dog Whisperer. However it has been disputed that \"trying to achieve status\" is characteristic of dog\u2013human interactions. Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog\u2013human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog, to mediate their interactions with each other."}, {"qas": [{"question": "A study showed that a task dogs do is bringing in what from the lawn?", "id": "56d62d1e1c85041400946f84", "answers": [{"text": "newspaper", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dogs often help clean in the kitchen by licking what?", "id": "56d62d1e1c85041400946f85", "answers": [{"text": "plates", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to dog dancing, what is another activity that families are doing that is centered around their pet?", "id": "56d62d1e1c85041400946f86", "answers": [{"text": "dog yoga.", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do many dogs have to do in the families where they live?", "id": "56d9e5a0dc89441400fdb8c0", "answers": [{"text": "set tasks or routines", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are dogs often taught to bring in from outdoors?", "id": "56d9e5a0dc89441400fdb8c1", "answers": [{"text": "the newspaper", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Another study of dogs' roles in families showed many dogs have set tasks or routines undertaken as family members, the most common of which was helping with the washing-up by licking the plates in the dishwasher, and bringing in the newspaper from the lawn. Increasingly, human family members are engaging in activities centered on the perceived needs and interests of the dog, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The National Pet Owner Survey reported how many people had pet dogs in America between 2009 and 2010?", "id": "56d62dc31c85041400946f8a", "answers": [{"text": "77.5 million", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people in the United States are said to own dog?", "id": "56d9e5dfdc89441400fdb8c6", "answers": [{"text": "77.5 million", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to statistics published by the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association in the National Pet Owner Survey in 2009\u20132010, it is estimated there are 77.5 million people with pet dogs in the United States. The same survey shows nearly 40% of American households own at least one dog, of which 67% own just one dog, 25% two dogs and nearly 9% more than two dogs. There does not seem to be any gender preference among dogs as pets, as the statistical data reveal an equal number of female and male dog pets. Yet, although several programs are undergoing to promote pet adoption, less than a fifth of the owned dogs come from a shelter."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of imaging was used to study the relationship between humans and dogs?", "id": "56d62e521c85041400946f9c", "answers": [{"text": "magnetic resonance imaging", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "An MRI study on dogs proved that dogs have the same response as humans to what?", "id": "56d62e521c85041400946f9d", "answers": [{"text": "voices", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "An MRI study on dogs proved that dogs use the same parts of what as humans?", "id": "56d62e521c85041400946f9e", "answers": [{"text": "the brain", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Because dogs respond to voices the same way humans do, they are able to recognize what in human sounds, making them social?", "id": "56d62e521c85041400946f9f", "answers": [{"text": "emotion", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What technology was used to show that dogs respond to voices in the same brain parts as people?", "id": "56d9e5f9dc89441400fdb8ce", "answers": [{"text": "MRI", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dogs have the ability to recognize what type of human sounds?", "id": "56d9e5f9dc89441400fdb8cf", "answers": [{"text": "emotional", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The latest study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to humans and dogs together proved that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans to do so. This gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What nickname have dogs earned for their relationship to humans?", "id": "56d62f3e1c85041400946fa4", "answers": [{"text": "man's best friend", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Pointers and hounds are bred to do what?", "id": "56d62f3e1c85041400946fa5", "answers": [{"text": "hunt", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Certain dogs are bred to help fishermen with what?", "id": "56d62f3e1c85041400946fa6", "answers": [{"text": "nets", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first dog to orbit the earth in 1957?", "id": "56d62f3e1c85041400946fa7", "answers": [{"text": "Laika", "answer_start": 408}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What breed was Laika?", "id": "56d62f3e1c85041400946fa8", "answers": [{"text": "husky-terrier mix", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What phrase describing dogs is used in different languages?", "id": "56d9e644dc89441400fdb8d2", "answers": [{"text": "man's best friend", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What dog types, in the text, are used for hunting?", "id": "56d9e644dc89441400fdb8d3", "answers": [{"text": "pointers and hounds", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Some dogs help fishermen with what?", "id": "56d9e644dc89441400fdb8d4", "answers": [{"text": "nets", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the dog to first orbit the Earth?", "id": "56d9e644dc89441400fdb8d5", "answers": [{"text": "Laika", "answer_start": 408}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the first dog sent into space?", "id": "56d9e644dc89441400fdb8d6", "answers": [{"text": "1957", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Dogs have lived and worked with humans in so many roles that they have earned the unique nickname, \"man's best friend\", a phrase used in other languages as well. They have been bred for herding livestock, hunting (e.g. pointers and hounds), rodent control, guarding, helping fishermen with nets, detection dogs, and pulling loads, in addition to their roles as companions. In 1957, a husky-terrier mix named Laika became the first animal to orbit the Earth."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of dogs help people with physical or mental disabilities?", "id": "56d62f941c85041400946fae", "answers": [{"text": "Service dogs", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Early warning allows epileptics to get to safety, get medication or what else?", "id": "56d9e67edc89441400fdb8de", "answers": [{"text": "medical care.", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Service dogs such as guide dogs, utility dogs, assistance dogs, hearing dogs, and psychological therapy dogs provide assistance to individuals with physical or mental disabilities. Some dogs owned by epileptics have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure, sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the guardian to seek safety, medication, or medical care."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are conformation shows also known as?", "id": "56d62ff01c85041400946fb2", "answers": [{"text": "breed shows", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who evaluates dogs at breed shows?", "id": "56d62ff01c85041400946fb3", "answers": [{"text": "a judge", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the judge looking for in specific breeds?", "id": "56d62ff01c85041400946fb4", "answers": [{"text": "conformity with their established breed", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the only standard judged?", "id": "56d62ff01c85041400946fb5", "answers": [{"text": "externally observable qualities", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another word for \"breed shows\"?", "id": "56d9e6b9dc89441400fdb8e2", "answers": [{"text": "conformation shows.", "answer_start": 442}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the evaluator called in a breed show?", "id": "56d9e6b9dc89441400fdb8e3", "answers": [{"text": "a judge", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The breed standard only is about what?", "id": "56d9e6b9dc89441400fdb8e4", "answers": [{"text": "externally observable qualities", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Abilities and what else are not tested at breed shows?", "id": "56d9e6b9dc89441400fdb8e5", "answers": [{"text": "health", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where do some people eat dogs?", "id": "56d630a31c85041400946fc4", "answers": [{"text": "East Asian countries", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to others, Western culture considers eating dog meat as what?", "id": "56d630a31c85041400946fc6", "answers": [{"text": "taboo.", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In rural Poland areas, what is considered medicinal for lungs?", "id": "56d630a31c85041400946fc7", "answers": [{"text": "dog fat", "answer_start": 495}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do people who eat dog meat consider Western culture, since people there do eat many different animals?", "id": "56d630a31c85041400946fc8", "answers": [{"text": "western hypocrisy", "answer_start": 738}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The West, South Asia and Middle East think eating dogs is what?", "id": "56d9e6f0dc89441400fdb8eb", "answers": [{"text": "taboo", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dog fat in some parts of Poland is thought to have what?", "id": "56d9e6f0dc89441400fdb8ec", "answers": [{"text": "medicinal properties", "answer_start": 523}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea, China, and Vietnam, a practice that dates back to antiquity. It is estimated that 13\u201316 million dogs are killed and consumed in Asia every year. Other cultures, such as Polynesia and pre-Columbian Mexico, also consumed dog meat in their history. However, Western, South Asian, African, and Middle Eastern cultures, in general, regard consumption of dog meat as taboo. In some places, however, such as in rural areas of Poland, dog fat is believed to have medicinal properties\u2014being good for the lungs for instance. Dog meat is also consumed in some parts of Switzerland. Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is western hypocrisy, and that there is no difference with eating the meat of different animals."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the best known Korean dish made with dog meat?", "id": "56d6311c1c85041400946fce", "answers": [{"text": "gaejang-guk", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Gaejang-guk?", "id": "56d6311c1c85041400946fcf", "answers": [{"text": "a spicy stew", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why do people eat Gaejang-guk in the summer months?", "id": "56d6311c1c85041400946fd0", "answers": [{"text": "to balance the body's heat", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is dog meat boiled with to create Gaejang-guk?", "id": "56d6311c1c85041400946fd1", "answers": [{"text": "scallions and chili powder.", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is the Korean dog recipe usually eaten?", "id": "56d9e727dc89441400fdb8f3", "answers": [{"text": "the summer months", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are two other ingredients in the dog meat recipe in Korea?", "id": "56d9e727dc89441400fdb8f4", "answers": [{"text": "scallions and chili powder.", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The most popular Korean dog dish is gaejang-guk (also called bosintang), a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months; followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one's gi, or vital energy of the body. A 19th century version of gaejang-guk explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder. Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots. While the dishes are still popular in Korea with a segment of the population, dog is not as widely consumed as beef, chicken, and pork."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many people are bitten by dogs every year in America?", "id": "56d631b61c85041400946fd6", "answers": [{"text": "4.5 million", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During the 1980s and 1990s, how many people were killed annually because of dog bites?", "id": "56d631b61c85041400946fd7", "answers": [{"text": "17", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the 2000s, how many people died every year because of dog bites?", "id": "56d631b61c85041400946fd8", "answers": [{"text": "26", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to a 2008 CDC report, how many are bitten in the United States annually?", "id": "56d9e79adc89441400fdb8f8", "answers": [{"text": "4.5 million", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What decade saw an increase from 17 to 26 deaths caused by dogs?", "id": "56d9e79adc89441400fdb8fa", "answers": [{"text": "2000s", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Citing a 2008 study, the U.S. Center for Disease Control estimated in 2015 that 4.5 million people in the USA are bitten by dogs each year. A 2015 study estimated that 1.8% of the U.S. population is bitten each year. In the 1980s and 1990s the US averaged 17 fatalities per year, while in the 2000s this has increased to 26. 77% of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends, and 50% of attacks occur on the property of the dog's legal owner."}, {"qas": [{"question": "According to a Colorado study, dog bites are what in children as compared to adults?", "id": "56d632371c85041400946fe0", "answers": [{"text": "less severe", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Out of 10,000 people, how many people are bitten by dogs in the United States?", "id": "56d632371c85041400946fe1", "answers": [{"text": "12.9", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Out of 10,000 boys between five and nine years old, how many are bitten annually by dogs?", "id": "56d632371c85041400946fe2", "answers": [{"text": "60.7", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Children are often bit where by dogs?", "id": "56d632371c85041400946fe3", "answers": [{"text": "the face or neck.", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A dog scratch can lead to what medical condition?", "id": "56d632371c85041400946fe4", "answers": [{"text": "infections.", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the study done that showed dog bites were less serious in children than adults?", "id": "56d9e7e4dc89441400fdb902", "answers": [{"text": "Colorado", "answer_start": 2}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About 12.9 out of 10,000 are bit by dogs, but what is the number in 10,000 for young boys from 5 to 9?", "id": "56d9e7e4dc89441400fdb903", "answers": [{"text": "60.7", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to the text, dog scratches can cause what?", "id": "56d9e7e4dc89441400fdb905", "answers": [{"text": "infections.", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A Colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults. The incidence of dog bites in the US is 12.9 per 10,000 inhabitants, but for boys aged 5 to 9, the incidence rate is 60.7 per 10,000. Moreover, children have a much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck. Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In addition to dogs, what other animal is responsible for over 86,000 falls every year?", "id": "56d6328b1c85041400946fea", "answers": [{"text": "cats", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Vehicle accidents with resulting injuries that involve dogs are more common with what type of vehicle?", "id": "56d6328b1c85041400946fec", "answers": [{"text": "two-wheeled vehicles.", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sort of vehicle is most likely associated with accidents involving dogs?", "id": "56d9e518dc89441400fdb8bb", "answers": [{"text": "two-wheeled vehicles", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the United States, cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year. It has been estimated around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in UK hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the common name of the species that causes Toxocariasis?", "id": "56d6339d1c85041400946ff0", "answers": [{"text": "dog roundworm", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are Toxicara canis infections spread?", "id": "56d6339d1c85041400946ff1", "answers": [{"text": "dog feces", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many people get a Toxocara infection each year?", "id": "56d6339d1c85041400946ff2", "answers": [{"text": "10,000", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Toxocariasis can lead to what in humans?", "id": "56d6339d1c85041400946ff4", "answers": [{"text": "retinal damage and decreased vision.", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Toxocariasis is caused by what kind of eggs in dog feces?", "id": "56d9d2e5dc89441400fdb856", "answers": [{"text": "roundworm", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of people in America are infected with the Toxocara infection?", "id": "56d9d2e5dc89441400fdb857", "answers": [{"text": "14", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Toxocara infection cases are reported annually in the US?", "id": "56d9d2e5dc89441400fdb858", "answers": [{"text": "10,000", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of soil contained T. canis eggs in Great Britain public parks?", "id": "56d9d2e5dc89441400fdb859", "answers": [{"text": "24", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If toxocariasis is left untreated, what can happen to a person?", "id": "56d9d2e5dc89441400fdb85a", "answers": [{"text": "retinal damage and decreased vision", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained T. canis eggs. Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did a publication come out indicating having a pet does not mean lower risk of heart disease in the elderly?", "id": "56d636bb1c85041400946fff", "answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 2}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is lowered in children who have pets?", "id": "56d636bb1c85041400947000", "answers": [{"text": "absenteeism from school", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did a report state that research did not support better health for elderly people who own pets?", "id": "56d9db72dc89441400fdb864", "answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 2}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A 2005 paper states \"recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people. Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets.\" In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition, and this effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study."}, {"qas": [{"question": "People with dogs get more of what than people with cats or no animals?", "id": "56d637a01c85041400947005", "answers": [{"text": "exercise", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "People with dogs do what more than people who have cats or no pets?", "id": "56d9dc00dc89441400fdb86a", "answers": [{"text": "exercise", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In addition, people with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets. The results provide evidence that keeping pets may have positive effects on human health and behaviour, and that for guardians of dogs these effects are relatively long-term. Pet guardianship has also been associated with increased coronary artery disease survival, with human guardians being significantly less likely to die within one year of an acute myocardial infarction than those who did not own dogs."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What do humans get exposed to with pets that may help them not get sick?", "id": "56d638e71c8504140094700c", "answers": [{"text": "immune-stimulating microorganisms", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dogs can act as a facilitator of what between human beings?", "id": "56d638e71c8504140094700d", "answers": [{"text": "social interactions", "answer_start": 623}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the study done that indicated people with pets are more likely to get to know neighbors?", "id": "56d638e71c8504140094700f", "answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 823}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is lessened when people are with their pet dogs?", "id": "56d9ddf4dc89441400fdb86f", "answers": [{"text": "anxiety", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "People in wheelchairs have better social interactions with who when dogs are involved?", "id": "56d9ddf4dc89441400fdb871", "answers": [{"text": "strangers", "answer_start": 751}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, and not solely from having dogs as pets. For example, when in the presence of a pet dog, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral, and psychological indicators of anxiety. Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which, according to the hygiene hypothesis, can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases. The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs are able to not only provide companionship and social support themselves, but also to act as facilitators of social interactions between humans. One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when they are accompanied by a dog than when they are not. In 2015, a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Dogs were taken where to help people with mental disorders socialize?", "id": "56d639a01c85041400947016", "answers": [{"text": "mental institutions", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Therapy dogs can help increase what in people suffering with Alzheimer's?", "id": "56d639a01c85041400947017", "answers": [{"text": "social behaviors", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was decreased in children with ADHD when they were exposed to therapy dogs?", "id": "56d639a01c85041400947018", "answers": [{"text": "antisocial and violent behavior", "answer_start": 618}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did people start using dogs as therapy?", "id": "56d9e23ddc89441400fdb890", "answers": [{"text": "the late 18th century", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were dogs introduced then to help people socialize people?", "id": "56d9e23ddc89441400fdb891", "answers": [{"text": "mental institutions", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Children who have ADHD or conduct disorders respond better when what is a part of their treatment plan?", "id": "56d9e23ddc89441400fdb892", "answers": [{"text": "dogs", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "People with Alzheimer's smile and laugh more with what kind of therapy?", "id": "56d9e23ddc89441400fdb893", "answers": [{"text": "animal-assisted therapy", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders. Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease. One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives, and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared to those who were not in an animal-assisted program."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What can trained dogs detect by sniffing a person or a sample of their urine?", "id": "56d63a1e1c8504140094701d", "answers": [{"text": "diseases", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much larger is a dog brain olfactory cortex when compared to humans?", "id": "56d63a1e1c8504140094701e", "answers": [{"text": "40 times larger", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A dog can detect smells in one part per what?", "id": "56d63a1e1c8504140094701f", "answers": [{"text": "trillion", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much larger is a dog's olfactory cortex than a person's?", "id": "56d9e308dc89441400fdb899", "answers": [{"text": "40 times larger", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many cancer patients has Daisy detected?", "id": "56d9e308dc89441400fdb89b", "answers": [{"text": "551", "answer_start": 598}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Medical detection dogs are capable of detecting diseases by sniffing a person directly or samples of urine or other specimens. Dogs can detect odour in one part per trillion, as their brain's olfactory cortex is (relative to total brain size) 40 times larger than humans. Dogs may have as many as 300 million odour receptors in their nose, while humans may have only 5 million. Each dog is trained specifically for the detection of single disease from the blood glucose level indicative to diabetes to cancer. To train a cancer dog requires 6 months. A Labrador Retriever called Daisy has detected 551 cancer patients with an accuracy of 93 percent and received the Blue Cross (for pets) Medal for her life-saving skills."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the dog with three heads in Greek mythology?", "id": "56d63b2c1c8504140094702f", "answers": [{"text": "Cerberus", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Cerberus guard?", "id": "56d63b2c1c85041400947030", "answers": [{"text": "the gates of Hades.", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the dog with four eyes in Norse mythology?", "id": "56d63b2c1c85041400947031", "answers": [{"text": "Garmr", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the dog in Philippine mythology who is responsible for lightning?", "id": "56d63b2c1c85041400947032", "answers": [{"text": "Kimat", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Kimat is the dog of Tadaklan, who is the god of what?", "id": "56d63b2c1c85041400947033", "answers": [{"text": "thunder", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what mythology do two canines watch over the Chinvat Bridge?", "id": "56d9e3e8dc89441400fdb8a8", "answers": [{"text": "Persian", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the three headed watchdog guarding Hades?", "id": "56d9e3e8dc89441400fdb8a9", "answers": [{"text": "Cerberus", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the dog that guards Helheim?", "id": "56d9e3e8dc89441400fdb8aa", "answers": [{"text": "Garmr", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is Tadaklan?", "id": "56d9e3e8dc89441400fdb8ab", "answers": [{"text": "god of thunder", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is Tadaklan's pet that is responsible for lightning?", "id": "56d9e3e8dc89441400fdb8ac", "answers": [{"text": "Kimat", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades. In Norse mythology, a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim. In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge. In Philippine mythology, Kimat who is the pet of Tadaklan, god of thunder, is responsible for lightning. In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by C\u0175n Annwn."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In Hindu mythology, what do the two dogs who are owned by the god of death watch over?", "id": "56d63b901c85041400947039", "answers": [{"text": "the gates of Naraka.", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the god of death?", "id": "56d63b901c8504140094703b", "answers": [{"text": "Yama", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Offerings at the Muthappan Temple shrine take on what form?", "id": "56d63b901c8504140094703c", "answers": [{"text": "bronze dog figurines.", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who owns two dogs with four eyes each in Hindu mythology?", "id": "56d9e452dc89441400fdb8b2", "answers": [{"text": "Yama", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do Yama's dogs watch over?", "id": "56d9e452dc89441400fdb8b3", "answers": [{"text": "the gates of Naraka", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Muthappan use for his hunting dog for?", "id": "56d9e452dc89441400fdb8b4", "answers": [{"text": "mount", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Offerings left at the Muthappan Temple shrine take on what form?", "id": "56d9e452dc89441400fdb8b5", "answers": [{"text": "bronze dog figurines", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death owns two watch dogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka. Hunter god Muthappan from North Malabar region of Kerala has a hunting dog as his mount. Dogs are found in and out of the Muthappan Temple and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How are dogs viewed in Islam?", "id": "56d63c501c85041400947041", "answers": [{"text": "as unclean", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why are dogs viewed as unclean in Islam?", "id": "56d63c501c85041400947042", "answers": [{"text": "scavengers", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city made owing dogs illegal in 2015?", "id": "56d63c501c85041400947043", "answers": [{"text": "The Hague", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Britain, a dog used in a search at a mosque or a home occupied by Muslims must wear what?", "id": "56d63c501c85041400947045", "answers": [{"text": "leather dog booties", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why are dogs seen as unclean in Islam?", "id": "56d9e156dc89441400fdb886", "answers": [{"text": "scavengers", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did it become illegal for a person to own a dog in The Hague?", "id": "56d9e156dc89441400fdb887", "answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did activists want dogs kept out of neighborhoods because it violated religious freedom?", "id": "56d9e156dc89441400fdb888", "answers": [{"text": "L\u00e9rida, Spain", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are sniffer dogs used by British police allowed to touch instead of a passenger?", "id": "56d9e156dc89441400fdb889", "answers": [{"text": "their luggage", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Islam, dogs are viewed as unclean because they are viewed as scavengers. In 2015 city councillor Hasan K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck of The Hague called for dog ownership to be made illegal in that city. Islamic activists in L\u00e9rida, Spain, lobbied for dogs to be kept out of Muslim neighborhoods, saying their presence violated Muslims' religious freedom. In Britain, police sniffer dogs are carefully used, and are not permitted to contact passengers, only their luggage. They are required to wear leather dog booties when searching mosques or Muslim homes."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What do dogs represent to Christians?", "id": "56d63cd11c8504140094704b", "answers": [{"text": "faithfulness.", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Jewish law dictates that anyone owning a dog must feed the dog before who?", "id": "56d63cd11c8504140094704c", "answers": [{"text": "themselves", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If a Jewish person owns a dog, he must do what to do the dog before he does it to himself?", "id": "56d9dfc9dc89441400fdb880", "answers": [{"text": "feed", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does a dog represent in the Christian culture?", "id": "56d9dfc9dc89441400fdb882", "answers": [{"text": "faithfulness", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets. Jewish law requires Jews to feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves, and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them. In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Three Asian countries see dogs as what?", "id": "56d63d3a1c85041400947051", "answers": [{"text": "kind protectors.", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country has the dog as part of its 12 animals that represent years?", "id": "56d63d3a1c85041400947052", "answers": [{"text": "China", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are dogs viewed in Asian countries?", "id": "56d9de64dc89441400fdb876", "answers": [{"text": "as kind protectors", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Asian countries such as China, Korea, and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind protectors. The role of the dog in Chinese mythology includes a position as one of the twelve animals which cyclically represent years (the zodiacal dog)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Thousands of years ago, dogs were depicted on the walls of what?", "id": "56d63d821c85041400947055", "answers": [{"text": "caves.", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What scenes were popular in art during the Middle Ages?", "id": "56d63d821c85041400947057", "answers": [{"text": "Hunting", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dogs were depicted as art on the walls of what?", "id": "56d9df78dc89441400fdb87a", "answers": [{"text": "caves", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of art scene was popular in the Middle Ages?", "id": "56d9df78dc89441400fdb87b", "answers": [{"text": "Hunting scenes", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As relationships between people and dogs got closer, what happened to the art that had dogs in it?", "id": "56d9df78dc89441400fdb87c", "answers": [{"text": "became more elaborate", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Cultural depictions of dogs in art extend back thousands of years to when dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves. Representations of dogs became more elaborate as individual breeds evolved and the relationships between human and canine developed. Hunting scenes were popular in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance, protection, loyalty, fidelity, faithfulness, watchfulness, and love."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Dogs can have the same health issues as who?", "id": "56d9a1bbdc89441400fdb658", "answers": [{"text": "humans", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes, dental and heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which dog is not able to mount a female dog?", "id": "56d9a5d0dc89441400fdb692", "answers": [{"text": "Male French Bulldogs", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some dog breeds have acquired traits through selective breeding that interfere with reproduction. Male French Bulldogs, for instance, are incapable of mounting the female. For many dogs of this breed, the female must be artificially inseminated in order to reproduce."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When these feral dogs are approached by a person, they tend to do this 52% of the time?", "id": "56d9b546dc89441400fdb713", "answers": [{"text": "run away", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When these feral dogs are approached by a person, they tend to do this 11% of the time?", "id": "56d9b546dc89441400fdb714", "answers": [{"text": "respond with aggression", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dog cognition has been studied on what kind of dogs?", "id": "56d9b546dc89441400fdb715", "answers": [{"text": "pet dogs living in human homes.", "answer_start": 610}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although it is said that the \"dog is man's best friend\" regarding 17\u201324% of dogs in the developed countries, in the developing world they are feral, village or community dogs, with pet dogs uncommon. These live their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans, with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers was to run away (52%) or respond with aggression (11%). We know little about these dogs, nor about the dogs that live in developed countries that are feral, stray or are in shelters, yet the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What would wolves have gotten from living with humans?", "id": "56d9c243dc89441400fdb7aa", "answers": [{"text": "significant benefits", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Wolves, and their dog descendants, would have derived significant benefits from living in human camps\u2014more safety, more reliable food, lesser caloric needs, and more chance to breed. They would have benefited from humans' upright gait that gives them larger range over which to see potential predators and prey, as well as color vision that, at least by day, gives humans better visual discrimination. Camp dogs would also have benefited from human tool use, as in bringing down larger prey and controlling fire for a range of purposes."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What has likely led to human success?", "id": "56d9c649dc89441400fdb7e3", "answers": [{"text": "the domestication of dogs", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The cohabitation of dogs and humans would have greatly improved the chances of survival for early human groups, and the domestication of dogs may have been one of the key forces that led to human success."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Studies that people are better off with dogs have been criticized for being what?", "id": "56d9d357dc89441400fdb860", "answers": [{"text": "poorly controlled", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "People who have cats or dogs make fewer visits where?", "id": "56d9d357dc89441400fdb861", "answers": [{"text": "to the doctor", "answer_start": 596}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether companionship of a dog can enhance human physical health and psychological wellbeing. Studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical health and psychological wellbeing have been criticised for being poorly controlled, and finding that \"[t]he health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of, or attachment to, a companion animal.\" Earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not, making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non-guardians."}]}, {"title": "2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "When did the tradition of people carrying the Olympic torch before the Olympic games begin?", "id": "56d89c3ebfea0914004b76f1", "answers": [{"text": "1936 Summer Olympics.", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many days did people carry the Olympic torch before the 2008 Summer Olympics?", "id": "56d89c3ebfea0914004b76f2", "answers": [{"text": "129 days", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the theme for the torch relay?", "id": "56d89c3ebfea0914004b76f4", "answers": [{"text": "one world, one dream", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the organizers of the torch relay call it?", "id": "56d89c3ebfea0914004b76f5", "answers": [{"text": "Journey of Harmony", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the 2008 Olympic slogan?", "id": "56daf2b6e7c41114004b4b6a", "answers": [{"text": "one world, one dream", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were the details of the torch relay made known?", "id": "56daf2b6e7c41114004b4b6b", "answers": [{"text": "Beijing, China.", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the torch relay referred to as by organizers?", "id": "56daf2b6e7c41114004b4b6c", "answers": [{"text": "\"Journey of Harmony\"", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many miles was the Olympic torch relayed?", "id": "56daf2b6e7c41114004b4b6d", "answers": [{"text": "85,000 mi", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from March 24 until August 8, 2008, prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics, with the theme of \"one world, one dream\". Plans for the relay were announced on April 26, 2007, in Beijing, China. The relay, also called by the organizers as the \"Journey of Harmony\", lasted 129 days and carried the torch 137,000 km (85,000 mi) \u2013 the longest distance of any Olympic torch relay since the tradition was started ahead of the 1936 Summer Olympics."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What day was the Olympic torch lit for the 2008 games?", "id": "56d89fbcbfea0914004b76fb", "answers": [{"text": "March 24", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the Olympics originate?", "id": "56d89fbcbfea0914004b76fc", "answers": [{"text": "Olympia, Greece", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Olympic torch reach Beijing?", "id": "56d89fbcbfea0914004b76fd", "answers": [{"text": "March 31", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many continents did the torch visit after Beijing?", "id": "56d89fbcbfea0914004b76fe", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The torch was on what road to symbolize historic links between China and the world?", "id": "56d89fbcbfea0914004b76ff", "answers": [{"text": "Silk Road", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the Olympic torch lit?", "id": "56daf3b2e7c41114004b4b7d", "answers": [{"text": "Olympia, Greece", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What date was the Olympic torch lit?", "id": "56daf3b2e7c41114004b4b7e", "answers": [{"text": "March 24", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the stadium in Greece were the torch was taken to?", "id": "56daf3b2e7c41114004b4b7f", "answers": [{"text": "Panathinaiko Stadium", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What date did the Olympic torch arrive at its destination in China?", "id": "56daf3b2e7c41114004b4b80", "answers": [{"text": "March 31.", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What mountain was the torch taken up?", "id": "56daf3b2e7c41114004b4b81", "answers": [{"text": "Mount Everest", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After being lit at the birthplace of the Olympic Games in Olympia, Greece on March 24, the torch traveled to the Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens, and then to Beijing, arriving on March 31. From Beijing, the torch was following a route passing through six continents. The torch has visited cities along the Silk Road, symbolizing ancient links between China and the rest of the world. The relay also included an ascent with the flame to the top of Mount Everest on the border of Nepal and Tibet, China from the Chinese side, which was closed specially for the event."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many people protested on the San Francisco torch route?", "id": "56d8a0ddbfea0914004b7706", "answers": [{"text": "hundreds", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people protested at the Pyongyang torch route?", "id": "56d8a0ddbfea0914004b7707", "answers": [{"text": "effectively none", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were some groups doing along the torch route that was not supportive of the Olympics?", "id": "56daf4e0e7c41114004b4b9b", "answers": [{"text": "protesting", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who put out the torch along the route for protection?", "id": "56daf4e0e7c41114004b4b9d", "answers": [{"text": "Chinese security officials", "answer_start": 513}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In many cities along the North American and European route, the torch relay was protested by advocates of Tibetan independence, animal rights, and legal online gambling, and people protesting against China's human rights record, resulting in confrontations at a few of the relay locations. These protests, which ranged from hundreds of people in San Francisco, to effectively none in Pyongyang, forced the path of the torch relay to be changed or shortened on a number of occasions. The torch was extinguished by Chinese security officials several times during the Paris leg for security reasons, and once in protest in Paris."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who condemned the various attacks on the torch relay route?", "id": "56d8a732bfea0914004b770f", "answers": [{"text": "the Chinese government", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In San Francisco, who had a larger presence than the protesters? ", "id": "56d8a732bfea0914004b7711", "answers": [{"text": "supporters", "answer_start": 540}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who overwhelmed the protesters in Japan?", "id": "56d8a732bfea0914004b7712", "answers": [{"text": "counter-protesters", "answer_start": 639}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who amassed in large scale against protesters?", "id": "56daf68de7c41114004b4bbf", "answers": [{"text": "counter-protesters", "answer_start": 639}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was said to have occurred between some supporters and protesters?", "id": "56daf68de7c41114004b4bc1", "answers": [{"text": "skirmishes", "answer_start": 698}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What three areas of the globe were protests reported as not big?", "id": "56daf68de7c41114004b4bc2", "answers": [{"text": "Latin America, Africa, and Western Asia", "answer_start": 800}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The attacks on the torch in London and Paris were described as \"despicable\" by the Chinese government, condemning them as \"deliberate disruptions... who gave no thought to the Olympic spirit or the laws of Britain and France\" and who \"tarnish the lofty Olympic spirit\", and vowed they would continue with the relay and not allow the protests to \"impede the Olympic spirit\". Large-scale counter-protests by overseas Chinese and foreign-based Chinese nationals became prevalent in later segments of the relay. In San Francisco, the number of supporters were much more than the number of protesters, and in Australia, Japan, South Korea, the counter-protesters overwhelmed the protesters. A couple of skirmishes between the protesters and supporters were reported. No major protests were visible in the Latin America, Africa, and Western Asia legs of the torch relay."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who is the president of the International Olympic Committee?", "id": "56d8a84abfea0914004b7719", "answers": [{"text": "Jacques Rogge", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Athletes wearing what kind of flag at any Olympic venue faced the possibility of expulsion from the Olympics?", "id": "56d8a84abfea0914004b771b", "answers": [{"text": "Tibetan", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Because of the relay issues, IOC decided to no longer have what in subsequent Olympics?", "id": "56d8a84abfea0914004b771d", "answers": [{"text": "global relays", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the man who said the protesting of the torch relay as a \"crisis\"?", "id": "56daf993e7c41114004b4bed", "answers": [{"text": "Jacques Rogge", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What could happen to Olympic sports participants who showed a Tibetan flag at events?", "id": "56daf993e7c41114004b4bee", "answers": [{"text": "could be expelled", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who asked that the torch relay be ended?", "id": "56daf993e7c41114004b4bef", "answers": [{"text": "IOC members.", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was halted with the torch relay for future Olympics?", "id": "56daf993e7c41114004b4bf0", "answers": [{"text": "global relays", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Prompted by the chaotic torch relays in Western Europe and North America, the president of the International Olympic Committee, Jacques Rogge described the situation as a \"crisis\" for the organization and stated that any athletes displaying Tibetan flags at Olympic venues could be expelled from the games. though he stopped short of cancelling the relay altogether despite calls to do so by some IOC members. The outcome of the relay influenced the IOC's decision to scrap global relays in future editions of the games."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The international torch relay was canceled for what event in June 2008?", "id": "56d8d444bfea0914004b7723", "answers": [{"text": "Paralympic Games", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what events was the torch relay decided to not be held?", "id": "56dafa15e7c41114004b4bf5", "answers": [{"text": "Paralympic Games", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In June 2008, the Beijing Games' Organizing Committee announced that the planned international torch relay for the Paralympic Games had been cancelled. The Committee stated that the relay was being cancelled to enable the Chinese government to \"focus on the rescue and relief work\" following the Sichuan earthquake."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the Chinese design used on the Olympic Torch?", "id": "56d8d4e7bfea0914004b7727", "answers": [{"text": "Lucky Cloud", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Olympic Torch made from?", "id": "56d8d4e7bfea0914004b7728", "answers": [{"text": "aluminum.", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much does the Olympic Torch weigh?", "id": "56d8d4e7bfea0914004b7729", "answers": [{"text": "985 grams", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is used to light the flame on the Olympic Torch?", "id": "56d8d4e7bfea0914004b772b", "answers": [{"text": "An ignition key", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the design name of the Chinese Olympic Torch?", "id": "56dafad1e7c41114004b4bf9", "answers": [{"text": "Lucky Cloud", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What metal is the torch constructed from?", "id": "56dafad1e7c41114004b4bfa", "answers": [{"text": "aluminum.", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What wind speed will the torch flame still stay lit in MPH?", "id": "56dafad1e7c41114004b4bfb", "answers": [{"text": "37", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much rainfall in inches per hour can the torch stay lit under?", "id": "56dafad1e7c41114004b4bfc", "answers": [{"text": "2", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What fuel is used for the torch?", "id": "56dafad1e7c41114004b4bfd", "answers": [{"text": "propane.", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Olympic Torch is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional Chinese design known as \"Lucky Cloud\". It is made from aluminum. It is 72 centimetres high and weighs 985 grams. The torch is designed to remain lit in 65 kilometre per hour (37 mile per hour) winds, and in rain of up to 50 millimetres (2 inches) per hour. An ignition key is used to ignite and extinguish the flame. The torch is fueled by cans of propane. Each can will light the torch for 15 minutes. It is designed by a team from Lenovo Group. The Torch is designed in reference to the traditional Chinese concept of the 5 elements that make up the entire universe."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When it was necessary for the Olympic Torch to be on an airplane, which one was used?", "id": "56d8d5babfea0914004b7735", "answers": [{"text": "a chartered Air China Airbus A330", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What color was the chartered plane?", "id": "56d8d5babfea0914004b7736", "answers": [{"text": "red and yellow", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was it decided that Air China would be the official torch carrier?", "id": "56d8d5babfea0914004b7737", "answers": [{"text": "March 2008", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many days did the plane travel?", "id": "56d8d5babfea0914004b7739", "answers": [{"text": "130 days", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of aircraft did the Torch team travel in?", "id": "56dafc53e7c41114004b4c07", "answers": [{"text": "Airbus A330", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What colors was the aircraft painted?", "id": "56dafc53e7c41114004b4c08", "answers": [{"text": "red and yellow", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the airline that transported the Olympic Torch?", "id": "56dafc53e7c41114004b4c09", "answers": [{"text": "Air China", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many days did the plane travel with the Torch team?", "id": "56dafc53e7c41114004b4c0a", "answers": [{"text": "130", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many different places were visited by the aircraft taking the Torch team?", "id": "56dafc53e7c41114004b4c0b", "answers": [{"text": "21", "answer_start": 447}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Internationally, the torch and its accompanying party traveled in a chartered Air China Airbus A330 (registered B-6075), painted in the red and yellow colors of the Olympic Games. Air China was chosen by the Beijing Committees of the Olympic Game as the designated Olympic torch carrier in March 2008 for its long-standing participation in the Olympic cause. The plane traveled a total of 137,000 km (85,000 mi) for a duration of 130 days through 21 countries and regions."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many continents did the torch visit?", "id": "56d8d809dc89441400fdb326", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the stop that was to happen between Ho Chi Minh City and Hong Kong?", "id": "56d8d809dc89441400fdb327", "answers": [{"text": "Taipei", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Republic of China felt that the wrong decision could place Taiwan on the same level as what two areas?", "id": "56d8d809dc89441400fdb329", "answers": [{"text": "Hong Kong and Macau", "answer_start": 585}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The torch route covered six what?", "id": "56db003ae7c41114004b4c11", "answers": [{"text": "continents", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What government disagreed on the language used to describe the torch route?", "id": "56db003ae7c41114004b4c12", "answers": [{"text": "Taiwan.", "answer_start": 816}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two places did Taiwan not want to be considered equal with in the language of the torch's route description?", "id": "56db003ae7c41114004b4c14", "answers": [{"text": "Hong Kong and Macau", "answer_start": 585}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many kilometers was the torch supposed to go through Taiwan?", "id": "56db003ae7c41114004b4c15", "answers": [{"text": "24", "answer_start": 795}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The route carried the torch through six continents from March 2008 to May 2008 to August 2008. The planned route originally included a stop in Taipei between Ho Chi Minh City and Hong Kong, but there was disagreement in Beijing and Taipei over language used to describe whether it was an international or a domestic part of the route. While the Olympic committees of China and Chinese Taipei reached initial consensus on the approach, the government of the Republic of China in Taiwan intervened, stating that this placement could be interpreted as placing Taiwan on the same level as Hong Kong and Macau, an implication it objected to. The Beijing Organizing Committee attempted to continue negotiation, but further disputes arose over the flag or the anthem of the Republic of China along the 24 km torch route in Taiwan. By the midnight deadline for concluding the negotiation on September 21, 2007, Taiwan and China were unable to come to terms with the issue of the Torch Relay. In the end, both sides of the Taiwan Strait decided to eliminate the Taipei leg."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what date did the Olympic Flame get lit?", "id": "56d8d8d0dc89441400fdb330", "answers": [{"text": "March 24, 2008", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the Olympic Flame get lit?", "id": "56d8d8d0dc89441400fdb331", "answers": [{"text": "Olympia, Greece.", "answer_start": 691}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first person to carry the torch?", "id": "56d8d8d0dc89441400fdb332", "answers": [{"text": "Alexandros Nikolaidis", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who initially lit the Olympic Torch?", "id": "56d8d8d0dc89441400fdb333", "answers": [{"text": "Maria Nafpliotou", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did demonstrators yell for Tibet to be freed?", "id": "56d8d8d0dc89441400fdb334", "answers": [{"text": "March 30, 2008", "answer_start": 804}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the location of the original Olympic events?", "id": "56db0184e7c41114004b4c1b", "answers": [{"text": "Olympia, Greece.", "answer_start": 691}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the woman who lit the torch for the new games?", "id": "56db0184e7c41114004b4c1c", "answers": [{"text": "Maria Nafpliotou", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What medal did the first torchbearer have from prior games?", "id": "56db0184e7c41114004b4c1d", "answers": [{"text": "silver", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the first torchbearer for the 2008 Olympics?", "id": "56db0184e7c41114004b4c1e", "answers": [{"text": "Alexandros Nikolaidis", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What place had police experience violent problems with protesters?", "id": "56db0184e7c41114004b4c1f", "answers": [{"text": "Nepal.", "answer_start": 1175}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": " Greece: On March 24, 2008, the Olympic Flame was ignited at Olympia, Greece, site of the ancient Olympic Games. The actress Maria Nafpliotou, in the role of a High Priestess, ignited the torch of the first torchbearer, a silver medalist of the 2004 Summer Olympics in taekwondo Alexandros Nikolaidis from Greece, who handed the flame over to the second torchbearer, Olympic champion in women's breaststroke Luo Xuejuan from China. Following the recent unrest in Tibet, three members of Reporters Without Borders, including Robert M\u00e9nard, breached security and attempted to disrupt a speech by Liu Qi, the head of Beijing's Olympic organising committee during the torch lighting ceremony in Olympia, Greece. The People's Republic of China called this a \"disgraceful\" attempt to sabotage the Olympics. On March 30, 2008 in Athens, during ceremonies marking the handing over of the torch from Greek officials to organizers of the Beijing games, demonstrators shouted 'Free Tibet' and unfurled banners; some 10 of the 15 protesters were taken into police detention. After the hand-off, protests continued internationally, with particularly violent confrontations with police in Nepal."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Action was taken to boycott which company?", "id": "56d8d9cddc89441400fdb33b", "answers": [{"text": "Carrefour", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the biggest shareholder of Carrefour?", "id": "56d8d9cddc89441400fdb33c", "answers": [{"text": "the LVMH Group", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did some protesters burn?", "id": "56d8d9cddc89441400fdb33d", "answers": [{"text": "the French flag", "answer_start": 1099}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were anti-protesters blocked from entering a Carrefour store with Chinese flags?", "id": "56d8d9cddc89441400fdb33e", "answers": [{"text": "Kunming", "answer_start": 932}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was said to have given money to the Dalai Lama?", "id": "56db02f4e7c41114004b4c38", "answers": [{"text": "the LVMH Group", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What method did the Chinese government use to ease the boycott situation?", "id": "56db02f4e7c41114004b4c39", "answers": [{"text": "censorship", "answer_start": 694}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What French company was being boycotted?", "id": "56db02f4e7c41114004b4c3a", "answers": [{"text": "Carrefour", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "\n China: In China, the torch was first welcomed by Politburo Standing Committee member Zhou Yongkang and State Councilor Liu Yandong. It was subsequently passed onto CPC General Secretary Hu Jintao. A call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the Chinese over the weekend from April 12, accusing the company's major shareholder, the LVMH Group, of donating funds to the Dalai Lama. There were also calls to extend the boycott to include French luxury goods and cosmetic products. According to the Washington Times on April 15, however, the Chinese government was attempting to \"calm the situation\" through censorship: \"All comments posted on popular Internet forum Sohu.com relating to a boycott of Carrefour have been deleted.\" Chinese protesters organized boycotts of the French-owned retail chain Carrefour in major Chinese cities including Kunming, Hefei and Wuhan, accusing the French nation of pro-secessionist conspiracy and anti-Chinese racism. Some burned French flags, some added Nazism's Swastika to the French flag, and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of French consulates and embassy. The Carrefour boycott was met with anti-boycott demonstrators who insisted on entering one of the Carrefour stores in Kunming, only to be blocked by boycotters wielding large Chinese flags and hit by water bottles. The BBC reported that hundreds of people demonstrated in Beijing, Wuhan, Hefei, Kunming and Qingdao."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what publication were Chinese people asked to be orderly and legal because of the protests and demonstrations?", "id": "56d8da16dc89441400fdb344", "answers": [{"text": "People's Daily", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the publication where Chinese people were advised to be calm and rational about patriotism?", "id": "56db0372e7c41114004b4c4b", "answers": [{"text": "People's Daily", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Chinese people were told to show patriotism in an orderly and what manner?", "id": "56db0372e7c41114004b4c4c", "answers": [{"text": "legal", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In response to the demonstrations, an editorial in the People's Daily urged Chinese people to \"express [their] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally, and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What virgin site did the torch visit on April 2?", "id": "56d8dab9dc89441400fdb346", "answers": [{"text": "Almaty", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first person to be handed the torch in Almaty?", "id": "56d8dab9dc89441400fdb347", "answers": [{"text": "Nursultan Nazarbaev.", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is Nursultan Nazarbaev?", "id": "56d8dab9dc89441400fdb348", "answers": [{"text": "the President of Kazakhstan", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The route in Almaty went from Medeo Stadium to where?", "id": "56d8dab9dc89441400fdb349", "answers": [{"text": "Astana Square.", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of activists were arrested in Almaty?", "id": "56d8dab9dc89441400fdb34a", "answers": [{"text": "Uighur activists", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country did the torch get to for the first time?", "id": "56db0495e7c41114004b4c4f", "answers": [{"text": "Kazakhstan", "answer_start": 2}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the president who was the first torchbearer in Almaty?", "id": "56db0495e7c41114004b4c50", "answers": [{"text": "Nursultan Nazarbaev.", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the distance in kilometers for the route in Kazakhstan?", "id": "56db0495e7c41114004b4c52", "answers": [{"text": "20", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What activists were reported to have been arrested?", "id": "56db0495e7c41114004b4c53", "answers": [{"text": "Uighur", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "\n Kazakhstan: The first torchbearer in Almaty, where the Olympic torch arrived for the first time ever on April 2, was the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbaev. The route ran 20 km from Medeo stadium to Astana Square. There were reports that Uighur activists were arrested and some were deported back to China."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the torch in Istanbul?", "id": "56d8dc9cdc89441400fdb350", "answers": [{"text": "April 3", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the torch end up in Istanbul?", "id": "56d8dc9cdc89441400fdb351", "answers": [{"text": "Taksim Square", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the torch start in Instanbul?", "id": "56d8dc9cdc89441400fdb352", "answers": [{"text": "Sultanahmet Square", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who protested for their compatriots who were in Xinjiang?", "id": "56d8dc9cdc89441400fdb353", "answers": [{"text": "Uyghurs living in Turkey", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city was the Olympic Torch at on April 3rd?", "id": "56db0a87e7c41114004b4cb1", "answers": [{"text": "Istanbul", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the place in the city where the torch relay started in Turkey?", "id": "56db0a87e7c41114004b4cb2", "answers": [{"text": "Sultanahmet Square", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the torch relay finish in Turkey?", "id": "56db0a87e7c41114004b4cb3", "answers": [{"text": "Taksim Square.", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What people in Turkey protested for their people living in China?", "id": "56db0a87e7c41114004b4cb4", "answers": [{"text": "Uyghurs", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to protesters who tried to interrupt the carrying of the torch?", "id": "56db0a87e7c41114004b4cb5", "answers": [{"text": "arrested", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "\n Turkey: The torch relay leg in Istanbul, held on April 3, started on Sultanahmet Square and finished in Taksim Square. Uyghurs living in Turkey protested at Chinese treatment of their compatriots living in Xinjiang. Several protesters who tried to disrupt the relay were promptly arrested by the police."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the torch arrive in Saint Petersburg?", "id": "56d8dd47dc89441400fdb358", "answers": [{"text": "April 5", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the start of the torch route in Saint Petersburg?", "id": "56d8dd47dc89441400fdb35a", "answers": [{"text": "Victory Square", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the torch route end in Saint Petersburg?", "id": "56d8dd47dc89441400fdb35b", "answers": [{"text": "Palace Square", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the first MMA fighter to participate in carrying the Olympic torch?", "id": "56d8dd47dc89441400fdb35c", "answers": [{"text": "Fedor Emelianenko", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where in Russia was the first stop for the relay?", "id": "56db0c05e7c41114004b4cca", "answers": [{"text": "Saint Petersburg", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city location did the torch relay begin in Russia?", "id": "56db0c05e7c41114004b4ccb", "answers": [{"text": "Victory Square", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the last location for the relay in Russia?", "id": "56db0c05e7c41114004b4ccc", "answers": [{"text": "Palace Square.", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the MMA fighter who carried the torch in Russia?", "id": "56db0c05e7c41114004b4ccd", "answers": [{"text": "Fedor Emelianenko", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "\n Russia: On April 5 the Olympic torch arrived at Saint Petersburg, Russia. The length of the torch relay route in the city was 20 km, with the start at the Victory Square and finish at the Palace Square. Mixed martial arts icon and former PRIDE Heavyweight Champion Fedor Emelianenko was one the torch bearers. This gives him the distinction of the being the first active MMA fighter to carry the Olympic flame."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which city hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics?", "id": "56d8decfdc89441400fdb362", "answers": [{"text": "London", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the torch route begin in London?", "id": "56d8decfdc89441400fdb363", "answers": [{"text": "April 6", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did security cost for the torch relay in London?", "id": "56d8decfdc89441400fdb366", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a3750,000", "answer_start": 923}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city held the Olympics in 2012?", "id": "56db0ce9e7c41114004b4cd3", "answers": [{"text": "London", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the torch relay begin in London for the 2008 Olympics?", "id": "56db0ce9e7c41114004b4cd4", "answers": [{"text": "Wembley Stadium", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the relay end in London?", "id": "56db0ce9e7c41114004b4cd5", "answers": [{"text": "O2 Arena", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many miles was the relay in England?", "id": "56db0ce9e7c41114004b4cd6", "answers": [{"text": "30 mi", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What word was used by London officials to describe Chinese security guards for their treatment of protesters?", "id": "56db0ce9e7c41114004b4cd7", "answers": [{"text": "thugs", "answer_start": 830}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "\n Great Britain: The torch relay leg held in London, the host city of the 2012 Summer Olympics, on April 6 began at Wembley Stadium, passed through the City of London, and eventually ended at O2 Arena in the eastern part of the city. The 48 km (30 mi) leg took a total of seven and a half hours to complete, and attracted protests by pro-Tibetan independence and pro-Human Rights supporters, prompting changes to the planned route and an unscheduled move onto a bus, which was then briefly halted by protestors. Home Secretary Jacqui Smith has officially complained to Beijing Organising Committee about the conduct of the tracksuit-clad Chinese security guards. The Chinese officials, seen manhandling protesters, were described by both the London Mayor Ken Livingstone and Lord Coe, chairman of the London Olympic Committee as \"thugs\". A Metropolitan police briefing paper revealed that security for the torch relay cost \u00a3750,000 and the participation of the Chinese security team had been agreed in advance, despite the Mayor stating, \"We did not know beforehand these thugs were from the security services. Had I known so, we would have said no.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many torchbearers took part in the London route?", "id": "56d8df98dc89441400fdb36c", "answers": [{"text": "80", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first person to hold the torch for the London route?", "id": "56d8df98dc89441400fdb36d", "answers": [{"text": "Sir Steve Redgrave", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Francesca Martinez, who decided to not carry the torch?", "id": "56d8df98dc89441400fdb36e", "answers": [{"text": "Richard Vaughan", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was outside at 10 Downing Street to welcome the torch without actually touching it?", "id": "56d8df98dc89441400fdb36f", "answers": [{"text": "Prime Minister Gordon Brown", "answer_start": 475}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who got emails asking him to boycott the torch relay?", "id": "56db0de5e7c41114004b4cdd", "answers": [{"text": "Sir Steve Redgrave", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people carried the torch in England for the 2008 Olympics?", "id": "56db0de5e7c41114004b4cde", "answers": [{"text": "80", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two people in England declined to bear the torch?", "id": "56db0de5e7c41114004b4cdf", "answers": [{"text": "Francesca Martinez and Richard Vaughan", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Gordon Brown welcome the torch?", "id": "56db0de5e7c41114004b4ce0", "answers": [{"text": "10 Downing Street", "answer_start": 530}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was an attempt made to take the torch?", "id": "56db0de5e7c41114004b4ce1", "answers": [{"text": "Ladbroke Grove", "answer_start": 777}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Of the 80 torch-bearers in London, Sir Steve Redgrave, who started the relay, mentioned to the media that he had received e-mailed pleas to boycott the event and could \"see why they would like to make an issue\" of it. Francesca Martinez and Richard Vaughan refused to carry the torch, while Konnie Huq decided to carry it and also speak out against China. The pro-Tibetan Member of Parliament Norman Baker asked all bearers to reconsider. Amid pressure from both directions, Prime Minister Gordon Brown welcomed the torch outside 10 Downing Street without holding or touching it. The London relay saw the torch surrounded by what the BBC described as \"a mobile protective ring.\" Protests began as soon as Redgrave started the event, leading to at least thirty-five arrests. In Ladbroke Grove a demonstrator attempted to snatch the torch from Konnie Huq in a momentary struggle, and in a separate incident, a fire extinguisher was set off near the torch. The Chinese ambassador carried the torch through Chinatown after an unpublicized change to the route amid security concerns. The torch made an unscheduled move onto a bus along Fleet Street amid security concerns and efforts to evade the protesters. In an effort to counter the pro-Tibet protesters and show their support for the 2008 Beijing Olympics, more than 2,000 Chinese also gathered on the torch route and demonstrated with signs, banners and Chinese flags. A large number of supporters were concentrated in Trafalgar Square, displaying the Olympic slogan \"One World, One Dream\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the torch relay in Paris occur?", "id": "56d8e071dc89441400fdb376", "answers": [{"text": "April 7", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the Paris route start for the torch relay?", "id": "56d8e071dc89441400fdb377", "answers": [{"text": "the Eiffel Tower", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Rather than being carried by an athlete, how did the torch end its route in Paris?", "id": "56d8e071dc89441400fdb379", "answers": [{"text": "by bus", "answer_start": 555}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The flame of the torch was put out when David Douillet was ready to hand it to who?", "id": "56d8e071dc89441400fdb37a", "answers": [{"text": "Teddy Riner", "answer_start": 1898}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What date did the torch relay begin in France?", "id": "56db0f17e7c41114004b4ce7", "answers": [{"text": "April 7", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city in France did the torch relay start at?", "id": "56db0f17e7c41114004b4ce8", "answers": [{"text": "Paris", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where location was the torch relay started in the city in Paris?", "id": "56db0f17e7c41114004b4ce9", "answers": [{"text": "Eiffel Tower", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many police were said to have protected the torch in France?", "id": "56db0f17e7c41114004b4cea", "answers": [{"text": "3,000", "answer_start": 1015}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many times was the torch put out in France die to security concerns?", "id": "56db0f17e7c41114004b4ceb", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 1343}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "\n France: The torch relay leg in Paris, held on April 7, began on the first level of the Eiffel Tower and finished at the Stade Charl\u00e9ty. The relay was initially supposed to cover 28 km, but it was shortened at the demand of Chinese officials following widespread protests by pro-Tibet and human rights activists, who repeatedly attempted to disrupt, hinder or halt the procession. A scheduled ceremony at the town hall was cancelled at the request of the Chinese authorities, and, also at the request of Chinese authorities, the torch finished the relay by bus instead of being carried by athletes. Paris City officials had announced plans to greet the Olympic flame with peaceful protest when the torch was to reach the French capital. The city government attached a banner reading \"Paris defends human rights throughout the world\" to the City Hall, in an attempt to promote values \"of all humanity and of human rights.\" Members from Reporters Without Borders turned out in large numbers to protest. An estimated 3,000 French police protected the Olympic torch relay as it departed from the Eiffel Tower and criss-crossed Paris amid threat of protests. Widespread pro-Tibet protests, including an attempt by more than one demonstrator to extinguish the flame with water or fire extinguishers, prompted relay authorities to put out the flame five times (according to the police authorities in Paris) and load the torch onto a bus, at the demand of Chinese officials. This was later denied by the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, despite video footage broadcast by French television network France 2 which showed Chinese flame attendants extinguishing the torch. Backup flames are with the relay at all times to relight the torch. French judoka and torchbearer David Douillet expressed his annoyance at the Chinese flame attendants who extinguished the torch which he was about to hand over to Teddy Riner: \"I understand they're afraid of everything, but this is just annoying. They extinguished the flame despite the fact that there was no risk, and they could see it and they knew it. I don't know why they did it.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who threw a a Tibetan flag from a City Hall window?", "id": "56d8e127dc89441400fdb380", "answers": [{"text": "Green Party officials.", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which torchbearer was in a wheelchair?", "id": "56d8e127dc89441400fdb381", "answers": [{"text": "Jin Jing", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Jin Jing called by ethnic Chinese?", "id": "56d8e127dc89441400fdb383", "answers": [{"text": "Angel in Wheelchair", "answer_start": 551}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was stopped due to protest interruptions?", "id": "56db1b38e7c41114004b4d29", "answers": [{"text": "torch relay ceremony", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the handicapped bearer of the torch?", "id": "56db1b38e7c41114004b4d2a", "answers": [{"text": "Jin Jing", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the ethnic Chinese call the disabled torch bearer?", "id": "56db1b38e7c41114004b4d2b", "answers": [{"text": "Angel in Wheelchair", "answer_start": 551}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who put a flag of Tibet out of the window at City Hall?", "id": "56db1b38e7c41114004b4d2d", "answers": [{"text": "Green Party officials.", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chinese officials canceled the torch relay ceremony amidst disruptions, including a Tibetan flag flown from a window in the City Hall by Green Party officials. The third torchbearer in the Paris leg, Jin Jing, who was disabled and carried the torch on a wheelchair, was assaulted several times by unidentified protestors seemingly from the pro-Tibet independent camp. In interviews, Jin Jing said that she was \"tugged at, scratched\" and \"kicked\", but that she \"did not feel the pain at the time.\" She received praise from ethnic Chinese worldwide as \"Angel in Wheelchair\". The Chinese government gave the comment that \"the Chinese respect France a lot\" but \"Paris [has slapped] its own face.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which organization planned several protests?", "id": "56d8e18ddc89441400fdb38a", "answers": [{"text": "Reporters Without Borders", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Reporters Without Borders scale in order to put a protest banner on it?", "id": "56d8e18ddc89441400fdb38b", "answers": [{"text": "the Eiffel Tower", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which cathedral did Reporters Without Borders hang another protest banner?", "id": "56d8e18ddc89441400fdb38c", "answers": [{"text": "Notre Dame cathedral", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was hung from the Eiffel Tower?", "id": "56db1ba8e7c41114004b4d39", "answers": [{"text": "banner", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who climbed the Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner?", "id": "56db1ba8e7c41114004b4d3a", "answers": [{"text": "Reporters Without Borders", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where else was a copy of the banner at Eiffel Tower hung?", "id": "56db1ba8e7c41114004b4d3b", "answers": [{"text": "Notre Dame cathedral.", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Reporters Without Borders organised several symbolic protests, including scaling the Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner from it, and hanging an identical banner from the Notre Dame cathedral."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where did hundreds of pro-Tibet protesters meet?", "id": "56d8e40fdc89441400fdb390", "answers": [{"text": "the Trocad\u00e9ro", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who spoke to the media about China's lack of freedom of speech?", "id": "56d8e40fdc89441400fdb392", "answers": [{"text": "Jane Birkin", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the President of the French Tibetan community that urged protesters to remain peaceful?", "id": "56d8e40fdc89441400fdb393", "answers": [{"text": "Thupten Gyatso", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did pro-Tibetan protesters get together?", "id": "56db1cbee7c41114004b4d5d", "answers": [{"text": "Trocad\u00e9ro", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Trocad\u00e9ro was not disruptive of the relay and said to have been what?", "id": "56db1cbee7c41114004b4d5e", "answers": [{"text": "peaceful", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who, of the Trocad\u00e9ro protest, spoke to the media?", "id": "56db1cbee7c41114004b4d5f", "answers": [{"text": "Jane Birkin", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the person who spoke to the media at Trocad\u00e9ro say China lacked?", "id": "56db1cbee7c41114004b4d60", "answers": [{"text": "freedom of speech", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Several hundred pro-Tibet protesters gathered at the Trocad\u00e9ro with banners and Tibetan flags, and remained there for a peaceful protest, never approaching the torch relay itself. Among them was Jane Birkin, who spoke to the media about the \"lack of freedom of speech\" in China. Also present was Thupten Gyatso, President of the French Tibetan community, who called upon pro-Tibet demonstrators to \"remain calm, non-violent, peaceful\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did the political parties request a brief stop in?", "id": "56d8e49edc89441400fdb399", "answers": [{"text": "the National Assembly's session", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What text was on the banner that the politicians unrolled outside?", "id": "56d8e49edc89441400fdb39a", "answers": [{"text": "Respect for Human Rights in China", "answer_start": 345}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did MPs yell when the torch passed them?", "id": "56d8e49edc89441400fdb39b", "answers": [{"text": "Freedom for Tibet!", "answer_start": 492}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Various French politicians started protests including members of what?", "id": "56db1df1e7c41114004b4d7f", "answers": [{"text": "Parliament", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "All the French political factions requested a temporary halt to what?", "id": "56db1df1e7c41114004b4d80", "answers": [{"text": "National Assembly's session", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the banner say that was unveiled during the temporary halt?", "id": "56db1df1e7c41114004b4d81", "answers": [{"text": "Respect for Human Rights in China", "answer_start": 345}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Parliamentary members yell as the relay passed?", "id": "56db1df1e7c41114004b4d82", "answers": [{"text": "Freedom for Tibet!", "answer_start": 492}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "French members of Parliament and other French politicians also organised a protest. All political parties in Parliament\u2014UMP, Socialists, New Centre, Communists, Democratic Movement (centre) and Greens\u2014jointly requested a pause in the National Assembly's session, which was granted, so that MPs could step outside and unfurl a banner which read \"Respect for Human Rights in China\". The coach containing the torch drove past the National Assembly and the assembled protesting MPs, who shouted \"Freedom for Tibet!\" several times as it passed."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did French police take from demonstrators?", "id": "56d8e547dc89441400fdb3a0", "answers": [{"text": "Tibetan flags", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which newspaper reported that only the Chinese could express themselves?", "id": "56d8e547dc89441400fdb3a1", "answers": [{"text": "Lib\u00e9ration", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the only place the Tibetan flag could be held?", "id": "56d8e547dc89441400fdb3a2", "answers": [{"text": "the Trocad\u00e9ro", "answer_start": 295}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Minister of the Interior?", "id": "56d8e547dc89441400fdb3a3", "answers": [{"text": "Mich\u00e8le Alliot-Marie", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did French law enforcement take from protesters?", "id": "56db1f11e7c41114004b4d9b", "answers": [{"text": "Tibetan flags", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the only place Tibetan flags were permitted?", "id": "56db1f11e7c41114004b4d9c", "answers": [{"text": "the Trocad\u00e9ro.", "answer_start": 295}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said the police acted on their own in taking the flags?", "id": "56db1f11e7c41114004b4d9d", "answers": [{"text": "Mich\u00e8le Alliot-Marie", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who rendered a France 2 camera person unconscious?", "id": "56db1f11e7c41114004b4d9e", "answers": [{"text": "a police officer", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "French police were criticised for their handling of the events, and notably for confiscating Tibetan flags from demonstrators. The newspaper Lib\u00e9ration commented: \"The police did so much that only the Chinese were given freedom of expression. The Tibetan flag was forbidden everywhere except on the Trocad\u00e9ro.\" Minister of the Interior Mich\u00e8le Alliot-Marie later stated that the police had not been ordered to do so, and that they had acted on their own initiative. A cameraman for France 2 was struck in the face by a police officer, knocked unconscious, and had to be sent to hospital."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where did the torch start it's North American route?", "id": "56d8e665dc89441400fdb3aa", "answers": [{"text": "San Francisco", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What day did the torch arrive in San Francisco?", "id": "56d8e665dc89441400fdb3ab", "answers": [{"text": "April 9", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the first North American torchbearer?", "id": "56d8e665dc89441400fdb3ac", "answers": [{"text": "Lin Li", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The route end was changed from Justin Herman plaza to what?", "id": "56d8e665dc89441400fdb3ad", "answers": [{"text": "San Francisco International Airport", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the head of the U.S. Olympic Committee?", "id": "56d8e665dc89441400fdb3ae", "answers": [{"text": "Peter Ueberroth", "answer_start": 1330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city in the United States held the 2008 Olympic Torch relay?", "id": "56db205be7c41114004b4dbd", "answers": [{"text": "San Francisco", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the date of the relay in the United States?", "id": "56db205be7c41114004b4dbe", "answers": [{"text": "April 9.", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the person who handed off the torch to the torchbearer in the United States 2008 Olympic relay?", "id": "56db205be7c41114004b4dbf", "answers": [{"text": "Norman Bellingham", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the location where the relay ending event was canceled?", "id": "56db205be7c41114004b4dc0", "answers": [{"text": "Justin Herman Plaza", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": " United States of America: The torch relay's North American leg occurred in San Francisco, California on April 9. On the day of the relay officials diverted the torch run to an unannounced route. The start was at McCovey Cove, where Norman Bellingham of the U.S. Olympic Committee gave the torch to the first torchbearer, Chinese 1992 Olympic champion swimmer Lin Li. The planned closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza was cancelled and instead, a ceremony was held at San Francisco International Airport, where the torch was to leave for Buenos Aires. The route changes allowed the run to avoid large numbers of China supporters and protesters against China. As people found out there would be no closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza, there were angry reactions. One demonstrator was quoted as saying that the route changes were an effort to \"thwart any organized protest that had been planned.\" San Francisco Board of Supervisors President Aaron Peskin, a critic of Mayor Gavin Newsom, said that it was a \"cynical plan to please the Bush State Department and the Chinese government because of the incredible influence of money.\" Newsom, on the other hand, said he felt it was in \"everyone's best interest\" and that he believed people had been \"afforded the right to protest and support the torch\" despite the route changes. Peter Ueberroth, head of the U.S. Olympic Committee, praised the route changes, saying, \"The city of San Francisco, from a global perspective, will be applauded.\" People who saw the torch were surprised and cheered as shown from live video of CBS and NBC. The cost to the city for hosting the event was reported to be USD $726,400, nearly half of which has been recovered by private fundraising. Mayor Gavin Newsom said that \"exponential\" costs associated with mass arrests were avoided by his decision to change the route in consultation with police chief Heather Fong."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who approved a resolution concerning human rights on April 1, 2008?", "id": "56d8e72adc89441400fdb3b4", "answers": [{"text": "San Francisco Board of Supervisors", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The concern was over what in China and Tibet?", "id": "56d8e72adc89441400fdb3b5", "answers": [{"text": "human rights abuses", "answer_start": 408}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What date was the protest which was led by Gere and Tutu?", "id": "56d8e72adc89441400fdb3b7", "answers": [{"text": "April 8", "answer_start": 461}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was a resolution agreed to about Chinese human rights issues in San Francisco?", "id": "56db2356e7c41114004b4dfb", "answers": [{"text": "April 1, 2008", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who approved the resolution?", "id": "56db2356e7c41114004b4dfc", "answers": [{"text": "San Francisco Board of Supervisors", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was a protest planned in San Francisco?", "id": "56db2356e7c41114004b4dfe", "answers": [{"text": "United Nations Plaza", "answer_start": 529}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What actor was scheduled to attend a San Francisco Olympic protest?", "id": "56db2356e7c41114004b4dff", "answers": [{"text": "Richard Gere", "answer_start": 563}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On April 1, 2008, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors approved a resolution addressing human rights concerns when the Beijing Olympic torch arrives in San Francisco on April 9. The resolution would welcome the torch with \"alarm and protest at the failure of China to meet its past solemn promises to the international community, including the citizens of San Francisco, to cease the egregious and ongoing human rights abuses in China and occupied Tibet.\" On April 8, numerous protests were planned including one at the city's United Nations Plaza led by actor Richard Gere and Archbishop Desmond Tutu."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Three protester climbed what to hang two banners on April 7, 2008?", "id": "56d8e7d8dc89441400fdb3bd", "answers": [{"text": "Golden Gate Bridge", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Laurel Sutherlin spoke to which TV station about his concerns?", "id": "56d8e7d8dc89441400fdb3be", "answers": [{"text": "KPIX-CBS5", "answer_start": 565}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who asked that the San Francisco relay route be shortened?", "id": "56db2495e7c41114004b4e05", "answers": [{"text": "China", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What famous bridge had two banners hung from it by protesters?", "id": "56db2495e7c41114004b4e06", "answers": [{"text": "Golden Gate Bridge", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who spoke to station KPIX-CBS5 about the bridge banner protests?", "id": "56db2495e7c41114004b4e07", "answers": [{"text": "Laurel Sutherlin", "answer_start": 513}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many supporters face charges for the bridge stunt?", "id": "56db2495e7c41114004b4e08", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 883}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many activists may be charged with crimes for the bridge stunt?", "id": "56db2495e7c41114004b4e09", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 278}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some advocates for Tibet, Darfur, and the spiritual practice Falun Gong, planned to protest the April 9 arrival of the torch in San Francisco. China had already requested the torch route in San Francisco be shortened. On April 7, 2008, two days prior to the actual torch relay, three activists carrying Tibetan flags scaled the suspension cables of the Golden Gate Bridge to unfurl two banners, one saying \"One World, One Dream. Free Tibet\", and the other, \"Free Tibet '08\". Among them was San Francisco resident Laurel Sutherlin, who spoke to the local TV station KPIX-CBS5 live from a cellphone, urging the International Olympic Committee to ask China not to allow the torch to go through Tibet. \"Sutherlin said he was worried that the torch's planned route through Tibet would lead to more arrests and Chinese officials would use force to stifle dissent.\" The three activists and five supporters face charges related to trespassing, conspiracy and causing a public nuisance."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where did the first relay runner disappear to with the torch??", "id": "56d8e895dc89441400fdb3c5", "answers": [{"text": "a warehouse", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which wheelchair-bound torchbearer was ejected from the relay for showing a Tibetan flag?", "id": "56d8e895dc89441400fdb3c8", "answers": [{"text": "Andrew Michael", "answer_start": 1037}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What wheelchair-bound bearer of the Olympic torch displayed a Tibetan flag?", "id": "56db2747e7c41114004b4e31", "answers": [{"text": "Andrew Michael", "answer_start": 1037}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the last part of the San Francisco torch relay carried through before getting on a bus?", "id": "56db2747e7c41114004b4e32", "answers": [{"text": "Marina district", "answer_start": 1515}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was a makeshift closing ceremony held for the torch relay in San Francisco?", "id": "56db2747e7c41114004b4e33", "answers": [{"text": "San Francisco International Airport", "answer_start": 1560}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After the bearer of the torch disappeared into a warehouse, what road did the relay reappear on?", "id": "56db2747e7c41114004b4e34", "answers": [{"text": "Van Ness Avenue", "answer_start": 708}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The torch was lit at a park outside at AT&T Park at about 1:17 pm PDT (20:17 UTC), briefly held aloft by American and Chinese Olympic officials. The relay descended into confusion as the first runner in the elaborately planned relay disappeared into a warehouse on a waterfront pier where it stayed for a half-an-hour. There were clashes between thousands of pro-China demonstrators, many of whom said they were bused in by the Chinese Consulate and other pro-China groups, and both pro-Tibet and Darfur protesters. The non-Chinese demonstrators were reported to have been swamped and trailed by angry crowds. Around 2 pm PDT (21:00 UTC), the torch resurfaced about 3 km (1.9 mi) away from the stadium along Van Ness Avenue, a heavily trafficked thoroughfare that was not on official route plans. Television reports showed the flame flanked by motorcycles and uniformed police officers. Two torchbearers carried the flame running slowly behind a truck and surrounded by Olympic security guards. During the torch relay, two torchbearers, Andrew Michael who uses a wheelchair and is the Vice President for Sustainable Development for the Bay Area Council and Director of Partnerships For Change, and an environmental advocate, Majora Carter, managed to display Tibetan flags in protest, resulting in their ejection from the relay. The closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza was canceled due to the presence of large numbers of protesters at the site. The torch run ended with a final stretch through San Francisco's Marina district and was then moved by bus to San Francisco International Airport for a makeshift closing ceremony at the terminal, from which the free media was excluded. San Jose Mercury News described the \"deceiving\" event as \"a game of Where's Waldo, played against the landscape of a lovely city.\" International Olympic Committee President Jacques Rogge said the San Francisco relay had \"fortunately\" avoided much of the disruptions that marred the legs in London and Paris, but \"was, however, not the joyous party that we had wished it to be.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Olympic torch relay begin in Buenos Aires?", "id": "56d8e922dc89441400fdb3ce", "answers": [{"text": "April 11", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the torch route start in Buenos Aires?", "id": "56d8e922dc89441400fdb3cf", "answers": [{"text": "the Lola Mora amphitheatre", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the mayor of Buenos Aires?", "id": "56d8e922dc89441400fdb3d0", "answers": [{"text": "Mauricio Macri", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the Olympic torch relay begin in Argentina?", "id": "56db2841e7c41114004b4e4f", "answers": [{"text": "Buenos Aires", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What place held an opening show for the relay?", "id": "56db2841e7c41114004b4e50", "answers": [{"text": "Lola Mora amphitheatre", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the mayor who passed off the torch to the first bearer in Argentina?", "id": "56db2841e7c41114004b4e51", "answers": [{"text": "Mauricio Macri", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first bearer of the torch in Argentina?", "id": "56db2841e7c41114004b4e52", "answers": [{"text": "Carlos Esp\u00ednola.", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was showered along the route in some places?", "id": "56db2841e7c41114004b4e53", "answers": [{"text": "confetti", "answer_start": 1083}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": " Argentina: The torch relay leg in Buenos Aires, Argentina, held on April 11, began with an artistic show at the Lola Mora amphitheatre in Costanera Sur. In the end of the show the mayor of Buenos Aires Mauricio Macri gave the torch to the first torchbearer, Carlos Esp\u00ednola. The leg finished at the Buenos Aires Riding Club in the Palermo district, the last torchbearer being Gabriela Sabatini. The 13.8 km route included landmarks like the obelisk and Plaza de Mayo. The day was marked by several pro-Tibet protests, which included a giant banner reading \"Free Tibet\", and an alternative \"human rights torch\" that was lit by protesters and paraded along the route the flame was to take. Most of these protests were peaceful in nature, and the torch was not impeded. Chinese immigrants also turned out in support of the Games, but only minor scuffles were reported between both groups. Runners surrounded by rows of security carried the Olympic flame past thousands of jubilant Argentines in the most trouble-free torch relay in nearly a week. People showered the parade route with confetti as banks, government offices and businesses took an impromptu half-day holiday for the only Latin American stop on the flame's five-continent journey."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the activist who promised peaceful protests?", "id": "56d9618ddc89441400fdb3d9", "answers": [{"text": "Jorge Carcavallo", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What route was planned for an alternative march?", "id": "56d9618ddc89441400fdb3da", "answers": [{"text": "from the Obelisk to the city hall", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was on the banner that was displayed where the torchbearers would carry the torch?", "id": "56d9618ddc89441400fdb3db", "answers": [{"text": "Free Tibet", "answer_start": 537}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the protester who said they would not try to extinguish the torch?", "id": "56db2941e7c41114004b4e6b", "answers": [{"text": "Jorge Carcavallo.", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the other march travel form and to?", "id": "56db2941e7c41114004b4e6c", "answers": [{"text": "Obelisk to the city hall", "answer_start": 445}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name given to the torch carried on the alternative march?", "id": "56db2941e7c41114004b4e6d", "answers": [{"text": "Human Rights Torch.", "answer_start": 492}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the large banner say that was along the alternative march route?", "id": "56db2941e7c41114004b4e6e", "answers": [{"text": "Free Tibet", "answer_start": 537}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the unsanctioned alternative relay called?", "id": "56db2941e7c41114004b4e6f", "answers": [{"text": "Human Rights Torch Relay", "answer_start": 632}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Argentine activists told a news conference that they would not try to snuff out the torch's flame as demonstrators had in Paris and London. \"I want to announce that we will not put out the Olympic torch,\" said pro-Tibet activist Jorge Carcavallo. \"We'll be carrying out surprise actions throughout the city of Buenos Aires, but all of these will be peaceful.\" Among other activities, protesters organized an alternative march that went from the Obelisk to the city hall, featuring their own \"Human Rights Torch.\" A giant banner reading \"Free Tibet\" was also displayed on the torch route. According to a representative from the NGO 'Human Rights Torch Relay', their objective was to \"show the contradiction between the Olympic Games and the presence of widespread human rights violations in China\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the outreach director of HRTR?", "id": "56d96652dc89441400fdb3e2", "answers": [{"text": "Susan Prager", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the non profit that was funded by Mark Palmer?", "id": "56d96652dc89441400fdb3e3", "answers": [{"text": "Friends of Falun Gong", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which footballer decided to not be a torchbearer because of the controversy?", "id": "56d96652dc89441400fdb3e4", "answers": [{"text": "Diego Maradona", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many police officers were in place to avoid controversy along the torch route?", "id": "56d96652dc89441400fdb3e5", "answers": [{"text": "1200", "answer_start": 572}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was thrown to try and put out the flame?", "id": "56d96652dc89441400fdb3e6", "answers": [{"text": "water balloons", "answer_start": 774}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Susan Prager communication director of?", "id": "56db2b7fe7c41114004b4e8d", "answers": [{"text": "Friends of Falun Gong", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What football star backed out due to relay controversy?", "id": "56db2b7fe7c41114004b4e8e", "answers": [{"text": "Diego Maradona", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many police officers were part of the security operative?", "id": "56db2b7fe7c41114004b4e8f", "answers": [{"text": "1200", "answer_start": 572}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was tossed at the torch trying to put it out?", "id": "56db2b7fe7c41114004b4e90", "answers": [{"text": "water balloons", "answer_start": 774}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The protests were considered to be overall what in nature?", "id": "56db2b7fe7c41114004b4e91", "answers": [{"text": "peaceful", "answer_start": 686}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The outreach director of HRTR, Susan Prager, is also the communication director of \"Friends of Falun Gong\", a quasi-government non-profit funded by fmr. Congressman Tom Lanto's wife and Ambassador Mark Palmer of NED. A major setback to the event was caused by footballer Diego Maradona, scheduled to open the relay through Buenos Aires, pulling out in an attempt to avoid the Olympic controversy. Trying to avoid the scenes that marred the relay in the UK, France and the US, the city government designed a complex security operative to protect the torch relay, involving 1200 police officers and 3000 other people, including public employees and volunteers. Overall, the protests were peaceful in nature, although there were a few incidents such as the throwing of several water balloons in an attempt to extinguish the Olympic flame, and minor scuffles between Olympic protesters and supporters from Chinese immigrant communities."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where was the only African destination for the torch?", "id": "56d966bbdc89441400fdb3ec", "answers": [{"text": "Dar es Salaam", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the torch arrive in Dar es Salaam?", "id": "56d966bbdc89441400fdb3ed", "answers": [{"text": "April 13", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the route start for the torch in Dar es Salaam?", "id": "56d966bbdc89441400fdb3ee", "answers": [{"text": "the TAZARA Railway", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the solitary place the relay was held in Africa?", "id": "56db2c84e7c41114004b4ea7", "answers": [{"text": "Dar es Salaam", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the railway where the Olympic torch relay began in Africa?", "id": "56db2c84e7c41114004b4ea8", "answers": [{"text": "TAZARA", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the relay terminate in Africa?", "id": "56db2c84e7c41114004b4ea9", "answers": [{"text": "Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country paid for the stadium through aid money?", "id": "56db2c84e7c41114004b4eaa", "answers": [{"text": "China", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who it the torch in Africa?", "id": "56db2c84e7c41114004b4eab", "answers": [{"text": "Vice-President Ali Mohamed Shein.", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": " Tanzania: Dar es Salaam was the torch's only stop in Africa, on April 13. The relay began at the grand terminal of the TAZARA Railway, which was China's largest foreign aid project of the 1970s, and continued for 5 km through the old city to the Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium in Temeke, which was built with Chinese aid in 2005. The torch was lit by Vice-President Ali Mohamed Shein. About a thousand people followed the relay, waving the Olympic flag. The only noted instance of protest was Nobel Peace Prize laureate Wangari Maathai's withdrawal from the list of torchbearers, in protest against human rights abuses in Tibet."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which Middle East location was the only area the torch visited?", "id": "56d9670fdc89441400fdb3f6", "answers": [{"text": "Muscat", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the torch arrive in Muscat?", "id": "56d9670fdc89441400fdb3f8", "answers": [{"text": "April 14", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which actress carried the torch for part of the route?", "id": "56d9670fdc89441400fdb3f9", "answers": [{"text": "Sulaf Fawakherji", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the only place the Olympic torch was carried in the Middle East?", "id": "56db2ce6e7c41114004b4ebf", "answers": [{"text": "Muscat", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How far was the relay route in kilometers in the Middle East?", "id": "56db2ce6e7c41114004b4ec0", "answers": [{"text": "20", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the Syrian actress who was one to bear the torch?", "id": "56db2ce6e7c41114004b4ec1", "answers": [{"text": "Sulaf Fawakherji.", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "\n Sultanate of Oman: Muscat was the torch's only stop in the Middle East, on April 14. The relay covered 20 km. No protests or incidents were reported. One of the torchbearers was Syrian actress Sulaf Fawakherji."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the torch arrive in Islamabad?", "id": "56d967bbdc89441400fdb3fe", "answers": [{"text": "April 16", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was an indoor ceremony held since the outdoor relay was cancelled?", "id": "56d967bbdc89441400fdb401", "answers": [{"text": "Jinnah Stadium", "answer_start": 563}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who spoke at the opening ceremony in Islamabad in addition to President Musharraf?", "id": "56d967bbdc89441400fdb402", "answers": [{"text": "Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the Olympic torch relay start in Pakistan?", "id": "56db2d05e7c41114004b4ec5", "answers": [{"text": "Islamabad", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Instead of a traditinal relay, where was the track the torch was carried in Pakistan?", "id": "56db2e27e7c41114004b4ee7", "answers": [{"text": "Jinnah Stadium.", "answer_start": 563}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "\n Pakistan: The Olympic torch reached Islamabad for the first time ever on April 16. President Pervez Musharraf and Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani spoke at the opening ceremony of the relay. Security was high, for what one newspaper called the \"most sensitive leg\" of the torch's Olympic journey. The relay was initially supposed to carry the torch around Islamabad, but the entire relay was cancelled due to security concerns regarding \"militant threats or anti-China protests\", and replaced by an indoors ceremony with the torch carried around the track of Jinnah Stadium. In fear of violent protests and bomb attacks, the torch relay in Pakistan took place in a stadium behind closed doors. Although the relay was behind closed doors, thousands of policemen and soldiers guarded the flame. As a consequence, no incidents arose."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the torch visit New Delhi?", "id": "56d96856dc89441400fdb408", "answers": [{"text": "April 17", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many runners carried the torch in New Delhi?", "id": "56d96856dc89441400fdb40a", "answers": [{"text": "70", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which football captain did not participate in the relay to show support for Tibet?", "id": "56d96856dc89441400fdb40b", "answers": [{"text": "Baichung Bhutia", "answer_start": 630}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many torchbearers did not participate because of their concerns with Tibet?", "id": "56d96856dc89441400fdb40c", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the torch relay happen in India?", "id": "56db2f9be7c41114004b4ef9", "answers": [{"text": "New Delhi", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long was the route in India in miles?", "id": "56db2f9be7c41114004b4efa", "answers": [{"text": "1.5", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many bearers of the torch were used in India?", "id": "56db2f9be7c41114004b4efb", "answers": [{"text": "70", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many bearers decided not to participate?", "id": "56db2f9be7c41114004b4efc", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the footballer who refused to be a part of the relay?", "id": "56db2f9be7c41114004b4efd", "answers": [{"text": "Baichung Bhutia", "answer_start": 630}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "\n India: Due to concerns about pro-Tibet protests, the relay through New Delhi on April 17 was cut to just 2.3 km (less than 1.5 miles), which was shared amongst 70 runners. It concluded at the India Gate. The event was peaceful due to the public not being allowed at the relay. A total of five intended torchbearers -Kiran Bedi, Soha Ali Khan, Sachin Tendulkar, Bhaichung Bhutia and Sunil Gavaskar- withdrew from the event, citing \"personal reasons\", or, in Bhutia's case, explicitly wishing to \"stand by the people of Tibet and their struggle\" and protest against the PRC \"crackdown\" in Tibet. Indian national football captain, Baichung Bhutia refused to take part in the Indian leg of the torch relay, citing concerns over Tibet. Bhutia, who is Sikkimese, is the first athlete to refuse to run with the torch. Indian film star Aamir Khan states on his personal blog that the \"Olympic Games do not belong to China\" and confirms taking part in the torch relay \"with a prayer in his heart for the people of Tibet, and ... for all people across the world who are victims of human rights violations\". Rahul Gandhi, son of the Congress President Sonia Gandhi and scion of the Nehru-Gandhi family, also refused to carry the torch."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The security given to the torch relay in New Delhi is reminiscent of the security of what?", "id": "56d96901dc89441400fdb412", "answers": [{"text": "Republic Day celebrations", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Chinese presented a list of vulnerable relay locations to who?", "id": "56d96901dc89441400fdb413", "answers": [{"text": "Nirupama Sen.", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who supposedly cancelled a trip to Beijing in protest?", "id": "56d96901dc89441400fdb414", "answers": [{"text": "India's Commerce Minister", "answer_start": 654}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was said to have canceled an official trip to China in protest?", "id": "56db30ebe7c41114004b4f03", "answers": [{"text": "Kamal Nath", "answer_start": 681}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what time in the middle of the night was the diplomat summoned?", "id": "56db30ebe7c41114004b4f04", "answers": [{"text": "2 am", "answer_start": 549}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Olympic relay had the same security precautions taken as what other special day?", "id": "56db30ebe7c41114004b4f05", "answers": [{"text": "Republic Day", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of targets do Republic Day events present as?", "id": "56db30ebe7c41114004b4f06", "answers": [{"text": "terrorist targets.", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Wary of protests, the Indian authorities have decided to shorten the route of the relay in New Delhi, and have given it the security normally associated with Republic Day celebrations, which are considered terrorist targets. Chinese intelligence's expectations of points on the relay route that would be particularly 'vulnerable' to protesters were presented to the Indian ambassador to Beijing, Nirupama Sen. The Indian media responded angrily to the news that the ambassador, a distinguished lady diplomat, was summoned to the Foreign Ministry at 2 am local time; the news was later denied by anonymous sources in Delhi. The Indian media reported that India's Commerce Minister, Kamal Nath, cancelled an official trip to Beijing in protest, though both Nath and Chinese sources have denied it."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many people comprised the Tibetan exile community?", "id": "56d969badc89441400fdb418", "answers": [{"text": "150,000", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "India refused China's request that the Tibetan exile community be avoided because they said India is what?", "id": "56d969badc89441400fdb419", "answers": [{"text": "a democracy", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the exiled Tibetan government?", "id": "56d969badc89441400fdb41a", "answers": [{"text": "India", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Tibetan exiles are said to be in India?", "id": "56db3241e7c41114004b4f27", "answers": [{"text": "150,000", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A wholesale ban on what was denied?", "id": "56db3241e7c41114004b4f28", "answers": [{"text": "protests", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Olympic group was denied by India?", "id": "56db3241e7c41114004b4f29", "answers": [{"text": "Olympic Holy Flame Protection Unit", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What deteriorated between India and China?", "id": "56db3241e7c41114004b4f2a", "answers": [{"text": "relations", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said they did not support relay interruptions?", "id": "56db3241e7c41114004b4f2b", "answers": [{"text": "the Tibetan government in exile", "answer_start": 520}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "India rejected Chinese demands that the torch route be clear of India's 150,000-strong Tibetan exile community, by which they required a ban on congregation near the curtailed 3 km route. In response Indian officials said India was a democracy, and \"a wholesale ban on protests was out of the question\". Contradicting some other reports, Indian officials also refused permission to the \"Olympic Holy Flame Protection Unit\". The combined effect is a \"rapid deterioration\" of relations between India and China. Meanwhile, the Tibetan government in exile, which is based in India, has stated that it did not support the disruption of the Olympic torch relay."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did not want to participate in the relay as 'caged woman'?", "id": "56d96a31dc89441400fdb420", "answers": [{"text": "Kiran Bedi", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Bedi retired from?", "id": "56d96a31dc89441400fdb421", "answers": [{"text": "Indian Police Service", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which actress decided to not participate on April 15?", "id": "56d96a31dc89441400fdb422", "answers": [{"text": "Soha Ali Khan", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did a protest in Delhi occur to protest against Chinese repression in Tibet?", "id": "56d96a31dc89441400fdb423", "answers": [{"text": "April 16", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What retired police officer refused to carry the torch in India?", "id": "56db3337e7c41114004b4f31", "answers": [{"text": "Kiran Bedi", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What actress removed herself from participation in the relay?", "id": "56db3337e7c41114004b4f32", "answers": [{"text": "Soha Ali Khan", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was a protest organized about the Olympic relay in India?", "id": "56db3337e7c41114004b4f33", "answers": [{"text": "Delhi", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who disbanded the protest in Delhi?", "id": "56db3337e7c41114004b4f34", "answers": [{"text": "police.", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The retired police officer said she would not run as what?", "id": "56db3337e7c41114004b4f35", "answers": [{"text": "caged woman", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The noted Indian social activist and a retired Indian Police Service (IPS) officer Kiran Bedi refused to participate saying \"she doesn\u2019t want to run in the event as \u2018caged woman\u2019.\" On April 15, Bollywood actress Soha Ali Khan pulled out of the Olympic torch relay, citing \u201cvery strong personal reasons\u201d. On April 16, a protest was organised in Delhi \"against Chinese repression in Tibet\", and was broken up by the police."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Olympic torch reach Bangkok?", "id": "56d96ab0dc89441400fdb428", "answers": [{"text": "April 18", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the Green World Foundation chairwoman who refused to participate in the relay?", "id": "56d96ab0dc89441400fdb42a", "answers": [{"text": "M.R. Narisa Chakrabongse", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The media was told that the Chinese supplied with shirts and transportation?", "id": "56d96ab0dc89441400fdb42b", "answers": [{"text": "students", "answer_start": 937}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the torch go through Bankok?", "id": "56db3449e7c41114004b4f3b", "answers": [{"text": "April 18", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The relay route was a little over how many kilometers?", "id": "56db3449e7c41114004b4f3c", "answers": [{"text": "10", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were told they would be banned from reentering Thailand?", "id": "56db3449e7c41114004b4f3e", "answers": [{"text": "foreign protesters", "answer_start": 532}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What scheduled bearer of the torch boycotted?", "id": "56db3449e7c41114004b4f3f", "answers": [{"text": "Mom Rajawongse Narissara Chakrabongse", "answer_start": 821}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "\n Thailand: The April 18 relay through Bangkok was the Olympic flame's first visit to Thailand. The relay covered just over 10 km, and included Bangkok's Chinatown. The torch was carried past Democracy Monument, Chitralada Palace and a number of other city landmarks. M.R. Narisa Chakrabongse, Green World Foundation (GWF) chairwoman, withdrew from the torch-running ceremony, protesting against China's actions in Tibet. Several hundred protesters were present, along with Olympic supporters. Thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future entry into Thailand. A coalition of Thai human rights groups announced that it would organise a \"small demonstration\" during the relay, and several hundred people did indeed take part in protests, facing Beijing supporters. Intended torchbearer Mom Rajawongse Narissara Chakrabongse boycotted the relay, to protest against China's actions in Tibet. In Bangkok, students told the media that the Chinese Embassy provided them with transportation and gave them shirts to wear."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the torch visit Malaysia?", "id": "56d96b3edc89441400fdb430", "answers": [{"text": "April 21", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the capital city of Malaysia?", "id": "56d96b3edc89441400fdb431", "answers": [{"text": "Kuala Lumpur", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the route begin in Malaysia?", "id": "56d96b3edc89441400fdb433", "answers": [{"text": "Independence Square", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Prior to the 2008 games, when did Malaysia last see an Olympic torch relay?", "id": "56d96b3edc89441400fdb434", "answers": [{"text": "1964", "answer_start": 563}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the location of the start of the relay in Malaysia?", "id": "56db3546e7c41114004b4f46", "answers": [{"text": "Independence Square", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the relay end in Malaysia?", "id": "56db3546e7c41114004b4f47", "answers": [{"text": "Petronas Twin Towers.", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the last torch relay event in Malaysia?", "id": "56db3546e7c41114004b4f48", "answers": [{"text": "1964", "answer_start": 563}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Special Police protected the relay event?", "id": "56db3546e7c41114004b4f49", "answers": [{"text": "1000", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "\n Malaysia: The event was held in the capital city, Kuala Lumpur, on April 21. The 16.5 km long-relay began from the historic Independence Square, passed in front of several city landmarks before coming to an end at the iconic Petronas Twin Towers. Among the landmarks the Olympic flame passed next to were the Parliament House, National Mosque, KL Tower and Merdeka Stadium. A team of 1000 personnel from the Malaysian police Special Action Squad guarded the event and escorted the torchbearers. The last time an Olympic torch relay was held in Malaysia was the 1964 Tokyo edition."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which supporters protested near the Chinese embassy in Malaysia?", "id": "56d96bdbdc89441400fdb43a", "answers": [{"text": "Falun Gong", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Supporters of what demonstrated at the Chinese embassy in Malaysia?", "id": "56db3639e7c41114004b4f4f", "answers": [{"text": "Falun Gong", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were a Japanese family who unveiled a Tibetan flag hit with?", "id": "56db3639e7c41114004b4f50", "answers": [{"text": "plastic air-filled batons", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Chinese group yell?", "id": "56db3639e7c41114004b4f51", "answers": [{"text": "Taiwan and Tibet belong to China.", "answer_start": 551}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Chinese volunteers take from two Malaysian demonstrators?", "id": "56db3639e7c41114004b4f53", "answers": [{"text": "placards", "answer_start": 652}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Just days before the relay supporters of Falun Gong demonstrated in front of the Chinese embassy in the Malaysian capital. As many as 1,000 personnel from the special police unit were expected to be deployed on the day of the relay. A Japanese family with Malaysian citizenship and their 5-year-old child who unfurled a Tibetan flag were hit by a group of Chinese nationals with plastic air-filled batons and heckled by a crowd of Chinese citizens during the confrontation at Independence Square where the relay began, and the Chinese group shouted: \"Taiwan and Tibet belong to China.\" Later during the day, the Chinese volunteers forcefully took away placards from two other Malaysians protesting at the relay. One of the protesting Malaysian was hit in the head."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Olympic torch visit Jakarta?", "id": "56d96c56dc89441400fdb440", "answers": [{"text": "April 22", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who requested that the original route be cancelled?", "id": "56d96c56dc89441400fdb443", "answers": [{"text": "the Chinese embassy", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with invited people, who were the only other people allowed in the stadium?", "id": "56d96c56dc89441400fdb444", "answers": [{"text": "journalists", "answer_start": 587}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the torch relay begin in Indonesia?", "id": "56db36f7e7c41114004b4f59", "answers": [{"text": "Jakarta", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many kilometers was the planned route that was cancelled?", "id": "56db36f7e7c41114004b4f5a", "answers": [{"text": "20", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was the first route not taken?", "id": "56db36f7e7c41114004b4f5b", "answers": [{"text": "security worries", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of facility was the torch carried at instead.", "id": "56db36f7e7c41114004b4f5c", "answers": [{"text": "stadium.", "answer_start": 428}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did protests occur when non one except invited guests and the press were allowed inside the stadium?", "id": "56db36f7e7c41114004b4f5d", "answers": [{"text": "outside the stadium.", "answer_start": 653}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "\n Indonesia: The Olympic flame reached Jakarta on April 22. The original 20 km relay through Jakarta was cancelled due to \"security worries\", at the request of the Chinese embassy, and the torch was instead carried round the city main's stadium, as it had been in Islamabad. Several dozen pro-Tibet protesters gathered near the stadium, and were dispersed by the police. The event was held in the streets around the city main's stadium. The cancelling of the relay through the city itself was decided due to security concerns and at the request of the Chinese embassy. Only invitees and journalists were admitted inside the stadium. Protests took place outside the stadium."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the torch arrive in Canberra?", "id": "56d96d01dc89441400fdb44a", "answers": [{"text": "April 24", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who received the flame from Chinese officials in Canberra?", "id": "56d96d01dc89441400fdb44c", "answers": [{"text": "Agnes Shea", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Agnes Shea give to the Chinese in return?", "id": "56d96d01dc89441400fdb44d", "answers": [{"text": "a message stick", "answer_start": 362}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who publicly argued at a press conference?", "id": "56d96d01dc89441400fdb44e", "answers": [{"text": "Australian and Chinese officials", "answer_start": 698}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the relay held in Australia?", "id": "56db37c5e7c41114004b4f63", "answers": [{"text": "Canberra", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many kilometers was the route in Australia?", "id": "56db37c5e7c41114004b4f64", "answers": [{"text": "16", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the location of the beginning of the Olympic torch route in Australia?", "id": "56db37c5e7c41114004b4f65", "answers": [{"text": "Reconciliation Place", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who kept the demonstrators separated?", "id": "56db37c5e7c41114004b4f66", "answers": [{"text": "Australian Federal Police.", "answer_start": 562}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the Aboriginal elder who received the torch from Chinese officials?", "id": "56db37c5e7c41114004b4f67", "answers": [{"text": "Agnes Shea", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "\n Australia: The event was held in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory on April 24, and covered around 16 km of Canberra's central areas, from Reconciliation Place to Commonwealth Park. Upon its arrival in Canberra, the Olympic flame was presented by Chinese officials to local Aboriginal elder Agnes Shea, of the Ngunnawal people. She, in turn, offered them a message stick, as a gift of peace and welcome. Hundreds of pro-Tibet protesters and thousands of Chinese students reportedly attended. Demonstrators and counter-demonstrators were kept apart by the Australian Federal Police. Preparations for the event were marred by a disagreement over the role of the Chinese flame attendants, with Australian and Chinese officials arguing publicly over their function and prerogatives during a press conference."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did the Chinese want to deploy to Canberra to protect the flame?", "id": "56d96e76dc89441400fdb454", "answers": [{"text": "People's Liberation Army personnel", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chinese Australian students were told to defend what against scum and separatists?", "id": "56d96e76dc89441400fdb456", "answers": [{"text": "sacred torch", "answer_start": 500}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the chairman of the Australian Council of Chinese Organisations?", "id": "56d96e76dc89441400fdb457", "answers": [{"text": "Tony Goh", "answer_start": 575}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Foreign Minister who said he was okay with protests as long as they were peaceful?", "id": "56d96e76dc89441400fdb458", "answers": [{"text": "Stephen Smith", "answer_start": 1065}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group did China want along the relay route in Canberra?", "id": "56db3994e7c41114004b4f6d", "answers": [{"text": "People's Liberation Army", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was given permission to search attendees of the relay?", "id": "56db3994e7c41114004b4f6e", "answers": [{"text": "Australian police", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said that thousands of pro-Beijing supporters would be bused in?", "id": "56db3994e7c41114004b4f6f", "answers": [{"text": "Tony Goh", "answer_start": 575}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who told the media that Chinese diplomats were arranging a \"peaceful show of strength\"?", "id": "56db3994e7c41114004b4f70", "answers": [{"text": "Zhang Rongan", "answer_start": 769}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Foreign Minister who indicated Chinese officials wanted supporting demonstrators to show up and show their point of view?", "id": "56db3994e7c41114004b4f71", "answers": [{"text": "Stephen Smith", "answer_start": 1065}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Following the events in Olympia, there were reports that China requested permission to deploy People's Liberation Army personnel along the relay route to protect the flame in Canberra. Australian authorities stated that such a request, if it were to be made, would be refused. Chinese officials labeled it a rumor. Australian police have been given powers to search relay spectators, following a call by the Chinese Students and Scholars Association for Chinese Australian students to \"go defend our sacred torch\" against \"ethnic degenerate scum and anti-China separatists\". Tony Goh, chairman of the Australian Council of Chinese Organisations, has said the ACCO would be taking \"thousands\" of pro-Beijing demonstrators to Canberra by bus, to support the torch relay. Zhang Rongan, a Chinese Australian student organising pro-Beijing demonstrations, told the press that Chinese diplomats were assisting with the organization of buses, meals and accommodation for pro-Beijing demonstrators, and helping them organise a \"peaceful show of strength\". Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said Chinese officials were urging supporters to \"turn up and put a point of view\", but that he had no objection to it as long as they remained peaceful."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who withdrew as a torchbearer because of her concerns about human rights?", "id": "56d96ec6dc89441400fdb45e", "answers": [{"text": "Lin Hatfield Dodds", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said Dodds' withdrawal was a good example of peacefully protesting?", "id": "56d96ec6dc89441400fdb45f", "answers": [{"text": "Foreign Minister Stephen Smith", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who withdrew from the torch event?", "id": "56db6be6e7c41114004b50d1", "answers": [{"text": "Lin Hatfield Dodds", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the foreign minister that said her decision was a good example of peacefully making a point?", "id": "56db6be6e7c41114004b50d3", "answers": [{"text": "Stephen Smith", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Intended torchbearer Lin Hatfield Dodds withdrew from the event, explaining that she wished to express concern about China's human rights record. Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said her decision was \"a very good example of peacefully making a point\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the head of the Canberra torch relay committee?", "id": "56d96fb4dc89441400fdb462", "answers": [{"text": "Ted Quinlan", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many supporters of Tibet were expected in Canberra to protest?", "id": "56d96fb4dc89441400fdb464", "answers": [{"text": "600", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "ACT Chief Minister Jon Stanhope said which organization intended to ensure that China supporters outweighed Tibet supporters?", "id": "56d96fb4dc89441400fdb465", "answers": [{"text": "the Chinese embassy", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which athlete carried the torch for the final leg?", "id": "56d96fb4dc89441400fdb466", "answers": [{"text": "Ian Thorpe", "answer_start": 685}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many supporters of Tibet were expected to attend the torch relay?", "id": "56db6c7ce7c41114004b50d7", "answers": [{"text": "Up to 600", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "It was thought that how many Chinese supporters would attend the torch relay?", "id": "56db6c7ce7c41114004b50d8", "answers": [{"text": "between 2,000 and 10,000", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did not expect that reaction from the Chinese community?", "id": "56db6c7ce7c41114004b50d9", "answers": [{"text": "Ted Quinlan", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was involved to ensure the pro Chinese demonstrators outweighed the Tibetan demonstrators?", "id": "56db6c7ce7c41114004b50da", "answers": [{"text": "the Chinese embassy", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Up to 600 pro-Tibet protesters were expected to attend the relay, along with between 2,000 and 10,000 Chinese supporters. Taking note of the high number of Chinese supporters, Ted Quinlan, head of the Canberra torch relay committee, said: \"We didn't expect this reaction from the Chinese community. It is obviously a well-coordinated plan to take the day by weight of numbers. But we have assurances that it will be done peacefully.\". Also, Australia's ACT Chief Minister, Jon Stanhope confirmed that the Chinese embassy was closely involve to ensure that \"pro-China demonstrators vastly outnumbered Tibetan activists.\" Australian freestyle swimmer and five-time Olympic gold medalist Ian Thorpe ended the Australian leg of the torch relay April 24, 2008, touching the flame to light a cauldron after a run that was only marginally marked by protests. People demonstrated both for China and for Tibet. At least five people were arrested during the torch relay. Police said \"the five were arrested for interfering with the event under special powers enacted in the wake of massive protests against Chinese policy toward Tibet.\" At one point, groups of Chinese students surrounded and intimidated pro-Tibet protesters. One person had to be pulled aboard a police launch when a group of pro-Chinese students looked like they might force him into the lake."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who hosted the 1998 Winter Olympics?", "id": "56d97098dc89441400fdb46c", "answers": [{"text": "Nagano", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the torch arrive in Nagano?", "id": "56d97098dc89441400fdb46d", "answers": [{"text": "April 26", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the torch relay held in Japan?", "id": "56db6d76e7c41114004b50e1", "answers": [{"text": "Nagano", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Olympics did Nagano host?", "id": "56db6d76e7c41114004b50e2", "answers": [{"text": "1998 Winter Olympics", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What location was supposed to be the start of the relay event in Nagano?", "id": "56db6d76e7c41114004b50e3", "answers": [{"text": "Japanese Buddhist temple Zenk\u014d-ji", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When monks pulled out of the event, where was the new starting point for the relay?", "id": "56db6d76e7c41114004b50e4", "answers": [{"text": "a municipal building", "answer_start": 631}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Chinese guards were allowed to go with the torch?", "id": "56db6d76e7c41114004b50e5", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 1603}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "\n Japan: The event was held in Nagano, which hosted the 1998 Winter Olympics, on April 26. Japanese Buddhist temple Zenk\u014d-ji, which was originally scheduled to be the starting point for the Olympic torch relay in Nagano, refused to host the torch and pulled out of the relay plans, amid speculation that monks there sympathized with anti-Chinese government protesters. as well as the risk of disruption by violent protests. Parts of Zenk\u014d-ji temple's main building (Zenk\u014d-ji Hond\u014d), reconstructed in 1707 and one of the National Treasures of Japan, was then vandalized with spraypaint. A new starting point, previously the site of a municipal building and now a parking lot, was chosen by the city. An event the city had planned to hold at the Minami Nagano Sports Park following the torch relay was also canceled out of concern about disruptions caused by demonstrators protesting against China's recent crackdown in Tibet. Thousands of riot police were mobilized to protect the torch along its route. The show of force kept most protesters in check, but slogans shouted by pro-China or pro-Tibet demonstrators, Japanese nationalists, and human rights organizations flooded the air. Five men were arrested and four injured amidst scenes of mob violence. The torch route was packed with mostly peaceful demonstrators. The public was not allowed at the parking lot where the relay started. After the Zenkoji monks held a prayer ceremony for victims of the recent events in Tibet. More than 100 police officers ran with the torch and riot police lined the streets while three helicopters flew above. Only two Chinese guards were allowed to accompany the torch because of Japan's concern over their treatment of demonstrators at previous relays. A man with a Tibetan flag tried to stop the torch at the beginning of the relay but was dragged off by police. Some raw eggs were also thrown from the crowd."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where was the torch relay event held in South Korea?", "id": "56d97163dc89441400fdb476", "answers": [{"text": "Seoul", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Seoul host the Olympics?", "id": "56d97163dc89441400fdb477", "answers": [{"text": "1988 Summer Olympics", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the start point for the relay?", "id": "56d97163dc89441400fdb479", "answers": [{"text": "Olympic Park", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who became violent during the relay route and was promised deportation when caught?", "id": "56d97163dc89441400fdb47a", "answers": [{"text": "Chinese students", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the relay event held in South Korea?", "id": "56db6df1e7c41114004b50eb", "answers": [{"text": "Seoul", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Olympics did Seoul host?", "id": "56db6df1e7c41114004b50ec", "answers": [{"text": "1988 Summer Olympics", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": " South Korea: The event was held in Seoul, which hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics, on April 27. Intended torchbearers Choi Seung-kook and Park Won-sun boycotted the event to protest against the Chinese government's crackdown in Tibet. More than 8,000 riot police were deployed to guard the 24-kilometre route, which began at Olympic Park, which was built when Seoul hosted the 1988 Summer Games. On the day of the torch relay in Seoul, Chinese students clashed with protesters, throwing rocks, bottles, and punches. A North Korean defector whose brother defected to China but was captured and executed by the DPRK, attempted to set himself on fire in protest of China's treatment of North Korean refugees. He poured gasoline on himself but police quickly surrounded him and carried him away. Two other demonstrators tried to storm the torch but failed. Fighting broke out near the beginning of the relay between a group of 500 Chinese supporters and approximately 50 protesters who carried a banner that read: \"Free North Korean refugees in China.\" The students threw stones and water bottles as approximately 2,500 police tried to keep the groups separated. Police said they arrested five people, including a Chinese student who was arrested for allegedly throwing rocks. Thousands of Chinese followed the torch on its 4.5 hour journey, some chanting, \"Go China, go Olympics!\" By the end of the relay, Chinese students became violent, and it was reported in Korean media that they were \"lynching\" everyone who was disagreeing with them. One police man was also rushed to hospital after being attacked by Chinese students. On Apr 29, the Secretary of Justice, Kim Kyung Han, told the prime minister that he will find \"every single Chinese who was involved and bring them to justice.\" Later in the day, South Korea's Prosecutor's Office, National Police Agency, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and National Intelligence Service made a joint statement saying that they will be deporting every Chinese student that was involved in the incident. China defended the conduct of the students."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the torch arrive in Pyongyang?", "id": "56d971ebdc89441400fdb480", "answers": [{"text": "April 28", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who presided over the torch event in North Korea?", "id": "56d971ebdc89441400fdb481", "answers": [{"text": "Kim Yong Nam", "answer_start": 416}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first torchbearer in North Korea?", "id": "56d971ebdc89441400fdb482", "answers": [{"text": "Pak Du Ik", "answer_start": 630}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the relay start?", "id": "56d971ebdc89441400fdb484", "answers": [{"text": "the Juche Tower", "answer_start": 815}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the relay event held in North Korea?", "id": "56db6e95e7c41114004b50f5", "answers": [{"text": "Pyongyang.", "answer_start": 740}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What date did the torch relay event take place?", "id": "56db6e95e7c41114004b50f6", "answers": [{"text": "April 28.", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did people in the crowd wave at the beginning of the relay?", "id": "56db6e95e7c41114004b50f7", "answers": [{"text": "pink paper flowers and small flags", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first runner with the torch?", "id": "56db6e95e7c41114004b50f8", "answers": [{"text": "Pak Du Ik", "answer_start": 630}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "\n North Korea: The event was held in Pyongyang on April 28. It was the first time that the Olympic torch has traveled to North Korea. A crowd of thousands waving pink paper flowers and small flags with the Beijing Olympics logo were organized by the authoritarian regime watched the beginning of the relay in Pyongyang, some waving Chinese flags. The event was presided over by the head of the country's parliament, Kim Yong Nam. The North, an ally of China, has been critical of disruptions to the torch relay elsewhere and has supported Beijing in its actions against protests in Tibet. Kim passed the torch to the first runner Pak Du Ik, who played on North Korea's 1966 World Cup soccer team, as he began the 19-kilometre route through Pyongyang. The relay began from the large sculpted flame of the obelisk of the Juche Tower, which commemorates the national ideology of Juche, or \"self-reliance\", created by the country's late founding President Kim Il Sung, father of leader Kim Jong Il, who did not attend."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The United Nations Organization and UNICEF felt the relay could be used as what?", "id": "56d97261dc89441400fdb48a", "answers": [{"text": "a propaganda stunt.", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "North Korea is often listed among the worst offenders in the world in what regard?", "id": "56d97261dc89441400fdb48b", "answers": [{"text": "against human rights.", "answer_start": 410}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the children's agency of the United Nations Organization?", "id": "56db6f0ce7c41114004b50ff", "answers": [{"text": "UNICEF", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Both organizations withdrew what?", "id": "56db6f0ce7c41114004b5100", "answers": [{"text": "their staff", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the mission of the organizations?", "id": "56db6f0ce7c41114004b5101", "answers": [{"text": "raising awareness of conditions for children", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is often listed amongst the world's worst offenders when it comes to human rights?", "id": "56db6f0ce7c41114004b5102", "answers": [{"text": "North Korea", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The United Nations Organization and its children's agency UNICEF withdrew their staff, saying that it wasn't sure the event would help its mission of raising awareness of conditions for children and amid concerns that the relay would be used as a propaganda stunt. \"It was unconscionable,\" said a UN official who was briefed on the arguments. North Korea is frequently listed among the world\u2019s worst offenders against human rights."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the torch arrive in Vietnam?", "id": "56d972eadc89441400fdb48e", "answers": [{"text": "April 29", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the torch event held in Vietnam?", "id": "56d972eadc89441400fdb48f", "answers": [{"text": "Ho Chi Minh City", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many torchbearers carried the torch in Vietnam?", "id": "56d972eadc89441400fdb490", "answers": [{"text": "60", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the torch event begin in Vietnam?", "id": "56d972eadc89441400fdb491", "answers": [{"text": "the downtown Opera House", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the torch event end?", "id": "56d972eadc89441400fdb492", "answers": [{"text": "the Military Zone 7 Competition Hall stadium", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the torch event held in Vietnam?", "id": "56db6ae2e7c41114004b50bd", "answers": [{"text": "Ho Chi Minh City.", "answer_start": 608}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What areas are involved in the dispute between Vietnam and China?", "id": "56db6ae2e7c41114004b50be", "answers": [{"text": "the Spratly and Paracel Islands", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Chinese government established what city in this disputed area?", "id": "56db6ae2e7c41114004b50bf", "answers": [{"text": "Sansha", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As a result, demonstrations were held in what two cities in December 2007?", "id": "56db6ae2e7c41114004b50c0", "answers": [{"text": "Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.", "answer_start": 598}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Prime Minister of Vietnam?", "id": "56db6ae2e7c41114004b50c1", "answers": [{"text": "Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5n D\u0169ng", "answer_start": 784}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": " Vietnam: The event was held in Ho Chi Minh City on April 29. Some 60 torchbearers carried the torch from the downtown Opera House to the Military Zone 7 Competition Hall stadium near Tan Son Nhat International Airport along an undisclosed route. Vietnam is involved in a territorial dispute with China (and other countries) for sovereignty of the Spratly and Paracel Islands; tensions have risen recently[when?] following reports that the Chinese government had established a county-level city named Sansha in the disputed territories, resulting in anti-Chinese demonstrations in December 2007 in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. However to sustain its relationship with China the Vietnamese government has actively sought to head off protests during the torch relay, with Prime Minister Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5n D\u0169ng warning government agencies that \"hostile forces\" may try to disrupt the torch relay."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many people protesting China were arrested in Hanoi prior to the rally?", "id": "56d973fedc89441400fdb498", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which blogger calling for demonstrations was arrested for tax evasion?", "id": "56d973fedc89441400fdb499", "answers": [{"text": "\u0110i\u1ebfu C\u00e0y", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which torchbearer sent a letter of protest to the president of the International Olympic Committee?", "id": "56d973fedc89441400fdb49a", "answers": [{"text": "L\u00ea Minh Phi\u1ebfu", "answer_start": 542}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many protesters were arrested in Hanoi prior to the rally?", "id": "56db6b68e7c41114004b50c7", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is blogger \u0110i\u1ebfu C\u00e0y's real name?", "id": "56db6b68e7c41114004b50c8", "answers": [{"text": "Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u1ea3i", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Though he urged for demonstrations in Vietnam, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u1ea3i was charged with what crime?", "id": "56db6b68e7c41114004b50c9", "answers": [{"text": "tax evasion.", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the torchbearer who wrote a letter to the IOC president about discrepancies on a website?", "id": "56db6b68e7c41114004b50ca", "answers": [{"text": "L\u00ea Minh Phi\u1ebfu", "answer_start": 542}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was removed from the website that L\u00ea Minh Phi\u1ebfu had written about?", "id": "56db6b68e7c41114004b50cb", "answers": [{"text": "disputed islands and dotted lines marking China's maritime claims", "answer_start": 1001}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Prior to the rally, seven anti-China protestors were arrested in Hanoi after unfurling a banner and shouting \"Boycott the Beijing Olympics\" through a loudhailer at a market. A Vietnamese American was deported for planning protests against the torch, while a prominent blogger, \u0110i\u1ebfu C\u00e0y (real name Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u1ea3i), who blogged about protests around the world and who called for demonstrations in Vietnam, was arrested on charges of tax evasion. Outside Vietnam, there were protests by overseas Vietnamese in Paris, San Francisco and Canberra. L\u00ea Minh Phi\u1ebfu, a torchbearer who is a Vietnamese law student studying in France, wrote a letter to the president of the International Olympic Committee protesting China's \"politicisation of the Olympics\", citing maps of the torch relay at the official Beijing Olympic website depicting the disputed islands as Chinese territory and posted it on his blog. One day before the relay was to start, the official website appeared to have been updated to remove the disputed islands and dotted lines marking China's maritime claims in the South China Sea."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the torch arrive in Hong Kong?", "id": "56d9749adc89441400fdb4a0", "answers": [{"text": "May 2", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first torchbearer in Hong Kong?", "id": "56d9749adc89441400fdb4a1", "answers": [{"text": "Lee Lai Shan", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the torch event started in Hong Kong?", "id": "56d9749adc89441400fdb4a2", "answers": [{"text": "Hong Kong Cultural Centre", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the torch relay end in Hong Kong?", "id": "56d9749adc89441400fdb4a3", "answers": [{"text": "Golden Bauhinia Square in Wan Chai", "answer_start": 521}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many torchbearers participated in the relay event in Hong Kong?", "id": "56d9749adc89441400fdb4a4", "answers": [{"text": "120", "answer_start": 568}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the relay event held in Hong Kong?", "id": "56db7092e7c41114004b5107", "answers": [{"text": "May 2.", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who handed the torch to Lee Lai Shan, the first torchbearer?", "id": "56db7092e7c41114004b5108", "answers": [{"text": "Donald Tsang", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was used to get the torch across the Shing Mun River?", "id": "56db7092e7c41114004b5109", "answers": [{"text": "a dragon boat", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many torchbearers carried the torch?", "id": "56db7092e7c41114004b510a", "answers": [{"text": "120", "answer_start": 568}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The torchbearers included athletes, celebrities and who?", "id": "56db7092e7c41114004b510b", "answers": [{"text": "pro-Beijing camp politicians.", "answer_start": 667}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": " Hong Kong: The event was held in Hong Kong on May 2. In the ceremony held at the Hong Kong Cultural Centre in Tsim Sha Tsui, Chief Executive Donald Tsang handed the torch to the first torchbearer, Olympic medalist Lee Lai Shan. The torch relay then traveled through Nathan Road, Lantau Link, Sha Tin (crossed Shing Mun River via a dragon boat, which had been never used before in the history of Olympic torch relays), Victoria Harbour (crossed by Tin Hau, a VIP vessel managed by the Marine Department) before ending in Golden Bauhinia Square in Wan Chai. A total of 120 torchbearers were selected to participate in the event consisting of celebrities, athletes and pro-Beijing camp politicians. No politicians from the pro-democracy camp were selected as torchbearers. One torchbearer could not participate due to flight delay. It was estimated that more than 200,000 spectators came out and watched the relay. Many enthusiastic supporters wore red shirts and waved large Chinese flags. According to Hong Kong Chief Secretary for Administration Henry Tang, 3,000 police were deployed to ensure order."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China members wave to symbolize democracy?", "id": "56d97560dc89441400fdb4aa", "answers": [{"text": "plastic Olympic flames", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "This group wanted accountability for what 1989 event?", "id": "56d97560dc89441400fdb4ab", "answers": [{"text": "Tiananmen Square protests", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrapped a Tibetan flag around her body and later waved it?", "id": "56d97560dc89441400fdb4ac", "answers": [{"text": "Christina Chan", "answer_start": 1242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who removed Chan from the protest?", "id": "56d97560dc89441400fdb4ad", "answers": [{"text": "police", "answer_start": 1531}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why is Chan suing the Hong Kong government?", "id": "56d97560dc89441400fdb4ae", "answers": [{"text": "her human rights were breached.", "answer_start": 1640}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Some people waved plastic inflated flames, saying they symbolize what?", "id": "56db70ebe7c41114004b5111", "answers": [{"text": "democracy.", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was proud that Hong Kong still has brave people speaking out?", "id": "56db70ebe7c41114004b5112", "answers": [{"text": "Leung Kwok-hung", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did radio host Christina Chan wear before waving it?", "id": "56db70ebe7c41114004b5114", "answers": [{"text": "Tibetan snow lion flag", "answer_start": 1269}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There were several protests along the torch relay route. Members of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, including pro-democracy activist Szeto Wah, waved novelty inflatable plastic Olympic flames, which they said symbolised democracy. They wanted accountability for the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and the implementation of democracy in Hong Kong. Political activist and Legislative Council member Leung Kwok-hung (Longhair) also joined the protest, saying \"I'm very proud that in Hong Kong we still have people brave enough to speak out.\" Pro-democracy activists were overwhelmed by a crowd of torch supporters with insults like \"running dog,\" \"traitor,\" \"get out!,\" and \"I love the Communist Party.\" At the same time, about 10 members of the Civil Human Rights Front had orange banners calling for human rights improvements and universal suffrage. Onlookers were saying \"Aren't you Chinese?\" in Mandarin putonghua as they tried to cover the orange banners with a large Chinese national flag. One woman had an orange sign that said, \"Olympic flame for democracy\", while a man carried a poster with a tank and the slogan \"One world, two dreams\". A university student and former RDHK radio host Christina Chan wrapped the Tibetan snow lion flag around her body and later began waving it. Several onlookers heckled Chan, shouting \"What kind of Chinese are you?\" and \"What a shame!\" In the end, she and some of the protesters were taken away against their will by the authorities via a police vehicle \"for their own protection.\" Chan is currently[when?] suing the Hong Kong government, claiming her human rights were breached. (case number HCAL139/08)"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which group did Jens Galschi\u00f8t lead?", "id": "56d97631dc89441400fdb4b4", "answers": [{"text": "The Color Orange democracy group", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Galschi\u00f8t construct in Hong Kong in reference to the Tiananmen Square protests?", "id": "56d97631dc89441400fdb4b5", "answers": [{"text": "Pillar of Shame", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Galschi\u00f8t and two fellow protesters were denied to entry to Hong Kong for what reason?", "id": "56d97631dc89441400fdb4b6", "answers": [{"text": "immigration reasons", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which American actress was questioned at the Hong Kong airport?", "id": "56d97631dc89441400fdb4b7", "answers": [{"text": "Mia Farrow", "answer_start": 661}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A legislator said that by allowing Farrow to enter Hong Kong while denying others was a violation to what policy?", "id": "56d97631dc89441400fdb4b8", "answers": [{"text": "one country, two systems", "answer_start": 1110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group did Jens Galschi\u00f8t lead?", "id": "56db715ce7c41114004b511a", "answers": [{"text": "The Color Orange", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What structure did Jens Galschi\u00f8t build to monumentalize the Tianamen Square protests in 1989?", "id": "56db715ce7c41114004b511b", "answers": [{"text": "Pillar of Shame", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was Jens Galschi\u00f8t made to leave Hong Kong?", "id": "56db715ce7c41114004b511c", "answers": [{"text": "immigration reasons", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which actress from America was initially held and then gave a speech about China and Sudan?", "id": "56db715ce7c41114004b511d", "answers": [{"text": "Mia Farrow", "answer_start": 661}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Color Orange democracy group, led by Danish sculptor Jens Galschi\u00f8t, originally planned to join the Hong Kong Alliance relay and paint the \"Pillar of Shame\", a structure he built in Hong Kong to commemorate the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. However, Galschi\u00f8t and two other people were denied entry to Hong Kong on April 26, 2008 due to \"immigration reasons\" and were forced to leave Hong Kong. In response, Lee Cheuk Yan, vice chairman of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, said, \"It's outrageous that the government is willing to sacrifice the image of Hong Kong because of the torch relay.\" Hollywood actress Mia Farrow was also briefly questioned at the Hong Kong airport though officials allowed her to enter. She later gave a speech criticizing China's relations with Sudan in Hong Kong, as there was also a small minority of people protesting about China's role in the crisis of Darfur. Legislator Cheung Man Kwong have also said the government's decision allowing Farrow to enter while denying others is a double standard and a violation to Hong Kong's one country, two systems policy."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the torch visit Macao?", "id": "56d976addc89441400fdb4be", "answers": [{"text": "May 3", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the torch ceremony held in Macao?", "id": "56d976addc89441400fdb4bf", "answers": [{"text": "Macau Fisherman's Wharf", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many torchbearers participated in Macao?", "id": "56d976addc89441400fdb4c0", "answers": [{"text": "120", "answer_start": 570}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first torchbearer in Macao?", "id": "56d976addc89441400fdb4c1", "answers": [{"text": "Leong Hong Man", "answer_start": 650}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A newspaper article criticized that there were not enough of what kind of person among the torchbearers?", "id": "56d976addc89441400fdb4c2", "answers": [{"text": "athletes", "answer_start": 906}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the torch relay event held in Macao?", "id": "56db74aae7c41114004b512d", "answers": [{"text": "May 3", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many torchbearers carried the torch in Macao?", "id": "56db74aae7c41114004b512e", "answers": [{"text": "120", "answer_start": 570}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first person to carry the torch in Macao?", "id": "56db74aae7c41114004b512f", "answers": [{"text": "Leong Hong Man", "answer_start": 650}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which casino tycoon participated in the torch relay event?", "id": "56db74aae7c41114004b5130", "answers": [{"text": "Stanley Ho.", "answer_start": 638}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which publication was unhappy with the amount of non-athlete torchbearers?", "id": "56db74aae7c41114004b5131", "answers": [{"text": "Macao Daily News", "answer_start": 772}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": " Macao: The event was held in Macau on May 3. It was the first time that the Olympic torch had traveled to Macau. A ceremony was held at Macau Fisherman's Wharf. Afterward, the torch traveled through Macau, passing by a number of landmarks including A-Ma Temple, Macau Tower, Ponte Governador Nobre de Carvalho, Ponte de Sai Van, Macau Cultural Centre, Macau Stadium and then back to the Fisherman's Wharf for the closing ceremony. Parts of the route near Ruins of St. Paul's and Taipa was shortened due to large crowds of supporters blocking narrow streets. A total of 120 torchbearers participated in this event including casino tycoon Stanley Ho. Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng were the first and last torchbearer in the relay respectively. An article published on Macao Daily News criticized that the list of the torchbearers could not fully represent the Macanese and that there were too many non-athletes among the torchbearers. (some of whom had already been torchbearers of other sporting events)"}, {"qas": [{"question": "A Macau citizen was arrested for posting a plea to disrupt the relay on what website?", "id": "56d97744dc89441400fdb4ca", "answers": [{"text": "cyberctm.com", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to cyberctm.com, what other website was shut down for two days?", "id": "56d97744dc89441400fdb4cb", "answers": [{"text": "orchidbbs.com", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was arrested on April 26 for posting an online message?", "id": "56db756ce7c41114004b513d", "answers": [{"text": "A Macau resident", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the message posted?", "id": "56db756ce7c41114004b513e", "answers": [{"text": "cyberctm.com", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who denied the shutdown was motivated by politics?", "id": "56db756ce7c41114004b5141", "answers": [{"text": "The head of the Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A Macau resident was arrested on April 26 for posting a message on cyberctm.com encouraging people to disrupt the relay. Both orchidbbs.com and cyberctm.com Internet forums were shut down from May 2 to 4. This fueled speculation that the shutdowns were targeting speeches against the relay. The head of the Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation has denied that the shutdowns of the websites were politically motivated. About 2,200 police were deployed on the streets, there were no interruptions."}, {"qas": [{"question": "After its April departure, when did the torch return to China?", "id": "56d9779ddc89441400fdb4d0", "answers": [{"text": "May 4", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What actor attended a torch celebration in China?", "id": "56d9779ddc89441400fdb4d1", "answers": [{"text": "Jackie Chan", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the torch reach Sanya, Hainan?", "id": "56db75c2e7c41114004b5147", "answers": [{"text": "May 4", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the last time the torch had been in China?", "id": "56db75c2e7c41114004b5148", "answers": [{"text": "April.", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who attended the celebrations?", "id": "56db75c2e7c41114004b5149", "answers": [{"text": "IOC", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which actor also attended the celebrations?", "id": "56db75c2e7c41114004b514a", "answers": [{"text": "Jackie Chan.", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": " China: The torch returned to China for the first time since April. The torch arrived in Sanya, Hainan on May 4 with celebrations attended by International Olympic Committee (IOC) officials and Chinese big names like Jackie Chan. The entire relay through Mainland China was largely a success with many people welcoming the arrival of the torch along the way."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The Chinese coverage of torch relay events has been accused by Western reporters as being what?", "id": "56d97bf6dc89441400fdb4d4", "answers": [{"text": "partial and censored", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In turn, Chinese supporters have accused Western media of being what in their coverage?", "id": "56d97bf6dc89441400fdb4d5", "answers": [{"text": "biased.", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which French newspaper was accused of being biased by Chinese State press agency Xinhua?", "id": "56d97bf6dc89441400fdb4d6", "answers": [{"text": "Lib\u00e9ration", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was under scrutiny?", "id": "56db7278e7c41114004b5123", "answers": [{"text": "media coverage", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Coverage in China is reported to be partial and what?", "id": "56db7278e7c41114004b5124", "answers": [{"text": "censored", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What organization interrupted the relay and was not broadcast by the Chinese media?", "id": "56db7278e7c41114004b5125", "answers": [{"text": "Reporters Without Borders", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chinese State Press said what French newspaper was biased?", "id": "56db7278e7c41114004b5126", "answers": [{"text": "Lib\u00e9ration", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Chinese State Press said the French newspaper was supporting a handful of what?", "id": "56db7278e7c41114004b5127", "answers": [{"text": "saboteurs", "answer_start": 743}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The coverage of the events by the media came under scrutiny during the relay. Chinese media coverage of the torch relay has been distinct in a number of ways from coverage elsewhere. Western reporters in Beijing have described Chinese media coverage as partial and censored (for example when Chinese media did not broadcast Reporters Without Borders' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony), whereas Chinese netizens have in turn accused Western media coverage of being biased. The French newspaper Lib\u00e9ration was criticised by the Chinese State press agency Xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting; Xinhua suggested that Lib\u00e9ration needed \"a stinging slap in the face\" for having \"insulted the Olympic flame\" and \"supported a handful of saboteurs\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did the Chinese media focus on as far as human rights protesters?", "id": "56d97c68dc89441400fdb4dc", "answers": [{"text": "the more disruptive protesters", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In response to pro-Tibet and pro-human rights protests, the Chinese media focused on the more disruptive protesters, referring for example to \"a very small number of 'Tibet independence' secessionists and a handful of so-called human rights-minded NGO activists\" intent on \"disrupting and sabotaging the Beijing Olympic Games\". However, the Chinese media published articles about crowds supporting the torch relay."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Xinhua and CCTV focused on people who what?", "id": "56d97d10dc89441400fdb4de", "answers": [{"text": "condemned the protests", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which athlete was ignored by media for supporting the protesters?", "id": "56d97d10dc89441400fdb4df", "answers": [{"text": "Marie-Jos\u00e9 P\u00e9rec", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Xinhua call protesters?", "id": "56d97d10dc89441400fdb4e0", "answers": [{"text": "radicals", "answer_start": 668}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which athlete showed support for the people protesting?", "id": "56db76b7e7c41114004b5153", "answers": [{"text": "Marie-Jos\u00e9 P\u00e9rec", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which publication said that protesters were trampling human rights?", "id": "56db76b7e7c41114004b5154", "answers": [{"text": "Xinhua", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Xinhua and CCTV quoted relay spectators who condemned the protests, to a greater extent than most Western media, but did not quote any alternate viewpoints, providing no coverage of support for the protests by some ordinary citizens in Western countries. It quoted athletes who expressed pride at taking part in the relays, to a greater extent than Western media, but not those who, like Marie-Jos\u00e9 P\u00e9rec, expressed understanding and support for the protestors. The Beijing Organising Committee for the Games mentioned the \"smiling faces of the elderly, children and the artists on the streets\", of cheering and supportive Londoners. Xinhua said that protesters were \"radicals\" who \"trampled human rights\" and whose activities were condemned by \"the people of the world who cordially love the Olympic spirit\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Though several torchbearers withdrew from the torch relay, the official website for China stated that Indian torch participants vowed to run for what?", "id": "56d97d8ddc89441400fdb4e4", "answers": [{"text": "spirit of Olympics", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Ayaan Ali Khan and Manavjit Singh Sandhu say should not be mixed?", "id": "56d97d8ddc89441400fdb4e5", "answers": [{"text": "sports and politics", "answer_start": 409}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Though four withdrew, it was reported that Indian torchbearers vowed to what?", "id": "56db76fde7c41114004b515a", "answers": [{"text": "run for spirit of Olympics", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Several torchbearers said what two things should not be combined?", "id": "56db76fde7c41114004b515b", "answers": [{"text": "sports and politics", "answer_start": 409}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Reports on the Delhi relay were similarly distinct. Despite intended torchbearers Kiran Bedi, Soha Ali Khan, Sachin Tendulkar and Bhaichung Bhutia all withdrawing from the event, the official Chinese website for the relay reported \"Indian torchbearers vow to run for spirit of Olympics\", and quoted torchbearers Manavjit Singh Sandhu, Abhinav Bindra, Ayaan Ali Khan and Rajinder Singh Rahelu all stating that sports and politics should not be mixed."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which United Kingdom newspaper published a Chinese ambassador's opinion that Western media had demonized China with torch coverage?", "id": "56d97e69dc89441400fdb4ea", "answers": [{"text": "The Daily Telegraph", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What French newspaper did the Chinese media accuse of bias?", "id": "56d97e69dc89441400fdb4eb", "answers": [{"text": "Lib\u00e9ration", "answer_start": 856}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Some Chinese have accused Western media of what in their reportings?", "id": "56db779ee7c41114004b5163", "answers": [{"text": "Western media bias.", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Chinese ambassador to the U.K.?", "id": "56db779ee7c41114004b5164", "answers": [{"text": "Fu Ying", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which newspaper published these accusations?", "id": "56db779ee7c41114004b5166", "answers": [{"text": "The Daily Telegraph", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other newspaper was accused of bias?", "id": "56db779ee7c41114004b5167", "answers": [{"text": "Lib\u00e9ration", "answer_start": 856}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some Western media have reported on Chinese accusations of Western media bias. The Daily Telegraph published an opinion piece by the Chinese ambassador to the United Kingdom, Fu Ying, who accused Western media of \"demonising\" China during their coverage of the torch relays. The Telegraph also asked its readers to send their views in response to the question \"Is the West demonising China?\" The BBC reported on a demonstration in Sydney by Chinese Australians \"voicing support for Beijing amid controversy over Tibet\" and protesting against what they saw as Western media bias. The report showed demonstrators carrying signs which read \"Shame on some Western media\", \"BBC CNN lies too\" and \"Stop media distortion!\". One demonstrator interviewed by the BBC stated: \"I saw some news from CNN, from the BBC, some media [inaudible], and they are just lying.\" Lib\u00e9ration also reported that it had been accused of bias by the Chinese media."}, {"qas": [{"question": " Who did Xinhua accuse of biased reporting on April 17?", "id": "56d9868bdc89441400fdb4ee", "answers": [{"text": "CNN", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was accused of bias on April 17 by Xinhua?", "id": "56db785ee7c41114004b516d", "answers": [{"text": "CNN", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wanted CNN to apologize for its insult to Chinese people?", "id": "56db785ee7c41114004b516e", "answers": [{"text": "the Chinese government", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On April 17, Xinhua condemned what it called \"biased coverage of the Lhasa riots and the Olympic torch relay by the U.S.-based Cable News Network (CNN)\". The same day, the Chinese government called on CNN to \"apologise\" for having allegedly insulted the Chinese people, and for \"attempting to incite the Chinese people against the government\". CNN issued a statement on April 14, responded to China over 'thugs and goons' comment by Jack Cafferty."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What article did BBC put out about China just days earlier?", "id": "56d987b2dc89441400fdb4f4", "answers": [{"text": "The challenges of reporting in China", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who stated that Chinese people could access the BBC news website after years of not being able to?", "id": "56d987b2dc89441400fdb4f5", "answers": [{"text": "Paul Danahar", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people gathered in protest at these two buildings?", "id": "56db78b8e7c41114004b5172", "answers": [{"text": "1,300", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who commented that Chinese people can look at the BBC news site for the first time?", "id": "56db78b8e7c41114004b5173", "answers": [{"text": "Paul Danahar", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is BBC banned from reporting?", "id": "56db78b8e7c41114004b5174", "answers": [{"text": "Tibet", "answer_start": 630}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On April 19, the BBC reported that 1,300 people had gathered outside BBC buildings in Manchester and London, protesting against what they described as Western media bias. Several days earlier, the BBC had published an article entitled \"The challenges of reporting in China\", responding to earlier criticism. The BBC's Paul Danahar noted that Chinese people were now \"able to access the BBC News website for the first time, after years of strict censorship\", and that \"many were critical of our coverage\". He provided readers with a reminder of censorship in China, and added: \"People who criticise the media for their coverage in Tibet should acknowledge that we were and still are banned from reporting there.\" He also quoted critical Chinese responses, and invited readers to comment."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who published \"Overseas Chinese rally against biased media coverage\" on April 20?", "id": "56d98814dc89441400fdb4fa", "answers": [{"text": "People's Daily", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which publication published a report about the Chinese rallying against media bias?", "id": "56db78e9e7c41114004b5179", "answers": [{"text": "People's Daily", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On April 20, the People's Daily published a report entitled \"Overseas Chinese rally against biased media coverage, for Olympics\". It included images of Chinese people demonstrating in France, the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States. One picture showed Chinese demonstrators holding a sign which claimed, incorrectly, that the BBC had not reported on Jin Jing. The People's Daily quoted one protestor who claimed the \"BBC on some of the recent events has misled the British public and the rest of the world by providing intensive untruthful reports and biased coverage.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the Chinese government reported running on April 4?", "id": "56d98886dc89441400fdb4fe", "answers": [{"text": "an anti-CNN website", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who supposedly created the site?", "id": "56d98886dc89441400fdb4ff", "answers": [{"text": "a Beijing citizen.", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who takes credit for creating the site?", "id": "56db792ce7c41114004b517e", "answers": [{"text": "a Beijing citizen.", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who felt that the government was involved in the website?", "id": "56db792ce7c41114004b517f", "answers": [{"text": "foreign correspondents", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On April 4, it was reported that the Chinese government appeared to be running an anti-CNN website that criticizes the cable network\u2019s coverage of recent events. The site claims to have been created by a Beijing citizen. However, foreign correspondents in Beijing voiced suspicions that Anti-cnn may be a semi-government-made website. A Chinese government spokesman insisted the site was spontaneously set up by a Chinese citizen angered over media coverage."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many attendants accompanied the flame during it's travels?", "id": "56d98906dc89441400fdb502", "answers": [{"text": "30", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the 30 team members sworn in?", "id": "56d98906dc89441400fdb503", "answers": [{"text": "August 2007", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were their official team outfits?", "id": "56d98906dc89441400fdb505", "answers": [{"text": "matching blue tracksuits", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which team member has his own fan following?", "id": "56d98906dc89441400fdb506", "answers": [{"text": "Second Right Brother", "answer_start": 597}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many attendants were used from the People's Armed Police for the flame's entire journey?", "id": "56db7a68e7c41114004b5183", "answers": [{"text": "30", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were these 30 sworn in?", "id": "56db7a68e7c41114004b5185", "answers": [{"text": "August 2007", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did these 30 attendants wear?", "id": "56db7a68e7c41114004b5186", "answers": [{"text": "blue tracksuits", "answer_start": 481}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the attendant who has a large fan base called?", "id": "56db7a68e7c41114004b5187", "answers": [{"text": "Second Right Brother", "answer_start": 597}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee sent out a team of 30 unarmed attendants selected from the People's Armed Police to escort the flame throughout its journey. According to Asian Times, sworn in as the \"Beijing Olympic Games Sacred Flame Protection Unit\" during a ceremony in August 2007, their main job is to keep the Olympic flame alight throughout the journey and to assist in transferring the flame between the torches, the lanterns and the cauldrons. They wear matching blue tracksuits and are intended to accompany the torch every step of the way. One of the torch attendants, dubbed \"Second Right Brother,\" has developed a significant online fan-base, particularly among China's female netizens."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which French company was boycotted?", "id": "56d98998dc89441400fdb518", "answers": [{"text": "Carrefour", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Carrefour was boycotted because of which shareholder?", "id": "56d98998dc89441400fdb519", "answers": [{"text": "LVMH Group", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the LVMH Group accused of supporting?", "id": "56d98998dc89441400fdb51a", "answers": [{"text": "the Dalai Lama", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was burned during these boycotts?", "id": "56d98998dc89441400fdb51b", "answers": [{"text": "the French flag", "answer_start": 688}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was accused of helping the Dalai Lama?", "id": "56db7bd2e7c41114004b5192", "answers": [{"text": "LVMH Group", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Boycotters accused France of being pro-seccessionist and what?", "id": "56db7bd2e7c41114004b5193", "answers": [{"text": "anti-Chinese racism.", "answer_start": 582}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In China, a call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the Chinese over the weekend from April 12, accusing the company's major shareholder, the LVMH Group, of donating funds to the Dalai Lama. There were also calls to extend the boycott to include French luxury goods and cosmetic products. Chinese protesters organized boycotts of the French-owned retail chain Carrefour in major Chinese cities including Kunming, Hefei and Wuhan, accusing the French nation of pro-secessionist conspiracy and anti-Chinese racism. Some burned French flags, some added Swastika (due to its conotaions with Nazism) to the French flag, and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of French consulates and embassy. Some shoppers who insisted on entering one of the Carrefour stores in Kunming were blocked by boycotters wielding large Chinese flags and hit by water bottles. Hundreds of people joined Anti-French rallies in Beijing, Wuhan, Hefei, Kunming and Qingdao, which quickly spread to other cities like Xi'an, Harbin and Jinan. Carrefour denied any support or involvement in the Tibetan issue, and had its staff in its Chinese stores wear uniforms emblazoned with the Chinese national flag and caps with Olympic insignia and as well as the words \"Beijing 2008\" to show its support for the games. The effort had to be ceased when the BOCOG deemed the use of official Olympic insignia as illegal and a violation of copyright."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The Chinese government tried to tamper the boycott, trying to avoid a similar outcome to which protests in 2005?", "id": "56d98a32dc89441400fdb522", "answers": [{"text": "anti-Japanese protests", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which newspaper urged citizens to protest peacefully?", "id": "56d98a32dc89441400fdb523", "answers": [{"text": "People's Daily", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which website had mentions of the Carrefour boycott removed by the government?", "id": "56d98a32dc89441400fdb524", "answers": [{"text": "Sohu.com", "answer_start": 554}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did protests in front of Carrefour's stores occur in China?", "id": "56d98a32dc89441400fdb525", "answers": [{"text": "May 1", "answer_start": 953}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Chinese government did not want a repeat of what protests?", "id": "56db7c39e7c41114004b519b", "answers": [{"text": "the anti-Japanese protests in 2005.", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which newspaper asked the Chinese people to protest peacefully?", "id": "56db7c39e7c41114004b519c", "answers": [{"text": "People's Daily", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who removed Carrefour boycott comments from some websites?", "id": "56db7c39e7c41114004b519d", "answers": [{"text": "the Chinese government", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What day did protests occur in front of Carrefour stores?", "id": "56db7c39e7c41114004b519f", "answers": [{"text": "May 1.", "answer_start": 953}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In response to the demonstrations, the Chinese government attempted to calm the situation, possibly fearing the protests may spiral out of control as has happened in recent years, including the anti-Japanese protests in 2005. State media and commentaries began to call for calm, such as an editorial in the People's Daily which urged Chinese people to \"express [their] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally, and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner\". The government also began to patrol and censor the internet forums such as Sohu.com, with comments related to the Carrefour boycott removed. In the days prior to the planned boycott, evidence of efforts by Chinese authorities to choke the mass boycott's efforts online became even more evident, including barring searches of words related to the French protests, but protests broke out nonetheless in front of Carrefour's stores at Beijing, Changsha, Fuzhou and Shenyang on May 1."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the mayor of Nagano?", "id": "56d98b11dc89441400fdb534", "answers": [{"text": "Shoichi Washizawa", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Washizawa refer to the city having the torch relay?", "id": "56d98b11dc89441400fdb535", "answers": [{"text": "great nuisance", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was vandalized after a relay event was cancelled there?", "id": "56d98b11dc89441400fdb536", "answers": [{"text": "a major Buddhist temple", "answer_start": 659}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the mayor of Nagano?", "id": "56db7c94e7c41114004b51a5", "answers": [{"text": "Shoichi Washizawa", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did he call the opportunity for Nagano to host the torch event?", "id": "56db7c94e7c41114004b51a6", "answers": [{"text": "great nuisance", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the inital opening ceremony to be held in Nagano?", "id": "56db7c94e7c41114004b51a7", "answers": [{"text": "a major Buddhist temple", "answer_start": 659}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Japan, the Mayor of Nagano, Shoichi Washizawa said that it has become a \"great nuisance\" for the city to host the torch relay prior to the Nagano leg. Washizawa's aides said the mayor's remark was not criticism about the relay itself but about the potential disruptions and confusion surrounding it.\u3000A city employee of the Nagano City Office ridiculed the protests in Europe, he said \"They are doing something foolish\", in a televised interview. Nagano City officially apologized later and explained what he had wanted to say was \"Such violent protests were not easy to accept\". Also citing concerns about protests as well as the recent violence in Tibet, a major Buddhist temple in Nagano cancelled its plans to host the opening stage of the Olympic torch relay, this temple was vandalised by an un-identified person the day after in apparent revenge,"}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what is the torch flame kept lit when the torch must be off?", "id": "56dafb7de7c41114004b4c03", "answers": [{"text": "lanterns.", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The torch is put out at night, on aircraft, during storms and what else?", "id": "56dafb7de7c41114004b4c04", "answers": [{"text": "during protests", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Olympic Flame is supposed to remain lit for the whole relay. When the Torch is extinguished at night, on airplanes, in bad weather, or during protests (such as the several occasions in Paris), the Olympic Flame is kept alight in a set of 8 lanterns.[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was Michael Mak Kwok-fung?", "id": "56db74fee7c41114004b5138", "answers": [{"text": "Hong Kong legislator", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A union planned to protest at the relay for better living conditions. Hong Kong legislator Michael Mak Kwok-fung and activist Chan Cheong, both members of the League of Social Democrats, were not allowed to enter Macau."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which athlete did the official website call an angel?", "id": "56db772fe7c41114004b515f", "answers": [{"text": "Jin Jing", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which media outlets gave Jin Jing little notice?", "id": "56db772fe7c41114004b5160", "answers": [{"text": "Western media", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chinese media have also reported on Jin Jing, whom the official Chinese torch relay website described as \"heroic\" and an \"angel\", whereas Western media initially gave her little mention \u2013 despite a Chinese claim that \"Chinese Paralympic athlete Jin Jing has garnered much attention from the media\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many additional teams will help with the Mainland China route?", "id": "56db7a9ee7c41114004b518d", "answers": [{"text": "Two", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many members are on each of these two teams?", "id": "56db7a9ee7c41114004b518e", "answers": [{"text": "40", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Two additional teams of 40 attendants each will accompany the flame on its Mainland China route. This arrangement has however sparked several controversies."}]}, {"title": "Genome", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "In what fields of science is the genome studied?", "id": "56dc544814d3a41400c267bf", "answers": [{"text": "molecular biology and genetics", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the content of the human genome?", "id": "56dc544814d3a41400c267c0", "answers": [{"text": "DNA", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What constitutes the viral genome?", "id": "56dc544814d3a41400c267c1", "answers": [{"text": "RNA", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the genetic material of an organism", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "How do scientists classify RNA as?", "id": "5a591bbb3e1742001a15cf90", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA", "answer_start": 157}], "question": "What does a molecule contain?", "id": "5a591bbb3e1742001a15cf91", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the non-coding sequences of the DNA", "answer_start": 176}], "question": "What is one thing that genes have?", "id": "5a591bbb3e1742001a15cf92", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA", "answer_start": 157}], "question": "What is included in virus RNA?", "id": "5a591bbb3e1742001a15cf93", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "molecular biology and genetics", "answer_start": 10}], "question": "What fields study molecule formation?", "id": "5a591bbb3e1742001a15cf94", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who coined the word genome?", "id": "56dc54a514d3a41400c267c5", "answers": [{"text": "Hans Winkler", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the word genome first created?", "id": "56dc54a514d3a41400c267c6", "answers": [{"text": "1920", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what university was Hans Winkler employed when he created the word genome?", "id": "56dc54a514d3a41400c267c7", "answers": [{"text": "University of Hamburg", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two similar words share etymology with genome?", "id": "56dc54a514d3a41400c267c8", "answers": [{"text": "biome, rhizome", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "genome", "answer_start": 341}], "question": "What word was created to be used in the study of botany in 1920?", "id": "5a591d523e1742001a15cf9a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1920", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "In what year was Hans Winkler hired in Oxford as professor of botany?", "id": "5a591d523e1742001a15cf9b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the name to be a blend of the words gene and chromosome", "answer_start": 136}], "question": "How did the University of Hamburg in Germany suggest genome came about?", "id": "5a591d523e1742001a15cf9c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "biome, rhizome", "answer_start": 293}], "question": "What two other words were used as botany terms frequently at the University of Hamburg?", "id": "5a591d523e1742001a15cf9d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "omics", "answer_start": 206}], "question": "What discussion about botany terms was taking place in 1920?", "id": "5a591d523e1742001a15cf9e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The term was created in 1920 by Hans Winkler, professor of botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. The Oxford Dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words gene and chromosome. However, see omics for a more thorough discussion. A few related -ome words already existed\u2014such as biome, rhizome, forming a vocabulary into which genome fits systematically."}, {"qas": [{"question": "A gamate has how many chromosomes relative to a somatic cell?", "id": "56dc552f14d3a41400c267cd", "answers": [{"text": "half", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What process splits the chromosome between gametes?", "id": "56dc552f14d3a41400c267ce", "answers": [{"text": "meiosis", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are two cellular organelles which contain genetic material?", "id": "56dc552f14d3a41400c267cf", "answers": [{"text": "mitochondria and chloroplasts", "answer_start": 512}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "diploid, triploid, tetraploid", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "What are examples of terms used to describe a virus type?", "id": "5a5923c33e1742001a15cfb8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "half the number", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "How many chromosomes do the organelles have compared to the chloroplasts?", "id": "5a5923c33e1742001a15cfb9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "by the segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis", "answer_start": 363}], "question": "How is halving genetic material in linear chains of DNA accomplished?", "id": "5a5923c33e1742001a15cfba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "what is stored on a complete set of nuclear DNA", "answer_start": 750}], "question": "What is one thing the term transposable elements can be applied to mean?", "id": "5a5923c33e1742001a15cfbb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "viruses, plasmids, and transposable elements", "answer_start": 1058}], "question": "What three non-chromosomal genetic elements can bacteria comprise?", "id": "5a5923c33e1742001a15cfbc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes: diploid, triploid, tetraploid and so on. In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism (typically eukarya) the gamete has half the number of chromosomes of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a diploid cell. The halving of the genetic material in gametes is accomplished by the segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. In haploid organisms, including cells of bacteria, archaea, and in organelles including mitochondria and chloroplasts, or viruses, that similarly contain genes, the single or set of circular or linear chains of DNA (or RNA for some viruses), likewise constitute the genome. The term genome can be applied specifically to mean what is stored on a complete set of nuclear DNA (i.e., the \"nuclear genome\") but can also be applied to what is stored within organelles that contain their own DNA, as with the \"mitochondrial genome\" or the \"chloroplast genome\". Additionally, the genome can comprise non-chromosomal genetic elements such as viruses, plasmids, and transposable elements."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the science that deals with the common genetic characteristics of related organisms called?", "id": "56dc561414d3a41400c267d3", "answers": [{"text": "genomics", "answer_start": 656}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In contrast to genomics, genetics usually studies what?", "id": "56dc561414d3a41400c267d4", "answers": [{"text": "single genes or groups of genes", "answer_start": 745}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the catalog of contents of a particular species' genetic makeup?", "id": "56dc561414d3a41400c267d5", "answers": [{"text": "sequenced", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals", "answer_start": 355}], "question": "In both sexes of a species what may a properties of genes be?", "id": "5a592d173e1742001a15cfe0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"sequenced\"", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "What term is used to show how the sex chromosomes of a species are found?", "id": "5a592d173e1742001a15cfe1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "genomics", "answer_start": 656}], "question": "What is known as the study of autosomes of related organisms?", "id": "5a592d173e1742001a15cfe2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "genetics", "answer_start": 694}], "question": "What is known as the study of the properties of single or groups of sex chromosomes?", "id": "5a592d173e1742001a15cfe3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome", "answer_start": 98}], "question": "What are people referring to when they say species exist in one sex?", "id": "5a592d173e1742001a15cfe4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been \"sequenced\", typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what is described as a \"genome sequence\" may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals. Colloquially, the phrase \"genetic makeup\" is sometimes used to signify the genome of a particular individual or organism.[citation needed] The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics, which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the relation between the number of base pairs and total complement of genes in a species called?", "id": "56dc56a414d3a41400c267d9", "answers": [{"text": "C-value paradox", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which organism has the most genes?", "id": "56dc56a414d3a41400c267da", "answers": [{"text": "trichomoniasis", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many genes is the trichomoniasis estimated to have?", "id": "56dc56a414d3a41400c267db", "answers": [{"text": "60,000", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Relative to the human genome, how many more genes does trichomoniasis have?", "id": "56dc56a414d3a41400c267dc", "answers": [{"text": "three times", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "60,000", "answer_start": 252}], "question": "What is the highest known number of species?", "id": "5a5933933e1742001a15d008", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "around 60,000", "answer_start": 245}], "question": "How many genes are in the human genome?", "id": "5a5933933e1742001a15d009", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the number of base pairs and the number of genes", "answer_start": 5}], "question": "What two things vary in the protozoan causing trichomoniasis?", "id": "5a5933933e1742001a15d00a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a rough correlation between the two", "answer_start": 113}], "question": "What is the relationship between base pairs and trichomoniasis?", "id": "5a5933933e1742001a15d00b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the C-value paradox", "answer_start": 174}], "question": "What is the relation between base pairs and the human genome called?", "id": "5a5933933e1742001a15d00c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the first person to sequence a viral genome?", "id": "56dc575814d3a41400c267e1", "answers": [{"text": "Walter Fiers", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which viral genome did Fiers sequence?", "id": "56dc575814d3a41400c267e2", "answers": [{"text": "Bacteriophage MS2", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was first to sequence a DNA-based genome?", "id": "56dc575814d3a41400c267e3", "answers": [{"text": "Fred Sanger", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What organization first sequenced a bacterial genome?", "id": "56dc575814d3a41400c267e4", "answers": [{"text": "Institute for Genomic Research", "answer_start": 495}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the archaeon genome sequenced?", "id": "56dc575814d3a41400c267e5", "answers": [{"text": "1996", "answer_start": 836}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1976", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what year did Fred Sanger first establish the complete nucleotide sequence of  a viral RNA genome?", "id": "5a5934dc3e1742001a15d012", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1996", "answer_start": 836}], "question": "When was The Institute for Genome Research founded?", "id": "5a5934dc3e1742001a15d013", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The first genome sequence for an archaeon", "answer_start": 750}], "question": "What did Walter Fiers complete in 1996?", "id": "5a5934dc3e1742001a15d014", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The first bacterial genome to be sequenced", "answer_start": 389}], "question": "What did Fred Sanger complete when part of a team in 1995?", "id": "5a5934dc3e1742001a15d015", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Haemophilus influenzae", "answer_start": 444}], "question": "What was the name of the first bacterial genome sequenced by Fred Sanger in 1995?", "id": "5a5934dc3e1742001a15d016", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage \u03a6-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among all three domains of life were released within a short period during the mid-1990s: The first bacterial genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995. A few months later, the first eukaryotic genome was completed, with sequences of the 16 chromosomes of budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae published as the result of a European-led effort begun in the mid-1980s. The first genome sequence for an archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii, was completed in 1996, again by The Institute for Genomic Research."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which U.S. government agency keeps a large amount of information on genomes?", "id": "56dc57f714d3a41400c267eb", "answers": [{"text": "US National Institutes of Health", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a mammal whose genome has been sequenced?", "id": "56dc57f714d3a41400c267ec", "answers": [{"text": "mouse", "answer_start": 358}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a fish whose genome has been sequenced?", "id": "56dc57f714d3a41400c267ed", "answers": [{"text": "puffer fish", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Neanderthal's genome sequenced?", "id": "56dc57f714d3a41400c267ee", "answers": [{"text": "December 2013", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old in years was the material that was used to sequence the Neanderthal genome?", "id": "56dc57f714d3a41400c267ef", "answers": [{"text": "130,000", "answer_start": 599}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sequencing", "answer_start": 86}], "question": "What has extracting genes from a Neanderthal made it easier for scientists to do?", "id": "5a59373d3e1742001a15d01c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "growing rapidly", "answer_start": 145}], "question": "What is happening with the knowledge gained from sequencing a mouse?", "id": "5a59373d3e1742001a15d01d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information", "answer_start": 209}], "question": "What have scientists been maintaining since 2013?", "id": "5a59373d3e1742001a15d01e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in a Siberian cave", "answer_start": 634}], "question": "Where has the bacteria E. coli been found to be sequenced?", "id": "5a59373d3e1742001a15d01f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "130,000-year-old", "answer_start": 599}], "question": "How old was the material used to sequence the Arabidopsis thaliana genome?", "id": "5a59373d3e1742001a15d020", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice, a mouse, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the puffer fish, and the bacteria E. coli. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal, an extinct species of humans. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 130,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is a recent development in sequencing methods?", "id": "56dc587714d3a41400c267f5", "answers": [{"text": "massive parallel sequencing", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which company has led the way in sequencing of individual genetic makeup?", "id": "56dc587714d3a41400c267f6", "answers": [{"text": "Manteia Predictive Medicine", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose complete genetic information was recorded in 2007?", "id": "56dc587714d3a41400c267f7", "answers": [{"text": "James D. Watson", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Watson famous for helping discover?", "id": "56dc587714d3a41400c267f8", "answers": [{"text": "the structure of DNA", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the structure of DNA", "answer_start": 320}], "question": "What is Manteia Predictive Medicine famous for discovering?", "id": "5a5939ce3e1742001a15d026", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "massive parallel sequencing", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "What technology did James D. Watson develop to sequence individual DNA?", "id": "5a5939ce3e1742001a15d027", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "New sequencing technologies", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What has James D. Watson recently develop that may lead to personal genome sequencing?", "id": "5a5939ce3e1742001a15d028", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "DNA", "answer_start": 337}], "question": "What did Manteia Predictive Medicine help discover the structure of in 2007?", "id": "5a5939ce3e1742001a15d029", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Manteia Predictive Medicine", "answer_start": 166}], "question": "Who pioneered using the DNA structure as a diagnostic tool?", "id": "5a5939ce3e1742001a15d02a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the term for something that lists the important and notable parts of a genome?", "id": "56dc591114d3a41400c267fd", "answers": [{"text": "genome map", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which group was created to generate a genome map of human genetic material?", "id": "56dc591114d3a41400c267fe", "answers": [{"text": "The Human Genome Project", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose genome map greatly aided the Human Genome Project?", "id": "56dc591114d3a41400c267ff", "answers": [{"text": "Jean Weissenbach", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Weissenbach and his colleagues work?", "id": "56dc591114d3a41400c26800", "answers": [{"text": "Genoscope", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "every DNA base in a genome", "answer_start": 45}], "question": "What does a genome map list the order of?", "id": "5a593aad3e1742001a15d030", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the landmarks", "answer_start": 97}], "question": "What does a genome sequence identify?", "id": "5a593aad3e1742001a15d031", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a genome sequence", "answer_start": 147}], "question": "What is a Genoscope less detailed than?", "id": "5a593aad3e1742001a15d032", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "aids in navigating around the genome", "answer_start": 169}], "question": "What does a Genoscope help a scientist do?", "id": "5a593aad3e1742001a15d033", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to map and to sequence the human genome", "answer_start": 246}], "question": "Why was the Genoscope created?", "id": "5a593aad3e1742001a15d034", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the term that accounts for the constituents of the haploid genome?", "id": "56dc5baa14d3a41400c26805", "answers": [{"text": "Genome composition", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What aspect of a genome can genome compositions help researchers in learning about?", "id": "56dc5baa14d3a41400c26806", "answers": [{"text": "evolutionary history", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "What is the history of a genome used for?", "id": "5a593c3c3e1742001a15d03a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA in details", "answer_start": 105}], "question": "What should be included in the history of a genome?", "id": "5a593c3c3e1742001a15d03b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome", "answer_start": 237}], "question": "What can scientists learn by comparing repetitive DNA and genome size?", "id": "5a593c3c3e1742001a15d03c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Genome composition", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What term is used to describe the history of DNA?", "id": "5a593c3c3e1742001a15d03d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a given genome", "answer_start": 298}], "question": "By comparing repetitive DNA, what can scientists understand the history of?", "id": "5a593c3c3e1742001a15d03e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Genome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome, which should include genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA in details. By comparing the genome compositions between genomes, scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What two types of organisms have remarkable differences in their genomic composition?", "id": "56dc5c6214d3a41400c26809", "answers": [{"text": "prokaryotes and eukaryotes", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of organizing can be observed in eukaryote genomes?", "id": "56dc5c6214d3a41400c2680b", "answers": [{"text": "exon-intron", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what types of eukaryotes is there a large amount of non-coding DNA?", "id": "56dc5c6214d3a41400c2680c", "answers": [{"text": "mammals and plants", "answer_start": 488}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prokaryotes and eukaryotes", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "What should you distinguish between when talking about gene coding?", "id": "5a5947703e1742001a15d044", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "(85\u201390%)", "answer_start": 188}], "question": "How much of the genome is non-repetitive DNA in eukaryotes?", "id": "5a5947703e1742001a15d045", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "repetitive DNA", "answer_start": 552}], "question": "What is a major part of contents structure made of in non-coding regions?", "id": "5a5947703e1742001a15d046", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "exon-intron", "answer_start": 357}], "question": "What organization feature do prokaryotes have?", "id": "5a5947703e1742001a15d047", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "contents structure", "answer_start": 123}], "question": "What area do mammals and plants have differences in?", "id": "5a5947703e1742001a15d048", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85\u201390%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the contrary, eukaryotes have the feature of exon-intron organization of protein coding genes; the variation of repetitive DNA content in eukaryotes is also extremely high. In mammals and plants, the major part of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is an example of an organism that has a portion of its genetic material outside of its chromosomes?", "id": "56dc5cf614d3a41400c26811", "answers": [{"text": "pathogenic microbe", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of an organism whose full complement of genetic material resides in its chromosomes?", "id": "56dc5cf614d3a41400c26812", "answers": [{"text": "virus", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is additional genetic material found in pathogenic microbes?", "id": "56dc5cf614d3a41400c26813", "answers": [{"text": "plasmids", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes", "answer_start": 86}], "question": "What do viruses always carry within their structure?", "id": "5a5949883e1742001a15d04e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "plasmids", "answer_start": 332}], "question": "Where is additional genetic material found in a virus?", "id": "5a5949883e1742001a15d04f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "plasmids", "answer_start": 332}], "question": "What is another word used for genome?", "id": "5a5949883e1742001a15d050", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pathogenic microbe", "answer_start": 216}], "question": "What organism has part of its genetic material inside a virus?", "id": "5a5949883e1742001a15d051", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "additional genetic material", "answer_start": 86}], "question": "What do most viruses more complex than plasmids carry?", "id": "5a5949883e1742001a15d052", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, \"genome\" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, \"genome\" describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are examples of classes of eukaryotes where genome only refers to the information found in chromosomes?", "id": "56dc5d6c14d3a41400c26817", "answers": [{"text": "plants, protozoa and animals", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a name for the genetic material found within chloroplasts?", "id": "56dc5d6c14d3a41400c26819", "answers": [{"text": "plastome", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a name for the genetic makeup of mitochondria?", "id": "56dc5d6c14d3a41400c2681a", "answers": [{"text": "mitochondrial genome", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the \"plastome\"", "answer_start": 509}], "question": "What are the eukaryotes found in the mitochondria called?", "id": "5a594b3b3e1742001a15d058", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "plants, protozoa and animals", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "What are examples of chloroplasts?", "id": "5a594b3b3e1742001a15d059", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "only information on chromosomal DNA", "answer_start": 105}], "question": "What does genome mean when referring to eukaryotes such as mitochondria?", "id": "5a594b3b3e1742001a15d05a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles", "answer_start": 232}], "question": "What is not considered as part of the plastome?", "id": "5a594b3b3e1742001a15d05b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "their own genome", "answer_start": 384}], "question": "What do chloroplasts have that is referred to as the mitochondrial genome?", "id": "5a594b3b3e1742001a15d05c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, \"genome\" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the \"mitochondrial genome\". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the \"plastome\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name for the count of all DNA base pairs in a single haploid genome?", "id": "56dc5de314d3a41400c2681f", "answers": [{"text": "Genome size", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does genome size have a direct relationship with in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes?", "id": "56dc5de314d3a41400c26820", "answers": [{"text": "morphological complexity", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What accounts for the breakdown of the relation between genome size and morphological complexity in higher eukaryotes?", "id": "56dc5de314d3a41400c26821", "answers": [{"text": "repetitive DNA", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Genome size", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the term for the total DNA base pairs in one lower eukaryote?", "id": "5a594d7b3e1742001a15d062", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "morphological complexity", "answer_start": 133}], "question": "What kind of relationship do copies of a haploid genome have with mollusks that isn't effective?", "id": "5a594d7b3e1742001a15d063", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "repetitive DNA", "answer_start": 370}], "question": "What has a strong influence on DNA base pairs?", "id": "5a594d7b3e1742001a15d064", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the genomes", "answer_start": 392}], "question": "What does a haploid genome have strong influence on?", "id": "5a594d7b3e1742001a15d065", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 53}], "question": "How many base pairs are in mollusks?", "id": "5a594d7b3e1742001a15d066", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Genome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA act on the genomes."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is a name for the reduced complement of genetic material necessary for an organism to live?", "id": "56dc5e7014d3a41400c26825", "answers": [{"text": "minimal genomes", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what experimental contexts are experiments being carried out on minimal genomes?", "id": "56dc5e7014d3a41400c26826", "answers": [{"text": "in vivo and in silico", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "What is a research strategy to understand silico?", "id": "5a5952543e1742001a15d06c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "experimental work", "answer_start": 177}], "question": "What is being done on single cell silico?", "id": "5a5952543e1742001a15d06d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in vivo and in silico", "answer_start": 353}], "question": "In what two ways are experiments being carried out to understand how genes survive?", "id": "5a5952543e1742001a15d06e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "survive", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "What do scientists want a silico to do in the experiment?", "id": "5a5952543e1742001a15d06f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "genomes", "answer_start": 217}], "question": "What are scientists studying to understand how they survive a reduction in silico?", "id": "5a5952543e1742001a15d070", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both in vivo and in silico."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are two types of non-repetitive DNA?", "id": "56dc5f8a14d3a41400c26829", "answers": [{"text": "Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In higher eukaryotes, what has an inverse relationship with genome size?", "id": "56dc5f8a14d3a41400c2682a", "answers": [{"text": "proportion of non-repetitive DNA", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the size of non-repetitive DNA divided by to get the proportion of non-repetitive DNA?", "id": "56dc5f8a14d3a41400c2682b", "answers": [{"text": "genome size", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "How is protein coding calculated?", "id": "5a5955093e1742001a15d076", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "What are two examples of higher eukaryotes?", "id": "5a5955093e1742001a15d077", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "more genes", "answer_start": 223}], "question": "What does having more protein coding genes not mean?", "id": "5a5955093e1742001a15d078", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the proportion of non-repetitive DNA", "answer_start": 239}], "question": "What decreases if RNA coding genes are increased?", "id": "5a5955093e1742001a15d079", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "genome size", "answer_start": 104}], "question": "What is the number of protein-coding genes divided by to get the proportion of non-repetitive DNA?", "id": "5a5955093e1742001a15d07a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size. Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes are generally non-repetitive DNA. A bigger genome does not mean more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size in higher eukaryotes."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is an example of an organism which does not contain any repetitive DNA?", "id": "56dc600514d3a41400c26835", "answers": [{"text": "E. coli", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are two organisms that have more non-repetitive than repetitive DNA?", "id": "56dc600514d3a41400c26836", "answers": [{"text": "C. elegans and fruit fly", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the percentage of non-repetitive DNA in some plant and amphibian genomes?", "id": "56dc600514d3a41400c26837", "answers": [{"text": "20%", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "no more than 20%", "answer_start": 408}], "question": "What is the percentage of non-repetitive DNA in E. coli? ", "id": "5a59573e3e1742001a15d080", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "non-repetitive DNA", "answer_start": 130}], "question": "What one kind of DNA do fruit flies only have?", "id": "5a59573e3e1742001a15d081", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "repetitive DNA", "answer_start": 296}], "question": "What does E. coli tend to have more of than non-repetitive DNA?", "id": "5a59573e3e1742001a15d082", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "non-repetitive DNA", "answer_start": 386}], "question": "What is a minority component in E. coli?", "id": "5a59573e3e1742001a15d083", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "non-repetitive DNA", "answer_start": 130}], "question": "What do some plants and amphibians only have?", "id": "5a59573e3e1742001a15d084", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "It had been found that the proportion of non-repetitive DNA can vary a lot between species. Some E. coli as prokaryotes only have non-repetitive DNA, lower eukaryotes such as C. elegans and fruit fly, still possess more non-repetitive DNA than repetitive DNA. Higher eukaryotes tend to have more repetitive DNA than non-repetitive ones. In some plants and amphibians, the proportion of non-repetitive DNA is no more than 20%, becoming a minority component."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are two types of repetitive DNA found in genomes?", "id": "56dc604614d3a41400c2683b", "answers": [{"text": "tandem repeats and interspersed repeats", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is found by dividing size of repetitive DNA by length of total genome?", "id": "56dc604614d3a41400c2683c", "answers": [{"text": "proportion of repetitive DNA", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tandem repeats and interspersed repeats", "answer_start": 158}], "question": "What are two examples of genome size?", "id": "5a5958a83e1742001a15d08a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tandem repeats and interspersed repeats", "answer_start": 158}], "question": "What do you use to calculate genome size?", "id": "5a5958a83e1742001a15d08b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "using length of repetitive DNA divide by genome size", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "How do you calculate tandem repeats?", "id": "5a5958a83e1742001a15d08c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "genome size", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "What are interspersed repeats divided by to get the proportion of repetitive DNA?", "id": "5a5958a83e1742001a15d08d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The proportion of repetitive DNA", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What do you get when dividing tandem repeats by interspersed repeats?", "id": "5a5958a83e1742001a15d08e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The proportion of repetitive DNA is calculated by using length of repetitive DNA divide by genome size. There are two categories of repetitive DNA in genome: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Unequal crossing over can create what type of repetitive DNA?", "id": "56dc610914d3a41400c2683f", "answers": [{"text": "Tandem repeats", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are two examples of tandem repeats in DNA?", "id": "56dc610914d3a41400c26840", "answers": [{"text": "satellite DNA and microsatellites", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most common type of repetitive DNA in mammals?", "id": "56dc610914d3a41400c26841", "answers": [{"text": "interspersed repeats.", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mammalian", "answer_start": 282}], "question": "In what group are tandem repeats in the largest number?", "id": "5a595ba13e1742001a15d094", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "What causes interspersed repeats?", "id": "5a595ba13e1742001a15d095", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "satellite DNA and microsatellites", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "What are two examples of interspersed repeats?", "id": "5a595ba13e1742001a15d096", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "significant proportion", "answer_start": 222}], "question": "How much satellite DNA is found in the genome?", "id": "5a595ba13e1742001a15d097", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tandem repeats", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is gene conversion caused by?", "id": "5a595ba13e1742001a15d098", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion, satellite DNA and microsatellites are forms of tandem repeats in the genome. Although tandem repeats count for a significant proportion in genome, the largest proportion in mammalian is the other type, interspersed repeats."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the main source of interspersed repeats?", "id": "56dc63c214d3a41400c26845", "answers": [{"text": "Transposable elements", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do researchers think transposable elements are key factors in when considering higher eukaryotes?", "id": "56dc63c214d3a41400c26846", "answers": [{"text": "genome evolution", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the constituents of Class 1 transposable elements?", "id": "56dc63c214d3a41400c26847", "answers": [{"text": "retrotransposons", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the constituents of Class 2 transposable elements?", "id": "56dc63c214d3a41400c26848", "answers": [{"text": "DNA transposons", "answer_start": 413}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "into two categories", "answer_start": 352}], "question": "How are pseudogenes classified?", "id": "5a595cd03e1742001a15d09e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Class 1 (retrotransposons) and Class 2 (DNA transposons)", "answer_start": 373}], "question": "What two categories are pseudogenes classified into?", "id": "5a595cd03e1742001a15d09f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "transposable elements", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "Where do cells mainly come from?", "id": "5a595cd03e1742001a15d0a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "some protein coding gene families and pseudogenes", "answer_start": 89}], "question": "What do cells also include?", "id": "5a595cd03e1742001a15d0a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to integrate into the genome at another site", "answer_start": 171}], "question": "What are pseudogenes able to do within the cell?", "id": "5a595cd03e1742001a15d0a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Interspersed repeats mainly come from transposable elements (TEs), but they also include some protein coding gene families and pseudogenes. Transposable elements are able to integrate into the genome at another site within the cell. It is believed that TEs are an important driving force on genome evolution of higher eukaryotes. TEs can be classified into two categories, Class 1 (retrotransposons) and Class 2 (DNA transposons)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of genetic material can be produced from retrotransposons?", "id": "56dc63f014d3a41400c2684d", "answers": [{"text": "RNA", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "RNA", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "What can long terminal repeats produce?", "id": "5a595ee03e1742001a15d0a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "are then duplicated at another site into the genome", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "What happens when long terminal repeats are transcribed into RNA?", "id": "5a595ee03e1742001a15d0a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Long terminal repeats (LTRs)", "answer_start": 142}], "question": "What is one thing RNA can be divided into?", "id": "5a595ee03e1742001a15d0aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Non-Long Terminal Repeats (Non-LTR)", "answer_start": 175}], "question": "What can the genome also be divided into?", "id": "5a595ee03e1742001a15d0ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "at another site", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "Where are Long terminal repeats duplicated?", "id": "5a595ee03e1742001a15d0ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Retrotransposons can be transcribed into RNA, which are then duplicated at another site into the genome. Retrotransposons can be divided into Long terminal repeats (LTRs) and Non-Long Terminal Repeats (Non-LTR)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is a term that can describe how DNA transposons move?", "id": "56dc648d14d3a41400c26851", "answers": [{"text": "cut and paste", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "DNA transposons do not use which genetic material used by Class 1 TEs?", "id": "56dc648d14d3a41400c26852", "answers": [{"text": "RNA", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"cut and paste\"", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "What term describes how duplication happens in the genome?", "id": "5a5961193e1742001a15d0b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "RNA", "answer_start": 128}], "question": "What do genome not use as intermediate?", "id": "5a5961193e1742001a15d0b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"cut and paste\"", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "What helps metozoan move?", "id": "5a5961193e1742001a15d0b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bacteria", "answer_start": 167}], "question": "In what organism is duplication popular?", "id": "5a5961193e1742001a15d0b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "move", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "What does cut and paste help metazoan do?", "id": "5a5961193e1742001a15d0b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "DNA transposons generally move by \"cut and paste\" in the genome, but duplication has also been observed. Class 2 TEs do not use RNA as intermediate and are popular in bacteria, in metazoan it has also been found."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is another word for the total count of chromosomes?", "id": "56dc656c14d3a41400c26857", "answers": [{"text": "karyotype", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Aside from karyotype, what are other genomic traits studied by scientists?", "id": "56dc656c14d3a41400c26858", "answers": [{"text": "genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content", "answer_start": 245}], "question": "What were other traits besides karyotype studied by Brown in 2002?", "id": "5a5962da3e1742001a15d0bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "(karyotype)", "answer_start": 232}], "question": "What is another word for gene order?", "id": "5a5962da3e1742001a15d0bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "traits", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "What does GC-content have that can be measured?", "id": "5a5962da3e1742001a15d0be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today", "answer_start": 303}], "question": "Why do researchers calculate the sum of an organisms genes?", "id": "5a5962da3e1742001a15d0bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "genome size, gene order", "answer_start": 245}], "question": "What are two things that Reese studied about karyotype in 2004?", "id": "5a5962da3e1742001a15d0c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as chromosome number (karyotype), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today (for recent overviews, see Brown 2002; Saccone and Pesole 2003; Benfey and Protopapas 2004; Gibson and Muse 2004; Reese 2004; Gregory 2005)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of generation of genetic material has a big part in making the genome what it is?", "id": "56dc662314d3a41400c2685b", "answers": [{"text": "Duplications", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a possible product of duplications?", "id": "56dc662314d3a41400c2685d", "answers": [{"text": "genetic novelty", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a major role", "answer_start": 18}], "question": "What role does genetic novelty play in the genome?", "id": "5a5964413e1742001a15d0c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "What is the first range of genetic novelty?", "id": "5a5964413e1742001a15d0c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the creation of genetic novelty", "answer_start": 277}], "question": "What are gene clusters a large part of?", "id": "5a5964413e1742001a15d0c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "all the way to duplication of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes", "answer_start": 158}], "question": "How far can genetic novelty go?", "id": "5a5964413e1742001a15d0c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "extension of short tandem repeats", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "What is the first example of genetic novelty?", "id": "5a5964413e1742001a15d0ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Duplications play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplication may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplication of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is an explanation for the resemblance between disparate parts of the genome?", "id": "56dc66bb14d3a41400c26861", "answers": [{"text": "Horizontal gene transfer", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which organisms does horizontal gene transfer appear to occur commonly?", "id": "56dc66bb14d3a41400c26862", "answers": [{"text": "microbes", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Parts of which organelle genomes are thought to have ended up in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells via transfer?", "id": "56dc66bb14d3a41400c26863", "answers": [{"text": "chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Horizontal gene transfer", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What helps explain why different parts of chloroplasts are similar?", "id": "5a596a473e1742001a15d0d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "microbes", "answer_start": 238}], "question": "In what organism are eukaryotic cells common?", "id": "5a596a473e1742001a15d0d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "What does horizontal gene transfer explain about nuclear chromosomes?", "id": "5a596a473e1742001a15d0d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to their nuclear chromosomes", "answer_start": 381}], "question": "Where do microbes transfer material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes?", "id": "5a596a473e1742001a15d0d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "some genetic material", "answer_start": 310}], "question": "What do microbes transfer to chloroplasts?", "id": "5a596a473e1742001a15d0d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes."}]}, {"title": "Comprehensive_school", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What kind of school does not base its admissions on academic merit?", "id": "56dc686a14d3a41400c26867", "answers": [{"text": "comprehensive school", "answer_start": 2}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of school system uses academic success to judge admissions?", "id": "56dc686a14d3a41400c26868", "answers": [{"text": "selective school system", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What countries used comprehensive schools extensively?", "id": "56dc686a14d3a41400c26869", "answers": [{"text": "England and Wales", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many secondary school students attend comprehensive schools in England?", "id": "56dc686a14d3a41400c2686a", "answers": [{"text": "90%", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the German analogue of the comprehensive school?", "id": "56dc686a14d3a41400c2686b", "answers": [{"text": "Gesamtschule", "answer_start": 600}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "comprehensive school", "answer_start": 2}], "question": "What kind of school bases its admissions on academic merit?", "id": "5ad5f6585b96ef001a10af32", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "selective school system", "answer_start": 150}], "question": "What kind of school system uses academic failure to judge admissions?", "id": "5ad5f6585b96ef001a10af33", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "England and Wales", "answer_start": 282}], "question": "What countries unused comprehensive schools extensively?", "id": "5ad5f6585b96ef001a10af34", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "90%", "answer_start": 427}], "question": "How many secondary school students attend comprehensive schools in Scotland?", "id": "5ad5f6585b96ef001a10af35", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gesamtschule", "answer_start": 600}], "question": "What is the Austrian analogue of the comprehensive school?", "id": "5ad5f6585b96ef001a10af36", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive schools were introduced on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965. About 90% of British secondary school pupils now attend comprehensive schools. They correspond broadly to the public high school in the United States and Canada and to the German Gesamtschule.[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are some areas of learning in comprehensive schools that were not found often in grammar schools?", "id": "56dc695914d3a41400c26871", "answers": [{"text": "design and technology and vocational learning", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-16 comprehensive school education?", "id": "56dc695914d3a41400c26872", "answers": [{"text": "Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges", "answer_start": 750}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which types of school projects have called the model of comprehensive schools into question?", "id": "56dc695914d3a41400c26874", "answers": [{"text": "City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes", "answer_start": 1051}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "design and technology and vocational learning", "answer_start": 258}], "question": "What are some areas of learning in comprehensive schools that were found often in grammar schools?", "id": "5ad5f73f5b96ef001a10af3c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "design and technology and vocational learning", "answer_start": 258}], "question": "What are some areas of learning in comprehensive schools that were not found often in high schools?", "id": "5ad5f73f5b96ef001a10af3d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges", "answer_start": 750}], "question": "What two kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-18 comprehensive school education?", "id": "5ad5f73f5b96ef001a10af3e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges", "answer_start": 750}], "question": "What three kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-16 comprehensive school education?", "id": "5ad5f73f5b96ef001a10af3f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes", "answer_start": 1051}], "question": "Which types of school projects haven't called the model of comprehensive schools into question?", "id": "5ad5f73f5b96ef001a10af40", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Comprehensive schools are primarily about providing an entitlement curriculum to all children, without selection whether due to financial considerations or attainment. A consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum, including practical subjects such as design and technology and vocational learning, which were less common or non-existent in grammar schools. Providing post-16 education cost-effectively becomes more challenging for smaller comprehensive schools, because of the number of courses needed to cover a broader curriculum with comparatively fewer students. This is why schools have tended to get larger and also why many local authorities have organised secondary education into 11\u201316 schools, with the post-16 provision provided by Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges. Comprehensive schools do not select their intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude, but there are demographic reasons why the attainment profiles of different schools vary considerably. In addition, government initiatives such as the City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes have made the comprehensive ideal less certain."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many selective grammar schools are still currently functioning in England and Wales?", "id": "56dc6a0914d3a41400c2687a", "answers": [{"text": "164", "answer_start": 673}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year were comprehensive schools first created?", "id": "56dc6a0914d3a41400c2687b", "answers": [{"text": "1965", "answer_start": 657}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "164", "answer_start": 673}], "question": "How many selective high schools are still currently functioning in England and Wales?", "id": "5ad5f7a45b96ef001a10af46", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "164", "answer_start": 673}], "question": "How many selective grammar schools are still currently functioning in Scotland and Wales?", "id": "5ad5f7a45b96ef001a10af47", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "164", "answer_start": 673}], "question": "How many selective grammar schools are no longer functioning in England and Wales?", "id": "5ad5f7a45b96ef001a10af48", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1965", "answer_start": 657}], "question": "In what year weren't comprehensive schools first created?", "id": "5ad5f7a45b96ef001a10af49", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1965", "answer_start": 657}], "question": "In what year were comprehensive schools first closed?", "id": "5ad5f7a45b96ef001a10af4a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In these schools children could be selected on the basis of curriculum aptitude related to the school's specialism even though the schools do take quotas from each quartile of the attainment range to ensure they were not selective by attainment. A problem with this is whether the quotas should be taken from a normal distribution or from the specific distribution of attainment in the immediate catchment area. In the selective school system, which survives in several parts of the United Kingdom, admission is dependent on selection criteria, most commonly a cognitive test or tests. Although comprehensive schools were introduced to England and Wales in 1965, there are 164 selective grammar schools that are still in operation.[citation needed] (though this is a small number compared to approximately 3500 state secondary schools in England). Most comprehensives are secondary schools for children between the ages of 11 to 16, but in a few areas there are comprehensive middle schools, and in some places the secondary level is divided into two, for students aged 11 to 14 and those aged 14 to 18, roughly corresponding to the US middle school (or junior high school) and high school, respectively. With the advent of key stages in the National Curriculum some local authorities reverted from the Middle School system to 11\u201316 and 11\u201318 schools so that the transition between schools corresponds to the end of one key stage and the start of another."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is a word that can be used to describe the scope of a comprehensive school's intake?", "id": "56dc6a5c14d3a41400c26881", "answers": [{"text": "neighbourhood", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some new initiatives that may impact the concept of comprehensive schools?", "id": "56dc6a5c14d3a41400c26882", "answers": [{"text": "Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "neighbourhood", "answer_start": 55}], "question": "What is a word that can't be used to describe the scope of a comprehensive school's intake?", "id": "5ad5f8455b96ef001a10af50", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "neighbourhood", "answer_start": 55}], "question": "What is a word that can be used to describe the scope of an uncomprehensive school's intake?", "id": "5ad5f8455b96ef001a10af51", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "neighbourhood", "answer_start": 55}], "question": "What is a word that can be used to describe the scope of a comprehensive school's discharge?", "id": "5ad5f8455b96ef001a10af52", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges", "answer_start": 157}], "question": "What are some old initiatives that may impact the concept of comprehensive schools?", "id": "5ad5f8455b96ef001a10af53", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges", "answer_start": 157}], "question": "What are some new initiatives that may impact the concept of uncomprehensive schools?", "id": "5ad5f8455b96ef001a10af54", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In principle, comprehensive schools were conceived as \"neighbourhood\" schools for all students in a specified catchment area. Current education reforms with Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges will no doubt have some impact on the comprehensive ideal but it is too early to say to what degree."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what decade did Finland begin employing comprehensive schools?", "id": "56dc6ab714d3a41400c26885", "answers": [{"text": "1970s", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What age ranges does Finnish comprehensive school cover?", "id": "56dc6ab714d3a41400c26886", "answers": [{"text": "7 to 16", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1970s", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "In what decade didn't Finland begin employing comprehensive schools?", "id": "5ad5f8a25b96ef001a10af5a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1970s", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "In what decade did Sweden begin employing comprehensive schools?", "id": "5ad5f8a25b96ef001a10af5b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1970s", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "In what decade did Finland stop employing comprehensive schools?", "id": "5ad5f8a25b96ef001a10af5c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "7 to 16", "answer_start": 151}], "question": "What age ranges does Swedish comprehensive school cover?", "id": "5ad5f8a25b96ef001a10af5d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "7 to 16", "answer_start": 151}], "question": "What age ranges does Finnish uncomprehensive school cover?", "id": "5ad5f8a25b96ef001a10af5e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Finland has used comprehensive schools since the 1970s, in the sense that everyone is expected to complete the nine grades of peruskoulu, from the age 7 to 16. The division to lower comprehensive school (grades 1\u20136, ala-aste, alakoulu) and upper comprehensive school (grades 7\u20139, yl\u00e4aste, yl\u00e4koulu) has been discontinued."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of school is the Gesamtschule?", "id": "56dc6b3914d3a41400c2688d", "answers": [{"text": "comprehensive", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kinds of courses are offered to students who are not experiencing academic success?", "id": "56dc6b3914d3a41400c2688f", "answers": [{"text": "remedial", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the different kinds of certificates that Gesamtschule students can earn?", "id": "56dc6b3914d3a41400c26890", "answers": [{"text": "the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "comprehensive", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "What type of school isn't the Gesamtschule?", "id": "5ad5f90b5b96ef001a10af64", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "comprehensive", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "What type of hospital is the Gesamtschule?", "id": "5ad5f90b5b96ef001a10af65", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "remedial", "answer_start": 349}], "question": "What kinds of courses aren't offered to students who are not experiencing academic success?", "id": "5ad5f90b5b96ef001a10af66", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "remedial", "answer_start": 349}], "question": "What kinds of courses are offered to students who are experiencing academic success?", "id": "5ad5f90b5b96ef001a10af67", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur", "answer_start": 470}], "question": "What are the different kinds of certificates that Gesamtschule students can't earn?", "id": "5ad5f90b5b96ef001a10af68", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Germany has a comprehensive school known as the Gesamtschule. While some German schools such as the Gymnasium and the Realschule have rather strict entrance requirements, the Gesamtschule does not have such requirements. They offer college preparatory classes for the students who are doing well, general education classes for average students, and remedial courses for those who aren't doing that well. In most cases students attending a Gesamtschule may graduate with the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur depending on how well they did in school."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of Brandenburg students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?", "id": "56dc6b6714d3a41400c26895", "answers": [{"text": "50%", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of Bavarian students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?", "id": "56dc6b6714d3a41400c26896", "answers": [{"text": "less than 1%", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "50%", "answer_start": 112}], "question": "What percentage of Brandenburg teachers went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?", "id": "5ad5f9765b96ef001a10af6e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "50%", "answer_start": 112}], "question": "What percentage of Brandenburg students went to a Gesamtschule in 2008?", "id": "5ad5f9765b96ef001a10af6f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "50%", "answer_start": 112}], "question": "What percentage of Brandenburg students never went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?", "id": "5ad5f9765b96ef001a10af70", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "less than 1%", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "What percentage of Bavarian teachers went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?", "id": "5ad5f9765b96ef001a10af71", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "less than 1%", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "What percentage of Bavarian students went to a Gesamtschule in 2008?", "id": "5ad5f9765b96ef001a10af72", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The percentage of students attending a Gesamtschule varies by Bundesland. In the State of Brandenburg more than 50% of all students attended a Gesamtschule in 2007, while in the State of Bavaria less than 1% did."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Hamburg?", "id": "56dc6cc314d3a41400c26899", "answers": [{"text": "Stadtteilschule", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Berlin?", "id": "56dc6cc314d3a41400c2689a", "answers": [{"text": "Sekundarschule", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what school year were Hauptschulen first combined with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen?", "id": "56dc6cc314d3a41400c2689b", "answers": [{"text": "2010/2011", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Stadtteilschule", "answer_start": 177}], "question": "What wasn't the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Hamburg?", "id": "5ad5f9cd5b96ef001a10af78", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Stadtteilschule", "answer_start": 177}], "question": "What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Hamburger?", "id": "5ad5f9cd5b96ef001a10af79", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sekundarschule", "answer_start": 208}], "question": "What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen not called in Berlin?", "id": "5ad5f9cd5b96ef001a10af7a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sekundarschule", "answer_start": 208}], "question": "What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Berlinberg?", "id": "5ad5f9cd5b96ef001a10af7b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2010/2011", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "In what school year were Hauptschulen last combined with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen?", "id": "5ad5f9cd5b96ef001a10af7c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Starting in 2010/2011, Hauptschulen were merged with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen to form a new type of comprehensive school in the German States of Berlin and Hamburg, called Stadtteilschule in Hamburg and Sekundarschule in Berlin (see: Education in Berlin, Education in Hamburg)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of classes are not offered in Mittelschule?", "id": "56dc6dc514d3a41400c2689f", "answers": [{"text": "college preparatory classes", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What certificate is not available to Mittelschule students?", "id": "56dc6dc514d3a41400c268a0", "answers": [{"text": "Abitur", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of school is not available in some parts of Germany?", "id": "56dc6dc514d3a41400c268a2", "answers": [{"text": "Hauptschule", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "college preparatory classes", "answer_start": 113}], "question": "What kind of classes are offered in Mittelschule?", "id": "5ad5fa5f5b96ef001a10af82", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "college preparatory classes", "answer_start": 113}], "question": "What kind of meetings are not offered in Mittelschule?", "id": "5ad5fa5f5b96ef001a10af83", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Abitur", "answer_start": 375}], "question": "What certificate is available to Mittelschule students?", "id": "5ad5fa5f5b96ef001a10af84", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Abitur", "answer_start": 375}], "question": "What certificate is not available to Mittelschule teachers?", "id": "5ad5fa5f5b96ef001a10af85", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hauptschule", "answer_start": 173}], "question": "What kind of school is available in some parts of Germany?", "id": "5ad5fa5f5b96ef001a10af86", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The \"Mittelschule\" is a school in some States of Germany that offers regular classes and remedial classes but no college preparatory classes. In some States of Germany, the Hauptschule does not exist, and any student who has not been accepted by another school has to attend the Mittelschule. Students may be awarded the Hauptschulabschluss or the Mittlere Reife but not the Abitur."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of misconduct have comprehensive schools been alleged of engaging in?", "id": "56dc777a14d3a41400c268ab", "answers": [{"text": "grade inflation", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which German minister criticized comprehensive schools' ability to help students succeed?", "id": "56dc777a14d3a41400c268ac", "answers": [{"text": "Barbara Sommer", "answer_start": 605}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which German politician defended comprehensive schools?", "id": "56dc777a14d3a41400c268ad", "answers": [{"text": "Sigrid Beer", "answer_start": 1316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which party does Barbara Sommer belong to?", "id": "56dc777a14d3a41400c268ae", "answers": [{"text": "Christian Democratic Union", "answer_start": 621}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which party does Sigrid Beer belong to?", "id": "56dc777a14d3a41400c268af", "answers": [{"text": "Alliance '90/The Greens", "answer_start": 1329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "grade inflation", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "What type of misconduct have uncomprehensive schools been alleged of engaging in?", "id": "5ad5fc155b96ef001a10af96", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Barbara Sommer", "answer_start": 605}], "question": "Which German mWhich German minister criticized uncomprehensive schools' ability to help students succeed?inister criticized comprehensive schools' ability to help students succeed?", "id": "5ad5fc155b96ef001a10af97", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sigrid Beer", "answer_start": 1316}], "question": "Which German politician defended uncomprehensive schools?", "id": "5ad5fc155b96ef001a10af98", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christian Democratic Union", "answer_start": 621}], "question": "Which party doesn't Barbara Sommer belong to?", "id": "5ad5fc155b96ef001a10af99", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alliance '90/The Greens", "answer_start": 1329}], "question": "Which party doesn't Sigrid Beer belong to?", "id": "5ad5fc155b96ef001a10af9a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Comprehensive schools have been accused of grade inflation after a study revealed that Gymnasium senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves at the very bottom of their class and had an average grade of \"Five\", which means \"Failed\". Gesamtschule senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves in the upper half of their class and had an average grade of \"Three Plus\". When a central Abitur examination was established in the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, it was revealed that Gesamtschule students did worse than could be predicted by their grades or class rank. Barbara Sommer (Christian Democratic Union), Education Minister of North Rhine-Westphalia, commented that: Looking at the performance gap between comprehensives and the Gymnasium [at the Abitur central examination] [...] it is difficult to understand why the Social Democratic Party of Germany wants to do away with the Gymnasium. [...] The comprehensives do not help students achieve [...] I am sick and tired of the comprehensive schools blaming their problems on the social class origins of their students. What kind of attitude is this to blame their own students? She also called the Abitur awarded by the Gymnasium the true Abitur and the Abitur awarded by the Gesamtschule \"Abitur light\". As a reaction, Sigrid Beer (Alliance '90/The Greens) stated that comprehensives were structurally discriminated against by the government, which favoured the Gymnasiums. She also said that many of the students awarded the Abitur by the comprehensives came from \"underprivileged groups\" and sneering at their performance was a \"piece of impudence\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who could be made vulnerable by the Gasemtschulen?", "id": "56dc784714d3a41400c268b5", "answers": [{"text": "bright working class students", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what group does an achievement gap separate working class students at comprehensive schools?", "id": "56dc784714d3a41400c268b6", "answers": [{"text": "middle class peers", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At which school do students achieve the least success?", "id": "56dc784714d3a41400c268b7", "answers": [{"text": "Hauptschule", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bright working class students", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "Who couldn't be made vulnerable by the Gasemtschulen?", "id": "5ad5fc5d5b96ef001a10afa0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bright working class students", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "Who could be protected by the Gasemtschulen?", "id": "5ad5fc5d5b96ef001a10afa1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "middle class peers", "answer_start": 207}], "question": "From what group doesn't an achievement gap separate working class students at comprehensive schools?", "id": "5ad5fc5d5b96ef001a10afa2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "middle class peers", "answer_start": 207}], "question": "From what group does an achievement gap separate working class students at uncomprehensive schools?", "id": "5ad5fc5d5b96ef001a10afa3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hauptschule", "answer_start": 444}], "question": "At which school do students achieve the most success?", "id": "5ad5fc5d5b96ef001a10afa4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Gesamtschulen might put bright working class students at risk according to several studies. It could be shown that an achievement gap opens between working class students attending a comprehensive and their middle class peers. Also working class students attending a Gymnasium or a Realschule outperform students from similar backgrounds attending a comprehensive. However it is not students attending a comprehensive, but students attending a Hauptschule, who perform the poorest."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who conducted a study on comprehensive schools?", "id": "56dc78b114d3a41400c268bd", "answers": [{"text": "Helmut Fend", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To which system did Fend compare comprehensive school alumni?", "id": "56dc78b114d3a41400c268be", "answers": [{"text": "tripartite system", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Helmut Fend", "answer_start": 29}], "question": "Who never conducted a study on comprehensive schools?", "id": "5ad5fca25b96ef001a10afaa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Helmut Fend", "answer_start": 29}], "question": "Who conducted a study on uncomprehensive schools?", "id": "5ad5fca25b96ef001a10afab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tripartite system", "answer_start": 205}], "question": "To which system didn't Fend compare comprehensive school alumni?", "id": "5ad5fca25b96ef001a10afac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tripartite system", "answer_start": 205}], "question": "To which system did Fend compare uncomprehensive school alumni?", "id": "5ad5fca25b96ef001a10afad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tripartite system", "answer_start": 205}], "question": "To which system did Fend compare comprehensive school faculty?", "id": "5ad5fca25b96ef001a10afae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to a study done by Helmut Fend (who had always been a fierce proponent of comprehensive schools) revealed that comprehensive schools do not help working class students. He compared alumni of the tripartite system to alumni of comprehensive schools. While working class alumni of comprehensive schools were awarded better school diplomas at age 35, they held similar occupational positions as working class alumni of the tripartite system and were as unlikely to graduate from college."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the first comprehensive school opened in Gibraltar?", "id": "56dc790614d3a41400c268c1", "answers": [{"text": "1972", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where can students go after finishing comprehensive school in Gibraltar?", "id": "56dc790614d3a41400c268c3", "answers": [{"text": "sixth form", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What examinations do students prepare for in the sixth form?", "id": "56dc790614d3a41400c268c4", "answers": [{"text": "A-levels", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1972", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "When was the last comprehensive school opened in Gibraltar?", "id": "5ad5fced5b96ef001a10afb4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1972", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "When was the first comprehensive school closed in Gibraltar?", "id": "5ad5fced5b96ef001a10afb5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sixth form", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "Where can't students go after finishing comprehensive school in Gibraltar?", "id": "5ad5fced5b96ef001a10afb6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sixth form", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "Where can students go after finishing uncomprehensive school in Gibraltar?", "id": "5ad5fced5b96ef001a10afb7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A-levels", "answer_start": 215}], "question": "What examinations do students prepare for in the fifth form?", "id": "5ad5fced5b96ef001a10afb8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Gibraltar opened its first comprehensive school in 1972. Between the ages of 12 and 16 two comprehensive schools cater for girls and boys separately. Students may also continue into the sixth form to complete their A-levels."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did Ireland first open comprehensive schools?", "id": "56dc798714d3a41400c268d1", "answers": [{"text": "1966", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was responsible for creating comprehensive schools in Ireland?", "id": "56dc798714d3a41400c268d2", "answers": [{"text": "Patrick Hillery", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the only state-run educational system in Ireland prior to comprehensive schools?", "id": "56dc798714d3a41400c268d3", "answers": [{"text": "vocational school system", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of school has surpassed comprehensive schools in Ireland?", "id": "56dc798714d3a41400c268d4", "answers": [{"text": "community school", "answer_start": 556}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1966", "answer_start": 54}], "question": "When did Ireland last open comprehensive schools?", "id": "5ad5fd485b96ef001a10afbe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1966", "answer_start": 54}], "question": "When did Ireland first close comprehensive schools?", "id": "5ad5fd485b96ef001a10afbf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Patrick Hillery", "answer_start": 79}], "question": "Who was unresponsible for creating comprehensive schools in Ireland?", "id": "5ad5fd485b96ef001a10afc0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "vocational school system", "answer_start": 181}], "question": "What wasn't the only state-run educational system in Ireland prior to comprehensive schools?", "id": "5ad5fd485b96ef001a10afc1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "community school", "answer_start": 556}], "question": "What type of school has surpassed uncomprehensive schools in Ireland?", "id": "5ad5fd485b96ef001a10afc2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Comprehensive schools were introduced into Ireland in 1966 by an initiative by Patrick Hillery, Minister for Education, to give a broader range of education compared to that of the vocational school system, which was then the only system of schools completely controlled by the state. Until then, education in Ireland was largely dominated by religious persuasion, particularly the voluntary secondary school system was a particular realisation of this. The comprehensive school system is still relatively small and to an extent has been superseded by the community school concept. The Irish word for a comprehensive school is a 'scoil chuimsitheach.'"}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what decade were community schools conceived?", "id": "56dc79fc14d3a41400c268d9", "answers": [{"text": "1970s", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who owns the land on which Irish comprehensive schools are found?", "id": "56dc79fc14d3a41400c268db", "answers": [{"text": "The state", "answer_start": 363}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1970s", "answer_start": 161}], "question": "In what decade weren't community schools conceived?", "id": "5ad5fdd55b96ef001a10afc8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1970s", "answer_start": 161}], "question": "In what decade were community schools closed?", "id": "5ad5fdd55b96ef001a10afc9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The state", "answer_start": 363}], "question": "Who rents the land on which Irish comprehensive schools are found?", "id": "5ad5fdd55b96ef001a10afca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The state", "answer_start": 363}], "question": "Who owns the land on which Scotish comprehensive schools are found?", "id": "5ad5fdd55b96ef001a10afcb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The state", "answer_start": 363}], "question": "Who owns the land on which Irish comprehensive schools aren't found?", "id": "5ad5fdd55b96ef001a10afcc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In Ireland comprehensive schools were an earlier model of state schools, introduced in the late 1960s and largely replaced by the secular community model of the 1970s. The comprehensive model generally incorporated older schools that were under Roman Catholic or Protestant ownership, and the various denominations still manage the school as patrons or trustees. The state owns the school property, which is vested in the trustees in perpetuity. The model was adopted to make state schools more acceptable to a largely conservative society of the time."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did the community school system remove from the comprehensive school model?", "id": "56dc7a7b14d3a41400c268df", "answers": [{"text": "the denominational basis of the schools", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a term for a grouping of local schools that cannot exist independently?", "id": "56dc7a7b14d3a41400c268e1", "answers": [{"text": "Community colleges", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the denominational basis of the schools", "answer_start": 84}], "question": "What didn't the community school system remove from the comprehensive school model?", "id": "5ad5fe4d5b96ef001a10afd2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the denominational basis of the schools", "answer_start": 84}], "question": "What did the community school system add to the comprehensive school model?", "id": "5ad5fe4d5b96ef001a10afd3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the denominational basis of the schools", "answer_start": 84}], "question": "What did the community school system remove from the uncomprehensive school model?", "id": "5ad5fe4d5b96ef001a10afd4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Community colleges", "answer_start": 390}], "question": "What is a term for a grouping of local schools that can exist independently?", "id": "5ad5fe4d5b96ef001a10afd5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Community colleges", "answer_start": 390}], "question": "What is a term for a grouping of global schools that cannot exist independently?", "id": "5ad5fe4d5b96ef001a10afd6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The introduction of the community school model in the 1970s controversially removed the denominational basis of the schools, but religious interests were invited to be represented on the Boards of Management. Community schools are divided into two models, the community school vested in the Minister for Education and the community college vested in the local Education and Training Board. Community colleges tended to be amalgamations of unviable local schools under the umbrella of a new community school model, but community schools have tended to be entirely new foundations."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was the Walworth School established?", "id": "56dc7afb14d3a41400c268e5", "answers": [{"text": "1946", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who established the Walworth School?", "id": "56dc7afb14d3a41400c268e6", "answers": [{"text": "London County Council", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What comprehensive school was established in Anglesey?", "id": "56dc7afb14d3a41400c268e7", "answers": [{"text": "Holyhead County School", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Holyhead County School established?", "id": "56dc7afb14d3a41400c268e8", "answers": [{"text": "1949", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which comprehensive school openend in coventry?", "id": "56dc7afb14d3a41400c268e9", "answers": [{"text": "Woodlands Boys School", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1946", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "In what year was the Walworth School closed?", "id": "5ad5fea45b96ef001a10afdc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "London County Council", "answer_start": 170}], "question": "Who closed the Walworth School?", "id": "5ad5fea45b96ef001a10afdd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Holyhead County School", "answer_start": 231}], "question": "What uncomprehensive school was established in Anglesey?", "id": "5ad5fea45b96ef001a10afde", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1949", "answer_start": 269}], "question": "When was Holyhead County School closed?", "id": "5ad5fea45b96ef001a10afdf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Woodlands Boys School", "answer_start": 330}], "question": "Which uncomprehensive school openend in coventry?", "id": "5ad5fea45b96ef001a10afe0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The first comprehensives were set up after the Second World War. In 1946, for example, Walworth School was one of five 'experimental' comprehensive schools set up by the London County Council Another early comprehensive school was Holyhead County School in Anglesey in 1949. Other early examples of comprehensive schools included Woodlands Boys School in Coventry (opened in 1954) and Tividale Comprehensive School in Tipton."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was responsible for the proliferation of comprehensive schools in 1965?", "id": "56dc7c3114d3a41400c268ef", "answers": [{"text": "Anthony Crosland", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was Anthony Crosland's role in government?", "id": "56dc7c3114d3a41400c268f0", "answers": [{"text": "Secretary of State for Education", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which type of school was not in widespread usage?", "id": "56dc7c3114d3a41400c268f2", "answers": [{"text": "Secondary technical schools", "answer_start": 509}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Anthony Crosland", "answer_start": 104}], "question": "Who was responsible for the proliferation of uncomprehensive schools in 1965?", "id": "5ad5feed5b96ef001a10afe6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Anthony Crosland", "answer_start": 104}], "question": "Who was responsible for the proliferation of comprehensive schools in 1956?", "id": "5ad5feed5b96ef001a10afe7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Anthony Crosland", "answer_start": 104}], "question": "Who wasn't responsible for the proliferation of comprehensive schools in 1965?", "id": "5ad5feed5b96ef001a10afe8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Secretary of State for Education", "answer_start": 122}], "question": "what wasn't Anthony Crosland's role in government?", "id": "5ad5feed5b96ef001a10afe9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Secondary technical schools", "answer_start": 509}], "question": "Which type of school was in widespread usage?", "id": "5ad5feed5b96ef001a10afea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The largest expansion of comprehensive schools in 1965 resulted from a policy decision taken in 1965 by Anthony Crosland, Secretary of State for Education in the 1964\u20131970 Labour government. The policy decision was implemented by Circular 10/65, an instruction to local education authorities to plan for conversion. Students sat the 11+ examination in their last year of primary education and were sent to one of a secondary modern, secondary technical or grammar school depending on their perceived ability. Secondary technical schools were never widely implemented and for 20 years there was a virtual bipartite system which saw fierce competition for the available grammar school places, which varied between 15% and 25% of total secondary places, depending on location.[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was made Secretary of State for Education in 1970?", "id": "56dc7c9d14d3a41400c268ff", "answers": [{"text": "Margaret Thatcher", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of school did Thatcher end the compulsion for existing schools to convert to?", "id": "56dc7c9d14d3a41400c26900", "answers": [{"text": "comprehensive", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What party was in power when Margaret Thatcher was made Secretary of State for Education?", "id": "56dc7c9d14d3a41400c26901", "answers": [{"text": "Conservative", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Margaret Thatcher", "answer_start": 8}], "question": "Who wasn't made Secretary of State for Education in 1970?", "id": "5ad5ff435b96ef001a10aff0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Margaret Thatcher", "answer_start": 8}], "question": "Who was made Secretary of State for Education in 1972?", "id": "5ad5ff435b96ef001a10aff1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "comprehensive", "answer_start": 310}], "question": "What kind of school didn't Thatcher end the compulsion for existing schools to convert to?", "id": "5ad5ff435b96ef001a10aff2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "comprehensive", "answer_start": 310}], "question": "What kind of school did Thatcher start the compulsion for existing schools to convert to?", "id": "5ad5ff435b96ef001a10aff3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Conservative", "answer_start": 77}], "question": "What party wasn't in power when Margaret Thatcher was made Secretary of State for Education?", "id": "5ad5ff435b96ef001a10aff4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1970 Margaret Thatcher became Secretary of State for Education of the new Conservative government. She ended the compulsion on local authorities to convert, however, many local authorities were so far down the path that it would have been prohibitively expensive to attempt to reverse the process, and more comprehensive schools were established under Mrs Thatcher than any other education secretary."}, {"qas": [{"question": "By what year did the 11-plus exam mainly fall out of use?", "id": "56dc7d3514d3a41400c26905", "answers": [{"text": "1975", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did secondary modern and grammar schools combine to become?", "id": "56dc7d3514d3a41400c26906", "answers": [{"text": "neighbourhood comprehensives", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Grammar schools that did not close were converted to what?", "id": "56dc7d3514d3a41400c26907", "answers": [{"text": "comprehensive schools", "answer_start": 675}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are two locations in which all secondary schools were converted to comprehensives in the '70s?", "id": "56dc7d3514d3a41400c26908", "answers": [{"text": "Sandwell and Dudley", "answer_start": 587}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1975", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "By what year didn't the 11-plus exam mainly fall out of use?", "id": "5ad5ffa05b96ef001a10affa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1975", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "By what year did the 21-plus exam mainly fall out of use?", "id": "5ad5ffa05b96ef001a10affb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "neighbourhood comprehensives", "answer_start": 244}], "question": "What didn't secondary modern and grammar schools combine to become?", "id": "5ad5ffa05b96ef001a10affc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "comprehensive schools", "answer_start": 675}], "question": "Grammar schools that closed were converted to what?", "id": "5ad5ffa05b96ef001a10affd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sandwell and Dudley", "answer_start": 587}], "question": "What are two locations in which all secondary schools were converted to comprehensives in the '60s?", "id": "5ad5ffa05b96ef001a10affe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "By 1975 the majority of local authorities in England and Wales had abandoned the 11-plus examination and moved to a comprehensive system. Over that 10-year period many secondary modern schools and grammar schools were amalgamated to form large neighbourhood comprehensives, whilst a number of new schools were built to accommodate a growing school population. By the mid-1970s the system had been almost fully implemented, with virtually no secondary modern schools remaining. Many grammar schools were either closed or changed to comprehensive status. Some local authorities, including Sandwell and Dudley in the West Midlands, changed all of its state secondary schools to comprehensive schools during the 1970s."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who initiated the scrutiny of the educational system in 1976?", "id": "56dc7d9b14d3a41400c2690d", "answers": [{"text": "James Callaghan", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the only kind of school operating in Wales?", "id": "56dc7d9b14d3a41400c2690e", "answers": [{"text": "Comprehensive school", "answer_start": 348}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which political party was James Callaghan a member of?", "id": "56dc7d9b14d3a41400c2690f", "answers": [{"text": "Labour", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "James Callaghan", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "Who ended the scrutiny of the educational system in 1976?", "id": "5ad6006b5b96ef001a10b004", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "James Callaghan", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "Who initiated the scrutiny of the educational system in 1967?", "id": "5ad6006b5b96ef001a10b005", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Comprehensive school", "answer_start": 348}], "question": "What is the only kind of school not operating in Wales?", "id": "5ad6006b5b96ef001a10b006", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Comprehensive school", "answer_start": 348}], "question": "What is the only kind of school operating in England?", "id": "5ad6006b5b96ef001a10b007", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Labour", "answer_start": 19}], "question": "Which political party was James Callaghan not a member of?", "id": "5ad6006b5b96ef001a10b008", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1976 the future Labour prime minister James Callaghan launched what became known as the 'great debate' on the education system. He went on to list the areas he felt needed closest scrutiny: the case for a core curriculum, the validity and use of informal teaching methods, the role of school inspection and the future of the examination system. Comprehensive school remains the most common type of state secondary school in England, and the only type in Wales. They account for around 90% of pupils, or 64% if one does not count schools with low-level selection. This figure varies by region."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What law enables parents full control over their child's education?", "id": "56dc7e1b14d3a41400c26919", "answers": [{"text": "Education Reform Act", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the Education Reform Act made into law?", "id": "56dc7e1b14d3a41400c2691a", "answers": [{"text": "1988", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What concept does the government currently support for education?", "id": "56dc7e1b14d3a41400c2691b", "answers": [{"text": "specialisation", "answer_start": 559}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Parental choice has informed what controversial practice?", "id": "56dc7e1b14d3a41400c2691c", "answers": [{"text": "league tables of school performance", "answer_start": 841}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Education Reform Act", "answer_start": 15}], "question": "What law disables parents full control over their child's education?", "id": "5ad600cb5b96ef001a10b00e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Education Reform Act", "answer_start": 15}], "question": "What law enables parents no control over their child's education?", "id": "5ad600cb5b96ef001a10b00f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1988", "answer_start": 10}], "question": "In what year was the Education Reform Act scrapped?", "id": "5ad600cb5b96ef001a10b010", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "specialisation", "answer_start": 559}], "question": "What concept does the government currently not support for education?", "id": "5ad600cb5b96ef001a10b011", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "league tables of school performance", "answer_start": 841}], "question": "Parental choice hasn't informed what controversial practice?", "id": "5ad600cb5b96ef001a10b012", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Since the 1988 Education Reform Act, parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all and to home educate them instead. The concept of \"school choice\" introduces the idea of competition between state schools, a fundamental change to the original \"neighbourhood comprehensive\" model, and is partly intended as a means by which schools that are perceived to be inferior are forced either to improve or, if hardly anyone wants to go there, to close down. Government policy is currently promoting 'specialisation' whereby parents choose a secondary school appropriate for their child's interests and skills. Most initiatives focus on parental choice and information, implementing a pseudo-market incentive to encourage better schools. This logic has underpinned the controversial league tables of school performance."}, {"qas": [{"question": "All public primary and secondary schools in Scotland are of what type?", "id": "56dc7e6714d3a41400c26921", "answers": [{"text": "comprehensive", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has Scotland refused to adopt?", "id": "56dc7e6714d3a41400c26922", "answers": [{"text": "specialist schools", "answer_start": 345}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Scotland's latest rejection of the specialist school model?", "id": "56dc7e6714d3a41400c26923", "answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "comprehensive", "answer_start": 94}], "question": "All private primary and secondary schools in Scotland are of what type?", "id": "5ad6012e5b96ef001a10b018", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "comprehensive", "answer_start": 94}], "question": "All public primary and secondary schools in England are of what type?", "id": "5ad6012e5b96ef001a10b019", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "specialist schools", "answer_start": 345}], "question": "What has England refused to adopt?", "id": "5ad6012e5b96ef001a10b01a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 370}], "question": "When was England's latest rejection of the specialist school model?", "id": "5ad6012e5b96ef001a10b01b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 370}], "question": "When wasn't Scotland's latest rejection of the specialist school model?", "id": "5ad6012e5b96ef001a10b01c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Scotland has a very different educational system from England and Wales, though also based on comprehensive education. It has different ages of transfer, different examinations and a different philosophy of choice and provision. All publicly funded primary and secondary schools are comprehensive. The Scottish Government has rejected plans for specialist schools as of 2005."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which country is Northern England's school system most different from?", "id": "56dc7e9a14d3a41400c26927", "answers": [{"text": "Scotland", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which countries have school systems somewhat similar to Northern Ireland?", "id": "56dc7e9a14d3a41400c26928", "answers": [{"text": "England and Wales", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Scotland", "answer_start": 169}], "question": "Which country isn't Northern England's school system most different from?", "id": "5ad601975b96ef001a10b022", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Scotland", "answer_start": 169}], "question": "Which country is Northern Ireland's school system most different from?", "id": "5ad601975b96ef001a10b023", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Scotland", "answer_start": 169}], "question": "Which country is Northern England's school system most same as?", "id": "5ad601975b96ef001a10b024", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "England and Wales", "answer_start": 137}], "question": "Which countries have school systems very different from Northern Ireland?", "id": "5ad601975b96ef001a10b025", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "England and Wales", "answer_start": 137}], "question": "Which countries have school systems somewhat similar to Northern England?", "id": "5ad601975b96ef001a10b026", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Education in Northern Ireland differs slightly from systems used elsewhere in the United Kingdom, but it is more similar to that used in England and Wales than it is to Scotland."}, {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "comprehensive schools", "answer_start": 32}], "question": "What isn't some controversy about?", "id": "5ad5faef5b96ef001a10af8c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "those supporting The Left Party, the Social Democratic Party of Germany and Alliance '90/The Greens", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "What aren't generally in favor of comprehensive schools?", "id": "5ad5faef5b96ef001a10af8d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "those supporting The Left Party, the Social Democratic Party of Germany and Alliance '90/The Greens", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "What are generally in favor of uncomprehensive schools?", "id": "5ad5faef5b96ef001a10af8e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "those supporting the Christian Democratic Union and the Free Democratic Party", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "What are generally in favor of comprehensive schools?", "id": "5ad5faef5b96ef001a10af8f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "those supporting the Christian Democratic Union and the Free Democratic Party", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "What are generally in favor of comprehensive hospitals?", "id": "5ad5faef5b96ef001a10af90", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "There is some controversy about comprehensive schools. As a rule of thumb those supporting The Left Party, the Social Democratic Party of Germany and Alliance '90/The Greens are in favour of comprehensive schools, while those supporting the Christian Democratic Union and the Free Democratic Party are opposed to them."}]}, {"title": "Republic_of_the_Congo", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What is the French term for the Republic of the Congo?", "id": "56dcd9ef9a695914005b944a", "answers": [{"text": "R\u00e9publique du Congo", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which country lies on Congo's northeast border?", "id": "56dcd9ef9a695914005b944b", "answers": [{"text": "Central African Republic", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whic country lies on Congo's western border?", "id": "56dcd9ef9a695914005b944c", "answers": [{"text": "Gabon", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which country lies on Congo's northwest border?", "id": "56dcd9ef9a695914005b944d", "answers": [{"text": "Cameroon", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what part of Africa is the Congo located?", "id": "56dcd9ef9a695914005b944e", "answers": [{"text": "Central Africa", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "R\u00e9publique du Congo", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "What is the Angolan name for The Republic of the Congo?", "id": "5acff47177cf76001a68660a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Republic of the Congo", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What country borders the west of Gabon?", "id": "5acff47177cf76001a68660b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Central African Republic", "answer_start": 265}], "question": "What borders northwest Cameroon?", "id": "5acff47177cf76001a68660c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "R\u00e9publique du Congo", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "What is the French name for Gabon?", "id": "5acff47177cf76001a68660d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Congo-Brazzaville", "answer_start": 126}], "question": "What is the Central African Republic also known as?", "id": "5acff47177cf76001a68660e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Republic of the Congo (French: R\u00e9publique du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What language was spoken in the area that became the Congo?", "id": "56dcda7b9a695914005b9454", "answers": [{"text": "Bantu", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Congo gain its independence from colonial rule?", "id": "56dcda7b9a695914005b9455", "answers": [{"text": "1960", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the ruler of the Congo?", "id": "56dcda7b9a695914005b9457", "answers": [{"text": "Denis Sassou Nguesso", "answer_start": 539}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What title does Nguesso hold?", "id": "56dcda7b9a695914005b9458", "answers": [{"text": "President", "answer_start": 529}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bantu", "answer_start": 28}], "question": "What language dominated Equatorial Africa?", "id": "5acff5ca77cf76001a686632", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1960", "answer_start": 209}], "question": "When did the Congo lose its independence from colonial rule?", "id": "5acff5ca77cf76001a686633", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1997", "answer_start": 488}], "question": "What year was President Denis Sassou Nguesso ousted? ", "id": "5acff5ca77cf76001a686634", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Republic of the Congo Civil War", "answer_start": 493}], "question": "What conflict removed President Denis Sassou Nguesso from power?", "id": "5acff5ca77cf76001a686635", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "26", "answer_start": 574}], "question": "How many years did President Denis Sassou Nguesso rule the democratically elected government?", "id": "5acff5ca77cf76001a686636", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist\u2013Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the Congo's rank among other oil generating nations in the Gulf of Guinea?", "id": "56dcdb2e66d3e219004dab30", "answers": [{"text": "fourth", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What income is subject to uneven distribution in the Congo?", "id": "56dcdb2e66d3e219004dab31", "answers": [{"text": "oil revenues", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "political stability and development of hydrocarbon production", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What factors led to the Republic of Congo being the third largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea?", "id": "5acff6cc77cf76001a686676", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fourth", "answer_start": 93}], "question": "What is the Congo's rank among all the oil generating nations of the world?", "id": "5acff6cc77cf76001a686677", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "oil revenues", "answer_start": 291}], "question": "What income is evenly distributed in the Congo?", "id": "5acff6cc77cf76001a686678", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "relative prosperity", "answer_start": 175}], "question": "What economic status did oil revenue fail to provide for the Congo?", "id": "5acff6cc77cf76001a686679", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "public", "answer_start": 244}], "question": "What kind of services in the Congo are in good shape?", "id": "5acff6cc77cf76001a68667a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made Republic of Congo the fourth largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea and provided the country with a relative prosperity despite the poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What group of people were living in the area that would become the Congo prior to the arrival of Bantu tribes?", "id": "56dcdbe566d3e219004dab35", "answers": [{"text": "Pygmy", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Bantu tribes arrive in the area formerly populated by the Pygmy people?", "id": "56dcdbe566d3e219004dab36", "answers": [{"text": "1500 BC", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Bakongo were a group derived from which tribes?", "id": "56dcdbe566d3e219004dab37", "answers": [{"text": "Bantu", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bantu", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What language did the Pygmy people speak?", "id": "5acff76f77cf76001a686694", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1500 BC", "answer_start": 165}], "question": "When did the Pygmy people displace the Bantu?", "id": "5acff76f77cf76001a686695", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ethnic affinities and rivalries", "answer_start": 322}], "question": "What did the Pygmy people form a basis for?", "id": "5acff76f77cf76001a686696", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Loango", "answer_start": 432}], "question": "What Bantu kingdom never traded with the Congo River basin?", "id": "5acff76f77cf76001a686697", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kongo", "answer_start": 421}], "question": "What Pygmy kingdom built trade links with the Congo River basin?", "id": "5acff76f77cf76001a686698", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Bantu-speaking peoples who founded tribes during the Bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region, the Pygmy people, about 1500 BC. The Bakongo, a Bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Several Bantu kingdoms\u2014notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke\u2014built trade links leading into the Congo River basin."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Whose expedition arrived at the mouth of the Congo River in 1484?", "id": "56dcdca466d3e219004dab3d", "answers": [{"text": "Diogo C\u00e3o", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Diogo Cao's nationality?", "id": "56dcdca466d3e219004dab3e", "answers": [{"text": "Portuguese", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did European traders exchange with Bantu people?", "id": "56dcdca466d3e219004dab3f", "answers": [{"text": "commodities, manufactured goods, and people", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did formal colonization of the Congo River delta begin?", "id": "56dcdca466d3e219004dab40", "answers": [{"text": "late 19th century", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Colonization reduced the power of what groups in the Congo River basin?", "id": "56dcdca466d3e219004dab41", "answers": [{"text": "Bantu societies", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Diogo C\u00e3o", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "What Bantu explorer reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484?", "id": "5acff89a77cf76001a6866a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "manufactured goods", "answer_start": 201}], "question": "What is an example of something that was not traded between the Bantu and European merchants?", "id": "5acff89a77cf76001a6866a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "European colonization", "answer_start": 326}], "question": "What was responsible for the power of Bantu societies growing in the late 19th century?", "id": "5acff89a77cf76001a6866aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Congo river delta", "answer_start": 351}], "question": "What area did the Bantu colonize in the late 19th century?", "id": "5acff89a77cf76001a6866ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bantu societies", "answer_start": 443}], "question": "Colonization increased the power of what group in the Congo River basin?", "id": "5acff89a77cf76001a6866ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Portuguese explorer Diogo C\u00e3o reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484. Commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded various commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured from the hinterlands. After centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the late 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the French take control of the region to the north of the Congo River?", "id": "56dcddb066d3e219004dab47", "answers": [{"text": "1880", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who brokered a traty with the Makoko people?", "id": "56dcddb066d3e219004dab48", "answers": [{"text": "Pierre de Brazza", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the French Congo's name changed to in 1903?", "id": "56dcddb066d3e219004dab49", "answers": [{"text": "Middle Congo", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group of French colonies was created in 1908?", "id": "56dcddb066d3e219004dab4a", "answers": [{"text": "French Equatorial Africa", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people are estimated to have died as a result of the creation of the Congo-Ocean Railroad?", "id": "56dcddb066d3e219004dab4b", "answers": [{"text": "14,000", "answer_start": 685}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1880", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "When did the area south of the Congo River come under French sovereignty? ", "id": "5acffbc877cf76001a6866e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1903", "answer_start": 218}], "question": "When did Middle Congo become known as French Congo?", "id": "5acffbc877cf76001a6866e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Brazzaville", "answer_start": 400}], "question": "What did the Bateke designate as the federal capital?", "id": "5acffbc877cf76001a6866ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "natural-resource extraction", "answer_start": 521}], "question": "What did economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule ignore?", "id": "5acffbc877cf76001a6866eb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "14,000", "answer_start": 685}], "question": "How many lives were lost building the Congo-Ocean Railroad before World War I?", "id": "5acffbc877cf76001a6866ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The area north of the Congo River came under French sovereignty in 1880 as a result of Pierre de Brazza's treaty with Makoko of the Bateke. This Congo Colony became known first as French Congo, then as Middle Congo in 1903. In 1908, France organized French Equatorial Africa (AEF), comprising Middle Congo, Gabon, Chad, and Oubangui-Chari (the modern Central African Republic). The French designated Brazzaville as the federal capital. Economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule in Congo centered on natural-resource extraction. The methods were often brutal: construction of the Congo\u2013Ocean Railroad following World War I has been estimated to have cost at least 14,000 lives."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What served as the capital of France in spirit during the Occupation?", "id": "56dce55f66d3e219004dab51", "answers": [{"text": "Brazzaville", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What meeting brought about changes in France's policy towards its colonies?", "id": "56dce55f66d3e219004dab52", "answers": [{"text": "Brazzaville Conference of 1944", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Brazzaville get its own local government?", "id": "56dce55f66d3e219004dab53", "answers": [{"text": "1946", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the 1946 constitution establish Brazzaville as?", "id": "56dce55f66d3e219004dab54", "answers": [{"text": "the Fourth Republic", "answer_start": 533}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Brazzaville", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "What served as the symbolic capital of France during World War I?", "id": "5acffd8177cf76001a6866fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1946", "answer_start": 498}], "question": "When was Brazzaville established as the Third Republic?", "id": "5acffd8177cf76001a6866fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Brazzaville", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "What was the symbolic capital of the Nazis from 1940 to 1943? ", "id": "5acffd8177cf76001a6866fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "central geographic location", "answer_start": 356}], "question": "What stopped Congo from benefiting from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending?", "id": "5acffd8177cf76001a6866ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "local", "answer_start": 454}], "question": "What kind of legislature did Brazzaville receive prior to 1946?", "id": "5acffd8177cf76001a686700", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the Nazi occupation of France during World War II, Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of Free France between 1940 and 1943. The Brazzaville Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in French colonial policy. Congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville. It also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Fifth Republic founded?", "id": "56dce5b69a695914005b9468", "answers": [{"text": "1958", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was disbanded in 1958?", "id": "56dce5b69a695914005b9469", "answers": [{"text": "the AEF", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1958, what did the Middle Congo change its name to?", "id": "56dce5b69a695914005b946a", "answers": [{"text": "the Republic of the Congo", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Congo establish its first constitution?", "id": "56dce5b69a695914005b946b", "answers": [{"text": "1959", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1958", "answer_start": 89}], "question": "When was the Second Republic established?", "id": "5acffe3177cf76001a686720", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "revision of the French constitution", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "What established the Third Republic?", "id": "5acffe3177cf76001a686721", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1958", "answer_start": 292}], "question": "When did the Republic of the Congo become known as Middle Congo?", "id": "5acffe3177cf76001a686722", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Brazzaville", "answer_start": 448}], "question": "Where did the Mbochis subdue a riot?", "id": "5acffe3177cf76001a686723", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "French Army", "answer_start": 488}], "question": "Who subdued a series of riots in 1959?", "id": "5acffe3177cf76001a686724", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Following the revision of the French constitution that established the Fifth Republic in 1958, the AEF dissolved into its constituent parts, each of which became an autonomous colony within the French Community. During these reforms, Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958 and published its first constitution in 1959. Antagonism between the pro-Opangault Mbochis and the pro-Youlou Balalis resulted in a series of riots in Brazzaville in February 1959, which the French Army subdued."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what date was the Congo made fully independent from colonial rule?", "id": "56dceb899a695914005b9472", "answers": [{"text": "August 15, 1960", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first leader of the independent Congo?", "id": "56dceb899a695914005b9473", "answers": [{"text": "Fulbert Youlou", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who replaced Youlou?", "id": "56dceb899a695914005b9474", "answers": [{"text": "Alphonse Massamba-D\u00e9bat", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were responsible for the revolts that ended with Youlou's removal?", "id": "56dceb899a695914005b9475", "answers": [{"text": "labour elements and rival political parties", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who took control of the company during the transition from Youlou to Debat?", "id": "56dceb899a695914005b9476", "answers": [{"text": "Congolese military", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "August 15, 1960", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "When did the Congo lose independence from colonial rule?", "id": "5ad000ce77cf76001a686746", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "labour elements and rival political parties", "answer_start": 145}], "question": "What ousted Alphonse Massamba-D\u00e9bat from power?", "id": "5ad000ce77cf76001a686747", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Congolese military", "answer_start": 242}], "question": "Who installed Fulbert Youlou as head of the civilian provisional government?", "id": "5ad000ce77cf76001a686748", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Congolese military", "answer_start": 242}], "question": "What took charge of the country for a long time?", "id": "5ad000ce77cf76001a686749", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "August 15, 1960", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "When did France receive independence from the Republic of Congo? ", "id": "5ad000ce77cf76001a68674a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Republic of the Congo received full independence from France on August 15, 1960. Fulbert Youlou ruled as the country's first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three-day uprising that ousted him. The Congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by Alphonse Massamba-D\u00e9bat."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who became president of the Congo in 1963?", "id": "56dcec399a695914005b947c", "answers": [{"text": "Massamba-D\u00e9bat", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was a term that could describe the political philosophy of the Congo under Massamba-Debat?", "id": "56dcec399a695914005b947e", "answers": [{"text": "scientific socialism", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Soldiers from which country were brought to the Congo?", "id": "56dcec399a695914005b947f", "answers": [{"text": "Cuban", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Massamba-Debat lose power in the Congo?", "id": "56dcec399a695914005b9480", "answers": [{"text": "September 1968", "answer_start": 770}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "scientific socialism", "answer_start": 147}], "question": "What was the country's ideology before Massamba-D\u00e9bat's term in office?", "id": "5ad0030877cf76001a686756", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1965", "answer_start": 214}], "question": "When did the Soviet Union establish relations with North Korea?", "id": "5ad0030877cf76001a686757", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Massamba-D\u00e9bat", "answer_start": 29}], "question": "Who was elected president for a 10 year term?", "id": "5ad0030877cf76001a686758", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "several hundred", "answer_start": 371}], "question": "How many Chinese troops were invited into the Congo?", "id": "5ad0030877cf76001a686759", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1966", "answer_start": 514}], "question": "When was there a coup led by paratroopers loyal to Massamba-D\u00e9bat?", "id": "5ad0030877cf76001a68675a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Under the 1963 constitution, Massamba-D\u00e9bat was elected President for a five-year term. During Massamba-D\u00e9bat's term in office the regime adopted \"scientific socialism\" as the country's constitutional ideology. In 1965, Congo established relations with the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, North Korea and North Vietnam. Massamba-D\u00e9bat's regime also invited several hundred Cuban army troops into the country to train his party's militia units and these troops helped his government survive a coup in 1966 led by paratroopers loyal to future President Marien Ngouabi. Nevertheless, Massamba-D\u00e9bat was unable to reconcile various institutional, tribal and ideological factions within the country and his regime ended abruptly with a bloodless coup d'\u00e9tat in September 1968."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who became president of the Congo in 1968?", "id": "56dcecb79a695914005b9486", "answers": [{"text": "Marien Ngouabi", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Congo's name become under Ngouabi?", "id": "56dcecb79a695914005b9487", "answers": [{"text": "People's Republic of the Congo", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the National Revolutionary Movement's name become?", "id": "56dcecb79a695914005b9488", "answers": [{"text": "Congolese Labour Party", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was a coup attempted against Ngouabi?", "id": "56dcecb79a695914005b9489", "answers": [{"text": "1972", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date was Ngouabi assassinated?", "id": "56dcecb79a695914005b948a", "answers": [{"text": "March 16, 1977", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Marien Ngouabi", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who left the presidency on December 31, 1968?", "id": "5ad0049777cf76001a68676a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Joachim Yhombi-Opango", "answer_start": 524}], "question": "Who became president after Denis Sassou Nguesso?", "id": "5ad0049777cf76001a68676b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "People's Republic of the Congo", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "What did the Congo's name change to under Denis Sassou Nguesso?", "id": "5ad0049777cf76001a68676c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1972", "answer_start": 378}], "question": "When did Denis Sassou Nguesso survive a coup?", "id": "5ad0049777cf76001a68676d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "March 16, 1977", "answer_start": 407}], "question": "When was Joachim Yhombi-Opango assassinated?", "id": "5ad0049777cf76001a68676e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Marien Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on December 31, 1968. One year later, President Ngouabi proclaimed Congo Africa's first \"people's republic\", the People's Republic of the Congo, and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the Congolese Labour Party (PCT). Ngouabi survived an attempted coup in 1972 but was assassinated on March 16, 1977. An 11-member Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was then named to head an interim government with Joachim Yhombi-Opango to serve as President of the Republic. Two years later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power and Denis Sassou Nguesso become the new president."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which group of nations did Nguesso side the Congo with?", "id": "56dced1b66d3e219004dab59", "answers": [{"text": "Eastern Bloc", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Eastern Bloc nation did Nguesso sign a pact with?", "id": "56dced1b66d3e219004dab5a", "answers": [{"text": "the Soviet Union", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a word that can be used to describe Sassou's type of government?", "id": "56dced1b66d3e219004dab5b", "answers": [{"text": "dictatorship", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was an important tool of the Sassou government?", "id": "56dced1b66d3e219004dab5c", "answers": [{"text": "political repression", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sassou Nguesso", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who aligned the country with the Western Bloc?", "id": "5ad005e077cf76001a68677e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sassou", "answer_start": 137}], "question": "Who relied more on patronage to maintain his dictatorship?", "id": "5ad005e077cf76001a68677f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "political repression", "answer_start": 164}], "question": "What was the least important tool of the Sassou government?", "id": "5ad005e077cf76001a686780", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Soviet Union", "answer_start": 103}], "question": "What did Sassou sign a ten year friendship pact with?", "id": "5ad005e077cf76001a686781", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "twenty-year", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "How long was the friendship pact Sassou signed with the Eastern Bloc?", "id": "5ad005e077cf76001a686782", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was elected president of the Congo in 1992?", "id": "56dcedee9a695914005b9498", "answers": [{"text": "Pascal Lissouba", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who supported the measures of liberalisation Lissouba tried to employ to reform the economy?", "id": "56dcedee9a695914005b9499", "answers": [{"text": "IMF", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What interrupted the renewal of the IMF agreement with the Congo?", "id": "56dcedee9a695914005b949a", "answers": [{"text": "civil war", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does ESAF stand for?", "id": "56dcedee9a695914005b949b", "answers": [{"text": "enhanced structural adjustment facility", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pascal Lissouba", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who was Congo's last elected president?", "id": "5ad0076377cf76001a686792", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1996", "answer_start": 208}], "question": "What year did the IMF turn down  a three-year SDR69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility?", "id": "5ad0076377cf76001a686793", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mid-1997", "answer_start": 408}], "question": "When did civil war end in Congo?", "id": "5ad0076377cf76001a686794", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pascal Lissouba", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who was president during the period of single party democracy?", "id": "5ad0076377cf76001a686795", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Pascal Lissouba, who became Congo's first elected president (1992\u20131997) during the period of multi-party democracy, attempted to implement economic reforms with IMF backing to liberalise the economy. In June 1996 the IMF approved a three-year SDR69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) and was on the verge of announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in Congo in mid-1997."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which two figures clashed over leadership of the Congo in 1997?", "id": "56dcf6c666d3e219004dab61", "answers": [{"text": "Lissouba and Sassou", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of Sassou's personal army?", "id": "56dcf6c666d3e219004dab62", "answers": [{"text": "Cobras", "answer_start": 392}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What nationality were the forces that invaded the Congo to assist Sassou in taking control of the country?", "id": "56dcf6c666d3e219004dab64", "answers": [{"text": "Angolan", "answer_start": 562}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what month did Sassou regain the presidency?", "id": "56dcf6c666d3e219004dab65", "answers": [{"text": "October", "answer_start": 549}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1997", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "When did Congo's democratic progress get back on track?", "id": "5ad0081f77cf76001a6867a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "July 1997", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "When did the tensions between the Lissouba and Sassou camps start to dissipate?", "id": "5ad0081f77cf76001a6867a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "June 5", "answer_start": 240}], "question": "When did government forces surround Lissouba's compound?", "id": "5ad0081f77cf76001a6867a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Brazzaville", "answer_start": 319}], "question": "Where was Lissouba's compound located?", "id": "5ad0081f77cf76001a6867a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cobras", "answer_start": 392}], "question": "What were members of Lissouba's militia called?", "id": "5ad0081f77cf76001a6867a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Congo's democratic progress was derailed in 1997 when Lissouba and Sassou started to fight for power in the civil war. As presidential elections scheduled for July 1997 approached, tensions between the Lissouba and Sassou camps mounted. On June 5, President Lissouba's government forces surrounded Sassou's compound in Brazzaville and Sassou ordered members of his private militia (known as \"Cobras\") to resist. Thus began a four-month conflict that destroyed or damaged much of Brazzaville and caused tens of thousands of civilian deaths. In early October, the Angolan socialist r\u00e9gime began an invasion of Congo to install Sassou in power. In mid-October, the Lissouba government fell. Soon thereafter, Sassou declared himself president."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which politican left the presidential race after supporting a boycott by voters?", "id": "56dcf81e66d3e219004dab6c", "answers": [{"text": "Milongo", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did the presidential term become under the new constitution?", "id": "56dcf81e66d3e219004dab6d", "answers": [{"text": "seven years", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the new constitution ratified?", "id": "56dcf81e66d3e219004dab6e", "answers": [{"text": "January 2002", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was an end brought to the fighting between the government and Ntumi's rebels?", "id": "56dcf81e66d3e219004dab6f", "answers": [{"text": "April 2003", "answer_start": 869}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sassou", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "Who won more than 90% of the vote?", "id": "5ad009bc77cf76001a6867c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "When did Bernard Kolelas win the election?", "id": "5ad009bc77cf76001a6867c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "boycott the elections", "answer_start": 246}], "question": "What did Lissouba advise his supporters to do?", "id": "5ad009bc77cf76001a6867c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "presidential election", "answer_start": 537}], "question": "What did international observers see no problem with?", "id": "5ad009bc77cf76001a6867c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "new constitution", "answer_start": 303}], "question": "What reduced the president's term to seven years?", "id": "5ad009bc77cf76001a6867ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the controversial elections in 2002, Sassou won with almost 90% of the vote cast. His two main rivals, Lissouba and Bernard Kolelas, were prevented from competing and the only remaining credible rival, Andre Milongo, advised his supporters to boycott the elections and then withdrew from the race. A new constitution, agreed upon by referendum in January 2002, granted the president new powers, extended his term to seven years, and introduced a new bicameral assembly. International observers took issue with the organization of the presidential election and the constitutional referendum, both of which were reminiscent in their organization of Congo's era of the one-party state. Following the presidential elections, fighting restarted in the Pool region between government forces and rebels led by Pastor Ntumi; a peace treaty to end the conflict was signed in April 2003."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who won the presidential election in 2009?", "id": "56dcf8689a695914005b94a0", "answers": [{"text": "Sassou", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which group provided oversight for the electoral process in 2009?", "id": "56dcf8689a695914005b94a1", "answers": [{"text": "Congolese Observatory of Human Rights", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of turnout did the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights experience in the 2009 elections?", "id": "56dcf8689a695914005b94a2", "answers": [{"text": "very low", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the following presidential election", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "What election did Sassou lose?", "id": "5ad00a9d77cf76001a6867e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "What year did Sassou lose re-election?", "id": "5ad00a9d77cf76001a6867e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Congolese Observatory of Human Rights", "answer_start": 83}], "question": "Who said the election was marked by very high turnout?", "id": "5ad00a9d77cf76001a6867e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Congolese Observatory of Human Rights", "answer_start": 83}], "question": "What governmental organization commented on the election?", "id": "5ad00a9d77cf76001a6867e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "July", "answer_start": 55}], "question": "What month did Sassou lose an election in?", "id": "5ad00a9d77cf76001a6867e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Sassou also won the following presidential election in July 2009. According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization, the election was marked by \"very low\" turnout and \"fraud and irregularities\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of political system has existed in Congo-Brazzaville since the '90s?", "id": "56dcf8b79a695914005b94a6", "answers": [{"text": "multi-party", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which party does Sassou belong to?", "id": "56dcf8b79a695914005b94a7", "answers": [{"text": "Congolese Labour Party", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the French term for Sassou's political party?", "id": "56dcf8b79a695914005b94a8", "answers": [{"text": "Parti Congolais du Travail", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the early 1990s", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "Since when has Congo-Brazzaville has a single party political system?", "id": "5ad00faf77cf76001a686846", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "President Denis Sassou Nguesso", "answer_start": 124}], "question": "Who has serious competition in the presidential elections?", "id": "5ad00faf77cf76001a686847", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Parti Congolais du Travail", "answer_start": 309}], "question": "What is the Congolese Labour Party called in German?", "id": "5ad00faf77cf76001a686848", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Congolese Labour Party", "answer_start": 277}], "question": "What party does not back Sassou?", "id": "5ad00faf77cf76001a686849", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the system", "answer_start": 89}], "question": "What is not dominated by Sassou?", "id": "5ad00faf77cf76001a68684a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Congo-Brazzaville has had a multi-party political system since the early 1990s, although the system is heavily dominated by President Denis Sassou Nguesso; he has lacked serious competition in the presidential elections held under his rule. Sassou Nguesso is backed by his own Congolese Labour Party (French: Parti Congolais du Travail) as well as a range of smaller parties."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What has Sassou's regime attempted to censor?", "id": "56dcf91c9a695914005b94ac", "answers": [{"text": "corruption revelations", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country found bank accounts and real estate owned by the Sassou regime?", "id": "56dcf91c9a695914005b94ad", "answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "corruption revelations", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "What did Sassou's regime not attempt to censor?", "id": "5ad0104777cf76001a686878", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "corruption revelations", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "What has Sassou's regime been hit by nationally?", "id": "5ad0104777cf76001a686879", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "over 110 bank accounts", "answer_start": 136}], "question": "What did one German investigation find?", "id": "5ad0104777cf76001a68687a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "racist", "answer_start": 251}], "question": "What did France denounce embezzlement investigations as?", "id": "5ad0104777cf76001a68687b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "What country were no lavish properties found in?", "id": "5ad0104777cf76001a68687c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Internationally, Sassou's regime has been hit by corruption revelations despite attempts to censor them. One French investigation found over 110 bank accounts and dozens of lavish properties in France; Sassou denounced embezzlement investigations as \"racist\" and \"colonial\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did Sassou reveal that there would be a vote to alter the 2002 constitution?", "id": "56dcfbdd9a695914005b94b2", "answers": [{"text": "March 27, 2015", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which term did the new constitution allow Sassou to pursue?", "id": "56dcfbdd9a695914005b94b5", "answers": [{"text": "third", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "March 27, 2015", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did Sassou announce that his government would not change the 2002 constitution?", "id": "5ad0120377cf76001a6868a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "referendum", "answer_start": 76}], "question": "What changed the 2015 constitution?", "id": "5ad0120377cf76001a6868a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "92", "answer_start": 346}], "question": "What percentage of people did the government claim opposed the proposal?", "id": "5ad0120377cf76001a6868a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "72", "answer_start": 372}], "question": "What percentage of people did the government claim did not vote?", "id": "5ad0120377cf76001a6868a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "referendum", "answer_start": 76}], "question": "What allowed Sassou to run for a second term?", "id": "5ad0120377cf76001a6868a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On March 27, 2015 Sassou Nguesso announced that his government would hold a referendum to change the country's 2002 constitution and allow him to run for a third consecutive term in office. On October 25 the government held a referendum to allow Sassou Nguesso to run in the next election. The government claimed that the proposal as approved by 92 percent of voters with 72 percent of eligible voters participating. The opposition, who had boycotted the referendum claimed that the government's statistics were false and that the vote was a sham."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who controlled the media in the Congo in 2008", "id": "56dcfc1f66d3e219004dab75", "answers": [{"text": "the government", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many government TV stations exist?", "id": "56dcfc1f66d3e219004dab76", "answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many smaller stations exist that are not government-run?", "id": "56dcfc1f66d3e219004dab77", "answers": [{"text": "10", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When was the main media not owned by the government?", "id": "5ad013da77cf76001a6868ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When were many privately run forms of media being destroyed?", "id": "5ad013da77cf76001a6868ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10", "answer_start": 177}], "question": "How many large private television channels were there?", "id": "5ad013da77cf76001a6868f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 126}], "question": "How many government owned radio stations were there? ", "id": "5ad013da77cf76001a6868f1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10", "answer_start": 177}], "question": "How many privately owned radio stations were running?", "id": "5ad013da77cf76001a6868f2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2008, the main media were owned by the government, but many more privately run forms of media were being created. There is one government-owned television station and around 10 small private television channels."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who is considered to own members of the Pygmies?", "id": "56dcfc7b66d3e219004dab7b", "answers": [{"text": "Bantus", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The treatment of Pygmies has been compared to the treatment of what?", "id": "56dcfc7b66d3e219004dab7c", "answers": [{"text": "pets", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the government of the Congo pass a law to assist indigenous people?", "id": "56dcfc7b66d3e219004dab7d", "answers": [{"text": "December 30, 2010", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pygmies", "answer_start": 5}], "question": "Who do many Bantus belong to?", "id": "5ad014c177cf76001a686916", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December 30, 2010", "answer_start": 198}], "question": "When did the Congolese parliament strike down a law to protect indigenous people?", "id": "5ad014c177cf76001a686917", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "This law", "answer_start": 326}], "question": "What is the last of its kind in Africa?", "id": "5ad014c177cf76001a686918", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pets", "answer_start": 184}], "question": "What does the Congolese Human Rights Observatory say Bantus are treated as?", "id": "5ad014c177cf76001a686919", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pygmies belong from birth to Bantus", "answer_start": 5}], "question": "What does no one refer to as slavery?", "id": "5ad014c177cf76001a68691a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Many Pygmies belong from birth to Bantus in a relationship many refer to as slavery. The Congolese Human Rights Observatory says that the Pygmies are treated as property the same way \"pets\" are. On December 30, 2010, the Congolese parliament adopted a law for the promotion and protection of the rights of indigenous peoples. This law is the first of its kind in Africa, and its adoption is a historic development for indigenous peoples on the continent."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Between which two lines of latitude is the Congo located?", "id": "56dcfce466d3e219004dab81", "answers": [{"text": "4\u00b0N and 5\u00b0S", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Between which two lines of longitude is the Congo located?", "id": "56dcfce466d3e219004dab82", "answers": [{"text": "11\u00b0 and 19\u00b0E", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ocean connects to the Congo?", "id": "56dcfce466d3e219004dab83", "answers": [{"text": "Atlantic Ocean", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which country lies southwest of the Congo?", "id": "56dcfce466d3e219004dab84", "answers": [{"text": "Cabinda", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for Cabinda?", "id": "56dcfce466d3e219004dab85", "answers": [{"text": "Angola", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Congo", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is located in the northern part of sub-Saharan Africa?", "id": "5ad0157877cf76001a68693a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Congo", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is outside of latitudes 4\u00b0N and 5\u00b0S?", "id": "5ad0157877cf76001a68693b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cameroon", "answer_start": 259}], "question": "What is to the west of Gabon?", "id": "5ad0157877cf76001a68693c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Central African Republic", "answer_start": 276}], "question": "What is to the north of Cameroon?", "id": "5ad0157877cf76001a68693d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Congo", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What has a long coast on the Atlantic Ocean?", "id": "5ad0157877cf76001a68693e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Congo is located in the central-western part of sub-Saharan Africa, along the Equator, lying between latitudes 4\u00b0N and 5\u00b0S, and longitudes 11\u00b0 and 19\u00b0E. To the south and east of it is the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is also bounded by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and Cabinda (Angola) to the southwest. It has a short coast on the Atlantic Ocean."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the capital of the Congo?", "id": "56dcfd2266d3e219004dab8b", "answers": [{"text": "Brazzaville", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what river can Brazzaville be found?", "id": "56dcfd2266d3e219004dab8c", "answers": [{"text": "Congo River", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What lies directly across the Congo River from Brazzaville?", "id": "56dcfd2266d3e219004dab8d", "answers": [{"text": "Kinshasa", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country does Kinshasa serve as capital of?", "id": "56dcfd2266d3e219004dab8e", "answers": [{"text": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Congo River", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "Where is Kinshasa located?", "id": "5ad0163b77cf76001a686962", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Brazzaville", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "What is located in the north of the Congo?", "id": "5ad0163b77cf76001a686963", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kinshasa", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "What is located in the south of the Republic of the Congo?", "id": "5ad0163b77cf76001a686964", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Brazzaville", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "What city is not located on the Congo River?", "id": "5ad0163b77cf76001a686965", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kinshasa", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "What city is located far away from Brazzaville?", "id": "5ad0163b77cf76001a686966", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The capital, Brazzaville, is located on the Congo River, in the south of the country, immediately across from Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of terrain is found in the southwest part of the Congo?", "id": "56dcfef266d3e219004dab93", "answers": [{"text": "coastal plain", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which river serves as drainage for the southwest plain of the Congo?", "id": "56dcfef266d3e219004dab94", "answers": [{"text": "Kouilou-Niari River", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The middle of the country features what kind of geography?", "id": "56dcfef266d3e219004dab95", "answers": [{"text": "plateau", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What areas are facing pressure to be used for commercial gain?", "id": "56dcfef266d3e219004dab96", "answers": [{"text": "Forests", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Forests", "answer_start": 208}], "question": "What is not under increasing exploitation pressure?", "id": "5ad0170277cf76001a686976", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kouilou-Niari", "answer_start": 86}], "question": "What river is the source of drainage for the interior of the country?", "id": "5ad0170277cf76001a686977", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "coastal plain", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "What kind of geography does the northeast of the country have?", "id": "5ad0170277cf76001a686978", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 173}], "question": "How many basins are located outside of the country?", "id": "5ad0170277cf76001a686979", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "exploitation pressure", "answer_start": 237}], "question": "What do forests in the Congo not have to face?", "id": "5ad0170277cf76001a68697a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the Kouilou-Niari River; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins to the south and north. Forests are under increasing exploitation pressure."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what major line of latitude is the Congo located?", "id": "56dcff6466d3e219004dab9b", "answers": [{"text": "Equator", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the average temperature in the Congo when the sun is up?", "id": "56dcff6466d3e219004dab9c", "answers": [{"text": "24 \u00b0C (75 \u00b0F)", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the average temperature range in the Congo during the night time?", "id": "56dcff6466d3e219004dab9d", "answers": [{"text": "16 \u00b0C (61 \u00b0F) and 21 \u00b0C (70 \u00b0F)", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When does the Congo experience dry season?", "id": "56dcff6466d3e219004dab9e", "answers": [{"text": "June to August", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "located on the Equator", "answer_start": 21}], "question": "Why does the country's climate vary year-round?", "id": "5ad01a5577cf76001a686a02", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "24 \u00b0C (75 \u00b0F)", "answer_start": 130}], "question": "What is the temperature on an unusual day? ", "id": "5ad01a5577cf76001a686a03", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2,000 millimetres (79 in)", "answer_start": 309}], "question": "What is the yearly rainfall in the north of the country?", "id": "5ad01a5577cf76001a686a04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 462}], "question": "How many rainfall maxima does the minority of the country have?", "id": "5ad01a5577cf76001a686a05", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the country", "answer_start": 6}], "question": "What is not located on the Equator?", "id": "5ad01a5577cf76001a686a06", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Since the country is located on the Equator, the climate is consistent year-round, with the average day temperature being a humid 24 \u00b0C (75 \u00b0F) and nights generally between 16 \u00b0C (61 \u00b0F) and 21 \u00b0C (70 \u00b0F). The average yearly rainfall ranges from 1,100 millimetres (43 in) in south in the Niari Valley to over 2,000 millimetres (79 in) in central parts of the country. The dry season is from June to August while in the majority of the country the wet season has two rainfall maxima: one in March\u2013May and another in September\u2013November."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which group studied gorillas in 2006-07?", "id": "56dcffdc66d3e219004daba6", "answers": [{"text": "Wildlife Conservation Society", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What region is home to the gorillas studied by the Wildlife Conservation Society?", "id": "56dcffdc66d3e219004daba7", "answers": [{"text": "Sangha Region", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was responsible for maintaining the separation between the gorillas and humans?", "id": "56dcffdc66d3e219004daba9", "answers": [{"text": "inhospitable swamps", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2006\u201307", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did researchers from the Wildlife Conservation Society study chimps?", "id": "5ad01ba277cf76001a686a32", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ouesso district", "answer_start": 124}], "question": "Where did researchers study chimps in heavily forested regions?", "id": "5ad01ba277cf76001a686a33", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "125,000", "answer_start": 204}], "question": "How many chimpanzees live in the area?", "id": "5ad01ba277cf76001a686a34", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "inhospitable swamps", "answer_start": 296}], "question": "What has kept the chimps isolated from humans?", "id": "5ad01ba277cf76001a686a35", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "heavily forested", "answer_start": 83}], "question": "In what kind of regions did researchers not find any gorillas?", "id": "5ad01ba277cf76001a686a36", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2006\u201307, researchers from the Wildlife Conservation Society studied gorillas in heavily forested regions centered on the Ouesso district of the Sangha Region. They suggest a population on the order of 125,000 Western Lowland Gorillas, whose isolation from humans has been largely preserved by inhospitable swamps."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the focus of the Congo's industrial production?", "id": "56dd006d66d3e219004dabaf", "answers": [{"text": "Petroleum", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are two issues in the Congolese government?", "id": "56dd006d66d3e219004dabb0", "answers": [{"text": "budget problems and overstaffing", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did petroleum production replace as the focus of the economy?", "id": "56dd006d66d3e219004dabb1", "answers": [{"text": "forestry", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of the Congo's gross domestic product did petroleum account for in 2008?", "id": "56dd006d66d3e219004dabb2", "answers": [{"text": "65%", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of exported goods did oil account for in 2008?", "id": "56dd006d66d3e219004dabb3", "answers": [{"text": "92%", "answer_start": 358}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "handicrafts", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "What is not a part of Congo's economy?", "id": "5ad01ce177cf76001a686a6a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "petroleum", "answer_start": 103}], "question": "What is the smallest part of the industrial sector?", "id": "5ad01ce177cf76001a686a6b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "government", "answer_start": 138}], "question": "What is characterized by under staffing?", "id": "5ad01ce177cf76001a686a6c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "65", "answer_start": 311}], "question": "What percent of the GDP did forestry account for in 2008?", "id": "5ad01ce177cf76001a686a6d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "92", "answer_start": 358}], "question": "What percent of exports in 2008 were handicrafts?", "id": "5ad01ce177cf76001a686a6e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, an industrial sector based largely on petroleum, support services, and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. Petroleum extraction has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy. In 2008, oil sector accounted for 65% of the GDP, 85% of government revenue, and 92% of exports. The country also has large untapped mineral wealth."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did income from petroleum allow the government to fund in the early '80s?", "id": "56dd10cc66d3e219004dabb9", "answers": [{"text": "large-scale development projects", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Congo's annual increase in gross domestic product in the early '80s?", "id": "56dd10cc66d3e219004dabba", "answers": [{"text": "5%", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By how much were Franc Zone currencies devalued in January of 1994?", "id": "56dd10cc66d3e219004dabbb", "answers": [{"text": "50%", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much inflation did the Congo experience as a result of the devaluation of the Franc?", "id": "56dd10cc66d3e219004dabbc", "answers": [{"text": "46%", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the early 1980s", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did oil revenues rapidly decline?", "id": "5ad0205277cf76001a686ae6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rising oil revenues", "answer_start": 28}], "question": "What enabled the government to finance small development projects?", "id": "5ad0205277cf76001a686ae7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "large-scale development projects", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "What was financed by rising forestry revenues?", "id": "5ad0205277cf76001a686ae8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mortgaged a substantial portion of its petroleum earnings", "answer_start": 209}], "question": "What contributed to an excess of revenues?", "id": "5ad0205277cf76001a686ae9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1994", "answer_start": 401}], "question": "What year was inflation at its lowest point?", "id": "5ad0205277cf76001a686aea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the early 1980s, rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5% annually, one of the highest rates in Africa. The government has mortgaged a substantial portion of its petroleum earnings, contributing to a shortage of revenues. January 12, 1994 devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50% resulted in inflation of 46% in 1994, but inflation has subsided since."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What caused reform efforts to cease in 1997?", "id": "56dd117966d3e219004dabc2", "answers": [{"text": "civil war", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are two reasons why the economy was not able to progress following the civil war?", "id": "56dd117966d3e219004dabc3", "answers": [{"text": "slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did military conflict resume in the Congo?", "id": "56dd117966d3e219004dabc4", "answers": [{"text": "December 1998", "answer_start": 554}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the World Bank", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "What organization never supported economic reform efforts?", "id": "5ad021dd77cf76001a686b20", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "June 1997", "answer_start": 180}], "question": "When did the reform program start?", "id": "5ad021dd77cf76001a686b21", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "October 1997", "answer_start": 277}], "question": "When did Sassou leave power?", "id": "5ad021dd77cf76001a686b22", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "economic progress", "answer_start": 458}], "question": "What was helped by slumping oil prices?", "id": "5ad021dd77cf76001a686b23", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sassou Nguesso", "answer_start": 219}], "question": "Who did not express interest in economic reforms?", "id": "5ad021dd77cf76001a686b24", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Economic reform efforts continued with the support of international organizations, notably the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The reform program came to a halt in June 1997 when civil war erupted. When Sassou Nguesso returned to power at the end of the war in October 1997, he publicly expressed interest in moving forward on economic reforms and privatization and in renewing cooperation with international financial institutions. However, economic progress was badly hurt by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in December 1998, which worsened the republic's budget deficit."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are two economic issues faced by the Congolese government?", "id": "56dd14af9a695914005b94c4", "answers": [{"text": "stimulating recovery and reducing poverty", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two exports has the Congo begun producing recently?", "id": "56dd14af9a695914005b94c5", "answers": [{"text": "Natural gas and diamonds", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Congo allowed back into the Kimberley Process?", "id": "56dd14af9a695914005b94c8", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 488}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "current administration", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "Who presides over a stable peace?", "id": "5ad0255e77cf76001a686b98", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 187}], "question": "When were oil prices at a record low?", "id": "5ad0255e77cf76001a686b99", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Democratic Republic of Congo", "answer_start": 423}], "question": "What country allegedly smuggled diamonds out of the Congo?", "id": "5ad0255e77cf76001a686b9a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Natural gas", "answer_start": 193}], "question": "What is not a Congolese export?", "id": "5ad0255e77cf76001a686b9b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 317}], "question": "When was the Democratic Republic of Congo excluded from the Kimberly process?", "id": "5ad0255e77cf76001a686b9c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The current administration presides over an uneasy internal peace and faces difficult economic problems of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty, despite record-high oil prices since 2003. Natural gas and diamonds are also recent major Congolese exports, although Congo was excluded from the Kimberley Process in 2004 amid allegations that most of its diamond exports were in fact being smuggled out of the neighboring Democratic Republic of Congo; it was re-admitted to the group in 2007."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What precious metals and minerals have yet to be utilized in the Republic of the Congo?", "id": "56dd158266d3e219004dabc9", "answers": [{"text": "base metal, gold, iron and phosphate", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What business organization is the Congo a member of?", "id": "56dd158266d3e219004dabca", "answers": [{"text": "Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much land did the Congolese government agree to lease to South Africans in 2009?", "id": "56dd158266d3e219004dabcb", "answers": [{"text": "200,000 hectares", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Republic of the Congo", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What country doesn't have many metal deposits?", "id": "5ad0261f77cf76001a686bb4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 246}], "question": "When did the South African government sign an agreement to lease land to Congolese farmers?", "id": "5ad0261f77cf76001a686bb5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Republic of the Congo", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What country did the South African government lease land to?", "id": "5ad0261f77cf76001a686bb6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "200,000 hectares", "answer_start": 260}], "question": "How much land did South Africa lease to the Congo?", "id": "5ad0261f77cf76001a686bb7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "reduce its dependence on imports", "answer_start": 313}], "question": "Why did South Africa lease land to the Democratic Republic of Congo?", "id": "5ad0261f77cf76001a686bb8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Republic of the Congo also has large untapped base metal, gold, iron and phosphate deposits. The country is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). The Congolese government signed an agreement in 2009 to lease 200,000 hectares of land to South African farmers to reduce its dependence on imports."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What forms of transport are available in the Congo?", "id": "56dd1bb366d3e219004dabcf", "answers": [{"text": "land, air and water", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Congo's train system built?", "id": "56dd1bb366d3e219004dabd0", "answers": [{"text": "1930s", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a common destination outside of Africa for Congolese airlines?", "id": "56dd1bb366d3e219004dabd2", "answers": [{"text": "Paris", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what ocean is a major port located?", "id": "56dd1bb366d3e219004dabd3", "answers": [{"text": "Atlantic Ocean", "answer_start": 409}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "water", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "What method of transport is not available in the Republic of the Congo?", "id": "5ad0274d77cf76001a686bda", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1930s", "answer_start": 150}], "question": "When did the country's rail system get taken out of operation?", "id": "5ad0274d77cf76001a686bdb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1000", "answer_start": 210}], "question": "How many kilometers of unpaved roads are in the Congo?", "id": "5ad0274d77cf76001a686bdc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 237}], "question": "How many domestic airports are located in the Republic of the Congo?", "id": "5ad0274d77cf76001a686bdd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Atlantic", "answer_start": 409}], "question": "Which ocean does the Congo have no ports on?", "id": "5ad0274d77cf76001a686bde", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Transport in the Republic of the Congo includes land, air and water transportation. The country's rail system was built by forced laborers during the 1930s and largely remains in operation. There are also over 1000 km of paved roads and two major international airports (Maya-Maya Airport and Pointe Noire Airport) which have flights to Paris and many African cities. The country also has a large port on the Atlantic Ocean at Pointe-Noire and others along the Congo River at Brazzaville and Impfondo."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what part of the country can most of the Congo's citizens be found?", "id": "56dd1cf99a695914005b94d8", "answers": [{"text": "southwest", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long is the track connecting Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire?", "id": "56dd1cf99a695914005b94da", "answers": [{"text": "534-kilometre (332 mi)", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "70", "answer_start": 251}], "question": "What percent of the population of the Congo lives outside urban areas?", "id": "5ad0282277cf76001a686c02", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Brazzaville", "answer_start": 318}], "question": "What is one of the small cities in the Congo?", "id": "5ad0282277cf76001a686c03", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "534-kilometre (332 mi)", "answer_start": 394}], "question": "How long is the road that connects the largest cities?", "id": "5ad0282277cf76001a686c04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rural areas", "answer_start": 459}], "question": "Where has commercial activity increased rapidly?", "id": "5ad0282277cf76001a686c05", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "support and subsistence", "answer_start": 601}], "question": "What are urban economies dependent on the government for?", "id": "5ad0282277cf76001a686c06", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Republic of the Congo's sparse population is concentrated in the southwestern portion of the country, leaving the vast areas of tropical jungle in the north virtually uninhabited. Thus, Congo is one of the most urbanized countries in Africa, with 70% of its total population living in a few urban areas, namely in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire or one of the small cities or villages lining the 534-kilometre (332 mi) railway which connects the two cities. In rural areas, industrial and commercial activity has declined rapidly in recent years, leaving rural economies dependent on the government for support and subsistence."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many languages are used in the Congo?", "id": "56dd1dc29a695914005b94e0", "answers": [{"text": "62", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most populous ethnicity in the Congo?", "id": "56dd1dc29a695914005b94e1", "answers": [{"text": "Kongo", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much of the population is constituted by Pygmies?", "id": "56dd1dc29a695914005b94e3", "answers": [{"text": "2%", "answer_start": 583}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of the population of the Congo is Boulangui?", "id": "56dd1dc29a695914005b94e4", "answers": [{"text": "12%", "answer_start": 582}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Republic of the Congo", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "What country has a narrow range of languages?", "id": "5ad0290d77cf76001a686c1e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "62", "answer_start": 107}], "question": "How many languages are spoken outside of the Congo?", "id": "5ad0290d77cf76001a686c1f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "roughly half", "answer_start": 232}], "question": "What amount of the Kongo are Laari?", "id": "5ad0290d77cf76001a686c20", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vili", "answer_start": 354}], "question": "What group lives on the Pacific coast?", "id": "5ad0290d77cf76001a686c21", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 166}], "question": "How many groups can the Teke be categorized into?", "id": "5ad0290d77cf76001a686c22", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Ethnically and linguistically the population of the Republic of the Congo is diverse\u2014Ethnologue recognises 62 spoken languages in the country\u2014but can be grouped into three categories. The Kongo are the largest ethnic group and form roughly half of the population. The most significant subgroups of the Kongo are Laari in Brazzaville and Pool regions and Vili around Pointe-Noire and along the Atlantic coast. The second largest group are the Teke who live to the north of Brazzaville with 17% of the population. Boulangui (M\u2019Boshi) live in the northwest and in Brazzaville and form 12% of the population. Pygmies make up 2% of Congo's population."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Prior to the civil war in '97, how many non-Africans lived in the Republic of the Congo?", "id": "56dd1e2d9a695914005b94ea", "answers": [{"text": "about 9,000", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the dominant nationality among Europeans living in the Congo prior to the civil war?", "id": "56dd1e2d9a695914005b94eb", "answers": [{"text": "French", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Americans live in the Congo?", "id": "56dd1e2d9a695914005b94ec", "answers": [{"text": "Around 300", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "300", "answer_start": 155}], "question": "How many Americans lived in the Congo before 1997?", "id": "5ad029e677cf76001a686c42", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "300", "answer_start": 155}], "question": "How many French expatriates reside in the Congo?", "id": "5ad029e677cf76001a686c43", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "9,000", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "How many Congolese expatriates live in America?", "id": "5ad029e677cf76001a686c44", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Congo", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "Where did 9000 Europeans and other non-Africans live after the 1997 war?", "id": "5ad029e677cf76001a686c45", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were French; only a fraction of this number remains. Around 300 American expatriates reside in the Congo."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the most commonly practiced religion in the Congo?", "id": "56dd1e8366d3e219004dabd9", "answers": [{"text": "Catholics", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of Congolese citizens identify as Awakening Lutherans?", "id": "56dd1e8366d3e219004dabda", "answers": [{"text": "22.3%", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What portion of the Congolese population is Protestant?", "id": "56dd1e8366d3e219004dabdb", "answers": [{"text": "19.9%", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the percentage of Muslims living in the Congo?", "id": "56dd1e8366d3e219004dabdc", "answers": [{"text": "1.6%", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who form the majority of Islamic residents of the Congo?", "id": "56dd1e8366d3e219004dabdd", "answers": [{"text": "foreign workers", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Islam", "answer_start": 181}], "question": "What religion is notable due to an influx of foreign workers in the rural areas?", "id": "5ad02ad977cf76001a686c72", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "22.3", "answer_start": 130}], "question": "What percentage of Congolese are atheist?", "id": "5ad02ad977cf76001a686c73", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Catholics", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "What is the most popular religion in South Africa, according to the CIA World Factbook?", "id": "5ad02ad977cf76001a686c74", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Protestants", "answer_start": 147}], "question": "What religion is not found in the Congo?", "id": "5ad02ad977cf76001a686c75", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "19.9", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "What is the percentage of Protestants in South Africa?", "id": "5ad02ad977cf76001a686c76", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to CIA World Factbook, the people of Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of Catholics (33.1%), Awakening Lutherans (22.3%) and other Protestants (19.9%). Followers of Islam make up 1.6%, and this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How much of the gross domestic product was spent on public health in 2004?", "id": "56dd1ef39a695914005b94f0", "answers": [{"text": "8.9%", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the overall incidence of HIV or AIDS throughout the 15 to 49 year old population?", "id": "56dd1ef39a695914005b94f1", "answers": [{"text": "2.8%", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much was spent per capita on health in 2004 as measured in US dollars?", "id": "56dd1ef39a695914005b94f2", "answers": [{"text": "$30", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For every 100,000 people, how many phyisicians were there in the Congo in the early '00s?", "id": "56dd1ef39a695914005b94f4", "answers": [{"text": "20", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "8.9", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "What percentage of the GDP was public expenditure health after 2004?", "id": "5ad02c2177cf76001a686caa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2.8%", "answer_start": 142}], "question": "What was the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in people over 49? ", "id": "5ad02c2177cf76001a686cab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "US$30", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "How much was spent on health per capita after 2004?", "id": "5ad02c2177cf76001a686cac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "malnutrition", "answer_start": 287}], "question": "What is happening to only a small portion of the population?", "id": "5ad02c2177cf76001a686cad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "20", "answer_start": 349}], "question": "How many physicians per 100,000 people were there in the late 2000s?", "id": "5ad02c2177cf76001a686cae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Public expenditure health was at 8.9% of the GDP in 2004, whereas private expenditure was at 1.3%. As of 2012, the HIV/AIDS prevalence was at 2.8% among 15- to 49-year-olds. Health expenditure was at US$30 per capita in 2004. A large proportion of the population is undernourished, with malnutrition being a problem in Congo-Brazzaville. There were 20 physicians per 100,000 persons in the early 2000s (decade)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "As measured in 2010, how many deaths occurred for every 100,000 live births in the Congo?", "id": "56dd1f7866d3e219004dabe3", "answers": [{"text": "560", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does FGM stand for?", "id": "56dd1f7866d3e219004dabe4", "answers": [{"text": "Female genital mutilation", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many infants die for every 1,000 live births?", "id": "56dd1f7866d3e219004dabe5", "answers": [{"text": "59.34", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "560 deaths/100,000 live births", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "What was the maternal mortality rate of the Congo in the year 2000?", "id": "5ad02d2777cf76001a686cec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "59.34 deaths/1,000 live births", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "What was the infant mortality rate of the Congo in 1990?", "id": "5ad02d2777cf76001a686ced", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Female genital mutilation", "answer_start": 142}], "question": "What procedure is common in the country?", "id": "5ad02d2777cf76001a686cee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "limited geographic areas", "answer_start": 216}], "question": "Where is female genital mutilation not found in the Congo?", "id": "5ad02d2777cf76001a686cef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "59.34 deaths/1,000 live births", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "What is the infant mortality rate in South Africa?", "id": "5ad02d2777cf76001a686cf0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "As of 2010, the maternal mortality rate was 560 deaths/100,000 live births, and the infant mortality rate was 59.34 deaths/1,000 live births. Female genital mutilation (FGM) is rare in the country, being confined to limited geographic areas of the country."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Public schooling is required for people under what age?", "id": "56dd1ff566d3e219004dabe9", "answers": [{"text": "16", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the school enrollment rate in 2005?", "id": "56dd1ff566d3e219004dabea", "answers": [{"text": "44%", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do students who finish 13 years of schooling receive?", "id": "56dd1ff566d3e219004dabeb", "answers": [{"text": "baccalaureate", "answer_start": 428}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language is used in Congolese schools?", "id": "56dd1ff566d3e219004dabed", "answers": [{"text": "French", "answer_start": 706}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Public expenditure of the GDP", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was higher in 2002 than in 1991?", "id": "5ad02dd977cf76001a686d0a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Public education", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "What is theoretically free for people over 16?", "id": "5ad02dd977cf76001a686d0b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "between ages six and sixteen", "answer_start": 291}], "question": "When is education not compulsory?", "id": "5ad02dd977cf76001a686d0c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Marien Ngouabi University", "answer_start": 544}], "question": "What is the country's only private university?", "id": "5ad02dd977cf76001a686d0d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "medicine", "answer_start": 594}], "question": "What courses are not offered at Marien Ngouabi University?", "id": "5ad02dd977cf76001a686d0e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Public expenditure of the GDP was less in 2002\u201305 than in 1991. Public education is theoretically free and mandatory for under-16-year-olds, but in practice, expenses exist. Net primary enrollment rate was 44% in 2005, much less than the 79% in 1991. The country has universities. Education between ages six and sixteen is compulsory. Pupils who complete six years of primary school and seven years of secondary school obtain a baccalaureate. At the university, students can obtain a bachelor's degree in three years and a master's after four. Marien Ngouabi University\u2014which offers courses in medicine, law and several other fields\u2014is the country's only public university. Instruction at all levels is in French, and the educational system as a whole models the French system. The educational infrastructure has been seriously degraded as a result of political and economic crises. There are no seats in most classrooms, forcing children to sit on the floor. Enterprising individuals have set up private schools, but they often lack the technical knowledge and familiarity with the national curriculum to teach effectively. Families frequently enroll their children in private schools only to find they cannot make the payments."}]}, {"title": "Prime_minister", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What branch of government does the prime minister lead?", "id": "56dd20d966d3e219004dabf3", "answers": [{"text": "executive", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group is the prime minister usually in charge of?", "id": "56dd20d966d3e219004dabf4", "answers": [{"text": "cabinet", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In some political models like semi-presidential systems, what does the prime minister manage?", "id": "56dd20d966d3e219004dabf5", "answers": [{"text": "civil service", "answer_start": 524}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prime minister", "answer_start": 2}], "question": "Who is the senior minister of the judicial branch?", "id": "5acf70f877cf76001a684e3e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cabinet", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "What group oversees the Prime Minister?", "id": "5acf70f877cf76001a684e3f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cabinet", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "Who selects the Prime Minister?", "id": "5acf70f877cf76001a684e40", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "semi-presidential", "answer_start": 419}], "question": "In what type of system is the prime minister the head of state?", "id": "5acf70f877cf76001a684e41", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime minister is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet. In a minority of systems, notably in semi-presidential systems of government, a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is a parliamentary model on which other systems have been based?", "id": "56dd21309a695914005b94fa", "answers": [{"text": "Westminster system", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of role is the head of state in Westminster-based parliamentary governments?", "id": "56dd21309a695914005b94fb", "answers": [{"text": "ceremonial", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Westminster system", "answer_start": 45}], "question": "In wich parlimentry system is the monarch the head of state?", "id": "5acf7a3677cf76001a684efe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Westminster system", "answer_start": 45}], "question": "In what system does the prime minister have reserve powers?", "id": "5acf7a3677cf76001a684eff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of state's official representative (i.e. the monarch, president, or governor-general) usually holds a largely ceremonial position, although often with reserve powers."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is a central duty of the prime minister?", "id": "56dd219e9a695914005b9500", "answers": [{"text": "ensure the passage of bills", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is it called when a monarch has a share of executive powers?", "id": "56dd219e9a695914005b9501", "answers": [{"text": "royal prerogative", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Using royal prerogative does not require the consent of which body?", "id": "56dd219e9a695914005b9502", "answers": [{"text": "parliament", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prime minister", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "Who has no reponsibility for passing bills with the rest of the cabinet?", "id": "5acf9d1f77cf76001a685502", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "royal prerogative", "answer_start": 263}], "question": "What is it called when the monarch has all the executive powers?", "id": "5acf9d1f77cf76001a685503", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "parliament", "answer_start": 373}], "question": "Who must consent to the use of royal perogative?", "id": "5acf9d1f77cf76001a685504", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of parliament[clarification needed] and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise executive powers (known as the royal prerogative) that are constitutionally vested in the crown and may be exercised without the approval of parliament."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are two other job titles of the Prime Minister of the  UK?", "id": "56dd22b366d3e219004dabfb", "answers": [{"text": "First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to being Prime Minister, what other role did Winston Churchill serve during World War II?", "id": "56dd22b366d3e219004dabfc", "answers": [{"text": "Minister of Defence", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service", "answer_start": 148}], "question": "What are former titles once held by the Prime Minister of the UK?", "id": "5acf9ec577cf76001a685596", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Minister of Defence", "answer_start": 329}], "question": "What role did Winton Churchhill serve in during World War II rather than Prime Minister?", "id": "5acf9ec577cf76001a685597", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Minister of Communications, Foreign Affairs, Regional Cooperation, Economy and Interior", "answer_start": 471}], "question": "What roles did Benjamin Netanyahu serve in prior to serving on the cabinet of Israel?", "id": "5acf9ec577cf76001a685598", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "As well as being head of government, a prime minister may have other roles or titles\u2014the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, for example, is also First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service. Prime ministers may take other ministerial posts\u2014for example, during the Second World War, Winston Churchill was also Minister of Defence (although there was then no Ministry of Defence), and in the current cabinet of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu also serves as Minister of Communications, Foreign Affairs, Regional Cooperation, Economy and Interior"}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the title of prime minister first used?", "id": "56dd231566d3e219004dac01", "answers": [{"text": "1625", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who coined the term prime minister?", "id": "56dd231566d3e219004dac02", "answers": [{"text": "Cardinal Richelieu", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country did Richelieu serve as prime minister for?", "id": "56dd231566d3e219004dac03", "answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who started a tradition of naming the head ministers something other than prime minister?", "id": "56dd231566d3e219004dac04", "answers": [{"text": "Louis XIV", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Premier Ministre", "answer_start": 53}], "question": "What term was first used in the 16th century?", "id": "5acfa23977cf76001a685638", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cardinal Richelieu", "answer_start": 99}], "question": "Who used the term Prme Minister in the 16th century?", "id": "5acfa23977cf76001a685639", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cardinal Richelieu", "answer_start": 99}], "question": "Who was named head of the royal council in the 16th century", "id": "5acfa23977cf76001a68563a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Louis XIV and his descendants", "answer_start": 199}], "question": "Who avoided giving the title of Prime Minister to their chief ministers?", "id": "5acfa23977cf76001a68563b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The first actual usage of the term prime minister or Premier Ministre[citation needed] was used by Cardinal Richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France. Louis XIV and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the modern usage of prime minister come into being?", "id": "56dd23589a695914005b9506", "answers": [{"text": "18th century", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was referenced as prime minister in a negative manner when the term was first used in its modern sense?", "id": "56dd23589a695914005b9507", "answers": [{"text": "Sir Robert Walpole", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The term prime minister in the sense that we know it", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What came into use in the 1800's?", "id": "5acfa31377cf76001a68568c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sir Robert Walpole", "answer_start": 178}], "question": "Who was the first person to be called Prime Minister?", "id": "5acfa31377cf76001a68568d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prime minister", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "What title is no longer honorific?", "id": "5acfa31377cf76001a68568e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prime minister", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "What term was used negatively in the 1800's?", "id": "5acfa31377cf76001a68568f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. Over time, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who occupied the role that would later become prime minister under Henry VIII?", "id": "56dd243f66d3e219004dac09", "answers": [{"text": "Thomas Cromwell", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who held the equivalent of the post of prime minister under Queen Anne?", "id": "56dd243f66d3e219004dac0a", "answers": [{"text": "Godolphin", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who served as the head minister under Charles II?", "id": "56dd243f66d3e219004dac0c", "answers": [{"text": "Clarendon", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ministers", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "Who did the monarchs of England and the United Kingdom not trust?", "id": "5acfa3cb77cf76001a6856b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prime minister", "answer_start": 454}], "question": "What position did Thomas Cromwell hold under Queen Anne?", "id": "5acfa3cb77cf76001a6856b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII; William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I; Clarendon under Charles II and Godolphin under Queen Anne. These ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as \"the minister\", the \"chief minister\", the \"first minister\" and finally the \"prime minister\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "From whom did ministers derive their power?", "id": "56dd25349a695914005b950a", "answers": [{"text": "the monarch", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was responsible for naming people to serve in the cabinet?", "id": "56dd25349a695914005b950c", "answers": [{"text": "the monarch", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "parliamentary majority", "answer_start": 199}], "question": "What majority was the prime minister dependent on?", "id": "5acfa46577cf76001a6856ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cabinet", "answer_start": 260}], "question": "What body did the monarch have no control over?", "id": "5acfa46577cf76001a6856cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cabinet", "answer_start": 260}], "question": "What body had life long membership?", "id": "5acfa46577cf76001a6856cc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The power of these ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing the parliament was among the necessary skills of holding high office, they did not depend on a parliamentary majority for their power. Although there was a cabinet, it was appointed entirely by the monarch, and the monarch usually presided over its meetings."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who are the two ministers used by Queen Anne simultaneously?", "id": "56dd25a59a695914005b9511", "answers": [{"text": "Harley and St John", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was exiled when he lost the favor of the monarch?", "id": "56dd25a59a695914005b9513", "answers": [{"text": "Clarendon", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Harley and St John", "answer_start": 340}], "question": "What two ministers fought for power uner Anne?", "id": "5acfa4e977cf76001a6856da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Clarendon", "answer_start": 115}], "question": "Who exiled the monarch?", "id": "5acfa4e977cf76001a6856db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cromwell", "answer_start": 89}], "question": "Who did the monarch refuse to have executed?", "id": "5acfa4e977cf76001a6856dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "When the monarch grew tired of a first minister, he or she could be dismissed, or worse: Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour. Kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister from becoming too powerful. Late in Anne's reign, for example, the Tory ministers Harley and St John shared power."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What 1688 event helped the parliament solidy its power against the monarch?", "id": "56dd260266d3e219004dac12", "answers": [{"text": "Glorious Revolution", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What 1689 law contributed to parliament's growing power?", "id": "56dd260266d3e219004dac13", "answers": [{"text": "Bill of Rights", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What body was incorporated into the government as a result of the Bill of Rights?", "id": "56dd260266d3e219004dac14", "answers": [{"text": "House of Commons", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "English Civil War", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "What war took place in the 1700's?", "id": "5acfa94777cf76001a685794", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "English Civil War", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "What war strenthened the monarchs position?", "id": "5acfa94777cf76001a685795", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Glorious Revolution", "answer_start": 162}], "question": "What Revolution took place in the 17th century?", "id": "5acfa94777cf76001a685796", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bill of Rights", "answer_start": 209}], "question": "What bill was passed in the 17th century?", "id": "5acfa94777cf76001a685797", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bill of Rights", "answer_start": 209}], "question": "What bill gave the monarch the power to establish law and impose taxes?", "id": "5acfa94777cf76001a685798", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the mid 17th century, after the English Civil War (1642\u20131651), Parliament strengthened its position relative to the monarch then gained more power through the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and passage of the Bill of Rights in 1689. The monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission and thus the House of Commons became a part of the government. It is at this point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The reign of which king was a turning point in the growth of the position of prime minister?", "id": "56dd26729a695914005b9520", "answers": [{"text": "George I", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Queen Anne die?", "id": "56dd26729a695914005b9521", "answers": [{"text": "1714", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was George I's home?", "id": "56dd26729a695914005b9522", "answers": [{"text": "Hanover", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1714", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "When did George I die?", "id": "5acfadb377cf76001a685816", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "English,", "answer_start": 156}], "question": "What language did George speak?", "id": "5acfadb377cf76001a685817", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the king's first minister", "answer_start": 340}], "question": "Who did George appoint head of the government?", "id": "5acfadb377cf76001a685818", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714 and the accession of George I to the throne. George spoke no English, spent much of his time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the details of English government. In these circumstances it was inevitable that the king's first minister would become the de facto head of the government."}, {"qas": [{"question": "For how long did Robert Walpole serve as prime minister?", "id": "56dd26ee9a695914005b9526", "answers": [{"text": "twenty-one years", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What party did Walpole belong to?", "id": "56dd26ee9a695914005b9527", "answers": [{"text": "Whig", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What concept took shape during Walpole's tenure as prime minister?", "id": "56dd26ee9a695914005b9528", "answers": [{"text": "doctrine of cabinet solidarity", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What would a minister have to do if he did not publicly support a cabinet policy?", "id": "56dd26ee9a695914005b9529", "answers": [{"text": "resign", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is another prime minister who reiterated the principles of cabinet solidarity?", "id": "56dd26ee9a695914005b952a", "answers": [{"text": "Lord Melbourne", "answer_start": 529}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Robert Walpole", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "Who was the prime minister in the 17th century?", "id": "5acfb19277cf76001a6858da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Robert Walpole", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "Who waited 21 years to become Prime minister?", "id": "5acfb19277cf76001a6858db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Robert Walpole", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "Who's opponents packed the House of Commons?", "id": "5acfb19277cf76001a6858dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prime minister", "answer_start": 513}], "question": "Who did the monarch declare could see him in private?", "id": "5acfb19277cf76001a6858dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "From 1721 this was the Whig politician Robert Walpole, who held office for twenty-one years. Walpole chaired cabinet meetings, appointed all the other ministers, dispensed the royal patronage and packed the House of Commons with his supporters. Under Walpole, the doctrine of cabinet solidarity developed. Walpole required that no minister other than himself have private dealings with the king, and also that when the cabinet had agreed on a policy, all ministers must defend it in public, or resign. As a later prime minister, Lord Melbourne, said, \"It matters not what we say, gentlemen, so long as we all say the same thing.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Aside from Walpole, who else denied that there was no such thing as the prime minister?", "id": "56dd2d7d9a695914005b9530", "answers": [{"text": "parliamentarians and legal scholars", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which kings tried to get power back to the monarchy?", "id": "56dd2d7d9a695914005b9531", "answers": [{"text": "George II and George III", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During whose government did prime minister first see use on official state documents?", "id": "56dd2d7d9a695914005b9533", "answers": [{"text": "Benjamin Disraeli", "answer_start": 690}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the position of prime minister finally formalized?", "id": "56dd2d7d9a695914005b9534", "answers": [{"text": "1905", "answer_start": 775}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "legal scholars", "answer_start": 105}], "question": "Who tried to prove the exitence of the Prime Minister?", "id": "5acfb29077cf76001a685940", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "George II and George III", "answer_start": 192}], "question": "What monarch gave more power to the prime minister?", "id": "5acfb29077cf76001a685941", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prime minister", "answer_start": 468}], "question": "Who was loyal to the Commons?", "id": "5acfb29077cf76001a685942", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "William Pitt the Younger", "answer_start": 483}], "question": "What prime minster was mentally ill?", "id": "5acfb29077cf76001a685943", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Walpole always denied that he was \"prime minister\", and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to deny that any such position was known to the Constitution. George II and George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch, but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who could command the loyalty of the Commons was increasingly necessary. The long tenure of the wartime prime minister William Pitt the Younger (1783\u20131801), combined with the mental illness of George III, consolidated the power of the post. The title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the formal British Order of precedence until 1905."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In the U.S. and governments modeled on it, who holds executive power?", "id": "56dd2e5966d3e219004dac1f", "answers": [{"text": "president", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prime minister or equivalent minister", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "What did most countries have by the late 2000's?", "id": "5acfb7c977cf76001a685a3c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Latin America", "answer_start": 287}], "question": "Where in the Amaricas has the British system been adopted?", "id": "5acfb7c977cf76001a685a3d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "By the late 20th century, the majority of the world's countries had a prime minister or equivalent minister, holding office under either a constitutional monarchy or a ceremonial president. The main exceptions to this system have been the United States and the presidential republics in Latin America modelled on the U.S. system, in which the president directly exercises executive authority."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which non-elected official has held the longest term as prime minister?", "id": "56dd2ea866d3e219004dac23", "answers": [{"text": "Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Khalifa first take the post of prime minister?", "id": "56dd2ea866d3e219004dac24", "answers": [{"text": "1970", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country does Khalifah serve for as prime minister?", "id": "56dd2ea866d3e219004dac25", "answers": [{"text": "Bahrain", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "who is the longest serving elected prime minister?", "id": "5acfb8fa77cf76001a685a76", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Bahrain's prime minister, Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah has been in the post since 1970, making him the longest serving non-elected prime minister."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Greece, Finland, Romania and Turkey use what kind of government?", "id": "56dd2f1f9a695914005b9545", "answers": [{"text": "parliamentary republics", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In whic type of government is the leader elected?", "id": "56dd2f1f9a695914005b9546", "answers": [{"text": "parliamentary republics", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spain", "answer_start": 170}], "question": "What other country besides Greece is a constitutional monarch?", "id": "5acfbc9077cf76001a685b64", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the head of state", "answer_start": 292}], "question": "Who is elected in a constitutional monarch?", "id": "5acfbc9077cf76001a685b65", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The post of prime minister may be encountered both in constitutional monarchies (such as Belgium, Denmark, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Malaysia, Morocco, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom), and in parliamentary republics in which the head of state is an elected official (such as Finland ,the Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Pakistan, Portugal, Montenegro, Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Turkey). See also \"First Minister\", \"Premier\", \"Chief Minister\", \"Chancellor\", \"Taoiseach\", \"Statsminister\" and \"Secretary of State\": alternative titles usually equivalent in meaning to, or translated as, \"prime minister\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the term for the head of China's government?", "id": "56dd2f9a66d3e219004dac2b", "answers": [{"text": "Premier of the State Council", "answer_start": 528}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for the Republic of China?", "id": "56dd2f9a66d3e219004dac2c", "answers": [{"text": "Taiwan", "answer_start": 599}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose consent is not required for the Taiwanese premier to take office?", "id": "56dd2f9a66d3e219004dac2d", "answers": [{"text": "legislature", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the prime minister", "answer_start": 241}], "question": "Who is both head of state and the head of government in France?", "id": "5acfc02977cf76001a685c76", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the premier", "answer_start": 561}], "question": "Who is appointed by the president and approved by the legislature in Taiwan?", "id": "5acfc02977cf76001a685c77", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "This contrasts with the presidential system, in which the president (or equivalent) is both the head of state and the head of the government. In some presidential or semi-presidential systems, such as those of France, Russia or South Korea, the prime minister is an official generally appointed by the president but usually approved by the legislature and responsible for carrying out the directives of the president and managing the civil service. The head of government of the People's Republic of China is referred to as the Premier of the State Council and the premier of the Republic of China (Taiwan) is also appointed by the president, but requires no approval by the legislature."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the term for a situation in which the president and prime minister come from different political parties?", "id": "56dd2ff966d3e219004dac33", "answers": [{"text": "cohabitation", "answer_start": 428}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can the French parliament cause in order to oust the prime minister?", "id": "56dd2ff966d3e219004dac34", "answers": [{"text": "resignation of the government", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prime minister", "answer_start": 19}], "question": "What french official must be approved by the parliment?", "id": "5acfc11177cf76001a685cda", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "resignation of the government", "answer_start": 124}], "question": "what can the prime minister force in order to oust the government in France?", "id": "5acfc11177cf76001a685cdb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cohabitation", "answer_start": 428}], "question": "What is it called when the president and and legislature are controlled by the same party", "id": "5acfc11177cf76001a685cdc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Appointment of the prime minister of France requires no approval by the parliament either, but the parliament may force the resignation of the government. In these systems, it is possible for the president and the prime minister to be from different political parties if the legislature is controlled by a party different from that of the president. When it arises, such a state of affairs is usually referred to as (political) cohabitation."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which constitution details the role and abilities of the prime minister?", "id": "56dd304366d3e219004dac37", "answers": [{"text": "Bangladesh's", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other considerations are included in the constitution of Bangladesh as regards the prime minister?", "id": "56dd304366d3e219004dac38", "answers": [{"text": "the process of his/her appointment and dismissal", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bangladesh", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What contry only vaugly outlines the role of prime minister?", "id": "5acfc17677cf76001a685cf4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Bangladesh's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is directly above the premier in the People's Republic of China?", "id": "56dd30949a695914005b954c", "answers": [{"text": "the National People's Congress", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the pinyin form of premier?", "id": "56dd30949a695914005b954d", "answers": [{"text": "Z\u014fngl\u012d", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "National People's Congress", "answer_start": 83}], "question": "Who is directly below the premier in the People's Republic of China?", "id": "5acfc1c677cf76001a685d1a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The People's Republic of China constitution set a premier just one place below the National People's Congress in China. Premier read as (Simplified Chinese: \u603b\u7406; pinyin: Z\u014fngl\u012d) in Chinese."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which law first referred to the prime minister in Canada?", "id": "56dd310066d3e219004dac3c", "answers": [{"text": "the Constitution Act", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Constitution Act passed?", "id": "56dd310066d3e219004dac3d", "answers": [{"text": "1982", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Constitution Act mentions the prime minister in the context of which kinds of other ministers?", "id": "56dd310066d3e219004dac3e", "answers": [{"text": "federal and provincial first ministers", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canada", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What country has completly uncodified constitution?", "id": "5acfc29877cf76001a685d5a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "constitution", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "What document in Canada has allowed for a prime minister since it was drafted?", "id": "5acfc29877cf76001a685d5b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Constitution Act", "answer_start": 299}], "question": "What act was passed in the 18th century?", "id": "5acfc29877cf76001a685d5c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Canada's constitution, being a 'mixed' or hybrid constitution (a constitution that is partly formally codified and partly uncodified) originally did not make any reference whatsoever to a prime minister, with her or his specific duties and method of appointment instead dictated by \"convention\". In the Constitution Act, 1982, passing reference to a \"Prime Minister of Canada\" is added, though only regarding the composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What document details the role and abilities given to the prime minister of the Czech Republic?", "id": "56dd312c9a695914005b9558", "answers": [{"text": "constitution", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Czech Republic's", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who's constitution is not clear on how a prime minster should be removed?", "id": "5acfc2c977cf76001a685d60", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Czech Republic's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was prime minister first mentioned in a government document in the UK?", "id": "56dd322166d3e219004dac44", "answers": [{"text": "first decade of the twentieth century", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the last prime minister to serve simultaneously as Chancellor of the Exchequer?", "id": "56dd322166d3e219004dac46", "answers": [{"text": "Balfour", "answer_start": 602}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Balfour last hold the titles of prime minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer?", "id": "56dd322166d3e219004dac47", "answers": [{"text": "1905", "answer_start": 613}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The United Kingdom's", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who's constitution is well codefied?", "id": "5acfc40e77cf76001a685dce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prime minister", "answer_start": 97}], "question": "What office did not exist in any form in the UK until the early twentieth century?", "id": "5acfc40e77cf76001a685dcf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Balfour", "answer_start": 602}], "question": "Who was the forst prime minister to also be Chancellor of the Exchequer?", "id": "5acfc40e77cf76001a685dd0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1905", "answer_start": 613}], "question": "When did Balfour leave the offeice of Chancellor of the Exchequer to become Prime Minisater?", "id": "5acfc40e77cf76001a685dd1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The United Kingdom's constitution, being uncodified and largely unwritten, makes no mention of a prime minister. Though it had de facto existed for centuries, its first mention in official state documents did not occur until the first decade of the twentieth century. Accordingly, it is often said \"not to exist\", indeed there are several instances of parliament declaring this to be the case. The prime minister sits in the cabinet solely by virtue of occupying another office, either First Lord of the Treasury (office in commission), or more rarely Chancellor of the Exchequer (the last of whom was Balfour in 1905)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which prime minister was appointed only one time?", "id": "56dd328e66d3e219004dac4d", "answers": [{"text": "Margaret Thatcher", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Thatcher appointed prime minister?", "id": "56dd328e66d3e219004dac4e", "answers": [{"text": "1979", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Thatcher last hold power?", "id": "56dd328e66d3e219004dac4f", "answers": [{"text": "1990", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Margaret Thatcher reconfigure following each general election?", "id": "56dd328e66d3e219004dac50", "answers": [{"text": "cabinet", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prime ministers", "answer_start": 5}], "question": "What leader of the cabinet has a limeted term?", "id": "5acfc4e877cf76001a685e04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Margaret Thatcher", "answer_start": 188}], "question": "What Prime Minister was appointed multiple times?", "id": "5acfc4e877cf76001a685e05", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Most prime ministers in parliamentary systems are not appointed for a specific term in office and in effect may remain in power through a number of elections and parliaments. For example, Margaret Thatcher was only ever appointed prime minister on one occasion, in 1979. She remained continuously in power until 1990, though she used the assembly of each House of Commons after a general election to reshuffle her cabinet."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the prime ministerial position in Ireland?", "id": "56dd32e966d3e219004dac55", "answers": [{"text": "Taoiseach", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From where is the Irish prime minister usually selected?", "id": "56dd32e966d3e219004dac56", "answers": [{"text": "the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament", "answer_start": 553}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is the Irish Taoiseach renominated?", "id": "56dd32e966d3e219004dac57", "answers": [{"text": "after every general election", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prime minister", "answer_start": 514}], "question": "Who is chosen from the party that hold a minority of seats in the lower hhouse of parliment?", "id": "5acfc57f77cf76001a685e2e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prime minister", "answer_start": 54}], "question": "Who is the Taoiseach in the UK?", "id": "5acfc57f77cf76001a685e2f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "after every general election", "answer_start": 171}], "question": "When is the Taoiseach reelected?", "id": "5acfc57f77cf76001a685e30", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some states, however, do have a term of office of the prime minister linked to the period in office of the parliament. Hence the Irish Taoiseach is formally 'renominated' after every general election. (Some constitutional experts have questioned whether this process is actually in keeping with the provisions of the Irish constitution, which appear to suggest that a taoiseach should remain in office, without the requirement of a renomination, unless s/he has clearly lost the general election.) The position of prime minister is normally chosen from the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Most parliamentary governments need to have the support of what governmental body?", "id": "56dd337966d3e219004dac5b", "answers": [{"text": "lower house of parliament", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which political division does not often utilize its power, if it has any?", "id": "56dd337966d3e219004dac5c", "answers": [{"text": "upper houses", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of referendum can the lower house of parliament take against the government?", "id": "56dd337966d3e219004dac5d", "answers": [{"text": "vote of confidence", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "governments", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "What needs the support of the upper house of parliment?", "id": "5acfc61077cf76001a685e6e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "power", "answer_start": 320}], "question": "What does the lower house seldom use?", "id": "5acfc61077cf76001a685e6f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "motion of no confidence", "answer_start": 393}], "question": "What kind of referendum can the lower house take against the upper house of parliment?", "id": "5acfc61077cf76001a685e70", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In parliamentary systems, governments are generally required to have the confidence of the lower house of parliament (though a small minority of parliaments, by giving a right to block supply to upper houses, in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses, though in reality upper houses, even when they have the power, rarely exercise it). Where they lose a vote of confidence, have a motion of no confidence passed against them, or where they lose supply, most constitutional systems require either:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who can put a stop the parliamentary attempts at dissovling itself in some areas?", "id": "56dd34f19a695914005b955a", "answers": [{"text": "head of state", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If the head of state prevents the dissolution of parliament, what needs to happen?", "id": "56dd34f19a695914005b955b", "answers": [{"text": "resignation of the prime minister and his or her government", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In contemporary parliamentary governments, which official is usually in charge of asking parliament to dissolve?", "id": "56dd34f19a695914005b955c", "answers": [{"text": "prime minister", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "head of state", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "who has the power to disolve parliment?", "id": "5acfc68777cf76001a685eaa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "head of state", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "Who can the prime minister damand a resignation from?", "id": "5acfc68777cf76001a685eab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "parliamentary dissolution", "answer_start": 364}], "question": "what kind of dissalution can parliment request?", "id": "5acfc68777cf76001a685eac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The latter in effect allows the government to appeal the opposition of parliament to the electorate. However, in many jurisdictions a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution, requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government. In most modern parliamentary systems, the prime minister is the person who decides when to request a parliamentary dissolution."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the convention of prime ministers initiating the dissolution of parliament started?", "id": "56dd35839a695914005b9560", "answers": [{"text": "1918", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Ireland, when was the power to dissolve parliament assigned to the prime minister?", "id": "56dd35839a695914005b9561", "answers": [{"text": "1937", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The 1922 Irish Free State Constitution previously gave what body the power to dissolve parliament?", "id": "56dd35839a695914005b9562", "answers": [{"text": "the Executive Council", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Executive Council an alternate name for?", "id": "56dd35839a695914005b9563", "answers": [{"text": "cabinet", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prime minister", "answer_start": 126}], "question": "Who lost the power to request a dissolution of parliment in 1918?", "id": "5acfc75377cf76001a685f06", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1918", "answer_start": 196}], "question": "since when has the power to request a dissalution belonged to the whole government?", "id": "5acfc75377cf76001a685f07", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "requests a dissolution of parliament", "answer_start": 145}], "question": "What does the Executive Council have the power to do in Ireland?", "id": "5acfc75377cf76001a685f08", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "requests a dissolution of parliament", "answer_start": 145}], "question": "What could the Taoiseach due prior to 1922", "id": "5acfc75377cf76001a685f09", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet. In the United Kingdom, for example, the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918. Prior to then, it was the entire government that made the request. Similarly, though the modern 1937 Irish constitution grants to the Taoiseach the right to make the request, the earlier 1922 Irish Free State Constitution vested the power in the Executive Council (the then name for the Irish cabinet)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What process signals the need for the prime minister to resign in Australia?", "id": "56dd362466d3e219004dac63", "answers": [{"text": "spill motion", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "spill motion", "answer_start": 118}], "question": "What motion requires the head of State to step down in Australia?", "id": "5acfc7a177cf76001a685f20", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tony Abbott, Julia Gillard and Kevin Rudd.", "answer_start": 152}], "question": "Who sucefully stopped a spill motion in Australia?", "id": "5acfc7a177cf76001a685f21", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In Australia, the Prime Minister is expected to step down if s/he loses the majority support of his/her party under a spill motion as have many such as Tony Abbott, Julia Gillard and Kevin Rudd."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the Russian term for prime minister?", "id": "56dd36749a695914005b9568", "answers": [{"text": "Chairman of the government", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Israeli term for prime minister?", "id": "56dd36749a695914005b9569", "answers": [{"text": "Rosh HaMemshalah", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term used in spain for prime minister?", "id": "56dd36749a695914005b956a", "answers": [{"text": "President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno)", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Irish term for prime minister?", "id": "56dd36749a695914005b956b", "answers": [{"text": "Taoiseach", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prime minister", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "Who is Chairmen of the government in Ireland?", "id": "5acfc83977cf76001a685f34", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prime minister", "answer_start": 32}], "question": "What is another termfor Rosh HaMemshalah in Russia?", "id": "5acfc83977cf76001a685f35", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled Chairman of the government while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach (which is rendered into English as prime minister), and in Israel he is Rosh HaMemshalah meaning \"head of the government\". In many cases, though commonly used, \"prime minister\" is not the official title of the office-holder; the Spanish prime minister is the President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the Italian term for the prime minister?", "id": "56dd36df66d3e219004dac67", "answers": [{"text": "president of the council of ministers", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the native term for prime minister in Scandinavia?", "id": "56dd36df66d3e219004dac68", "answers": [{"text": "statsminister", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri", "answer_start": 88}], "question": "What does the title Satsminister refer to in Italy?", "id": "5acfc8b977cf76001a685f68", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the head of government of subnational entities such as provinces", "answer_start": 326}], "question": "Who is nown as the prime minister in federations?", "id": "5acfc8b977cf76001a685f69", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Other common forms include president of the council of ministers (for example in Italy, Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri), President of the Executive Council, or Minister-President. In the Scandinavian countries the prime minister is called statsminister in the native languages (i.e. minister of state). In federations, the head of government of subnational entities such as provinces is most commonly known as the premier, chief minister, governor or minister-president."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is a term that is used to mean prime minister?", "id": "56dd374a66d3e219004dac6d", "answers": [{"text": "premier", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which countries use the term chancellor to denote the head of government?", "id": "56dd374a66d3e219004dac6e", "answers": [{"text": "Germany and Austria", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the head of Monaco's government called?", "id": "56dd374a66d3e219004dac6f", "answers": [{"text": "Minister of State", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term for the highest position in government in Vatican City?", "id": "56dd374a66d3e219004dac70", "answers": [{"text": "Secretary of State", "answer_start": 538}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the head of Iran's government called?", "id": "56dd374a66d3e219004dac71", "answers": [{"text": "President", "answer_start": 695}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the head of government", "answer_start": 501}], "question": "What is the secretary of State in Italy?", "id": "5acfc92b77cf76001a685f8e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "President", "answer_start": 695}], "question": "Who is head of state and government in Iran?", "id": "5acfc92b77cf76001a685f8f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The convention in the English language is to call nearly all national heads of government \"prime minister\" (sometimes modified to the equivalent term of premier), regardless of the correct title of the head of government as applied in his or her respective country. The few exceptions to the rule are Germany and Austria, whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as Chancellor; Monaco, whose head of government is referred to as the Minister of State; and Vatican City, for which the head of government is titled the Secretary of State. In the case of Ireland, the head of government is occasionally referred to as the Taoiseach by English speakers. A stand-out case is the President of Iran, who is not actually a head of state, but the head of the government of Iran. He is referred to as \"president\" in both the Persian and English languages."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what kinds of nations can the head of government attain the title of Excellency?", "id": "56dd37fe66d3e219004dac77", "answers": [{"text": "non-Commonwealth countries", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What honorific title can be given to prime ministers in commonwealth nations?", "id": "56dd37fe66d3e219004dac78", "answers": [{"text": "Right Honourable", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are British prime ministers part of that grants them the title Right Honourable?", "id": "56dd37fe66d3e219004dac79", "answers": [{"text": "Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a country where prime ministers can be called Right Honourable solely because of their position?", "id": "56dd37fe66d3e219004dac7a", "answers": [{"text": "Canada", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the style of Excellency", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "What is the prime minister entitled to in Commonwealth countries?", "id": "5acfc9ba77cf76001a685fb6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prime ministers and former prime ministers", "answer_start": 141}], "question": "Who is called Honourable in non Commonwealth countries?", "id": "5acfc9ba77cf76001a685fb7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the prime minister and former prime ministers", "answer_start": 302}], "question": "Who can not be part of the privy council?", "id": "5acfc9ba77cf76001a685fb8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of Excellency like a president. In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position, for example in the Prime Minister of Canada. In the United Kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also be styled Right Honourable, however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of government is in operation in the United Kingdom?", "id": "56dd398c66d3e219004dac7f", "answers": [{"text": "devolved", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the heads of government in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland called?", "id": "56dd398c66d3e219004dac80", "answers": [{"text": "First Minister", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Indian term for Prime Minister?", "id": "56dd398c66d3e219004dac81", "answers": [{"text": "Pradhan Mantri", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term for prime minister in Pakistan?", "id": "56dd398c66d3e219004dac82", "answers": [{"text": "Wazir-e-Azam", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Wazir-e-Azam mean in English?", "id": "56dd398c66d3e219004dac83", "answers": [{"text": "Grand Vizier", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "government", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "what is undeveloped in the UK?", "id": "5acfc9f677cf76001a685fca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the UK, where devolved government is in place, the leaders of the Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh Governments are styled First Minister. In India, The Prime Minister is referred to as \"Pradhan Mantri\", meaning \"prime minister\". In Pakistan, the prime minister is referred to as \"Wazir-e-Azam\", meaning \"Grand Vizier\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the head of government's office called in Canada?", "id": "56dd39ee66d3e219004dac89", "answers": [{"text": "Office of the Prime Minister", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the head of government's office called in the UK?", "id": "56dd39ee66d3e219004dac8a", "answers": [{"text": "Cabinet Office", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "executive office", "answer_start": 21}], "question": "What is the Cabinet in Canada?", "id": "5acfca4977cf76001a685fe6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prime Minister's office", "answer_start": 201}], "question": "What never includes the role of Cabinet?", "id": "5acfca4977cf76001a685fe7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Prime Minister's executive office is usually called the Office of the Prime Minister in the case of the Canada and other Commonwealth countries, it is called Cabinet Office in United Kingdom. Some Prime Minister's office do include the role of Cabinet. In other countries, it is called the Prime Minister's Department or the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet as for Australia."}, {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "British", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "What istitutions were prestiges in the 1900's", "id": "5acfb53777cf76001a6859bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "British Empire", "answer_start": 79}], "question": "What empire expanded in the 1900's?", "id": "5acfb53777cf76001a6859bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "European countries and in British colonial territories", "answer_start": 196}], "question": "Who avoided using the the British model o cabinet government?", "id": "5acfb53777cf76001a6859be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The prestige of British institutions in the 19th century and the growth of the British Empire saw the British model of cabinet government, headed by a prime minister, widely copied, both in other European countries and in British colonial territories as they developed self-government. In some places alternative titles such as \"premier\", \"chief minister\", \"first minister of state\", \"president of the council\" or \"chancellor\" were adopted, but the essentials of the office were the same."}]}, {"title": "Institute_of_technology", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What's a common abbreviation for the term institute of technology?", "id": "56dda3d266d3e219004dac8f", "answers": [{"text": "IT", "answer_start": 665}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Institute of technology (also: university of technology, polytechnic university, technikon, and technical college) is a designation employed for a wide range of learning institutions awarding different types of degrees and operating often at variable levels of the educational system. It may be an institution of higher education and advanced engineering and scientific research or professional vocational education, specializing in science, engineering, and technology or different sorts of technical subjects. It may also refer to a secondary education school focused in vocational training.[citation needed] The term institute of technology is often abbreviated IT and is not to be confused with information technology."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what century did the term polytechnic first show up?", "id": "56dda5109a695914005b957c", "answers": [{"text": "19th century", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What school founded in 1794 first used a form of the word polytechnic in its name?", "id": "56dda5109a695914005b957d", "answers": [{"text": "\u00c9cole Polytechnique", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language does the French word polytechnique come from?", "id": "56dda5109a695914005b957e", "answers": [{"text": "Greek", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The English term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century, from the French \u00c9cole Polytechnique, an engineering school founded in 1794 in Paris. The French term comes from the Greek \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd (pol\u00fa or pol\u00fd) meaning \"many\" and \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 (tekhnik\u00f3s) meaning \"arts\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What word means the same thing as \"institute of technology\"?", "id": "56dda5689a695914005b9582", "answers": [{"text": "polytechnic", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "While the terms \"institute of technology\" and \"polytechnic\" are synonymous, the preference concerning which one is the preferred term varies from country to country.[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the first institute of technology in the world?", "id": "56dda6db66d3e219004dac91", "answers": [{"text": "the Berg-Schola", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What war led to the increased popularity of institutes of technology and polytechnics?", "id": "56dda6db66d3e219004dac92", "answers": [{"text": "World War II", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the founding name of the Braunschweig University of Technology?", "id": "56dda6db66d3e219004dac93", "answers": [{"text": "Collegium Carolinum", "answer_start": 714}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the \u00c9cole Polytechnique founded?", "id": "56dda6db66d3e219004dac94", "answers": [{"text": "1794", "answer_start": 840}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The institutes of technology and polytechnics have been in existence since at least the 18th century, but became popular after World War II with the expansion of engineering and applied science education, associated with the new needs created by industrialization. The world's first institution of technology, the Berg-Schola (today its legal successor is the University of Miskolc) was founded by the Court Chamber of Vienna in Selmecb\u00e1nya, Kingdom of Hungary in 1735 in order to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining according to the requirements of the industrial revolution in Hungary. The oldest German Institute of Technology is the Braunschweig University of Technology (founded in 1745 as \"Collegium Carolinum\"). Another exception is the \u00c9cole Polytechnique, which has educated French \u00e9lites since its foundation in 1794. In some cases, polytechnics or institutes of technology are engineering schools or technical colleges."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of institutions do countries like Germany and Switzerland consider institutes of technology to be?", "id": "56dda8f166d3e219004dac99", "answers": [{"text": "institutions of higher education", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In several countries, like Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Turkey, institutes of technology and polytechnics are institutions of higher education, and have been accredited to award academic degrees and doctorates. Famous examples are the Istanbul Technical University, ETH Zurich, \u0130YTE, Delft University of Technology and RWTH Aachen, all considered universities.[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year were polytechnics in the UK given the university designation?", "id": "56ddaa9b9a695914005b9584", "answers": [{"text": "1992", "answer_start": 576}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the Royal Polytechnic Institution now?", "id": "56ddaa9b9a695914005b9585", "answers": [{"text": "University of Westminster", "answer_start": 772}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What street is the University of Westminster on?", "id": "56ddaa9b9a695914005b9586", "answers": [{"text": "Regent Street", "answer_start": 822}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In countries like Iran, Finland, Malaysia, Portugal, Singapore or the United Kingdom, there is often a significant and confused distinction between polytechnics and universities. In the UK a binary system of higher education emerged consisting of universities (research orientation) and Polytechnics (engineering and applied science and professional practice orientation). Polytechnics offered university equivalent degrees from bachelor's, master's and PhD that were validated and governed at the national level by the independent UK Council for National Academic Awards. In 1992 UK Polytechnics were designated as universities which meant they could award their own degrees. The CNAA was disbanded. The UK's first polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution (now the University of Westminster) was founded in 1838 in Regent Street, London. In Ireland the term institute of technology is the more favored synonym of a regional technical college though the latter is the legally correct term; however, Dublin Institute of Technology is a university in all but name as it can confer degrees in accordance with law, Cork Institute of Technology and another of other Institutes of Technology have delegated authority from HETAC to make awards to and including master's degree level\u2014Level 9 of the National Framework for Qualifications (NFQ)\u2014for all areas of study and Doctorate level in a number of others."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What term was used in some countries to describe select universities that focus on technological education in applied science and engineering?", "id": "56ddaea49a695914005b958a", "answers": [{"text": "polytechnics", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In a number of countries, although being today generally considered similar institutions of higher learning across many countries, polytechnics and institutes of technology used to have a quite different statute among each other, its teaching competences and organizational history. In many cases polytechnic were elite technological universities concentrating on applied science and engineering and may also be a former designation for a vocational institution, before it has been granted the exclusive right to award academic degrees and can be truly called an institute of technology. A number of polytechnics providing higher education is simply a result of a formal upgrading from their original and historical role as intermediate technical education schools. In some situations, former polytechnics or other non-university institutions have emerged solely through an administrative change of statutes, which often included a name change with the introduction of new designations like institute of technology, polytechnic university, university of applied sciences, or university of technology for marketing purposes. Such emergence of so many upgraded polytechnics, former vocational education and technical schools converted into more university-like institutions has caused concern where the lack of specialized intermediate technical professionals lead to industrial skill shortages in some fields, being also associated to an increase of the graduate unemployment rate. This is mostly the case in those countries, where the education system is not controlled by the state and everybody can grant degrees.[citation needed] Evidence have also shown a decline in the general quality of teaching and graduate's preparation for the workplace, due to the fast-paced conversion of that technical institutions to more advanced higher level institutions. Mentz, Kotze and Van der Merwe (2008) argues that all the tools are in place to promote the debate on the place of technology in higher education in general and in Universities of Technology specifically. The aspects of this debate can follow the following lines: \u2022 To what degree is technology defined as a concept? \u2022 What is the scope of technology discourse? \u2022 What is the place and relation of science with technology? \u2022 How useful is the Mitcham framework in thinking about technology in South Africa? \u2022 Can a measure of cooperation as opposed to competition be achieved amongst higher education institutions? \u2022 Who ultimately is responsible for vocational training and what is the role of technology in this?"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What name did some universities switch to in the 1990s for marketing purposes?", "id": "56ddb03066d3e219004dac9b", "answers": [{"text": "University of Technology", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What system were institutes of technology a part of during the seventies, eighties, and early nineties?", "id": "56ddb03066d3e219004dac9c", "answers": [{"text": "College of Advanced Education system", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the 1970s to early 1990s, the term was used to describe state owned and funded technical schools that offered both vocational and higher education. They were part of the College of Advanced Education system. In the 1990s most of these merged with existing universities, or formed new ones of their own. These new universities often took the title University of Technology, for marketing rather than legal purposes. AVCC report The most prominent such university in each state founded the Australian Technology Network a few years later."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What's the four-letter abbreviation for technically minded technical and further education institutes?", "id": "56ddb0c666d3e219004dac9f", "answers": [{"text": "TAFE", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the new name of the Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE?", "id": "56ddb0c666d3e219004daca0", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne Polytechnic", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Since the mid-1990s, the term has been applied to some technically minded technical and further education (TAFE) institutes. A recent example is the Melbourne Polytechnic rebranding and repositioning in 2014 from Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE. These primarily offer vocational education, although some like Melbourne Polytechnic are expanding into higher education offering vocationally oriented applied bachelor degress. This usage of the term is most prevalent historically in NSW and the ACT. The new terminology is apt given that this category of institution are becoming very much like the institutes of the 1970s\u20131990s period."}, {"qas": [{"question": "TAFE Tasmania started a three-year restructuring in what year?", "id": "56ddb1249a695914005b958c", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Tasmania in 2009 the old college system and TAFE Tasmania have started a 3-year restructure to become the Tasmanian Polytechnic www.polytechnic.tas.edu.au, Tasmanian Skills Institute www.skillsinstitute.tas.edu.au and Tasmanian Academy www.academy.tas.edu.au"}, {"qas": [{"question": "In Australia, how many universities are recognized as Universities of Technology?", "id": "56ddc59766d3e219004dace3", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the higher education sector, there are seven designated Universities of Technology in Australia (though, note, not all use the phrase \"university of technology\", such as the Universities of Canberra and South Australia, which used to be Colleges of Advanced Education before transitioning into fully-fledged universities with the ability - most important of all - to confer doctorates):"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What's the German word for a tertiary education institution?", "id": "56ddc65d9a695914005b95c6", "answers": [{"text": "Fachhochschule", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to Bachelor's degrees, what other kind of degree can one earn from a Fachhochschule?", "id": "56ddc65d9a695914005b95c7", "answers": [{"text": "master's degrees", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Fachhochschule is a German type of tertiary education institution and adopted later in Austria and Switzerland. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What term is used in Belgium and the Netherlands to refer to an institution like a German Fachhochschule?", "id": "56ddc6e69a695914005b95ca", "answers": [{"text": "hogeschool", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hogeschool is used in Belgium and in the Netherlands. The hogeschool has many similarities to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas and to the ammattikorkeakoulu in Finland."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What term refers to the process that a hogeschool undergoes before it's able to award Master's degrees?", "id": "56ddcc4666d3e219004dacf1", "answers": [{"text": "academization", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hogeschool institutions in the Flemish Community of Belgium (such as the Erasmus Hogeschool Brussel) are currently undergoing a process of academization. They form associations with a university and integrate research into the curriculum, which will allow them to deliver academic master's degrees."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many institutes of technology in the Netherlands have converted into full-fledged universities in the past few decades?", "id": "56ddcd039a695914005b95dc", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Technical Universities are there in the Netherlands today?", "id": "56ddcd039a695914005b95dd", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the Netherlands, four former institutes of technology have become universities over the past decades. These are the current three Technical Universities (at Delft, Eindhoven and Enschede), plus the former agricultural institute in Wageningen. A list of all hogescholen in the Netherlands, including some which might be called polytechnics, can be found here."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What country has Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes from which students can earn certificates, diplomas, and degrees?", "id": "56ddcee466d3e219004dacf3", "answers": [{"text": "Cambodia", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Cambodia, there are Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to: certificates, diplomas, and degrees. Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes and Universities tend to be independent institutions."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are polytechnic divisions of national universities called in Canada?", "id": "56ddcf2b66d3e219004dacf5", "answers": [{"text": "Affiliate Schools", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Canada, there are Affiliate Schools, Colleges, Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to: engineering and applied science degrees, apprenticeship and trade programs, certificates, and diplomas. Affiliate Schools are polytechnic divisions belonging to a national university and offer select technical and engineering programs. Colleges, Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities tend to be independent institutions."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what city is the \u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al located?", "id": "56ddd0139a695914005b95e8", "answers": [{"text": "Quebec", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to private equity and industry sources, what's a third source of research funding for institutions of higher learning in Canada?", "id": "56ddd0139a695914005b95e9", "answers": [{"text": "public funding", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Credentials are typically conferred at the undergraduate level, however university-affiliated schools like the \u00c9cole de technologie sup\u00e9rieure and the \u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al (both of which are located in Quebec), also offer graduate and postgraduate programs, in accordance with provincial higher education guidelines. Canadian higher education institutions, at all levels, undertake directed and applied research with financing allocated through public funding, private equity, or industry sources."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is Canada's national alliance of 11 research-focused schools called?", "id": "56ddd1059a695914005b95f2", "answers": [{"text": "Polytechnics Canada", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of projects does Polytechnics Canada sponsor that can lead to technology commercialization?", "id": "56ddd1059a695914005b95f3", "answers": [{"text": "collaborative institute-industry projects", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some of Canada's most esteemed colleges and polytechnic institutions also partake in collaborative institute-industry projects, leading to technology commercialization, made possible through the scope of Polytechnics Canada; a national alliance of eleven leading research-intensive colleges and institutes of technology."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was the Imperial Tientsin University founded in China?", "id": "56ddd2029a695914005b95f6", "answers": [{"text": "1895", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first university to offer courses in liberal arts?", "id": "56ddd2029a695914005b95f7", "answers": [{"text": "Capital University", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What portion of China's elite universities still have a primary polytechnical focus today?", "id": "56ddd2029a695914005b95f8", "answers": [{"text": "half", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "China's modern higher education began in 1895 with the Imperial Tientsin University which was a polytechnic plus a law department. Liberal arts were not offered until three years later at Capital University. To this day, about half of China's elite universities remain essentially polytechnical."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did Croatia pass a law regarding polytechnic education?", "id": "56ddd24566d3e219004dad05", "answers": [{"text": "1997", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Croatia there are many polytechnic institutes and colleges that offer a polytechnic education. The law about polytechnic education in Croatia was passed in 1997."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What institution is in charge of tracking volcanic activity in the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands?", "id": "56ddd3909a695914005b95fc", "answers": [{"text": "The Geophysics Institute", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "EPN is known for research and education in the applied science, astronomy, atmospheric physics, engineering and physical sciences. The Geophysics Institute  monitors over the country`s seismic, tectonic and volcanic activity in the continental territory and in the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador?", "id": "56ddd49566d3e219004dad07", "answers": [{"text": "Quito Astronomical Observatory", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What school oversees the Quito Astronomical Observatory?", "id": "56ddd49566d3e219004dad08", "answers": [{"text": "National Polytechnic School", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Quito Astronomical Observatory founded?", "id": "56ddd49566d3e219004dad09", "answers": [{"text": "1873", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "One of the oldest observatories in South America is the Quito Astronomical Observatory. Founded in 1873 and located 12 minutes south of the Equator in Quito, Ecuador. The Quito Astronomical Observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador and is located in the Historic Center of Quito and is managed by the National Polytechnic School."}, {"qas": [{"question": "EPN's Nuclear Science Department is among how many of its kind in Ecuador?", "id": "56ddd5259a695914005b95fe", "answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Nuclear Science Department at EPN is the only one in Ecuador and has the large infrastructure, related to irrradiation factilities like cobalt-60 source and Electron beam processing."}, {"qas": [{"question": "If the mission is achieved, professionals will apply what they've learned to what goal?", "id": "56ddd6da66d3e219004dad1d", "answers": [{"text": "the country's development", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Its mission is to provide high quality education, training and research in the areas of science and technology to produce qualified professionals that can apply their knowledge and skills in the country's development."}, {"qas": [{"question": "MIT raised money to cover tuition, room and board for what number of students?", "id": "56dddd9d66d3e219004dad4b", "answers": [{"text": "50", "answer_start": 477}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "MIT raises funds from non-governmental organizations and individuals who support the mission and objectives of the Institute. Tigray Development Association, its supporters, and REST have provided the initial funds for the launching of the Institute. As a result of the unstinting efforts made by the Provisional Governing Board to obtain technical and financial assistance, the Institute has so far secured financial and material support as well as pledges of sponsorship for 50 students, covering their tuition fees, room and board up to graduation. The MIT has also been able to create linkages with some universities and colleges in the United States of America, which have provided manpower and material support to MIT. The institute is governed by a provisional governing board."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What's the equivalent of Universities of Technology in French-speaking areas?", "id": "56ddde4a9a695914005b9626", "answers": [{"text": "Instituts de technologie", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Universities of Technology are categorised as universities, are allowed to grant B.Sc. (Tech.), M.Sc. (Tech.), Lic.Sc. (Tech.), Ph.D. and D.Sc.(Tech.) degrees and roughly correspond to Instituts de technologie of French-speaking areas and Technische Universit\u00e4t of Germany in prestige. In addition to universities of technology, some universities, e.g. University of Oulu and \u00c5bo Akademi University, are allowed to grant the B.Sc. (tech.), M.Sc. (tech.) and D.Sc. (Tech.) degrees."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. (Tech.) degree before the Bologna Process?", "id": "56dddfb866d3e219004dad65", "answers": [{"text": "180", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. from a traditional university prior to the Bologna Process?", "id": "56dddfb866d3e219004dad66", "answers": [{"text": "160", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Universities of Technology are academically similar to other (non-polytechnic) universities. Prior to Bologna process, M.Sc. (Tech.) required 180 credits, whereas M.Sc. from a normal university required 160 credits. The credits between Universities of Technology and normal universities are comparable."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what country are polytechnic schools designated uniquely from academic universities?", "id": "56dde0a49a695914005b963a", "answers": [{"text": "Finland", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What word means polytechnic school in Finnish?", "id": "56dde0a49a695914005b963b", "answers": [{"text": "ammattikorkeakoulus", "answer_start": 541}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the Swedish word for a polytechnic school?", "id": "56dde0a49a695914005b963c", "answers": [{"text": "yrkesh\u00f6gskola", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Polytechnic schools are distinct from academic universities in Finland. Ammattikorkeakoulu is the common term in Finland, as is the Swedish alternative \"yrkesh\u00f6gskola\" \u2013 their focus is on studies leading to a degree (for instance insin\u00f6\u00f6ri, engineer; in international use, Bachelor of Engineering) in kind different from but in level comparable to an academic bachelor's degree awarded by a university. Since 2006 the polytechnics have offered studies leading to master's degrees (Master of Engineering). After January 1, 2006, some Finnish ammattikorkeakoulus switched the English term \"polytechnic\" to the term \"university of applied sciences\" in the English translations of their legal names. The ammattikorkeakoulu has many similarities to the hogeschool in Belgium and in the Netherlands and to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Universities that encompass several engineering schools provide curricula in sciences and what other field?", "id": "56ddf07e9a695914005b96f4", "answers": [{"text": "technology", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Collegiate universities grouping several engineering schools or multi-site clusters of French grandes \u00e9coles provide sciences and technology curricula as autonomous higher education engineering institutes. They include :"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are an institute of technology called in France?", "id": "56ddf1249a695914005b9702", "answers": [{"text": "institut universitaire de technologie", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the three-letter acronym for institut universitaire de technologie?", "id": "56ddf1249a695914005b9703", "answers": [{"text": "IUT", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In addition, France's education system includes many institutes of technology, embedded within most French universities. They are referred-to as institut universitaire de technologie (IUT). Instituts universitaires de technologie provide undergraduate technology curricula. 'Polytech institutes', embedded as a part of eleven French universities provide both undergraduate and graduate engineering curricula."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What's the term in German for what those in French-speaking Switzerland call haute \u00e9cole specialis\u00e9e?", "id": "56ddf1d166d3e219004dae41", "answers": [{"text": "Fachhochschule", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the French-speaking part of Switzerland exists also the term haute \u00e9cole specialis\u00e9e for a type of institution called Fachhochschule in the German-speaking part of the country. (see below)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In Eastern Europe, what is the word for an institute of technology?", "id": "56ddf2ba66d3e219004dae4f", "answers": [{"text": "Polytechnicum", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What century in France's history included the French \u00c9cole polytechnique that influenced education systems in other countries?", "id": "56ddf2ba66d3e219004dae50", "answers": [{"text": "18th", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term in Brasil and Spain refers to a polytechnic institute?", "id": "56ddf2ba66d3e219004dae51", "answers": [{"text": "Escola Polit\u00e9cnica", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Higher education systems, that are influenced by the French education system set at the end of the 18th century, use a terminology derived by reference to the French \u00c9cole polytechnique. Such terms include \u00c9coles Polytechniques (Algeria, Belgium, Canada, France, Switzerland, Tunisia), Escola Polit\u00e9cnica (Brasil, Spain), Polytechnicum (Eastern Europe)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Fachhochschulen first came about in the early years of what decade?", "id": "56ddf39a66d3e219004dae59", "answers": [{"text": "1970s", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Fachhochschulen favor an education in what, as opposed to research?", "id": "56ddf39a66d3e219004dae5a", "answers": [{"text": "teaching", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to technology, Fachhochschulen offer courses in social science, medicine, design, and what other discipline?", "id": "56ddf39a66d3e219004dae5b", "answers": [{"text": "business", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Fachhochschulen were first founded in the early 1970s. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What's the abbreviation for a Technische Universit\u00e4t?", "id": "56ddf4229a695914005b9724", "answers": [{"text": "TU", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the main focus of a Technische Universit\u00e4t?", "id": "56ddf4229a695914005b9725", "answers": [{"text": "research", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Technische Universit\u00e4t (abbreviation: TU) are the common terms for universities of technology or technical university. These institutions can grant habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which department's faculty can be associated with university hospitals?", "id": "56ddf6914396321400ee250d", "answers": [{"text": "medicine", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Technische Universit\u00e4ten make up the TU9 German Institutes of Technology?", "id": "56ddf6914396321400ee250e", "answers": [{"text": "nine", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The nine largest and most renowned Technische Universit\u00e4ten in Germany have formed TU9 German Institutes of Technology as community of interests. Technische Universit\u00e4ten normally have faculties or departements of natural sciences and often of economics but can also have units of cultural and social sciences and arts. RWTH Aachen, TU Dresden and TU M\u00fcnchen also have a faculty of medicine associated with university hospitals (Klinikum Aachen, University Hospital Dresden, Rechts der Isar Hospital)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many institutes of technology are there in Germany?", "id": "56ddf73e4396321400ee2521", "answers": [{"text": "17", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the approximate number of students in Germany who are enrolled in a university of technology?", "id": "56ddf73e4396321400ee2522", "answers": [{"text": "290,000", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which German state has the highest ratio of universities of technology to standard universities?", "id": "56ddf73e4396321400ee2523", "answers": [{"text": "Saxony", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There are 17 universities of technology in Germany with about 290,000 students enrolled. The four states of Bremen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony-Anhalt and Schleswig-Holstein are not operating a Technische Universit\u00e4t. Saxony and Lower Saxony have the highest counts of TUs, while in Saxony three out of four universities are universities of technology."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What's the joint project of TU Clausthal, TU Braunschweig, and the University of Hanover called?", "id": "56ddf7914396321400ee2527", "answers": [{"text": "Nieders\u00e4chsische Technische Hochschule", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Nieders\u00e4chsische Technische Hochschule is a joint-venture of TU Clausthal, TU Braunschweig and University of Hanover. Some universities in Germany can also be seen as institutes of technology due to comprising a wide spread of technical sciences and having a history as a technical university. Examples are"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What's the name of the Act that changed how Greek public institutes of technology were designated?", "id": "56ddf8adcffd8e1900b4b542", "answers": [{"text": "Higher Education Reform Act", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Greece, there are 2 \"Polytechnics\" part of the public higher education in Greece and they confer a 5-year Diplom Uni (300E.C.T.S \u2013 I.S.C.E.D. 5A), the National Technical University of Athens and the Technical University of Crete. Also, there are Greek Higher Technological Educational Institutes (\u0391\u03bd\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03a4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u0395\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u0399\u03b4\u03c1\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u2013 \u0391.T.E.I). After the N.1404/1983 Higher Education Reform Act (\u039d.1404/1983 - 2916/2001 - \u039d. 3549/2007 - N. 3685/2008 - N. 4009/2011) the Technological Educational Institute constitute, a parallel and equivalent with universities part of the public higher education in Greece. They confer 4-year bachelor's degree (Diplom FH) (240E.C.T.S \u2013 I.S.C.E.D. 5A)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the very first polytechnic school in Hong Kong?", "id": "56ddfa66cffd8e1900b4b546", "answers": [{"text": "The Hong Kong Polytechnic", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the original name of Hong Kong Polytechnic?", "id": "56ddfa66cffd8e1900b4b547", "answers": [{"text": "Hong Kong Technical College", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong founded?", "id": "56ddfa66cffd8e1900b4b548", "answers": [{"text": "1984", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Hong Kong university was created in 1991?", "id": "56ddfa66cffd8e1900b4b549", "answers": [{"text": "Hong Kong University of Science and Technology", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the two polytechnic schools in Hong Kong receive status as universities?", "id": "56ddfa66cffd8e1900b4b54a", "answers": [{"text": "1994", "answer_start": 416}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first polytechnic in Hong Kong is The Hong Kong Polytechnic, established in 1972 through upgrading the Hong Kong Technical College (Government Trade School before 1947). The second polytechnic, the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, was founded in 1984. These polytechnics awards diplomas, higher diplomas, as well as academic degrees. Like the United Kingdom, the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994, and renamed The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the City University of Hong Kong respectively. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, a university with a focus in applied science, engineering and business, was founded in 1991."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of mining did the world's first institute of technology prepare students for?", "id": "56ddfb3dcffd8e1900b4b550", "answers": [{"text": "copper", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the founding year of the first institute of technology ever?", "id": "56ddfb3dcffd8e1900b4b551", "answers": [{"text": "1735", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who established the Berg-Schola?", "id": "56ddfb3dcffd8e1900b4b552", "answers": [{"text": "Court Chamber of Vienna", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The world's first Institute of Technology the Berg-Schola (Bergschule) established in Selmecb\u00e1nya, Kingdom of Hungary by the Court Chamber of Vienna in 1735 providing Further education to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining. In 1762 the institute ranked up to be Academia providing Higher Education courses. After the Treaty of Trianon the institute had to be moved to Sopron."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many private institutes of technology are there in India?", "id": "56ddfc5f4396321400ee2529", "answers": [{"text": "16", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many government-affiliated institutes of technology are there in India?", "id": "56ddfc5f4396321400ee252a", "answers": [{"text": "30", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What organization oversees India's technical education institutions?", "id": "56ddfc5f4396321400ee252b", "answers": [{"text": "AICTE", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There are 16 autonomous Indian Institutes of Technology in addition to 30 National Institutes of Technology which are Government Institutions. In addition to these there are many other Universities which offer higher technical courses. The Authority over technical education in India is the AICTE."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What's the name of the diploma awarded in India for technical or vocational coursework?", "id": "56ddfd9d4396321400ee252f", "answers": [{"text": "Diploma in Engineering", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In India there are many polytechnic institutes and collages that offer a polytechnic education. In India a Diploma in Engineering is a specific academic award usually awarded in technical or vocational courses e.g. Engineering, Pharmacy, Designing, etc. These Institutions offer three year diploma in engineering post Tenth class. These institutes have affiliation from state bord of technical education of respective state governments. after which one can apply for post of junior engineer or continue higher studies by appearing for exams of AMIE to become an engineering graduate."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many government-owned public institutes of technology does Indonesia have?", "id": "56ddfdffcffd8e1900b4b55a", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There are four public institutes of technology in Indonesia that owned by the government of Indonesia. Other than that, there are hundreds other institute that owned by private or other institutions."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Rather than four-year Bachelor's degrees, Politeknik offer a diploma after how many years?", "id": "56ddfe9d4396321400ee2539", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "However, in Bahasa Indonesia, Politeknik carries a rather different meaning than Institut Teknologi. Politeknik provides vocational education and typically offers three-year Diploma degrees, which is similar to associate degrees, instead of full, four-year bachelor's degree and the more advanced Master's and doctoral degrees being offered by an Institut Teknologi."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the original name of Ireland's Institute of Technology system?", "id": "56de00884396321400ee253b", "answers": [{"text": "Regional Technical College", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Ireland has an \"Institute of Technology\" system, formerly referred to as Regional Technical College (RTCs) system. The terms \"IT\" and \"IT's\" are now widely used to describe an Institute(s) of Technology. These institutions offer sub-degree, degree and post-graduate level studies. Unlike the Irish university system an Institute of Technology also offers sub-degree programmes such as 2-year Higher Certificate programme in various academic fields of study. Some institutions have \"delegated authority\" that allows them to make awards in their own name, after authorisation by the Higher Education & Training Awards Council."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What Irish institute of technology evolved independently of the Regional Technical College System?", "id": "56de00f74396321400ee253f", "answers": [{"text": "Dublin Institute of Technology", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Dublin Institute of Technology developed separately from the Regional Technical College system, and after several decades of association with the University of Dublin, Trinity College it acquired the authority to confer its own degrees."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What term in higher education refers to technical universities that award engineering degrees?", "id": "56de02714396321400ee2543", "answers": [{"text": "Politecnico", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Traditionally, how many Politecnici were there?", "id": "56de02714396321400ee2544", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In higher education, Politecnico refers to a technical university awarding degrees in engineering. Historically there were two Politecnici, one in each of the two largest industrial cities of the north:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What city houses the headquarters of the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia?", "id": "56de03d2cffd8e1900b4b562", "answers": [{"text": "Genoa", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2003, the Ministry of Education, Universities and Research and the Ministry of Economy and Finance jointly established the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (Italian Institute of Technology), headquartered in Genoa with 10 laboratories around Italy, which however focuses on research and does not offer undergraduate degrees."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What college was the forerunner for the engineering faculty at the University of Tokyo?", "id": "56de0948cffd8e1900b4b566", "answers": [{"text": "Imperial College of Engineering", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What area of discipline do Japan's institutes of technology specialize in?", "id": "56de0948cffd8e1900b4b567", "answers": [{"text": "sciences", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Japan, an institute of technology (\u5de5\u696d\u5927\u5b66, k\u014dgy\u014d daigaku?) is a type of university that specializes in the sciences. See also the Imperial College of Engineering, which was the forerunner of the University of Tokyo's engineering faculty."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What country has operated polytechnic institutes for nearly 44 years?", "id": "56de0a94cffd8e1900b4b56a", "answers": [{"text": "Malaysia", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What international organization partnered with Malaysia's Ministry of Education in 1969?", "id": "56de0a94cffd8e1900b4b56b", "answers": [{"text": "UNESCO", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what city in the state of Perak is the Politeknik Ungku Omar located?", "id": "56de0a94cffd8e1900b4b56c", "answers": [{"text": "Ipoh", "answer_start": 452}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Polytechnics in Malaysia has been operated for almost 44 years. The institutions provide courses for bachelor's degree & Bachelor of Science (BSc) (offer at Premier Polytechnics for September 2013 intake & 2014 intake), Advanced Diploma, Diploma and Special Skills Certificate. It was established by the Ministry of Education with the help of UNESCO in 1969. The amount of RM24.5 million is used to fund the pioneer of Politeknik Ungku Omar located in Ipoh, Perak from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many polytechnic institutes does Malaysia have now?", "id": "56de0b054396321400ee256d", "answers": [{"text": "32", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2009?", "id": "56de0b054396321400ee256e", "answers": [{"text": "60,840", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2012?", "id": "56de0b054396321400ee256f", "answers": [{"text": "87,440", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "At present, Malaysia have developed 32 polytechnic at all over states in engineering, agriculture, commerce, hospitality and design courses with 60,840 students in 2009 to 87,440 students in 2012."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What's the name of Mauritius's sole technical university?", "id": "56de0c0dcffd8e1900b4b57a", "answers": [{"text": "University of Technology, Mauritius", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the focus of Mauritius's University of Technology's specialized mission?", "id": "56de0c0dcffd8e1900b4b57b", "answers": [{"text": "technology", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The only technical university in Mauritius is the University of Technology, Mauritius with its main campus situated in La Tour Koenig, Pointe aux Sables. It has a specialized mission with a technology focus. It applies traditional and beyond traditional approaches to teaching, training, research and consultancy. The university has been founded with the aim to play a key role in the economic and social development of Mauritius through the development of programmes of direct relevance to the country\u2019s needs, for example in areas like technology, sustainable development science, and public sector policy and management."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What country considers their polytechnics, universities, and colleges state-owned institutions?", "id": "56de0d34cffd8e1900b4b588", "answers": [{"text": "New Zealand", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does UCOL stand for?", "id": "56de0d34cffd8e1900b4b589", "answers": [{"text": "Universal College of Learning", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the Education Act originally passed in New Zealand?", "id": "56de0d34cffd8e1900b4b58a", "answers": [{"text": "1989", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New Zealand polytechnics are established under the Education Act 1989 as amended, and are considered state-owned tertiary institutions along with universities, colleges of education, and w\u0101nanga; there is today often much crossover in courses and qualifications offered between all these types of Tertiary Education Institutions. Some have officially taken the title 'institute of technology' which is a term recognized in government strategies equal to that of the term 'polytechnic'. One has opted for the name 'Universal College of Learning' (UCOL), and another 'Unitec New Zealand'. These are legal names but not recognized terms like 'polytechnic' or 'institute of technology'. Many if not all now grant at least bachelor-level degrees."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What school did Massey University combine with?", "id": "56de11834396321400ee25ad", "answers": [{"text": "Wellington Polytechnic", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what decade did New Zealand's tertiary education institutions begin consolidation?", "id": "56de11834396321400ee25ae", "answers": [{"text": "1990s", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What school considered a merger with Waikato Institute of Technology that was later abandoned?", "id": "56de11834396321400ee25af", "answers": [{"text": "Central Institute of Technology", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What island was Waiarapa Polytechnic located on before it merged with UCOL?", "id": "56de11834396321400ee25b0", "answers": [{"text": "North Island", "answer_start": 490}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Since the 1990s, there has been consolidation in New Zealand's state-owned tertiary education system. In the polytechnic sector: Wellington Polytechnic amalgamated with Massey University. The Central Institute of Technology explored a merger with the Waikato Institute of Technology, which was abandoned, but later, after financial concerns, controversially amalgamated with Hutt Valley Polytechnic, which in turn became Wellington Institute of Technology. Some smaller polytechnics in the North Island, such as Waiarapa Polytechnic, amalgamated with UCOL. (The only other amalgamations have been in the colleges of education.)"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What's the only polytechnic school in New Zealand to be designated a university?", "id": "56de120b4396321400ee25b5", "answers": [{"text": "Auckland University of Technology", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Auckland University of Technology is the only polytechnic to have been elevated to university status; while Unitec has had repeated attempts blocked by government policy and consequent decisions; Unitec has not been able to convince the courts to overturn these decisions."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In Pakistan, a student's tests in what grade determine their admission to a diploma program?", "id": "56de15cd4396321400ee25bd", "answers": [{"text": "10th", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are people being trained for, mainly, in Pakistan's polytechnic institutes?", "id": "56de15cd4396321400ee25be", "answers": [{"text": "trades", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many years does it usually take to earn a diploma from polytechnic schools in Pakistan?", "id": "56de15cd4396321400ee25bf", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Polytechnic institutes in Pakistan, offer a diploma spanning three years in different branches. Students are admitted to the diploma program based on their results in the 10th grade standardized exams. The main purpose of Polytechnic Institutes is to train people in various trades."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What two-letter abbreviation is used for undergraduate engineering  courses?", "id": "56de16894396321400ee25c3", "answers": [{"text": "BE", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After successfully completing a diploma at a polytechnic, students can gain lateral entry to engineering degree (under graduate) courses called BE, which are conducted by engineering colleges affiliated to universities or University of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What's Pakistan's program called that's comparable to the British A Level?", "id": "56de1a2a4396321400ee25cd", "answers": [{"text": "F.Sc", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "University of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences are the recognized universities that grant Bachelor's and master's degrees in undergraduate and graduate studies respectively. The Bachelor of Science degree awarded by Universities of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences are 4 years full-time program after finishing 13 years of education (international high school certificate) in Pakistan known as F.Sc equivalent to British system A-Level."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What word do they use in Poland for an institute of technology?", "id": "56de1ac34396321400ee25cf", "answers": [{"text": "Politechnika", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Politechnika (translated as a \"technical university\" or \"university of technology\") is a main kind of technical university name in Poland. There are some biggest Polytechnic in Poland:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the Portuguese word for the short-cycle degrees awarded prior to 1988?", "id": "56de49904396321400ee2780", "answers": [{"text": "bacharelatos", "answer_start": 412}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What process was instituted in 2007 that brought Master's degrees to the polytechnic education system?", "id": "56de49904396321400ee2781", "answers": [{"text": "Bologna Process", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The designation \"Institute of Technology\" is not applied at all, being meaningless in Portugal. However, there are higher education educational institutions in Portugal since the 1980s, which are called polytechnics. After 1998 they were upgraded to institutions which are allowed to confer bachelor's degrees (the Portuguese licenciatura). Before then, they only awarded short-cycle degrees which were known as bacharelatos and did not provide further education. After the Bologna Process in 2007, they have been allowed to offer 2nd cycle (master's) degrees to its students. The polytechnical higher education system provides a more practical training and is profession-oriented, while the university higher education system has a strong theoretical basis and is highly research-oriented."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What's the name of Singapore's centralized institute that students can attend before university?", "id": "56de4affcffd8e1900b4b7c2", "answers": [{"text": "Millennia Institute", "answer_start": 678}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Polytechnics in Singapore provides industry oriented education equivalent to a junior college or sixth form college in the UK. Singapore retains a system similar but not the same as in the United Kingdom from 1970\u20131992, distinguishing between polytechnics and universities. Unlike the British Polytechnic (United Kingdom) system Singapore Polytechnics do not offer bachelors, masters or PhD degrees. Under this system, most Singaporean students sit for their O-Level examinations after a four or five years of education in secondary school, and apply for a place at either a technical school termed ITE, a polytechnic or a university-preparatory school (a junior college or the Millennia Institute, a centralized institute). Polytechnic graduates may be granted transfer credits when they apply to local and overseas universities, depending on the overall performance in their grades, as well as the university's policies on transfer credits. A few secondary schools are now offering six-year program which leads directly to university entrance."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many polytechnics are there in Singapore?", "id": "56de4b924396321400ee279d", "answers": [{"text": "5", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many years of study would it take to obtain a degree from a polytechnic in Singapore?", "id": "56de4b924396321400ee279e", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Polytechnics offer three-year diploma courses in fields such as information technology, engineering subjects and other vocational fields, like psychology and nursing. There are 5 polytechnics in Singapore. They are namely:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What queen set up the Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia?", "id": "56de4d9ecffd8e1900b4b7e1", "answers": [{"text": "queen Maria Theresa", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia founded?", "id": "56de4d9ecffd8e1900b4b7e2", "answers": [{"text": "1735", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia was originally intended for training workers in what two precious metals?", "id": "56de4d9ecffd8e1900b4b7e3", "answers": [{"text": "silver and gold", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did teaching start at the Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia?", "id": "56de4d9ecffd8e1900b4b7e4", "answers": [{"text": "1764", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the university buildings still standing at the Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia used for now?", "id": "56de4d9ecffd8e1900b4b7e5", "answers": [{"text": "teaching", "answer_start": 527}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The world's first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia in Bansk\u00e1 \u0160tiavnica, Slovakia, founded in 1735, Academy since December 13, 1762 established by queen Maria Theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood. Teaching started in 1764. Later the department of Mathematics, Mechanics and Hydraulics and department of Forestry were settled. University buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching. University has launched the first book of electrotechnics in the world."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are polytechnics called in South Africa?", "id": "56de4fd14396321400ee27d7", "answers": [{"text": "Technikons", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Technikons gain the ability to give out technology degrees?", "id": "56de4fd14396321400ee27d8", "answers": [{"text": "1993", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "South Africa has completed a process of transforming its \"higher education landscape\". Historically a division has existed in South Africa between Universities and Technikons (polytechnics) as well between institutions servicing particular racial and language groupings. In 1993 Technikons were afforded the power to award certain technology degrees."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did Technikons start being integrated with traditional South African universities?", "id": "56de50decffd8e1900b4b7fb", "answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beginning in 2004 former Technikons have either been merged with traditional Universities to form Comprehensive Universities or have become Universities of Technology, however the Universities of Technology have not to date acquired all of the traditional rights and privileges of a University (such as the ability to confer a wide range of degrees)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Most institutes of technology in Thailand were born out of what other type of institutions?", "id": "56de523ccffd8e1900b4b808", "answers": [{"text": "technical colleges", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of degree were Thailand's technical colleges historically not allowed to confer?", "id": "56de523ccffd8e1900b4b809", "answers": [{"text": "bachelor's degrees", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the new name of Pathumwan Technical School?", "id": "56de523ccffd8e1900b4b80a", "answers": [{"text": "Pathumwan Institute of Technology", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Most of Thailand's institutes of technology were developed from technical colleges, in the past could not grant bachelor's degrees; today, however, they are university level institutions, some of which can grant degrees to the doctoral level. Examples are Pathumwan Institute of Technology (developed from Pathumwan Technical School), King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (Nondhaburi Telecommunications Training Centre), and King Mongkut's Institute of Technology North Bangkok (Thai-German Technical School)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did the Thonburi Technology Institute become after its name change?", "id": "56de52a24396321400ee2803", "answers": [{"text": "King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the previous name of Rajamangala University of Technology?", "id": "56de52a24396321400ee2804", "answers": [{"text": "Institute of Technology and Vocational Education", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There are two former institutes of technology, which already changed their name to \"University of Technology\": Rajamangala University of Technology (formerly Institute of Technology and Vocational Education) and King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Thonburi Technology Institute)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of Thammasat University's engineering school?", "id": "56de55694396321400ee2815", "answers": [{"text": "Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Thailand's only government-established and owned institute of technology?", "id": "56de55694396321400ee2816", "answers": [{"text": "Suranaree University of Technology", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Suranaree University of Technology founded?", "id": "56de55694396321400ee2817", "answers": [{"text": "1989", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the best-known private institute of technology in Thailand?", "id": "56de55694396321400ee2818", "answers": [{"text": "Mahanakorn University of Technology", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Institutes of technology with different origins are Asian Institute of Technology, which developed from SEATO Graduate School of Engineering, and Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, an engineering school of Thammasat University. Suranaree University of Technology is the only government-owned technological university in Thailand that was established (1989) as such; while Mahanakorn University of Technology is the most well known private technological institute. Technology/Technical colleges in Thailand is associated with bitter rivalries which erupts into frequent off-campus brawls and assassinations of students in public locations that has been going on for nearly a decade, with innocent bystanders also commonly among the injured and the military under martial law still unable to stop them from occurring."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What institute of technology opened in Bursa in 2010?", "id": "56de57394396321400ee282f", "answers": [{"text": "Bursa Technical University", "answer_start": 459}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When Konya Technical University opens, how many total institutes of technology will there be in Turkey and the Ottoman Empire?", "id": "56de57394396321400ee2830", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 520}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two cities in Turkey acquired institutes of technology in the 1950s?", "id": "56de57394396321400ee2831", "answers": [{"text": "Ankara and Trabzon", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Turkey and the Ottoman Empire, the oldest technical university is Istanbul Technical University. Its graduates contributed to a wide variety of activities in scientific research and development. In 1950s, 2 technical universities were opened in Ankara and Trabzon. In recent years, Yildiz University is reorganized as Yildiz Technical University and 2 institutes of technology were founded in Kocaeli and Izmir. In 2010, another technical university named Bursa Technical University was founded in Bursa. Moreover, a sixth technical university is about to be opened in Konya named Konya Technical University."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did UK polytechnics start functioning in a binary education system?", "id": "56de59f24396321400ee2845", "answers": [{"text": "1970", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What organization validates degrees received from polytechnic schools?", "id": "56de59f24396321400ee2846", "answers": [{"text": "the UK Council for National Academic Awards", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two-word term does Scotland use to describe their technological universities?", "id": "56de59f24396321400ee2847", "answers": [{"text": "Central Institutions", "answer_start": 575}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first polytechnic in Britain originally named?", "id": "56de59f24396321400ee2848", "answers": [{"text": "Royal Polytechnic Institution", "answer_start": 630}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Polytechnics were tertiary education teaching institutions in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Since 1970 UK Polytechnics operated under the binary system of education along with universities. Polytechnics offered diplomas and degrees (bachelor's, master's, PhD) validated at the national level by the UK Council for National Academic Awards CNAA. They particularly excelled in engineering and applied science degree courses similar to technological universities in the USA and continental Europe. The comparable institutions in Scotland were collectively referred to as Central Institutions. Britain's first Polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution later known as the Polytechnic of Central London (now the University of Westminster) was established in 1838 at Regent Street in London and its goal was to educate and popularize engineering and scientific knowledge and inventions in Victorian Britain \"at little expense.\" The London Polytechnic led a mass movement to create numerous Polytechnic institutes across the UK in the late 19th Century. Most Polytechnic institutes were established at the centre of major metropolitan cities and their focus was on engineering, applied science and technology education."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many Institutes of Science and Technology were affiliated with the University of Wales?", "id": "56de5ba04396321400ee284d", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name Loughborough University was known by from 1966 to 1996?", "id": "56de5ba04396321400ee284e", "answers": [{"text": "Loughborough University of Technology", "answer_start": 569}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what decade did colleges of technology gain the University designation?", "id": "56de5ba04396321400ee284f", "answers": [{"text": "1960s", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1956, some colleges of technology received the designation College of Advanced Technology. They became universities in the 1960s meaning they could award their own degrees. The designation \"Institute of Technology\" was occasionally used by polytechnics (Bolton), Central Institutions (Dundee, Robert Gordon's), and postgraduate universities, (Cranfield and Wessex), most of which later adopted the designation University, and there were two \"Institutes of Science and Technology\": UMIST and UWIST, part of the University of Wales. Loughborough University was called Loughborough University of Technology from 1966 to 1996, the only institution in the UK to have had such a designation."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What act allowed polytechnic schools to become universities?", "id": "56de5c204396321400ee2853", "answers": [{"text": "the Further and Higher Education Act 1992", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Further and Higher Education Act 1992 allows polytechnics to award degrees without what organization's approval?", "id": "56de5c204396321400ee2854", "answers": [{"text": "CNAA", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Polytechnics were granted university status under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. This meant that Polytechnics could confer degrees without the oversight of the national CNAA organization. These institutions are sometimes referred to as post-1992 universities."}, {"qas": [{"question": "If a technical institute is affiliated with a local university, what does its designation become?", "id": "56de5d2a4396321400ee2857", "answers": [{"text": "university colleges", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What century brought the advent of technical schools or technical institutes?", "id": "56de5d2a4396321400ee2858", "answers": [{"text": "20th century", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A student would attend a technical institute before a university or polytechnic but after what?", "id": "56de5d2a4396321400ee2859", "answers": [{"text": "high school", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schools called \"technical institute\" or \"technical school\" that were formed in the early 20th century provided further education between high school and University or Polytechnic. Most technical institutes have been merged into regional colleges and some have been designated university colleges if they are associated with a local university."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute founded?", "id": "56de5e5b4396321400ee285d", "answers": [{"text": "1824", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of the three earliest technological universities was founded most recently, in 1861?", "id": "56de5e5b4396321400ee285e", "answers": [{"text": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "answer_start": 572}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Polytechnic Institutes are technological universities, many dating back to the mid-19th century. A handful of world-renowned Elite American universities include the phrases \"Institute of Technology\", \"Polytechnic Institute\", \"Polytechnic University\", or similar phrasing in their names; these are generally research-intensive universities with a focus on engineering, science and technology. The earliest and most famous of these institutions are, respectively, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI, 1824), New York University Tandon School of Engineering (1854) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT, 1861). Conversely, schools dubbed \"technical colleges\" or \"technical institutes\" generally provide post-secondary training in technical and mechanical fields, focusing on training vocational skills primarily at a community college level\u2014parallel and sometimes equivalent to the first two years at a bachelor's degree-granting institution."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of economy was technical education in Venezuela intended to support?", "id": "56de5ef44396321400ee2861", "answers": [{"text": "middle class", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Venezuela begin to create institutes of technology?", "id": "56de5ef44396321400ee2862", "answers": [{"text": "1950s", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Institutes of technology in Venezuela were developed in the 1950s as an option for post-secondary education in technical and scientific courses, after the polytechnic French concepts. At that time, technical education was considered essential for the development of a sound middle class economy."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What city in Venezuela had the first IUT?", "id": "56de5fbccffd8e1900b4b834", "answers": [{"text": "Caracas", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who pioneered using the French system of technological education?", "id": "56de5fbccffd8e1900b4b835", "answers": [{"text": "Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Most of these institutes award diplomas after three or three and a half years of education. The Institute of technology implementation (IUT from Instituto universitario de tecnologia on Spanish) began with the creation of the first IUT at Caracas, capital city of Venezuela, called IUT. Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio adopted the French \"Institut Universitaire de Technologie\"s system, using French personnel and study system based on three-year periods, with research and engineering facilities at the same level as the main national universities to obtain French equivalent degrees. This IUT is the first and only one in Venezuela having French equivalent degrees accepted, implementing this system and observing the high-level degrees some other IUT's were created in Venezuela, regardless of this the term IUT was not used appropriately resulting in some institutions with mediocre quality and no equivalent degree in France. Later, some private institutions sprang up using IUT in their names, but they are not regulated by the original French system and award lower quality degrees."}]}, {"title": "Wayback_Machine", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Where does the information stored on the Wayback Machine come from?", "id": "56ddb46c9a695914005b958e", "answers": [{"text": "World Wide Web", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which company made the Wayback Machine?", "id": "56ddb46c9a695914005b958f", "answers": [{"text": "Internet Archive", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Internet Archive headquartered?", "id": "56ddb46c9a695914005b9590", "answers": [{"text": "San Francisco", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What individuals founded Internet Archive?", "id": "56ddb46c9a695914005b9591", "answers": [{"text": "Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term used by Internet Archive to describe the Wayback Machine?", "id": "56ddb46c9a695914005b9592", "answers": [{"text": "three dimensional index", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "World Wide Web", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "Where does the information stored on the Internet Archive come from?", "id": "5a6afdb2a9e0c9001a4e9e38", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Internet Archive", "answer_start": 116}], "question": "Which company made the World Wide Web?", "id": "5a6afdb2a9e0c9001a4e9e39", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "San Francisco", "answer_start": 169}], "question": "Where is Bruce Gillat headquartered?", "id": "5a6afdb2a9e0c9001a4e9e3a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat", "answer_start": 228}], "question": "What individuals founded the World Wide Web?", "id": "5a6afdb2a9e0c9001a4e9e3b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three dimensional index", "answer_start": 418}], "question": "What is the term used by the World Wide Web to describe the Wayback Machine?", "id": "5a6afdb2a9e0c9001a4e9e3c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet created by the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization, based in San Francisco, California, United States. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet. The service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a \"three dimensional index.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What operating system is used on Wayback Machine's servers?", "id": "56ddb53b66d3e219004daca3", "answers": [{"text": "Linux", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When does Wayback Machine save a copy of a website?", "id": "56ddb53b66d3e219004daca4", "answers": [{"text": "if the content has changed", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the ultimate aim of the Wayback Machine?", "id": "56ddb53b66d3e219004daca5", "answers": [{"text": "to archive the entire Internet", "answer_start": 425}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Linux", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "What operating system is used on the internet's servers?", "id": "5a6afe8da9e0c9001a4e9e42", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "if the content has changed", "answer_start": 175}], "question": "When does the internet save a copy of a website?", "id": "5a6afe8da9e0c9001a4e9e43", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to archive the entire Internet", "answer_start": 425}], "question": "What is the ultimate aim of the visitors?", "id": "5a6afe8da9e0c9001a4e9e44", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "on the fly", "answer_start": 230}], "question": "Where can sites be captured by Linux clusters?", "id": "5a6afe8da9e0c9001a4e9e45", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down", "answer_start": 323}], "question": "What Linux nodes are hoped to be captured?", "id": "5a6afe8da9e0c9001a4e9e46", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Since 1996, they have been archiving cached pages of web sites onto their large cluster of Linux nodes. They revisit sites every few weeks or months and archive a new version if the content has changed. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who are offered a link to do so. The intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. Their grand vision is to archive the entire Internet."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What TV show served as inspiration for the Wayback Machine's name?", "id": "56ddb92966d3e219004daca9", "answers": [{"text": "The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which characters on The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show used a device that allowed them to travel through time?", "id": "56ddb92966d3e219004dacaa", "answers": [{"text": "Mr. Peabody and Sherman", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the machine used by Mr. Peabody and Sherman named?", "id": "56ddb92966d3e219004dacab", "answers": [{"text": "WABAC machine", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show", "answer_start": 105}], "question": "What TV show served as inspiration for WABAC's name?", "id": "5a6b0007a9e0c9001a4e9e4c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mr. Peabody and Sherman", "answer_start": 235}], "question": "Which characters on The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show used a device that allowed the to travel through WABAC?", "id": "5a6b0007a9e0c9001a4e9e4d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "WABAC machine", "answer_start": 301}], "question": "What was the machine used by Rocky named?", "id": "5a6b0007a9e0c9001a4e9e4e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "WABAC machine", "answer_start": 301}], "question": "What was used to alter events in a plot?", "id": "5a6b0007a9e0c9001a4e9e4f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wayback Machine", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "What was chosen as a droll reference to alter Mr. Peabody?", "id": "5a6b0007a9e0c9001a4e9e50", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The name Wayback Machine was chosen as a droll reference to a plot device in an animated cartoon series, The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show. In one of the animated cartoon's component segments, Peabody's Improbable History, lead characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman routinely used a time machine called the \"WABAC machine\" (pronounced way-back) to witness, participate in, and, more often than not, alter famous events in history."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the program necessary to crawl and archive the web created?", "id": "56ddbae166d3e219004dacaf", "answers": [{"text": "1996", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a term used for programs that automatically visit websites and record the data they find?", "id": "56ddbae166d3e219004dacb0", "answers": [{"text": "crawlers", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What rule do crawlers abide by when determining which sites to record?", "id": "56ddbae166d3e219004dacb1", "answers": [{"text": "robots exclusion standard", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What site was created to mitigate issues with incomplete copies of websites?", "id": "56ddbae166d3e219004dacb2", "answers": [{"text": "Archive-It.org", "answer_start": 640}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1996", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When was the program necessary to include all information available on the interet created?", "id": "5a6b01dba9e0c9001a4e9e56", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "crawlers", "answer_start": 260}], "question": "What is a term used for programs that automatically visit websites and record the board system they find?", "id": "5a6b01dba9e0c9001a4e9e57", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "robots exclusion standard", "answer_start": 470}], "question": "What rule do web sites abide by when determining sites to record?", "id": "5a6b01dba9e0c9001a4e9e58", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Archive-It.org", "answer_start": 640}], "question": "What site was created to mitigate issues with Bruce Gilliat?", "id": "5a6b01dba9e0c9001a4e9e59", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1996", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did Brewster Kate and Bruce Gilliat develop software to download crawlwers?", "id": "5a6b01dba9e0c9001a4e9e5a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1996 Brewster Kahle, with Bruce Gilliat, developed software to crawl and download all publicly accessible World Wide Web pages, the Gopher hierarchy, the Netnews (Usenet) bulletin board system, and downloadable software. The information collected by these \"crawlers\" does not include all the information available on the Internet, since much of the data is restricted by the publisher or stored in databases that are not accessible. These \"crawlers\" also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached. To overcome inconsistencies in partially cached web sites, Archive-It.org was developed in 2005 by the Internet Archive as a means of allowing institutions and content creators to voluntarily harvest and preserve collections of digital content, and create digital archives."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What medium was originally used to keep Internet Archive's data?", "id": "56ddbb4b66d3e219004dacb7", "answers": [{"text": "digital tape", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were sometimes permitted to use the Archive's database?", "id": "56ddbb4b66d3e219004dacb8", "answers": [{"text": "researchers and scientists", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what milestone was the archive made public?", "id": "56ddbb4b66d3e219004dacb9", "answers": [{"text": "fifth anniversary", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the event launching the publicly-available archive held?", "id": "56ddbb4b66d3e219004dacba", "answers": [{"text": "University of California, Berkeley", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "digital tape", "answer_start": 29}], "question": "What medium was originally used to keep California's data?", "id": "5a6b036ba9e0c9001a4e9e60", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "researchers and scientists", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "Who were sometimes permitted to attend the Archive's public ceremony?", "id": "5a6b036ba9e0c9001a4e9e61", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fifth anniversary", "answer_start": 180}], "question": "At what milestone was the archive made clunky?", "id": "5a6b036ba9e0c9001a4e9e62", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "University of California, Berkeley", "answer_start": 261}], "question": "Where was the event launching the digital tape held?", "id": "5a6b036ba9e0c9001a4e9e63", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kahle", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "Who allowed researchers and scientists to tap into Berkeley?", "id": "5a6b036ba9e0c9001a4e9e64", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers and scientists to tap into the clunky database. When the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are the saved versions of a site called?", "id": "56ddbc0e66d3e219004dacbf", "answers": [{"text": "Snapshots", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the minimum amount of time that elapses before most snapshots are released for viewing?", "id": "56ddbc0e66d3e219004dacc0", "answers": [{"text": "six months", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term characterizes the rate at which snapshots are made of websites?", "id": "56ddbc0e66d3e219004dacc1", "answers": [{"text": "variable", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Snapshots", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What are the saved versions of an update called?", "id": "5a6b045ca9e0c9001a4e9e6a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "six months", "answer_start": 45}], "question": "What is the minimum amount of time that elapses before most snapshots are released for recording?", "id": "5a6b045ca9e0c9001a4e9e6b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "variable", "answer_start": 184}], "question": "What term characterizes the rate at which intervals of websites are made?", "id": "5a6b045ca9e0c9001a4e9e6c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "twenty-four months", "answer_start": 123}], "question": "How many months can it take for intervals to become available?", "id": "5a6b045ca9e0c9001a4e9e6d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "several weeks or years", "answer_start": 277}], "question": "How long are intervals between cases?", "id": "5a6b045ca9e0c9001a4e9e6e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Snapshots usually become available more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later; it can take twenty-four months or longer.  The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked web site updates are recorded. Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did it become a requirement for websites to appear on Open Directory for inclusion in the Archive?", "id": "56ddbc9766d3e219004dacc5", "answers": [{"text": "After August 2008", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who stated that sites not on Open Directory were still being saved but would not be released until the Archive was reindexed?", "id": "56ddbc9766d3e219004dacc6", "answers": [{"text": "Jeff Kaplan", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Kaplan make comments about the status of non-Open Directory sites?", "id": "56ddbc9766d3e219004dacc7", "answers": [{"text": "November 2010", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "After August 2008", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "When did it become a requirement for websites to appear on Open Directory for inclusion in Kaplan?", "id": "5a6b06d9a9e0c9001a4e9e74", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jeff Kaplan", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "Who stated that sites not on Open Directory were still being saved but would not be released until the Kaplan was reindexed?", "id": "5a6b06d9a9e0c9001a4e9e75", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "November 2010", "answer_start": 140}], "question": "When did Kaplan make comments about the status of Open Directory sites?", "id": "5a6b06d9a9e0c9001a4e9e76", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in order to be included", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "Why were sites listed on the Internet Archive after August 2008?", "id": "5a6b06d9a9e0c9001a4e9e77", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "November 2010", "answer_start": 140}], "question": "When did Kaplan make comments about the Open Directory?", "id": "5a6b06d9a9e0c9001a4e9e78", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. According to Jeff Kaplan of the Internet Archive in November 2010, other sites were still being archived, but more recent captures would become visible only after the next major indexing, an infrequent operation."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In 2009, what size did the data saved by Wayback Machine reach?", "id": "56ddbd6d66d3e219004daccb", "answers": [{"text": "three petabytes", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As of 2003, what was the rate of increase in the amount of data recorded by the Wayback Machine?", "id": "56ddbd6d66d3e219004daccc", "answers": [{"text": "12 terabytes/month", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does Wayback Machine keep its information stored?", "id": "56ddbd6d66d3e219004daccd", "answers": [{"text": "PetaBox rack systems", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who makes PetaBox rack systems?", "id": "56ddbd6d66d3e219004dacce", "answers": [{"text": "Capricorn Technologies", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three petabytes", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "In 2009, what size did the data saved by rate systems reach?", "id": "5a6b07d7a9e0c9001a4e9e7e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "12 terabytes/month", "answer_start": 180}], "question": "As of 2003, what was the rate of increase in the amount of data recorded by rate systems?", "id": "5a6b07d7a9e0c9001a4e9e7f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "PetaBox rack systems", "answer_start": 222}], "question": "Where does Wayback Machine keep its technologies stored?", "id": "5a6b07d7a9e0c9001a4e9e80", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Capricorn Technologies", "answer_start": 259}], "question": "Who makes rate systems?", "id": "5a6b07d7a9e0c9001a4e9e81", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "data", "answer_start": 204}], "question": "What is stored on Petabox petabyte systems?", "id": "5a6b07d7a9e0c9001a4e9e82", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "As of 2009[update], the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month; the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month. The data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did Internet Archive chance its platform for data storage?", "id": "56ddc1d966d3e219004dacd3", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which platform did Internet Archive adopt in 2009?", "id": "56ddc1d966d3e219004dacd4", "answers": [{"text": "Sun Open Storage", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does Internet archive run a datacenter?", "id": "56ddc1d966d3e219004dacd5", "answers": [{"text": "Sun Microsystems' California campus", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did Internet Archive chance its platform for California?", "id": "5a6b0974a9e0c9001a4e9e88", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sun Open Storage,", "answer_start": 78}], "question": "Which campus did Internet Archive adopt 2009?", "id": "5a6b0974a9e0c9001a4e9e89", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sun Microsystems' California campus", "answer_start": 155}], "question": "Where does Internet archive run a sun storage center?", "id": "5a6b0974a9e0c9001a4e9e8a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did the Internet Archive leave California?", "id": "5a6b0974a9e0c9001a4e9e8b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "California", "answer_start": 173}], "question": "What state is home to the first data center?", "id": "5a6b0974a9e0c9001a4e9e8c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, and hosts a new data center in a Sun Modular Datacenter on Sun Microsystems' California campus."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was an upgrade of the Wayback Machine released for testing?", "id": "56ddc21866d3e219004dacd9", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When was an upgrade of the game released for testing?", "id": "5a6b0a37a9e0c9001a4e9e92", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "interface", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "What did the Wayback Machine keep the same?", "id": "5a6b0a37a9e0c9001a4e9e93", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wayback Machine", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "What was closed for testing?", "id": "5a6b0a37a9e0c9001a4e9e94", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wayback Machine", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "What used the same index of archived content?", "id": "5a6b0a37a9e0c9001a4e9e95", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When was the Wayback Machine retired?", "id": "5a6b0a37a9e0c9001a4e9e96", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When were details of the test version of the updated Wayback Machine released?", "id": "56ddc47666d3e219004dacdd", "answers": [{"text": "March 2011", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The older version of Wayback Machine did not have much new data past what year?", "id": "56ddc47666d3e219004dacde", "answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The newer version of the Wayback Machine included date up to and including what year?", "id": "56ddc47666d3e219004dacdf", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "March 2011", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When were details of the final version of the released?", "id": "5a6b0e56a9e0c9001a4e9e9c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 303}], "question": "Past what year did the older version of Wayback Machine had  much new data?", "id": "5a6b0e56a9e0c9001a4e9e9d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 169}], "question": "In what year was the oldest version of the Wayback Machine?", "id": "5a6b0e56a9e0c9001a4e9e9e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "March 2011", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did the Wayback Forum talk about the predecessor to the Wayback Machine?", "id": "5a6b0e56a9e0c9001a4e9e9f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "classic Wayback Machine", "answer_start": 240}], "question": "What only has a little bit of material past 2007?", "id": "5a6b0e56a9e0c9001a4e9ea0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In March 2011, it was said on the Wayback Machine forum that \"The Beta of the new Wayback Machine has a more complete and up-to-date index of all crawled materials into 2010, and will continue to be updated regularly. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a little bit of material past 2008, and no further index updates are planned, as it will be phased out this year\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the functionality called that gave users the ability to save a snapshot of a site?", "id": "56ddc4d99a695914005b95bc", "answers": [{"text": "Save a Page", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Save a Page made available?", "id": "56ddc4d99a695914005b95bd", "answers": [{"text": "October 2013", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Save a Page", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "What was the functionality called that gave users the ability to save a URL of a site?", "id": "5a6b0f05a9e0c9001a4e9ea6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "October 2013", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When was a URL available?", "id": "5a6b0f05a9e0c9001a4e9ea7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Save a Page", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "What became a threat of theft?", "id": "5a6b0f05a9e0c9001a4e9ea8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "October 2013", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did the company announce \"Save a Binary\"?", "id": "5a6b0f05a9e0c9001a4e9ea9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "malicious binaries", "answer_start": 187}], "question": "What did \"Save a Company\" host?", "id": "5a6b0f05a9e0c9001a4e9eaa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In October 2013, the company announced the \"Save a Page\" feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What 2009 court battle involved the Wayback Machine?", "id": "56ddc5e59a695914005b95c0", "answers": [{"text": "Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc.", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which company thought that Wayback Machine data was important for its argument?", "id": "56ddc5e59a695914005b95c1", "answers": [{"text": "Chordiant", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Chordiant request that the court deactivate on Netbula's website?", "id": "56ddc5e59a695914005b95c2", "answers": [{"text": "the robots.txt file", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc.", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "What 2009 court battle involved Netbula's robots?", "id": "5a6b1064a9e0c9001a4e9eb0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chordiant", "answer_start": 302}], "question": "Which company thought that Wayback Machine data was important for robots?", "id": "5a6b1064a9e0c9001a4e9eb1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the robots.txt file", "answer_start": 121}], "question": "What did the Wayback Machine request that the court deactivate on Netbulas website?", "id": "5a6b1064a9e0c9001a4e9eb2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pages", "answer_start": 291}], "question": "What did the Wayback Machine believe would support its case?", "id": "5a6b1064a9e0c9001a4e9eb3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chordiant", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "Who filed a motion to compel the Wayback Machine to disable the robots.txt file?", "id": "5a6b1064a9e0c9001a4e9eb4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc., defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots.txt file on its web site that was causing the Wayback Machine to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from Nebula's site, pages that Chordiant believed would support its case."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Netbula believe was the entity that should be responsible for the availability of its snapshots?", "id": "56ddc68966d3e219004dace5", "answers": [{"text": "Internet Archive", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which party did Internet Archive side with?", "id": "56ddc68966d3e219004dace6", "answers": [{"text": "Chordiant", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Internet Archive", "answer_start": 138}], "question": "Who did Netbula believe was the entity that should be responsible for the availability of its expenses?", "id": "5a6b12d5a9e0c9001a4e9eba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chordiant", "answer_start": 246}], "question": "Which party did Netbula side with?", "id": "5a6b12d5a9e0c9001a4e9ebb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Netbula", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Chordiant's web site?", "id": "5a6b12d5a9e0c9001a4e9ebc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "considerable burden, expense and disruption to its operations", "answer_start": 351}], "question": "What would producing web pages have caused Netbula?", "id": "5a6b12d5a9e0c9001a4e9ebd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "An employee of Internet Archive", "answer_start": 179}], "question": "Who filed a sworn statement supporting Netubla's motion?", "id": "5a6b12d5a9e0c9001a4e9ebe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbula's web site and that they should have subpoenaed Internet Archive for the pages directly. An employee of Internet Archive filed a sworn statement supporting Chordiant's motion, however, stating that it could not produce the web pages by any other means \"without considerable burden, expense and disruption to its operations.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which judge presided over the Netbula v. Chordiant case?", "id": "56ddc6e266d3e219004daceb", "answers": [{"text": "Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what jurisdiction was the Netbula v. Chordiant case tried?", "id": "56ddc6e266d3e219004dacec", "answers": [{"text": "Northern District of California, San Jose Division", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which party won its argument regarding Netbula's robots.txt file?", "id": "56ddc6e266d3e219004daced", "answers": [{"text": "Chordiant", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Which judge presided over the California v. Chordiant case?", "id": "5a6b1401a9e0c9001a4e9ec4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Northern District of California, San Jose", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "In what jurisdiction was the California v. Chordiant case tried?", "id": "5a6b1401a9e0c9001a4e9ec5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chordiant", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "Which party won its argument regarding California's robots.txt file?", "id": "5a6b1401a9e0c9001a4e9ec6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who rejected California's arguments?", "id": "5a6b1401a9e0c9001a4e9ec7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to allow Chordiant to retrieve the archived pages that they sought", "answer_start": 191}], "question": "Why was California allowed to disable the robots.txt blockage?", "id": "5a6b1401a9e0c9001a4e9ec8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd in the Northern District of California, San Jose Division, rejected Netbula's arguments and ordered them to disable the robots.txt blockage temporarily in order to allow Chordiant to retrieve the archived pages that they sought."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does Telewizja Polska operate?", "id": "56ddc9d49a695914005b95cd", "answers": [{"text": "TVP Polonia", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is EchoStar's platform?", "id": "56ddc9d49a695914005b95ce", "answers": [{"text": "the Dish Network", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which judge denied Telewizja Polska's attempt to block the use of Internet Archive contents as evidence?", "id": "56ddc9d49a695914005b95cf", "answers": [{"text": "Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys", "answer_start": 645}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which judge overturned Keys' ruling?", "id": "56ddc9d49a695914005b95d0", "answers": [{"text": "district Court Judge Ronald Guzman", "answer_start": 816}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "TVP Polonia", "answer_start": 301}], "question": "What does Telewizja Polska intend to offer?", "id": "5a6b165fa9e0c9001a4e9ece", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Dish Network", "answer_start": 335}], "question": "What is Romand Guzmans platform?", "id": "5a6b165fa9e0c9001a4e9ecf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys", "answer_start": 645}], "question": "Which judge denied Echostar's attempt to block the use of Internet Archive contents as evidence?", "id": "5a6b165fa9e0c9001a4e9ed0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "district Court Judge Ronald Guzman", "answer_start": 816}], "question": "Which judge overturned Polska's ruling?", "id": "5a6b165fa9e0c9001a4e9ed1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys", "answer_start": 645}], "question": "Who rejected Echostar's assertion of hearsay?", "id": "5a6b165fa9e0c9001a4e9ed2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No. 02 C 3293, 65 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 673 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 15, 2004), a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, perhaps for the first time. Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network. Prior to the trial proceedings, EchoStar indicated that it intended to offer Wayback Machine snapshots as proof of the past content of Telewizja Polska's web site. Telewizja Polska brought a motion in limine to suppress the snapshots on the grounds of hearsay and unauthenticated source, but Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys rejected Telewizja Polska's assertion of hearsay and denied TVP's motion in limine to exclude the evidence at trial. At the trial, however, district Court Judge Ronald Guzman, the trial judge, overruled Magistrate Keys' findings,[citation needed] and held that neither the affidavit of the Internet Archive employee nor the underlying pages (i.e., the Telewizja Polska website) were admissible as evidence. Judge Guzman reasoned that the employee's affidavit contained both hearsay and inconclusive supporting statements, and the purported web page printouts were not self-authenticating.[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "When are Internet Archive timestamps useful for patent offices?", "id": "56ddca9d9a695914005b95d7", "answers": [{"text": "in examining a patent application", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a condition that must be met for the Internet Archive data to be considered acceptable for submission to patent offices in the US and Europe?", "id": "56ddca9d9a695914005b95d8", "answers": [{"text": "authoritative statement of the archivist", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in examining a patent application", "answer_start": 375}], "question": "When are Internet Archive timestamps harmful for patent offices?", "id": "5a6b1877a9e0c9001a4e9ed8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "authoritative statement of the archivist", "answer_start": 65}], "question": "What is an example of a condition that must be met for the Internet Archive data to be considered acceptable for submission to patent offices on the Web?", "id": "5a6b1877a9e0c9001a4e9ed9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dates", "answer_start": 294}], "question": "What are used to determine if a patent is available?", "id": "5a6b1877a9e0c9001a4e9eda", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United States patent office and the European Patent Office", "answer_start": 112}], "question": "What will accept date stamps from the public?", "id": "5a6b1877a9e0c9001a4e9edb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "authoritative statement of the archivist", "answer_start": 65}], "question": "What does the patent offices require before they accept applications for employment?", "id": "5a6b1877a9e0c9001a4e9edc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Provided some additional requirements are met (e.g. providing an authoritative statement of the archivist), the United States patent office and the European Patent Office will accept date stamps from the Internet Archive as evidence of when a given Web page was accessible to the public. These dates are used to determine if a Web page is available as prior art for instance in examining a patent application."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of limitations exist in keeping copies of a website?", "id": "56ddcf4166d3e219004dacf7", "answers": [{"text": "technical", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The omission of what element in screenshots can make them unreliable as evidence?", "id": "56ddcf4166d3e219004dacf8", "answers": [{"text": "underlying links", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What elements of webpages are not used by Wayback Machine?", "id": "56ddcf4166d3e219004dacf9", "answers": [{"text": "forms", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of sites contain information that the Wayback Machine does not record?", "id": "56ddcf4166d3e219004dacfa", "answers": [{"text": "e-commerce", "answer_start": 528}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "technical", "answer_start": 10}], "question": "What kind of limitations exist in keeping copies of the Wayback Machine?", "id": "5a6b1c23a9e0c9001a4e9ee2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "underlying links", "answer_start": 330}], "question": "The omission of what element in Wayback Machines can make them unreliable as evidence?", "id": "5a6b1c23a9e0c9001a4e9ee3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "forms", "answer_start": 464}], "question": "What elements of webpages are not used by site archives?", "id": "5a6b1c23a9e0c9001a4e9ee4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "e-commerce", "answer_start": 528}], "question": "What kind of sites contain information that the screen shots do not record?", "id": "5a6b1c23a9e0c9001a4e9ee5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "litigation", "answer_start": 118}], "question": "When is it possible for opposing parties to misuse e-commerce?", "id": "5a6b1c23a9e0c9001a4e9ee6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "There are technical limitations to archiving a web site, and as a consequence, it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided by web site archives. This problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints, answers, or expert witness reports, when the underlying links are not exposed and therefore, can contain errors. For example, archives such as the Wayback Machine do not fill out forms and therefore, do not include the contents of non-RESTful e-commerce databases in their archives."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kinds of laws could the Wayback Machine be viewed as breaking in Europe?", "id": "56ddd0509a695914005b95ec", "answers": [{"text": "copyright laws", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What would the Internet Archive have to do if requested by someone whose content is available on Wayback Machine?", "id": "56ddd0509a695914005b95ed", "answers": [{"text": "delete pages from its system", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what part of the website are Wayback Machine's rules regarding removing content?", "id": "56ddd0509a695914005b95ee", "answers": [{"text": "FAQ", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "copyright laws", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "What kinds of laws could the Wayback Machine be viewed as breaking in the FAQ?", "id": "5a6b1e6ba9e0c9001a4e9eec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "delete pages from its system", "answer_start": 193}], "question": "What would the Internet Archive have to do if requested by someone whose content is available on robots.txt files?", "id": "5a6b1e6ba9e0c9001a4e9eed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "FAQ", "answer_start": 318}], "question": "In what part of Europe are Wayback Machine's rules regarding removing content?", "id": "5a6b1e6ba9e0c9001a4e9eee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "FAQ", "answer_start": 318}], "question": "What may be found in the robots.txt files section of the site?", "id": "5a6b1e6ba9e0c9001a4e9eef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "creator", "answer_start": 242}], "question": "Who can decide when pages are deleted from Europe?", "id": "5a6b1e6ba9e0c9001a4e9ef0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In Europe the Wayback Machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws. Only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated, so the Archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator. The exclusion policies for the Wayback Machine may be found in the FAQ section of the site. The Wayback Machine also retroactively respects robots.txt files, i.e., pages that currently are blocked to robots on the live web temporarily will be made unavailable from the archives as well."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Web pages that contained content critical of what religous movement were taken off of the Internet Archive in 2002?", "id": "56ddd22366d3e219004dacff", "answers": [{"text": "Scientology", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was mistakenly credited for having the sites with criticism of Scientology removed from the Internet Archive?", "id": "56ddd22366d3e219004dad00", "answers": [{"text": "the site owner", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the actual party that requested the critical sites be taken down?", "id": "56ddd22366d3e219004dad01", "answers": [{"text": "Church of Scientology", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Scientology", "answer_start": 79}], "question": "Web pages that contained content critical of what religious movement were taken off of the Wayback Machine in 2002?", "id": "5a6b2219a9e0c9001a4e9ef6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the site owner", "answer_start": 184}], "question": "Who was mistakenly credited for having the sites with criticism of Scientology removed from the Wayback Machine?", "id": "5a6b2219a9e0c9001a4e9ef7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Church of Scientology", "answer_start": 247}], "question": "Who was the actual party that requested the Wayback Machine to be taken down?", "id": "5a6b2219a9e0c9001a4e9ef8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "late 2002", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did the Church of Scientology remove files?", "id": "5a6b2219a9e0c9001a4e9ef9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "site owners", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "Who did not want the Wayback Machine removed?", "id": "5a6b2219a9e0c9001a4e9efa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In late 2002, the Internet Archive removed various sites that were critical of Scientology from the Wayback Machine. An error message stated that this was in response to a \"request by the site owner.\" Later, it was clarified that lawyers from the Church of Scientology had demanded the removal and that the site owners did not want their material removed."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which law firm leveraged Wayback Machine to protect their client in 2003?", "id": "56ddd58e66d3e219004dad0d", "answers": [{"text": "Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which company filed suit against Harding, Earley, Follmer & Frailey's client?", "id": "56ddd58e66d3e219004dad0e", "answers": [{"text": "Healthcare Advocates", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Healthcare advocates change their case to include as a defendant?", "id": "56ddd58e66d3e219004dad0f", "answers": [{"text": "Internet Archive", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What laws did Healthcare Advocates accuse Internet Archive of having broken?", "id": "56ddd58e66d3e219004dad10", "answers": [{"text": "the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "Which law firm leveaged the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act to protect their client in 2003?", "id": "5a6b244ea9e0c9001a4e9f00", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Healthcare Advocates", "answer_start": 501}], "question": "Which company filed suit against Harding Early Follmer & Frailey?", "id": "5a6b244ea9e0c9001a4e9f01", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Internet Archive", "answer_start": 359}], "question": "Who did Healthcare advocates change their case to include as a plaintiff?", "id": "5a6b244ea9e0c9001a4e9f02", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act", "answer_start": 454}], "question": "What laws did Healthcare Advocates accuse Early Follmer & Frailey of having broken?", "id": "5a6b244ea9e0c9001a4e9f03", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "all previous copies of the plaintiff web site", "answer_start": 675}], "question": "What should Early Follmer & Frailey have removed?", "id": "5a6b244ea9e0c9001a4e9f04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2003, Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the Archive's Wayback Machine. The attorneys were able to demonstrate that the claims made by the plaintiff were invalid, based on the content of their web site from several years prior. The plaintiff, Healthcare Advocates, then amended their complaint to include the Internet Archive, accusing the organization of copyright infringement as well as violations of the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Healthcare Advocates claimed that, since they had installed a robots.txt file on their web site, even if after the initial lawsuit was filed, the Archive should have removed all previous copies of the plaintiff web site from the Wayback Machine. The lawsuit was settled out of court."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of protocol is the Robots Exclusion Standard?", "id": "56ddd60966d3e219004dad15", "answers": [{"text": "voluntary", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What file is utilized to exercise the rights promoted by the Robots Exclusion Standard?", "id": "56ddd60966d3e219004dad16", "answers": [{"text": "Robots.txt", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If a site prevents Internet Archive from recording it, what file is still saved?", "id": "56ddd60966d3e219004dad17", "answers": [{"text": "Robots.txt", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "voluntary", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "What kind of protocol is the Internet Archive?", "id": "5a6b2699a9e0c9001a4e9f0a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "robots.txt", "answer_start": 377}], "question": "What file is utilized to exercise the rights promoted by the Internet Archive?", "id": "5a6b2699a9e0c9001a4e9f0b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "robots.txt", "answer_start": 377}], "question": "If a site prevents Internet Archive from recording it, what file is rendered unavailable?", "id": "5a6b2699a9e0c9001a4e9f0c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Robots Exclusion Standard", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "What does the Healthcare Advocates respect?", "id": "5a6b2699a9e0c9001a4e9f0d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Robots.txt is used as part of the Robots Exclusion Standard, a voluntary protocol the Internet Archive respects that disallows bots from indexing certain pages delineated by its creator as off-limits. As a result, the Internet Archive has rendered unavailable a number of web sites that now are inaccessible through the Wayback Machine. Currently, the Internet Archive applies robots.txt rules retroactively; if a site blocks the Internet Archive, such as Healthcare Advocates, any previously archived pages from the domain are rendered unavailable as well. In cases of blocked sites, only the robots.txt file is archived."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who asserts that they will respond to direct contacts requesting material be removed from the archive?", "id": "56ddd65866d3e219004dad1b", "answers": [{"text": "Internet Archive", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Internet Archive", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "Who asserts that they will respond to direct contracts requesting material be removed from Web sites?", "id": "5a6b295ba9e0c9001a4e9f12", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "preserving or offering access to Web sites or other Internet documents of persons who do not want their materials in the collection", "answer_start": 246}], "question": "What are owners not interested in?", "id": "5a6b295ba9e0c9001a4e9f13", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "comply", "answer_start": 142}], "question": "What do Web site owners do with requests?", "id": "5a6b295ba9e0c9001a4e9f14", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "directly", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "How does the Internet Archives contact owners?", "id": "5a6b295ba9e0c9001a4e9f15", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Internet Archive", "answer_start": 208}], "question": "Who is interested in preserving Web sites of persons who do not want their materials in the collection?", "id": "5a6b295ba9e0c9001a4e9f16", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Internet Archive states, however, \"Sometimes a website owner will contact us directly and ask us to stop crawling or archiving a site. We comply with these requests.\" In addition, the web site says: \"The Internet Archive is not interested in preserving or offering access to Web sites or other Internet documents of persons who do not want their materials in the collection.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who sued Internet Archive in 2005?", "id": "56ddd8849a695914005b960c", "answers": [{"text": "Suzanne Shell", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the URL owned by Suzanne Shell?", "id": "56ddd8849a695914005b960d", "answers": [{"text": "profane-justice.org", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what jurisdiction were Internet Archive's counterclaims filed?", "id": "56ddd8849a695914005b960f", "answers": [{"text": "Northern District of California", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what jurisdiction where counterclaims nullified by the court?", "id": "56ddd8849a695914005b9610", "answers": [{"text": "District of Colorado", "answer_start": 634}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Suzanne Shell", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "Who sued Internet Archive in 2004?", "id": "5a6b2b06a9e0c9001a4e9f1c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "profane-justice.org", "answer_start": 126}], "question": "What was the URL owned by the Internet Archive?", "id": "5a6b2b06a9e0c9001a4e9f1d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Northern District of California", "answer_start": 266}], "question": "In what jurisdiction was Suzanne Shell's counterclaims filed?", "id": "5a6b2b06a9e0c9001a4e9f1e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "District of Colorado", "answer_start": 634}], "question": "In what jurisdiction were claims nullified by the court?", "id": "5a6b2b06a9e0c9001a4e9f1f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "January 20, 2006", "answer_start": 301}], "question": "When did Suzanne Shell file a declaratory judgment action?", "id": "5a6b2b06a9e0c9001a4e9f20", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, seeking a judicial determination that Internet Archive did not violate Shell's copyright. Shell responded and brought a countersuit against Internet Archive for archiving her site, which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service. On February 13, 2007, a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract. The Internet Archive did not move to dismiss copyright infringement claims Shell asserted arising out of its copying activities, which would also go forward."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did Suzanne Shell's suit against Internet Archive come to an end?", "id": "56ddd98d9a695914005b961a", "answers": [{"text": "April 25, 2007", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who stated that they had no wish to violate individuals' copyrights?", "id": "56ddd98d9a695914005b961b", "answers": [{"text": "Internet Archive", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who stated that they did not want to cause damage to the Internet Archive?", "id": "56ddd98d9a695914005b961c", "answers": [{"text": "Suzanne Shell", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "April 25, 2007", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did Wayback Machine's suit against Internet Archive come to an end?", "id": "5a6b2d63a9e0c9001a4e9f26", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Internet Archive", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "Who stated that they had no wish to violate the values of Suzanne Shell?", "id": "5a6b2d63a9e0c9001a4e9f27", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Suzanne Shell", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "Who stated that they did not want to cause damage to the Wayback Machine?", "id": "5a6b2d63a9e0c9001a4e9f28", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Internet Archive", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "Who regretted the inclusion of Wayback Mountain's Web site?", "id": "5a6b2d63a9e0c9001a4e9f29", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Internet Archive", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "Who never intended to interfere with Suzanne Shell's goal?", "id": "5a6b2d63a9e0c9001a4e9f2a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it \"...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her Web site and we regret that the inclusion of her Web site in the Wayback Machine resulted in this litigation.\" Shell said, \"I respect the historical value of Internet Archive's goal. I never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get his images taken down?", "id": "56ddd9ea66d3e219004dad24", "answers": [{"text": "DMCA requests", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What legal system did the actor use after filing DMCA petitions?", "id": "56ddd9ea66d3e219004dad25", "answers": [{"text": "Federal Court of Canada", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "DMCA requests", "answer_start": 107}], "question": "What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get the DMCA taken down?", "id": "5a6b2ed4a9e0c9001a4e9f30", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Federal Court of Canada", "answer_start": 152}], "question": "What legal actions did the actor use after filing pornographic images?", "id": "5a6b2ed4a9e0c9001a4e9f31", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2013\u201314", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did a pornographic actor send multiple requests to DMCA?", "id": "5a6b2ed4a9e0c9001a4e9f32", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "archived images", "answer_start": 53}], "question": "What was the DMCA trying to remove?", "id": "5a6b2ed4a9e0c9001a4e9f33", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2013\u201314", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When was the DMCA trying to remove archived images?", "id": "5a6b2ed4a9e0c9001a4e9f34", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2013\u201314 a pornographic actor was trying to remove archived images of himself, first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the Archive and then in the Federal Court of Canada."}]}, {"title": "Dutch_Republic", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What are some other names the Dutch Republic is known by?", "id": "56ddd7179a695914005b9600", "answers": [{"text": "the United Provinces (Verenigde Provinci\u00ebn), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata)", "answer_start": 538}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Dutch Republic was a republic of Europe during what time?", "id": "56ddd7179a695914005b9601", "answers": [{"text": "from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What republics did the Dutch Republic come before?", "id": "56ddd7179a695914005b9602", "answers": [{"text": "Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Dutch Republic", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is also known as the Republic of the seventeen United Netherlands?", "id": "5a11bc6f06e79900185c3537", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1581", "answer_start": 284}], "question": "When did part of Spain separate from the Netherlands?", "id": "5a11bc6f06e79900185c3538", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Dutch Republic", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "The Batavian Repulic preceded what other Republic?", "id": "5a11bc6f06e79900185c3539", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands", "answer_start": 376}], "question": "What was the Kingdom of the Netherlands later known as?", "id": "5a11bc6f06e79900185c353a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1581", "answer_start": 284}], "question": "What year marked the beginning of the existence of the Spanish Republic?", "id": "5a1c84fbb4fb5d0018714640", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands.", "answer_start": 376}], "question": "What republics did the Spanish kingdom come before?", "id": "5a1c84fbb4fb5d0018714641", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the United Provinces (Verenigde Provinci\u00ebn), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata).", "answer_start": 538}], "question": "What are some other names the Batvian Republic is known by?", "id": "5a1c84fbb4fb5d0018714642", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795.", "answer_start": 279}], "question": "During what period was the Kingdom of Holland a republic of Europe?", "id": "5a1c84fbb4fb5d0018714643", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "Name one name the Batvian Republic is also known as?", "id": "5a1c84fbb4fb5d0018714644", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Dutch Republic, also known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), Republic of the United Netherlands or Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Provinci\u00ebn), was a republic in Europe existing from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795. It preceded the Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands. Alternative names include the United Provinces (Verenigde Provinci\u00ebn), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The Low Countries were made up of which present day countries?", "id": "56ddd84066d3e219004dad1f", "answers": [{"text": "Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which counties in the Low Countries were not ruled by the Holy Roman Empire?", "id": "56ddd84066d3e219004dad20", "answers": [{"text": "Flanders", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "What countries were considered part of the low countries after the sixteenth century?", "id": "5a11be2006e79900185c353f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a number of duchies, counties, and Prince-bishoprics,", "answer_start": 137}], "question": "What were ruled by the Roman Empire?", "id": "5a11be2006e79900185c3540", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Holy Roman Empire,", "answer_start": 243}], "question": "Which Empire ruled the county of Flanders?", "id": "5a11be2006e79900185c3541", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kingdom of France", "answer_start": 328}], "question": "What kingdom was a holy Roman empire under?", "id": "5a11be2006e79900185c3542", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "What three countries were under the Kingdom of France?", "id": "5a1c8751b4fb5d001871465e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a number of duchies, counties, and Prince-bishoprics", "answer_start": 137}], "question": "What did the Low Countries under the Kingdom of France consist of?", "id": "5a1c8751b4fb5d001871465f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Flanders", "answer_start": 298}], "question": "What county was under the Holy Roman Empire?", "id": "5a1c8751b4fb5d0018714660", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Until the 16th century", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Until what century was the county of Flanders part of the Low Countries?", "id": "5a1c8751b4fb5d0018714661", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prince-bishoprics", "answer_start": 172}], "question": "Name one type of government the county of Flanders had when under the rule of the Holy Roman Empire?", "id": "5a1c8751b4fb5d0018714662", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Until the 16th century, the Low Countries \u2013 corresponding roughly to the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg \u2013 consisted of a number of duchies, counties, and Prince-bishoprics, almost all of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire, with the exception of the county of Flanders, which was under the Kingdom of France."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The majority of the Low Countries were ruled by which houses?", "id": "56dddab666d3e219004dad2f", "answers": [{"text": "the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who issued the Pragmatic Sanction?", "id": "56dddab666d3e219004dad30", "answers": [{"text": "Holy Roman Emperor Charles V", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Netherlands rise up against Philip II?", "id": "56dddab666d3e219004dad31", "answers": [{"text": "1568", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the people of the Netherlands rise up against Philip II?", "id": "56dddab666d3e219004dad32", "answers": [{"text": "high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces", "answer_start": 395}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg", "answer_start": 53}], "question": "The low countries ruled most of what two houses?", "id": "5a11c08c06e79900185c3547", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Pragmatic Sanction", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "What did Charles V block in 1549?", "id": "5a11c08c06e79900185c3548", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Pragmatic Sanction", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "What further fragment of the seventeen provinces?", "id": "5a11c08c06e79900185c3549", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1568", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "When did Philip II conquer the Netherlands?", "id": "5a11c08c06e79900185c354a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Eighty Years' War", "answer_start": 586}], "question": "What war ended with a revolt led by William I", "id": "5a11c08c06e79900185c354b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1549", "answer_start": 118}], "question": "When did the House of Burgundy issue the Pragmatic Sanction?", "id": "5a1c89fcb4fb5d001871468c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "unified the Seventeen Provinces", "answer_start": 197}], "question": "What did modernizing the government structures do to the Low Countries status?", "id": "5a1c89fcb4fb5d001871468d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1568", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "When did the House of Burgundy revolt against Philip II?", "id": "5a1c89fcb4fb5d001871468e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government", "answer_start": 395}], "question": "Name two reasons why the Low Countries turned against Philip II?", "id": "5a1c89fcb4fb5d001871468f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Eighty Years' War", "answer_start": 586}], "question": "What event started after the revolt let by King Philip II of Spain?", "id": "5a1c89fcb4fb5d0018714690", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. In 1568 the Netherlands, led by William I of Orange, revolted against Philip II because of high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces. This was the start of the Eighty Years' War."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was the Union of Utrecht signed?", "id": "56dddb4466d3e219004dad37", "answers": [{"text": "1579", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who signed the Union of Utrecht?", "id": "56dddb4466d3e219004dad38", "answers": [{"text": "a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II called?", "id": "56dddb4466d3e219004dad39", "answers": [{"text": "the Act of Abjuration", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the Act of Abjuration signed?", "id": "56dddb4466d3e219004dad3a", "answers": [{"text": "1581", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the purpose of the Union of Utrecht?", "id": "56dddb4466d3e219004dad3b", "answers": [{"text": "to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1579", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what year did the provinces of the low countries sign the Union of Utrecht?", "id": "5a11c1fe06e79900185c3551", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "northern provinces of the Low Countries", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "Who promised to help each other attack the Spanish army?", "id": "5a11c1fe06e79900185c3552", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the northern provinces", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "Who declared their independence from Philip II in 1579?", "id": "5a11c1fe06e79900185c3553", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Philip II", "answer_start": 287}], "question": "Who did the Union of Utrecht declare independence from?", "id": "5a11c1fe06e79900185c3554", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "each other", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "Who did the provinces promise to support with the Act of Abjuration?", "id": "5a11c1fe06e79900185c3555", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries", "answer_start": 8}], "question": "In 1581 who signed the Union of Utrecht?", "id": "5a1cb8fe4ea40d0018b06ecb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Act of Abjuration", "answer_start": 210}], "question": "What was the name of the declaration of independence from the Low Countries?", "id": "5a1cb8fe4ea40d0018b06ecc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Union of Utrecht", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "What did Low Country provinces sign promising to support each other against Philip II?", "id": "5a1cb8fe4ea40d0018b06ecd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1581", "answer_start": 202}], "question": "During what year was the declaration of independence from the Spanish signed?", "id": "5a1cb8fe4ea40d0018b06ece", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries", "answer_start": 8}], "question": "Who promised to support each other while defending against Philip II?", "id": "5a1cb8fe4ea40d0018b06ecf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did the United Provinces invite Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them?", "id": "56dddd6766d3e219004dad41", "answers": [{"text": "1582", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Francis, Duke of Anjou leave the Netherlands?", "id": "56dddd6766d3e219004dad42", "answers": [{"text": "1583", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was William of Orange assassinated?", "id": "56dddd6766d3e219004dad43", "answers": [{"text": "10 July 1584", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England?", "id": "56dddd6766d3e219004dad44", "answers": [{"text": "Elizabeth I", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the United Provinces become a confederacy?", "id": "56dddd6766d3e219004dad45", "answers": [{"text": "1588", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1582", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what year did the Duke of Anjou conquered the United provinces?", "id": "5a11c35a06e79900185c355b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Francis, Duke of Anjou", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "Who talk Antwerp in 1583?", "id": "5a11c35a06e79900185c355c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England", "answer_start": 229}], "question": "What two rulers fought over the provinces after the assassination of William of Orange?", "id": "5a11c35a06e79900185c355d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Treaty of Nonsuch", "answer_start": 399}], "question": "What treaty gave England sovereignty over the United provinces?", "id": "5a11c35a06e79900185c355e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1648", "answer_start": 725}], "question": "In what year did the Spanish Empire stopped recognizing the Republic of the Seven United Provinces?", "id": "5a11c35a06e79900185c355f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10 July 1584", "answer_start": 209}], "question": "When was the Duke of Anjou assassinated?", "id": "5a1cba7b4ea40d0018b06ed5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583", "answer_start": 78}], "question": "When did Henry III leave the Netherlands?", "id": "5a1cba7b4ea40d0018b06ed6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584)", "answer_start": 163}], "question": "When did the Duke of Anjou decline an offer of soverignty?", "id": "5a1cba7b4ea40d0018b06ed7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Earl of Leicester", "answer_start": 434}], "question": "Who was sent as governer-general to the Spanish Empire?", "id": "5a1cba7b4ea40d0018b06ed8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England", "answer_start": 331}], "question": "What did Henry III do with the United Provinces  after William of Orange was assassinated?", "id": "5a1cba7b4ea40d0018b06ed9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of sovereignty. However, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England (Treaty of Nonsuch, 1585), and sent the Earl of Leicester as governor-general. This was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a confederacy. The Union of Utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was not recognized by the Spanish Empire until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What events created the Batavian Republic?", "id": "56ddde4d66d3e219004dad53", "answers": [{"text": "a series of republican revolutions in 1783\u20131795", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The republican forces fled to which country?", "id": "56ddde4d66d3e219004dad54", "answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland replaced which republic?", "id": "56ddde4d66d3e219004dad55", "answers": [{"text": "the Batavian Republic", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Republic of the United Provinces", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What republic began with a series of republican revolutions?", "id": "5a11e57f6614be00188f247d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a series of republican revolutions", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "What did the Batavian Republic take part in from 1783 to 1795?", "id": "5a11e57f6614be00188f247e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Batavian Republic", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "During what period did Republican forces loose several major cities of the Netherlands?", "id": "5a11e57f6614be00188f247f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Batavian Republic", "answer_start": 527}], "question": "What Republic replaced the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland?", "id": "5a11e57f6614be00188f2480", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The republican forces", "answer_start": 342}], "question": "Who fled from France to the Netherlands?", "id": "5a11e57f6614be00188f2481", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a series of republican revolutions in 1783\u20131795", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "What happened that led to the creation of the French Republic?", "id": "5a1cbbb84ea40d0018b06edf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops", "answer_start": 242}], "question": "Who came back to retake the Batavian Republic?", "id": "5a1cbbb84ea40d0018b06ee0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 372}], "question": "Where did the Prussian forces flee to?", "id": "5a1cbbb84ea40d0018b06ee1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the French Empire", "answer_start": 489}], "question": "What did the French Republic become under the British?", "id": "5a1cbbb84ea40d0018b06ee2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland", "answer_start": 561}], "question": "What Kingdom replaced the monarchist forces under Napoleon?", "id": "5a1cbbb84ea40d0018b06ee3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783\u20131795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did the Netherlands gain independence from France?", "id": "56dddf3066d3e219004dad59", "answers": [{"text": "1813", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What names were used in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814?", "id": "56dddf3066d3e219004dad5a", "answers": [{"text": "\"United Provinces of the Netherlands\" and \"United Netherlands\"", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed by which countries?", "id": "56dddf3066d3e219004dad5b", "answers": [{"text": "Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Li\u00e8ge", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in 1813", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "When did Belgium regain independence from France?", "id": "5a1cbde04ea40d0018b06ee9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"United Provinces of the Netherlands\" and \"United Netherlands\"", "answer_start": 103}], "question": "What names were Luxembourg known by in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814?", "id": "5a1cbde04ea40d0018b06eea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Kingdom of the United Netherlands", "answer_start": 342}], "question": "What kingdom created a buffer state north of Belgium?", "id": "5a1cbde04ea40d0018b06eeb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today.", "answer_start": 479}], "question": "What happened to the Kingdom of the United Netherlands after France became independent?", "id": "5a1cbde04ea40d0018b06eec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Li\u00e8ge (the \"Southern provinces\") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands", "answer_start": 177}], "question": "What did the Southern provinces treaty accomplish for the Netherlands?", "id": "5a1cbde04ea40d0018b06eed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names \"United Provinces of the Netherlands\" and \"United Netherlands\" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Li\u00e8ge (the \"Southern provinces\") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The Dutch Republic dominated world trade during what time?", "id": "56dddfe89a695914005b9632", "answers": [{"text": "the Dutch Golden Age", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world during the 17th century?", "id": "56dddfe89a695914005b9633", "answers": [{"text": "The County of Holland", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in the 17th century", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "When did the country of Holland dominate world trade?", "id": "5a1cbf334ea40d0018b06ef3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world", "answer_start": 245}], "question": "What was the status of the Dutch Golden Age compared to the world?", "id": "5a1cbf334ea40d0018b06ef4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a vast colonial empire", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "During the 17th century what did Holland conquer?", "id": "5a1cbf334ea40d0018b06ef5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation", "answer_start": 171}], "question": "What kind of fleet did Holland have in the 17th century?", "id": "5a1cbf334ea40d0018b06ef6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "County of Holland", "answer_start": 223}], "question": "What trade fleet was the wealthiest and most urbanized?", "id": "5a1cbf334ea40d0018b06ef7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the stock exchange founded in the Netherlands?", "id": "56dde17c66d3e219004dad85", "answers": [{"text": "1602", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which city in the Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange?", "id": "56dde17c66d3e219004dad86", "answers": [{"text": "Rotterdam", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Dutch East-India Company inhabited how many cities?", "id": "56dde17c66d3e219004dad87", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which city did the Dutch East-India Company decide to reside in after a court decided they could legally only operate in one city?", "id": "56dde17c66d3e219004dad88", "answers": [{"text": "Amsterdam", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in 1602", "answer_start": 215}], "question": "When was the oldest stock exchange founded in England?", "id": "5a1cc1574ea40d0018b06efd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Dutch East India Company", "answer_start": 226}], "question": "What court founded the stock exchange in the Netherlands?", "id": "5a1cc1574ea40d0018b06efe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in the Low Countries", "answer_start": 630}], "question": "Where did the spirit of the time evolve?", "id": "5a1cc1574ea40d0018b06eff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the well-connected English", "answer_start": 683}], "question": "Who adopted the modern trading principles that stimulated their economy?", "id": "5a1cc1574ea40d0018b06f00", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 403}], "question": "How many cities did the Low Countries inhabit?", "id": "5a1cc1574ea40d0018b06f01", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange \u2013 that of the Dutch East-India Company \u2013 went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The Dutch had one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world during what time?", "id": "56dde2609a695914005b964a", "answers": [{"text": "1590\u20131712", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Dutch operated a slave trade from which locations?", "id": "56dde2609a695914005b964b", "answers": [{"text": "Africa and the Pacific", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was one of the conquests of the Dutch Navy?", "id": "56dde2609a695914005b964c", "answers": [{"text": "breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "from Africa and the Pacific", "answer_start": 261}], "question": "From what location did the Portugese operate a slave trade?", "id": "5a1cc2cd4ea40d0018b06f07", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Between 1590\u20131712", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "When did the Portugese have a strong and fast navy?", "id": "5a1cc2cd4ea40d0018b06f08", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Portuguese sphere of influence", "answer_start": 152}], "question": "What was broken by Africa on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient?", "id": "5a1cc2cd4ea40d0018b06f09", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Africa and the Pacific", "answer_start": 266}], "question": "Where was the Dutch navy located?", "id": "5a1cc2cd4ea40d0018b06f0a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Between 1590\u20131712", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "During what time period did Africa break Portugese influence?", "id": "5a1cc2cd4ea40d0018b06f0b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Between 1590\u20131712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The Dutch Republic consisted of how many provinces?", "id": "56dde4699a695914005b9666", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were the Generality Lands governed by?", "id": "56dde4699a695914005b9667", "answers": [{"text": "the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The States General was made up of what?", "id": "56dde4699a695914005b9668", "answers": [{"text": "representatives of each of the seven provinces", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in official feudal order", "answer_start": 409}], "question": "In what order was The Hague arranged?", "id": "5a1cc6414ea40d0018b06f11", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The republic", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was a confederation of the federal government?", "id": "5a1cc6414ea40d0018b06f12", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 36}], "question": "How many governments did the Dutch Republic consist of?", "id": "5a1cc6414ea40d0018b06f13", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "representatives of each of the seven provinces", "answer_start": 325}], "question": "What was the feudal order made up of?", "id": "5a1cc6414ea40d0018b06f14", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Hague", "answer_start": 298}], "question": "Where was the federal government seated?", "id": "5a1cc6414ea40d0018b06f15", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the 8th province of the Dutch Republic?", "id": "56dde54066d3e219004dadb3", "answers": [{"text": "the County of Drenthe", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was the County of Drenthe denied representation by the States General?", "id": "56dde54066d3e219004dadb4", "answers": [{"text": "this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The main executive official of the Provincial States was called what?", "id": "56dde54066d3e219004dadb5", "answers": [{"text": "raadspensionaris", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who had more power during times of war than the raadspensionaris?", "id": "56dde54066d3e219004dadb6", "answers": [{"text": "the stadtholder", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who commanded the army?", "id": "56dde54066d3e219004dadb7", "answers": [{"text": "the stadtholder", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "paying federal taxes", "answer_start": 107}], "question": "What was the State General exempt from?", "id": "5a1cc7914ea40d0018b06f1b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "representation in the States General", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "What was the stateholder denied by its tax exemption?", "id": "5a1cc7914ea40d0018b06f1c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Provincial States", "answer_start": 232}], "question": "What was each raadspensionaris governed by?", "id": "5a1cc7914ea40d0018b06f1d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "more power than the raadspensionaris", "answer_start": 412}], "question": "In wartime, what type of power did the County of Drenthe have?", "id": "5a1cc7914ea40d0018b06f1e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the stadtholder", "answer_start": 360}], "question": "Who commanded the representation in the States General?", "id": "5a1cc7914ea40d0018b06f1f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who appointed the stadtholders?", "id": "56dde72f66d3e219004dadbd", "answers": [{"text": "the states of each province", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces?", "id": "56dde72f66d3e219004dadbe", "answers": [{"text": "the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which states had the same stadtholder as Holland?", "id": "56dde72f66d3e219004dadbf", "answers": [{"text": "Zeeland and usually Utrecht", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province", "answer_start": 28}], "question": "What are two things that define the princes in theory?", "id": "5a1cca774ea40d0018b06f25", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the states of each province", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "Who appointed the princes of Orange?", "id": "5a1cca774ea40d0018b06f26", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Zeeland and usually Utrecht", "answer_start": 271}], "question": "Who had the same princes as Holland?", "id": "5a1cca774ea40d0018b06f27", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the stadtholders", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "Who was subordinate to Zeeland and Utrecht?", "id": "5a1cca774ea40d0018b06f28", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "stadtholders of most of the provinces", "answer_start": 232}], "question": "What were Zeeland and Utrecht always chosen as?", "id": "5a1cca774ea40d0018b06f29", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What group of people supported the stadtholders, particularly the princes of Orange?", "id": "56dde7cc66d3e219004dadcd", "answers": [{"text": "Orangists", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wanted to replace the stadtholders with a republican structure?", "id": "56dde7cc66d3e219004dadce", "answers": [{"text": "Republicans", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership", "answer_start": 205}], "question": "What did the Orangists want to replace in the power struggle?", "id": "5a1ccdcf4ea40d0018b06f2f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a constant power struggle", "answer_start": 10}], "question": "What conflict was there between the stadtholders and the Orangists?", "id": "5a1ccdcf4ea40d0018b06f30", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the stadtholders", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "What currently used system of governance did the Republicans want to protect?", "id": "5a1ccdcf4ea40d0018b06f31", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a true republican structure", "answer_start": 260}], "question": "What did the stadtholders hope to replace the current system with?", "id": "5a1ccdcf4ea40d0018b06f32", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "semi-hereditary nature", "answer_start": 209}], "question": "What was the nature of the true republican structure?", "id": "5a1ccdcf4ea40d0018b06f33", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Several border territories were designated to the United Provinces after what?", "id": "56dde8ce66d3e219004dadd9", "answers": [{"text": "the Peace of Westphalia", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The border territories assigned to the United Provinces were known as what?", "id": "56dde8ce66d3e219004dadda", "answers": [{"text": "federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden)", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the names of the border territories assigned to the United Provinces?", "id": "56dde8ce66d3e219004daddb", "answers": [{"text": "Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715)", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "several border territories", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "In 1715 what was assigned to the United Provinces?", "id": "5a1ccfae4ea40d0018b06f39", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden).", "answer_start": 107}], "question": "What was the Maastricht assigned to the United Provinces known as?", "id": "5a1ccfae4ea40d0018b06f3a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Staats-Limburg", "answer_start": 263}], "question": "What is one name of a Staats-Brabant assigned to the United Provinces?", "id": "5a1ccfae4ea40d0018b06f3b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "After the Peace of Westphalia", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "When were several border territories assigned to the Staats-Oppergelre?", "id": "5a1ccfae4ea40d0018b06f3c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "several border territories", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "What was federally-governed Maastricht?", "id": "5a1ccfae4ea40d0018b06f3d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC)?", "id": "56dde98866d3e219004daded", "answers": [{"text": "The States General of the United Provinces", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Some shipping expeditions were mostly initiated by which provinces?", "id": "56dde98866d3e219004dadee", "answers": [{"text": "Holland and/or Zeeland", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC)", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "What companies were the shipping expedition in control of?", "id": "5a1cd1454ea40d0018b06f43", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The States General of the United Provinces", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What group was in control of Holland and Zeeland?", "id": "5a1cd1454ea40d0018b06f44", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "some shipping expeditions", "answer_start": 141}], "question": "What did the VOC and WIC initiate?", "id": "5a1cd1454ea40d0018b06f45", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC)", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "What were Holland and Zeeland in control of?", "id": "5a1cd1454ea40d0018b06f46", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "some shipping expeditions", "answer_start": 141}], "question": "What endeavor was started by the VOC and the WIC?", "id": "5a1cd1454ea40d0018b06f47", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces?", "id": "56ddecfe66d3e219004dae17", "answers": [{"text": "The framers of the US Constitution", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who described the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting \"Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war.\"", "id": "56ddecfe66d3e219004dae18", "answers": [{"text": "James Madison", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The American Declaration of Independence is similar to what?", "id": "56ddecfe66d3e219004dae19", "answers": [{"text": "the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces", "answer_start": 519}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The framers of the US Constitution", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who was influenced by the Act of Abjuration?", "id": "5a1cd5884ea40d0018b06f4d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Federalist No. 20", "answer_start": 115}], "question": "What shows the framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Dutch confederacy?", "id": "5a1cd5884ea40d0018b06f4e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "discord among the provinces", "answer_start": 315}], "question": "What is one trait James Madison mentions the United Provinces show?", "id": "5a1cd5884ea40d0018b06f4f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the American Declaration of Independence", "answer_start": 464}], "question": "What is similar to the Federalist No. 20?", "id": "5a1cd5884ea40d0018b06f50", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "negative", "answer_start": 210}], "question": "What type of influence did peculiar calamities of war have on the framers of the US constitution?", "id": "5a1cd5884ea40d0018b06f51", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting \"Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war.\" Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What granted Holland and Zeeland the right to accept only one religion?", "id": "56ddee0866d3e219004dae1d", "answers": [{"text": "the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Union state that every person should be free to choose?", "id": "56ddee0866d3e219004dae1e", "answers": [{"text": "personal religion", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was a strong supporter of freedom of religion and wanted to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union?", "id": "56ddee0866d3e219004dae1f", "answers": [{"text": "William of Orange", "answer_start": 383}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was forbidden in all provinces?", "id": "56ddee0866d3e219004dae20", "answers": [{"text": "Catholic services", "answer_start": 586}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "When was every other province only permitted to accept Calvinism in practice?", "id": "5a1cd75a4ea40d0018b06f57", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in the new union", "answer_start": 517}], "question": "How did William of Orange hope to unite Holland and Zeeland?", "id": "5a1cd75a4ea40d0018b06f58", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Catholic", "answer_start": 586}], "question": "What religious questions were forbidden under the union?", "id": "5a1cd75a4ea40d0018b06f59", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "personal religion", "answer_start": 298}], "question": "What did Calvinism state that everyone should be free to choose?", "id": "5a1cd75a4ea40d0018b06f5a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Reformed Church", "answer_start": 649}], "question": "What group became the strong supporter in the republic?", "id": "5a1cd75a4ea40d0018b06f5b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the \"public\" or \"privileged\" church in the Republic."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did any person who wanted to hold public office need to conform to during the Republic?", "id": "56ddef259a695914005b96e2", "answers": [{"text": "the Reformed Church", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The degree to which different religions were persecuted depended on what?", "id": "56ddef259a695914005b96e3", "answers": [{"text": "the time period and regional or city leaders", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the punishment for people who opened their homes to Catholic services during 17th-century Leiden?", "id": "56ddef259a695914005b96e4", "answers": [{"text": "fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was one reason for the large amounts of immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe?", "id": "56ddef259a695914005b96e5", "answers": [{"text": "personal freedom of religion", "answer_start": 568}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Reformed Church", "answer_start": 83}], "question": "What did religious refugees have to conform to when holding public office?", "id": "5a1cdddb4ea40d0018b06f61", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the religion of the enemy", "answer_start": 344}], "question": "What were Reformed Church members considered as in the 17th century?", "id": "5a1cdddb4ea40d0018b06f62", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "200 guilders", "answer_start": 463}], "question": "What could religious refugees be fined when opening their homes to services?", "id": "5a1cdddb4ea40d0018b06f63", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor \u2013 along with economic reasons", "answer_start": 568}], "question": "What factors led to immigration of religious refugees from Leiden?", "id": "5a1cdddb4ea40d0018b06f64", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Roman Catholics", "answer_start": 321}], "question": "Who did most services put the focus on in the beginning?", "id": "5a1cdddb4ea40d0018b06f65", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor \u2013 along with economic reasons \u2013 in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the main subject of controversy that arose within the Reformed Church during the beginning of the Republic?", "id": "56ddf1189a695914005b96fc", "answers": [{"text": "predestination", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The controversy surrounding the subject of predestination is known as what?", "id": "56ddf1189a695914005b96fd", "answers": [{"text": "the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith in 1618?", "id": "56ddf1189a695914005b96fe", "answers": [{"text": "the Synod of Dort", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "In the first years of the Republic", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "When was there controversy within the Synod of Dort?", "id": "5a1ce09f4ea40d0018b06f6b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "within the Reformed Church", "answer_start": 54}], "question": "Where did controversy appear around banning of the Remonstrat faith?", "id": "5a1ce09f4ea40d0018b06f6c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Synod of Dort", "answer_start": 256}], "question": "What group lead to the banning of the subject of predestination?", "id": "5a1ce09f4ea40d0018b06f6d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants.", "answer_start": 152}], "question": "What did disagreement about the Synod of Dort become known as?", "id": "5a1ce09f4ea40d0018b06f6e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "banning of the Remonstrant faith", "answer_start": 311}], "question": "In 1618 How did the Reformed Church help solve the controversy?", "id": "5a1ce09f4ea40d0018b06f6f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the active persecution of religious services become more of a restricted tolerance?", "id": "56ddf23e66d3e219004dae4b", "answers": [{"text": "in the 18th century", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Religious services for other religions were tolerated as long as they adhered to what rule?", "id": "56ddf23e66d3e219004dae4c", "answers": [{"text": "as long as their services took place secretly in private churches", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in the 18th century", "answer_start": 10}], "question": "When did persecution of religious services take place secretly in private churches?", "id": "5a1ce37a4ea40d0018b06f75", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Beginning in the 18th century", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "During what period did services move to a state of tolerance?", "id": "5a1ce37a4ea40d0018b06f76", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the situation", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "What changed from religious services to private churches?", "id": "5a1ce37a4ea40d0018b06f77", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "religious services", "answer_start": 93}], "question": "What was actively persecuted when taking place in private churches?", "id": "5a1ce37a4ea40d0018b06f78", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "secretly in private churches", "answer_start": 205}], "question": "Where was active persecution taking place?", "id": "5a1ce37a4ea40d0018b06f79", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches."}]}, {"title": "Symbiosis", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What language does the word \"symbiosis\" come from?", "id": "56ddd7499a695914005b9606", "answers": [{"text": "Greek", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of organism did Frank apply the term \"symbiosis\" to?", "id": "56ddd7499a695914005b9607", "answers": [{"text": "lichens", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What nationality was Heinrich Anton de Bary?", "id": "56ddd7499a695914005b9608", "answers": [{"text": "German", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "German", "answer_start": 340}], "question": "What nationality was Albert Bernhard Frank?", "id": "5a7fc8178f0597001ac000c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1879", "answer_start": 330}], "question": "When did Heinrich Anton de Bary discover lichens?", "id": "5a7fc8178f0597001ac000c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1877", "answer_start": 144}], "question": "When was the the word \"symbiosis\" discovered?", "id": "5a7fc8178f0597001ac000c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1879", "answer_start": 330}], "question": "What year did Heinrich Anton de Bary become a mycologist?", "id": "5a7fc8178f0597001ac000c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1879", "answer_start": 330}], "question": "What year did Albert Bernhard Frank agree to define \"symbiosis\" as \"the living together of unlike organisms.\"?", "id": "5a7fc8178f0597001ac000c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Symbiosis (from Greek \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd \"together\" and \u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \"living\") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as \"the living together of unlike organisms.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "How long did it take for scientists to stop using the narrow definition of symbiosis?", "id": "56ddd9109a695914005b9617", "answers": [{"text": "130 years", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "130 years", "answer_start": 276}], "question": "How long did it take for scientists to discover symbiosis?", "id": "5a7fcf048f0597001ac000d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "130", "answer_start": 276}], "question": "How many scientists believe that symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms?", "id": "5a7fcf048f0597001ac000d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "current biology and ecology textbooks", "answer_start": 297}], "question": "What textbooks describe the parasitic relationships as the only way to define symbiosis?", "id": "5a7fcf048f0597001ac000d5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic", "answer_start": 226}], "question": "What three words did de Bary use to define symbiosis?", "id": "5a7fcf048f0597001ac000d6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, current biology and ecology textbooks now use the latter \"de Bary\" definition or an even broader definition (where symbiosis means all species interactions), with the restrictive definition no longer used (in other words, symbiosis means mutualism)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can't survive without each other?", "id": "56ddda2d66d3e219004dad29", "answers": [{"text": "obligate", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the type of symbiotic relationship where the symbionts can live together but can also survive alone?", "id": "56ddda2d66d3e219004dad2a", "answers": [{"text": "facultative", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of an obligate relationship?", "id": "56ddda2d66d3e219004dad2b", "answers": [{"text": "lichens", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "facultative", "answer_start": 230}], "question": "What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can survive without photosynthetic symbionts?", "id": "5a7fd4e18f0597001ac000db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lichens", "answer_start": 133}], "question": "What organism demonstrates only the facultative symbiotic relationship?", "id": "5a7fd4e18f0597001ac000dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lichens", "answer_start": 133}], "question": "What organism demonstrates only the obligate symbiotic relationship?", "id": "5a7fd4e18f0597001ac000dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "facultative", "answer_start": 230}], "question": "What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can survive without fungal symbionts?", "id": "5a7fd4e18f0597001ac000de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "obligate", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "What is the type of symbiotic relationship where many organisms must depend on photosynthetic symbionts?", "id": "5a7fd4e18f0597001ac000df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is an example of ectosymbiosis?", "id": "56ddde2d66d3e219004dad4d", "answers": [{"text": "mistletoe", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is it called when the organisms are not physically joined?", "id": "56ddde2d66d3e219004dad4e", "answers": [{"text": "disjunctive symbiosis", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is it called when one symbiont lives within its partner?", "id": "56ddde2d66d3e219004dad4f", "answers": [{"text": "endosymbiosis", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "humans", "answer_start": 229}], "question": "What organism lives in a state of both ectosymbiosis and endosymbiosis?", "id": "5a7fdc788f0597001ac000e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mistletoe", "answer_start": 114}], "question": "What organism demonstrates disjunctive symbiosis?", "id": "5a7fdc788f0597001ac000e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "corals", "answer_start": 255}], "question": "What organism demonstrates conjunctive symbiosis?", "id": "5a7fdc788f0597001ac000e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "conjunctive symbiosis", "answer_start": 395}], "question": "What is it called when one symbiont lives within and has a bodily union with its partner?", "id": "5a7fdc788f0597001ac000e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "disjunctive symbiosis", "answer_start": 473}], "question": "What is it when an organism was once in a state of conjunctive symbiosis and is now no longer in union?", "id": "5a7fdc788f0597001ac000e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What do bacterial endosymbionts give necessary nutrition to?", "id": "56de0eadcffd8e1900b4b5a0", "answers": [{"text": "insects", "answer_start": 488}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of a bacteria inside of tree roots?", "id": "56de0eadcffd8e1900b4b5a1", "answers": [{"text": "Frankia", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What endosymbionts live in coral? ", "id": "56de0eadcffd8e1900b4b5a2", "answers": [{"text": "algae", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10%\u201315%", "answer_start": 477}], "question": "What percent of alder tree root nodules provide essential nutrients to insects?", "id": "5a7fe2908f0597001ac000ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "reef-building corals", "answer_start": 385}], "question": "What organism includes diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and single-celled algae?", "id": "5a7fe2908f0597001ac000f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10%\u201315%", "answer_start": 477}], "question": "What percent of Frankia bacteria provide essential nutrients to insects?", "id": "5a7fe2908f0597001ac000f1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Frankia", "answer_start": 310}], "question": "What are the bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%\u201315% of insects called?", "id": "5a7fe2908f0597001ac000f2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10%\u201315%", "answer_start": 477}], "question": "What percent of rhizobia and nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in alder tree root nodules?", "id": "5a7fe2908f0597001ac000f3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%\u201315% of insects."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What organisms are described as living on the surface of whales?", "id": "56de1024cffd8e1900b4b5a6", "answers": [{"text": "barnacles", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Name a parasitic ectosymbiont.", "id": "56de1024cffd8e1900b4b5a7", "answers": [{"text": "lice", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for ectosymbiosis?", "id": "56de1024cffd8e1900b4b5a8", "answers": [{"text": "exosymbiosis", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cleaner fish", "answer_start": 411}], "question": "What mutualist ectosymbionts clean the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales?", "id": "5a7fe6ae8f0597001ac000f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lice", "answer_start": 271}], "question": "What ectoparasites are also considered commensal ectosymbionts and mutualist ectosymbionts?", "id": "5a7fe6ae8f0597001ac000fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "baleen whales", "answer_start": 360}], "question": "What is the name of the animal in which barnacles join to the jaw and inner surface of the digestive tract?", "id": "5a7fe6ae8f0597001ac000fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lice", "answer_start": 271}], "question": "What ectoparasites live on the body surface of cleaner fish?", "id": "5a7fe6ae8f0597001ac000fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales, and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is another term for mutualism?", "id": "56de1133cffd8e1900b4b5ac", "answers": [{"text": "interspecies reciprocal altruism", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of what duration are symbiotic relationships?", "id": "56de1133cffd8e1900b4b5ad", "answers": [{"text": "lifelong", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mutualism", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is a term for a relationship between individuals of the same species where both individuals benefit?", "id": "5a7fee8c8f0597001ac00101", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "biologists", "answer_start": 408}], "question": "Who restricts the definition of symbiosis to indicate both obligate and facultative concurrently?", "id": "5a7fee8c8f0597001ac00102", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lifelong", "answer_start": 154}], "question": "What time span involving gradual biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic?", "id": "5a7fee8c8f0597001ac00103", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "facultative", "answer_start": 351}], "question": "What must interspecies reciprocal altruism be considered to fit the the definition of symbiosis?", "id": "5a7fee8c8f0597001ac00104", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "obligate", "answer_start": 303}], "question": "What mutualistic relationships fit the the definition of symbiosis?", "id": "5a7fee8c8f0597001ac00105", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both. Many biologists restrict the definition of symbiosis to close mutualist relationships."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of relationship do herbivores have with the bacteria in their intestines?", "id": "56de22074396321400ee25d1", "answers": [{"text": "mutualistic", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do coral and algae produce together?", "id": "56de22074396321400ee25d2", "answers": [{"text": "Coral reefs", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do plants contribute to terrestrial ecosystems?", "id": "56de22074396321400ee25d3", "answers": [{"text": "fix carbon from the air", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of fungus draws liquid and minerals out of the earth?", "id": "56de22074396321400ee25d4", "answers": [{"text": "mycorrhyzal", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "gut flora", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "What do herbivores have to digest animal prey?", "id": "5a7ff3698f0597001ac0010b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the air", "answer_start": 471}], "question": "Where do the mycorrhyzal fungi go to after extracting water and minerals from the ground?", "id": "5a7ff3698f0597001ac0010c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the ground", "answer_start": 552}], "question": "Where do the mycorrhyzal fungi go back to after extracting carbon from the air?", "id": "5a7ff3698f0597001ac0010d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Coral reefs", "answer_start": 258}], "question": "What organism has both cellulose-digesting protozoans and and mycorrhyzal fungi living in their intestines?", "id": "5a7ff3698f0597001ac0010e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mycorrhyzal", "answer_start": 484}], "question": "What kind of fungi do coral reef depend on?", "id": "5a7ff3698f0597001ac0010f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What lives with Ritteri sea anemones?", "id": "56de22b84396321400ee25d9", "answers": [{"text": "ocellaris clownfish", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What prevents the clownfish from being stung?", "id": "56de22b84396321400ee25da", "answers": [{"text": "A special mucus", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of relationship do the clownfish and anemone have?", "id": "56de22b84396321400ee25db", "answers": [{"text": "mutual symbiosis", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ocellaris", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "What kind of clownfish eat the Ritteri sea anemones?", "id": "5a7ff6878f0597001ac00115", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ritteri", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "What kind of sea anemone has special mucus to protect the clownfish?", "id": "5a7ff6878f0597001ac00116", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "anemone", "answer_start": 249}], "question": "What organism do the clownfish use their stinging tentacles to protect?", "id": "5a7ff6878f0597001ac00117", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mutual symbiosis", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "What type of relationship do Ritteri sea anemones have with anemone-eating fish?", "id": "5a7ff6878f0597001ac00118", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mucus", "answer_start": 309}], "question": "What do Ritteri sea anemones produce to evade predators?", "id": "5a7ff6878f0597001ac00119", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What species does this shrimp have a relationship with?", "id": "56de23fe4396321400ee25e5", "answers": [{"text": "the goby fish", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of the fish is used to signal danger?", "id": "56de23fe4396321400ee25e8", "answers": [{"text": "its tail", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "shrimp", "answer_start": 86}], "question": "What organism digs a burrow in the sand then touches the goby fish with its tail?", "id": "5a7ffa9c8f0597001ac0011f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Elacatinus", "answer_start": 457}], "question": "What is the species of goby that both lives with a shrimp and cleans up ectoparasites on other fish?", "id": "5a7ffa9c8f0597001ac00120", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mutualistic", "answer_start": 487}], "question": "What behavior does the goby exhibit when it does not live with the shrimp?", "id": "5a7ffa9c8f0597001ac00121", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mutualistic", "answer_start": 487}], "question": "What behavior does the shrimp exhibit when it does not live with the goby?", "id": "5a7ffa9c8f0597001ac00122", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "predators", "answer_start": 235}], "question": "When a goby fish goes blind what does it become vulnerable to?", "id": "5a7ffa9c8f0597001ac00123", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A further example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it. When that happens both the shrimp and goby fish quickly retreat into the burrow. Different species of gobies (Elacatinus spp.) also exhibit mutualistic behavior through cleaning up ectoparasites in other fish."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of symbiosis seen between bryozoans and hermit crabs?", "id": "56de24804396321400ee25f9", "answers": [{"text": "non-obligate", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pseudopagurus granulimanus", "answer_start": 217}], "question": "What species of crab has a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber?", "id": "5a7ffd938f0597001ac00129", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pseudopagurus granulimanus", "answer_start": 217}], "question": "What species of crab develops a cirumrotatory growth?", "id": "5a7ffd938f0597001ac0012a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "non-obligate symbiosis", "answer_start": 8}], "question": "What relationship is it considered when the bryozoans and hermit crabs do not live in a close relationship?", "id": "5a7ffd938f0597001ac0012b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "gastropod shell", "answer_start": 337}], "question": "Where is the cirumrotatory growth in the crab located?", "id": "5a7ffd938f0597001ac0012c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Another non-obligate symbiosis is known from encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs that live in a close relationship. The bryozoan colony (Acanthodesia commensale) develops a cirumrotatory growth and offers the crab (Pseudopagurus granulimanus) a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber that initially was situated within a gastropod shell."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When were the worms found?", "id": "56de25ab4396321400ee2609", "answers": [{"text": "the late 1980s", "answer_start": 383}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the bacteria give the worm?", "id": "56de25ab4396321400ee260a", "answers": [{"text": "nutrition", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What land is near the worms' first known location?", "id": "56de25ab4396321400ee260b", "answers": [{"text": "the Galapagos Islands", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hydrothermal vents", "answer_start": 405}], "question": "From where do the host obtain the hydrogen sulfide or methane?", "id": "5a7fffd58f0597001ac00131", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the late 1980s", "answer_start": 383}], "question": "When were the Galapagos Islands discovered?", "id": "5a7fffd58f0597001ac00132", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "obligate mutualism", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "What is the relationship between the siboglinid tube worms and the hydrothermal vents?", "id": "5a7fffd58f0597001ac00133", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the late 1980s", "answer_start": 383}], "question": "When were the symbiotic bacteria discovered?", "id": "5a7fffd58f0597001ac00134", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "siboglinid tube worms", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "Where does the symbiotic bacteria get nutrition from?", "id": "5a7fffd58f0597001ac00135", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "One of the most spectacular examples of obligate mutualism is between the siboglinid tube worms and symbiotic bacteria that live at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. The worm has no digestive tract and is wholly reliant on its internal symbionts for nutrition. The bacteria oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane, which the host supplies to them. These worms were discovered in the late 1980s at the hydrothermal vents near the Galapagos Islands and have since been found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in all of the world's oceans."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is given to the host cell?", "id": "56de27b94396321400ee2611", "answers": [{"text": "nutrients", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the host make that affect its genes?", "id": "56de27b94396321400ee2612", "answers": [{"text": "specialized cells", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what manner are the described genetic alternations given to future generations?", "id": "56de27b94396321400ee2613", "answers": [{"text": "vertical transmission", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the host cell", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "From where does the endosymbiont gain nutrition?", "id": "5a8002878f0597001ac0013b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the offspring", "answer_start": 404}], "question": "Who offers a location for the host cell to vertically transmit nutrition?", "id": "5a8002878f0597001ac0013c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nutrients", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "When the offspring passes the genetic changes via vertical transmission what does the host cell obtain?", "id": "5a8002878f0597001ac0013d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "vertical transmission", "answer_start": 422}], "question": "When the the host favors the endosymbiont's growth process what takes place?", "id": "5a8002878f0597001ac0013e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the offspring", "answer_start": 404}], "question": "Where can the specialized cells be found?", "id": "5a8002878f0597001ac0013f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During mutualistic symbioses, the host cell lacks some of the nutrients, which are provided by the endosymbiont. As a result, the host favors endosymbiont's growth processes within itself by producing some specialized cells. These cells affect the genetic composition of the host in order to regulate the increasing population of the endosymbionts and ensuring that these genetic changes are passed onto the offspring via vertical transmission (heredity)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the main alteration in an endosymbiont when it adapts to a host?", "id": "56de2af0cffd8e1900b4b5fc", "answers": [{"text": "drastic reduction in its genome size", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term that describes the way the endosymbiont can't go back to its original phenotype?", "id": "56de2af0cffd8e1900b4b5fd", "answers": [{"text": "Muller's ratchet phenomenon", "answer_start": 1182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the article say could be the reason for the buildup of harmful mutations?", "id": "56de2af0cffd8e1900b4b5fe", "answers": [{"text": "lack of selection mechanisms", "answer_start": 1420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "DNA repair", "answer_start": 229}], "question": "What takes place when the host's lifestyle reduces the endosymbiont's genome size?", "id": "5a8006548f0597001ac00145", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "endosymbiotic bacteria", "answer_start": 763}], "question": "What do the insects need for vertical transmission?", "id": "5a8006548f0597001ac00146", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Muller's ratchet phenomenon", "answer_start": 1211}], "question": "What happens when there is an increase in the effective population sizes for free living bacteria?", "id": "5a8006548f0597001ac00147", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "recombination", "answer_start": 244}], "question": "What happens when the DNA/RNA replications are retained?", "id": "5a8006548f0597001ac00148", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Adaptation of the endosymbiont to the host's lifestyle leads to many changes in the endosymbiont\u2013the foremost being drastic reduction in its genome size. This is due to many genes being lost during the process of metabolism, and DNA repair and recombination. While important genes participating in the DNA to RNA transcription, protein translation and DNA/RNA replication are retained. That is, a decrease in genome size is due to loss of protein coding genes and not due to lessening of inter-genic regions or open reading frame (ORF) size. Thus, species that are naturally evolving and contain reduced sizes of genes can be accounted for an increased number of noticeable differences between them, thereby leading to changes in their evolutionary rates. As the endosymbiotic bacteria related with these insects are passed on to the offspring strictly via vertical genetic transmission, intracellular bacteria goes through many hurdles during the process, resulting in the decrease in effective population sizes when compared to the free living bacteria. This incapability of the endosymbiotic bacteria to reinstate its wild type phenotype via a recombination process is called as Muller's ratchet phenomenon. Muller's ratchet phenomenon together with less effective population sizes has led to an accretion of deleterious mutations in the non-essential genes of the intracellular bacteria. This could have been due to lack of selection mechanisms prevailing in the rich environment of the host."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What language do the roots of \"commensal\" come from?", "id": "56de2bedcffd8e1900b4b60c", "answers": [{"text": "Latin", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of symbiotic relationship helps one organism and doesn't have a major affect on the other?", "id": "56de2bedcffd8e1900b4b60d", "answers": [{"text": "Commensalism", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Commensalism", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What type of symbiotic relationship happens when there is a major affect on the other organism?", "id": "5a8008cf8f0597001ac0014f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sharing a table", "answer_start": 303}], "question": "What takes place when the organisms are neither significantly harmed or helped?", "id": "5a8008cf8f0597001ac00150", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "Commensalism explains a relationship between how many organisms when one gains most of the benefits?", "id": "5a8008cf8f0597001ac00151", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Commensalism", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What word is derived from the medieval English word?", "id": "5a8008cf8f0597001ac00152", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two living organisms", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "Who is actually sharing a table?", "id": "5a8008cf8f0597001ac00153", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Commensalism describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped. It is derived from the English word commensal used of human social interaction. The word derives from the medieval Latin word, formed from com- and mensa, meaning \"sharing a table\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the term for a relationship where one organism provides a dwelling for the other?", "id": "56de2cf1cffd8e1900b4b61e", "answers": [{"text": "inquilinism", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of relationship is it when arachnids attach webs to dead plants?", "id": "56de2cf1cffd8e1900b4b61f", "answers": [{"text": "metabiosis", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what type of relationship does an organism travel by means of another?", "id": "56de2cf1cffd8e1900b4b620", "answers": [{"text": "phoresy", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "gastropod shells", "answer_start": 267}], "question": "Where do the spiders build their webs on the hermit crabs?", "id": "5a800af88f0597001ac00159", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "inquilinism", "answer_start": 108}], "question": "What is the term for a relationship where one organism refuses to provide a dwelling for the other?", "id": "5a800af88f0597001ac0015a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "metabiosis", "answer_start": 208}], "question": "What occurs when the spider utilizes phoresy with the hermit crab?", "id": "5a800af88f0597001ac0015b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one organism using something another created", "answer_start": 145}], "question": "What can commensal relationships between plants and hermit crabs be considered?", "id": "5a800af88f0597001ac0015c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Commensal relationships", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "When one organism gives away something another created what is it called?", "id": "5a800af88f0597001ac0015d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism), or it may also involve one organism using something another created, after its death (metabiosis). Examples of metabiosis are hermit crabs using gastropod shells to protect their bodies and spiders building their webs on plants."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis are alternate names for what?", "id": "56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b630", "answers": [{"text": "A parasitic relationship", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is it called when organisms are lethal to their host?", "id": "56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b631", "answers": [{"text": "necrotrophic", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is it called when parasites need their host to live?", "id": "56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b632", "answers": [{"text": "biotrophic", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What proportion of animals go through a parasitic stage?", "id": "56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b633", "answers": [{"text": "as many as half", "answer_start": 540}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Name a biotrophic organism.", "id": "56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b634", "answers": [{"text": "a tick", "answer_start": 801}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "biotrophic relationship would be a tick feeding on the blood of its host", "answer_start": 768}], "question": "What is the relationship termed if both organisms benefit?", "id": "5a800d438f0597001ac00163", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "necrotrophic", "answer_start": 331}], "question": "What relationship happens after a biotrophic relationship occurs from a tick feeding on the blood of its host?", "id": "5a800d438f0597001ac00164", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "parasitic relationship", "answer_start": 2}], "question": "When both organisms benefit in an antipathetic symbiosis it is known as a?", "id": "5a800d438f0597001ac00165", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Biotrophic parasitism", "answer_start": 443}], "question": "What is an extremely unsuccessful mode of life?", "id": "5a800d438f0597001ac00166", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "as many as half", "answer_start": 540}], "question": "How many fungi have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles?", "id": "5a800d438f0597001ac00167", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed. This is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis. Parasitic symbioses take many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites that live on its surface. In addition, parasites may be necrotrophic, which is to say they kill their host, or biotrophic, meaning they rely on their host's surviving. Biotrophic parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life. Depending on the definition used, as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles, and it is also frequent in plants and fungi. Moreover, almost all free-living animals are host to one or more parasite taxa. An example of a biotrophic relationship would be a tick feeding on the blood of its host."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name for the kind of symbiosis in which one organism is seriously harmed and there is no affect on the other?", "id": "56de418fcffd8e1900b4b71e", "answers": [{"text": "Amensalism", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kinds of amensalism are there?", "id": "56de418fcffd8e1900b4b71f", "answers": [{"text": "competition and antibiosis", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When a large tree takes the resources a young tree needs, what type of amensalism is it?", "id": "56de418fcffd8e1900b4b720", "answers": [{"text": "competition", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the black walnut give out that kills plants?", "id": "56de418fcffd8e1900b4b721", "answers": [{"text": "juglone", "answer_start": 1155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Competition", "answer_start": 330}], "question": "What happens when a larger or stronger organism shares a resource with a smaller or weaker organism?", "id": "5a800ffd8f0597001ac0016d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Amensalism", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What happens when the sapling can take up rainwater and deplete some soil nutrients?", "id": "5a800ffd8f0597001ac0016e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antibiosis", "answer_start": 432}], "question": "What happens when one organism is helped by another through a chemical secretion?", "id": "5a800ffd8f0597001ac0016f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "black walnut", "answer_start": 1130}], "question": "What secrets juglone, a substance which enhances many herbaceous plants within its root zone?", "id": "5a800ffd8f0597001ac00170", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "amensalism, competition", "answer_start": 290}], "question": "What are two types of antibiosis?", "id": "5a800ffd8f0597001ac00171", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and antibiosis. Competition is where a larger or stronger organisms deprives a smaller or weaker one from a resource. Antibiosis occurs when one organism is damaged or killed by another through a chemical secretion. An example of competition is a sapling growing under the shadow of a mature tree. The mature tree can begin to rob the sapling of necessary sunlight and, if the mature tree is very large, it can take up rainwater and deplete soil nutrients. Throughout the process the mature tree is unaffected. Indeed, if the sapling dies, the mature tree gains nutrients from the decaying sapling. Note that these nutrients become available because of the sapling's decomposition, rather than from the living sapling, which would be a case of parasitism.[citation needed] An example of antibiosis is Juglans nigra (black walnut), secreting juglone, a substance which destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What organisms is the ibex in an amensalistic relationship with?", "id": "56de42a94396321400ee2730", "answers": [{"text": "weevils", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the Spanish ibex eat?", "id": "56de42a94396321400ee2731", "answers": [{"text": "shrub", "answer_start": 535}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of relationship is it when large animals crush small plants?", "id": "56de42a94396321400ee2732", "answers": [{"text": "Amensalism", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Amensalism", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What happens if a weevil eats from an ibex?", "id": "5a8012f38f0597001ac00177", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Amensalism", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What happens when the grass causes damage to an animal's hoof?", "id": "5a8012f38f0597001ac00178", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spanish", "answer_start": 455}], "question": "What ethnicity are the ibex and the weevils?", "id": "5a8012f38f0597001ac00179", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "food availability", "answer_start": 603}], "question": "What is altered if the presence of ibex has little detrimental effect on the number of weevil?", "id": "5a8012f38f0597001ac0017a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Timarcha", "answer_start": 493}], "question": "What genus are the Spanish ibex?", "id": "5a8012f38f0597001ac0017b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other. A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from being crushed. Amensalism is often used to describe strongly asymmetrical competitive interactions, such as has been observed between the Spanish ibex and weevils of the genus Timarcha which feed upon the same type of shrub. Whilst the presence of the weevil has almost no influence on food availability, the presence of ibex has an enormous detrimental effect on weevil numbers, as they consume significant quantities of plant matter and incidentally ingest the weevils upon it."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of relationship harms both organisms?", "id": "56de43f9cffd8e1900b4b74b", "answers": [{"text": "Synnecrosis", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the ultimate result of synnecrosis?", "id": "56de43f9cffd8e1900b4b74c", "answers": [{"text": "death", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How common is synnecrosis in the natural world?", "id": "56de43f9cffd8e1900b4b74d", "answers": [{"text": "uncommon", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why do bees sting even though it will kill them?", "id": "56de43f9cffd8e1900b4b74e", "answers": [{"text": "to protect the hive", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Synnecrosis", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What happens if a bee does not protect the hive?", "id": "5a8015308f0597001ac00181", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Synnecrosis", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is a common type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved?", "id": "5a8015308f0597001ac00182", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "death", "answer_start": 192}], "question": "What does the long enduring condition and the interaction eventually cause?", "id": "5a8015308f0597001ac00183", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "death", "answer_start": 192}], "question": "What always happens to the victims of the bee sting?", "id": "5a8015308f0597001ac00184", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Synnecrosis", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What happens if the bee does not die?", "id": "5a8015308f0597001ac00185", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationship between some species of bees and victims of the bee sting. Species of bees who die after stinging their prey inflict pain on themselves (albeit to protect the hive) as well as on the victim. This term is rarely used."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What far-reaching result do scientists think has come about from symbiosis with bacteria?", "id": "56de4520cffd8e1900b4b759", "answers": [{"text": "the evolution of all eukaryotes", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are eukaryotes?", "id": "56de4520cffd8e1900b4b75a", "answers": [{"text": "plants, animals, fungi, and protists", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nucleic acid", "answer_start": 607}], "question": "What do all organelles have that is their own?", "id": "5a80173a8f0597001ac0018b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "symbiosis", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "What has received more attention than other interactions such as predation or competition?", "id": "5a80173a8f0597001ac0018c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "plants, animals, fungi, and protists", "answer_start": 310}], "question": "What eukaryotes create various sorts of bacteria?", "id": "5a80173a8f0597001ac0018d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "organelles", "answer_start": 496}], "question": "What always depends on the cell for the process of division?", "id": "5a80173a8f0597001ac0018e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "While historically, symbiosis has received less attention than other interactions such as predation or competition, it is increasingly recognized as an important selective force behind evolution, with many species having a long history of interdependent co-evolution. In fact, the evolution of all eukaryotes (plants, animals, fungi, and protists) is believed under the endosymbiotic theory to have resulted from a symbiosis between various sorts of bacteria. This theory is supported by certain organelles dividing independently of the cell, and the observation that some organelles seem to have their own nucleic acid."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does Margulis think is the main driver of evolution?", "id": "56de4796cffd8e1900b4b777", "answers": [{"text": "symbiosis", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who agrees with Margulis' cooperative view of evolution?", "id": "56de4796cffd8e1900b4b779", "answers": [{"text": "Dorion Sagan", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "endosymbiosis", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "What is the biologist Darwin famous for?", "id": "5a80193e8f0597001ac00193", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "evolution", "answer_start": 234}], "question": "What is strongly based only upon uncooperative interaction and independence?", "id": "5a80193e8f0597001ac00194", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lynn Margulis", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "Who was the last to utter this quote \"Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking.\"?", "id": "5a80193e8f0597001ac00195", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "symbiosis", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "What is not considered a driving force behind evolution?", "id": "5a80193e8f0597001ac00196", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Darwin", "answer_start": 148}], "question": "Who currently disagrees with Margulis' cooperative view of evolution?", "id": "5a80193e8f0597001ac00197", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The biologist Lynn Margulis, famous for her work on endosymbiosis, contends that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution. She considers Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among organisms. According to Margulis and Dorion Sagan, \"Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "How big a part did symbiosis have in the development of flowering plants and their pollinators?", "id": "56de49434396321400ee2774", "answers": [{"text": "a major role", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did some plants produce when flowers became less simple?", "id": "56de49434396321400ee2775", "answers": [{"text": "nectar and large sticky pollen", "answer_start": 559}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the word for the kind of relationship in which a plant depend on a single type of insect?", "id": "56de49434396321400ee2776", "answers": [{"text": "dependent", "answer_start": 753}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Adaptive speciation", "answer_start": 372}], "question": "What gave rise to a select group of plants?", "id": "5a801c2e8f0597001ac0019d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The first", "answer_start": 293}], "question": "What flowering plants in the fossil record had relatively complex flowers?", "id": "5a801c2e8f0597001ac0019e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "specialized morphologies", "answer_start": 618}], "question": "What did bats develop to access and collect these rich food sources?", "id": "5a801c2e8f0597001ac0019f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "specialized morphologies", "answer_start": 618}], "question": "What did birds develop to access and collect these rich food sources?", "id": "5a801c2e8f0597001ac001a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "insects, bats, or birds", "answer_start": 142}], "question": "What animals need to be modified in order to be correspondingly adapted?", "id": "5a801c2e8f0597001ac001a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Symbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them. Many plants that are pollinated by insects, bats, or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants in the fossil record had relatively simple flowers. Adaptive speciation quickly gave rise to many diverse groups of plants, and, at the same time, corresponding speciation occurred in certain insect groups. Some groups of plants developed nectar and large sticky pollen, while insects evolved more specialized morphologies to access and collect these rich food sources. In some taxa of plants and insects the relationship has become dependent, where the plant species can only be pollinated by one species of insect."}]}, {"title": "Canadian_Armed_Forces", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What is the French name of the Canadian Armed Forces?", "id": "56dde02666d3e219004dad6b", "answers": [{"text": "Forces arm\u00e9es canadiennes", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What law constitutes the CAF?", "id": "56dde02666d3e219004dad6c", "answers": [{"text": "the National Defence Act", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who are the CAF supposed to protect?", "id": "56dde02666d3e219004dad6d", "answers": [{"text": "Her Majesty", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does CF stand for in this context?", "id": "56dde02666d3e219004dad6e", "answers": [{"text": "Forces canadiennes", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canadian Armed Forces", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What does CFA stand for?", "id": "5ad3714d604f3c001a3fe285", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of one Service called the Canadian Armed Forces.", "answer_start": 231}], "question": "What does the Canadian Armed Forces Act state?", "id": "5ad3714d604f3c001a3fe286", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "National Defence Act", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "What act names the leader of the les cnadiennes Forces as Her Majesty?", "id": "5ad3714d604f3c001a3fe287", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Forces arm\u00e9es canadiennes", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "What is the Italian name of the Canadian Armed Forces?", "id": "5ad3e002604f3c001a3ff4ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "National Defence Act", "answer_start": 195}], "question": " What law constitutes the CEF?", "id": "5ad3e002604f3c001a3ff4ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Her Majesty", "answer_start": 276}], "question": " Who aren't the CAF supposed to protect?", "id": "5ad3e002604f3c001a3ff4ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Forces canadiennes", "answer_start": 110}], "question": " What does COF stand for in this context?", "id": "5ad3e002604f3c001a3ff4ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF; French: Forces arm\u00e9es canadiennes, FAC), or Canadian Forces (CF) (French: les Forces canadiennes, FC), is the unified armed force of Canada, as constituted by the National Defence Act, which states: \"The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of one Service called the Canadian Armed Forces.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many sub components are there?", "id": "56dde0ea66d3e219004dad7e", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What act defines the CAF?", "id": "56dde0ea66d3e219004dad7f", "answers": [{"text": "the National Defence Act", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Royal Canadian Navy", "answer_start": 84}], "question": "What does RNC stand for?", "id": "5ad37275604f3c001a3fe2b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Royal Canadian Air Force", "answer_start": 130}], "question": "What does RACF stand for?", "id": "5ad37275604f3c001a3fe2b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Primary Reserve, Supplementary Reserve, Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service, and the Canadian Rangers.", "answer_start": 269}], "question": "What four components make up the Force Reserve?", "id": "5ad37275604f3c001a3fe2b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Department of National Defence", "answer_start": 495}], "question": "What is the Canadian Armed Forces associated with under the National Defence Act?", "id": "5ad37275604f3c001a3fe2b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 244}], "question": "How many non-sub components are there?", "id": "5ad3e04d604f3c001a3ff4b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "National Defence Act", "answer_start": 402}], "question": " What act does not define the CAF?", "id": "5ad3e04d604f3c001a3ff4b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "This unified institution consists of sea, land, and air elements referred to as the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Personnel may belong to either the Regular Force or the Reserve Force, which has four sub-components: the Primary Reserve, Supplementary Reserve, Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service, and the Canadian Rangers. Under the National Defence Act, the Canadian Armed Forces are an entity separate and distinct from the Department of National Defence (the federal government department responsible for administration and formation of defence policy), which also exists as the civilian support system for the Forces."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who currently is the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces?", "id": "56dde17c9a695914005b9640", "answers": [{"text": "Queen Elizabeth II", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who represents Queen Elizabeth II?", "id": "56dde17c9a695914005b9641", "answers": [{"text": "the Governor General of Canada", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who leads the CAF?", "id": "56dde17c9a695914005b9642", "answers": [{"text": "the Chief of the Defence Staff", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who advises the Chief of the Defence?", "id": "56dde17c9a695914005b9643", "answers": [{"text": "the Armed Forces Council.", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Queen Elizabeth II", "answer_start": 86}], "question": "Who is the Chief Commander of the Canadian Armed Forces?", "id": "5ad37514604f3c001a3fe2e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Queen Elizabeth II", "answer_start": 86}], "question": "Who is represented by the Governor General of Canada?", "id": "5ad37514604f3c001a3fe2e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Canadian Armed Forces", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "What is led by the Defence Staff Chief?", "id": "5ad37514604f3c001a3fe2e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Armed Forces Council", "answer_start": 263}], "question": "Who is the Defence Staff Chief advised by?", "id": "5ad37514604f3c001a3fe2e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Queen Elizabeth II", "answer_start": 86}], "question": "Who currently is the Assistant-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces?", "id": "5ad3e076604f3c001a3ff4b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Governor General of Canada.", "answer_start": 132}], "question": "Who doesn't represent Queen Elizabeth II?", "id": "5ad3e076604f3c001a3ff4b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chief of the Defence Staff", "answer_start": 200}], "question": " Who leads the CAEF?", "id": "5ad3e076604f3c001a3ff4b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Armed Forces Council", "answer_start": 263}], "question": " Who advises the Chief of the Offense?", "id": "5ad3e076604f3c001a3ff4ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the reigning Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, who is represented by the Governor General of Canada. The Canadian Armed Forces is led by the Chief of the Defence Staff, who is advised and assisted by the Armed Forces Council."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What war were the CAF involved in?", "id": "56dde22166d3e219004dad91", "answers": [{"text": "Cold War", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the goal of the CAF during the cold war?", "id": "56dde22166d3e219004dad92", "answers": [{"text": "the security of Europe", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What military thread did the CAF protect against in Europe?", "id": "56dde22166d3e219004dad93", "answers": [{"text": "the Soviet military threat", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Apprimately since what year was the CAF stationed in Europe?", "id": "56dde22166d3e219004dad94", "answers": [{"text": "the early 1950s", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the CAF leave Europe?", "id": "56dde22166d3e219004dad95", "answers": [{"text": "the early 1990s", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canadian ground and air forces", "answer_start": 169}], "question": "What were based in Europe in 1950?", "id": "5ad375b1604f3c001a3fe30b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Europe", "answer_start": 214}], "question": "Where were Canadian ground and air forces based in 1950?", "id": "5ad375b1604f3c001a3fe30c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "from the early 1950s until the early 1990s.", "answer_start": 221}], "question": "What years did the Cold War take place?", "id": "5ad375b1604f3c001a3fe30d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cold War", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "What war were the CAAF involved in?", "id": "5ad3e0ba604f3c001a3ff4dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "security of Europe", "answer_start": 90}], "question": " What was the goal of the CAF during the warm war?", "id": "5ad3e0ba604f3c001a3ff4de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Soviet military threat", "answer_start": 128}], "question": " What military thread did the CAF not protect against in Europe?", "id": "5ad3e0ba604f3c001a3ff4df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Soviet military threat", "answer_start": 128}], "question": " Approximately since what year was the CAF not stationed in Europe?", "id": "5ad3e0ba604f3c001a3ff4e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "early 1990s", "answer_start": 252}], "question": "What year did the CAF join Europe?", "id": "5ad3e0ba604f3c001a3ff4e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the Cold War, a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat. Toward that end, Canadian ground and air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What Treaty is the CAF part of?", "id": "56dde2f49a695914005b9656", "answers": [{"text": "the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of operation is the Canadian Military involved in?", "id": "56dde2f49a695914005b9657", "answers": [{"text": "international security operations", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country has the Canadian Military worked in the last years?", "id": "56dde2f49a695914005b9658", "answers": [{"text": "Afghanistan", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the Canadian Military operation in Afghanistan start?", "id": "56dde2f49a695914005b9659", "answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the current focus of the Canadian Military set?", "id": "56dde2f49a695914005b965a", "answers": [{"text": "out of area", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "North Atlantic Treaty Organization", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "What does NTAO stand for?", "id": "5ad37630604f3c001a3fe339", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "What year did the Cold War end?", "id": "5ad37630604f3c001a3fe33a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Afghanistan", "answer_start": 289}], "question": "What country began war in 2002?", "id": "5ad37630604f3c001a3fe33b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "North Atlantic Treaty Organization", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "What Treaty is the CAF not part of?", "id": "5ad3e0ee604f3c001a3ff4e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "international security operations", "answer_start": 201}], "question": " What type of operation is the Canadian Military uninvolved in?", "id": "5ad3e0ee604f3c001a3ff4e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Afghanistan", "answer_start": 289}], "question": " What country has the Canadian Military not worked in the last years?", "id": "5ad3e0ee604f3c001a3ff4e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "What year did the Canadian Military operation in Afghanistan end?", "id": "5ad3e0ee604f3c001a3ff4ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "out of area", "answer_start": 126}], "question": " Where is the current focus of the Canadian Military not set?", "id": "5ad3e0ee604f3c001a3ff4eb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "However, since the end of the Cold War, as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has moved much of its defence focus \"out of area\", the Canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world \u2013 most notably in Afghanistan since 2002."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is Canada's defense policy based on?", "id": "56dde39c66d3e219004dad9f", "answers": [{"text": "Canada First Defence Strategy", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Canada First Defence Strategy introduced?", "id": "56dde39c66d3e219004dada0", "answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many missions are carried out internally in Canada?", "id": "56dde39c66d3e219004dada1", "answers": [{"text": "six core missions", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other location does the Canada First Defence Strategy Cover?", "id": "56dde39c66d3e219004dada2", "answers": [{"text": "North America", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "When was the First Canada Defence Strategy introduced?", "id": "5ad376e1604f3c001a3fe363", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canadian defence policy", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is based on the First Canada Defence Strategy?", "id": "5ad376e1604f3c001a3fe364", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 187}], "question": "How many global missions are Canadians equipped to carry out?", "id": "5ad376e1604f3c001a3fe365", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Canadian defence policy today is based on the Canada First Defence Strategy, introduced in 2008. Based on that strategy, the Canadian military is oriented and being equipped to carry out six core missions within Canada, in North America and globally. Specifically, the Canadian Armed Forces are tasked with having the capacity to:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What other priority do the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute too?", "id": "56dde48b9a695914005b966c", "answers": [{"text": "conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of another activity that the CAF performs?", "id": "56dde48b9a695914005b966d", "answers": [{"text": "deployment of Canadian Defence Attach\u00e9s", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other air force does the CAF cooperate with?", "id": "56dde48b9a695914005b966e", "answers": [{"text": "the American Air Forces", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one of the activities the CAF works on with other countries?", "id": "56dde48b9a695914005b966f", "answers": [{"text": "military training", "answer_start": 383}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What diplomatic effort does the CAF perform as part of it's duties?", "id": "56dde48b9a695914005b9670", "answers": [{"text": "relationship-building efforts", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy", "answer_start": 105}], "question": "What do the Armed Canadian Forces contribute to?", "id": "5ad37810604f3c001a3fe38d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "including the deployment of Canadian Defence Attach\u00e9s, participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums", "answer_start": 178}], "question": "How does the Armed Canadian Forces contribute to the conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy?", "id": "5ad37810604f3c001a3fe38e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bilateral and multilateral military forums", "answer_start": 250}], "question": "What is the Cooperation System Among the American Air Forces an example of?", "id": "5ad37810604f3c001a3fe38f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "What other priority do the Canadian Armed Forces never contribute too?", "id": "5ad3e3ca604f3c001a3ff55d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "deployment of Canadian Defence Attach\u00e9s", "answer_start": 192}], "question": " What is not an example of another activity that the CAF performs?", "id": "5ad3e3ca604f3c001a3ff55e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "American Air Forces", "answer_start": 335}], "question": " What other air force does the CAF not cooperate with?", "id": "5ad3e3ca604f3c001a3ff55f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "military training", "answer_start": 383}], "question": "What is one of the activities the CFF works on with other countries?", "id": "5ad3e3ca604f3c001a3ff560", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "relationship-building efforts", "answer_start": 446}], "question": "What diplomatic effort does the CAF doesn't perform as part of it's duties?", "id": "5ad3e3ca604f3c001a3ff561", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Consistent with the missions and priorities outlined above, the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute to the conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy through a range of activities, including the deployment of Canadian Defence Attach\u00e9s, participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums (e.g. the System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces), ship and aircraft visits, military training and cooperation, and other such outreach and relationship-building efforts."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year was Canada united in a confederation?", "id": "56dde56e9a695914005b967c", "answers": [{"text": "1867", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The forces of what countries did people serve before the unification?", "id": "56dde56e9a695914005b967d", "answers": [{"text": "French and British forces", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one of the threats that faced them?", "id": "56dde56e9a695914005b967e", "answers": [{"text": "European powers", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What American war threatened Canada?", "id": "56dde56e9a695914005b967f", "answers": [{"text": "the American Revolutionary War", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Early on, what did they defend against with the British?", "id": "56dde56e9a695914005b9680", "answers": [{"text": "invasion by the United States", "answer_start": 634}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1867", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "When was the Confederation established?", "id": "5ad37907604f3c001a3fe3a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1812", "answer_start": 365}], "question": "What year did the American Revolutionary War take place?", "id": "5ad37907604f3c001a3fe3a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "British forces", "answer_start": 120}], "question": "Who aided in defence during the Fenian Rebellion?", "id": "5ad37907604f3c001a3fe3a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "British forces", "answer_start": 120}], "question": "Who aided in defence during the Red River Raids?", "id": "5ad37907604f3c001a3fe3aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "early 19th century", "answer_start": 525}], "question": "When were Canadian army units formed?", "id": "5ad37907604f3c001a3fe3ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1867", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "What year wasn't Canada united in a confederation?", "id": "5ad3e456604f3c001a3ff571", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "French and British forces", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "The forces of what countries didn't people serve before the unification?", "id": "5ad3e456604f3c001a3ff572", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "European powers", "answer_start": 253}], "question": " What is one of the threats that didn't faced them?", "id": "5ad3e456604f3c001a3ff573", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "American Revolutionary War", "answer_start": 327}], "question": " What Asian war threatened Canada?", "id": "5ad3e456604f3c001a3ff574", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "invasion by the United States", "answer_start": 634}], "question": " Early on, what didn't they defend against with the British?", "id": "5ad3e456604f3c001a3ff575", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Prior to Confederation in 1867, residents of the colonies in what is now Canada served as regular members of French and British forces and in local militia groups. The latter aided in the defence of their respective territories against attacks by other European powers, Aboriginal peoples, and later American forces during the American Revolutionary War and War of 1812, as well as in the Fenian raids, Red River Rebellion, and North-West Rebellion. Consequently, the lineages of some Canadian army units stretch back to the early 19th century, when militia units were formed to assist in the defence of British North America against invasion by the United States."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who initially had military command?", "id": "56dde6229a695914005b9686", "answers": [{"text": "the British Crown-in-Council", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the commander-in-chief stationed?", "id": "56dde6229a695914005b9687", "answers": [{"text": "Halifax", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the British Army and Royal Navy withdraw from Halifax?", "id": "56dde6229a695914005b9688", "answers": [{"text": "1906", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Canadian Armed Forces were initially organized under what department?", "id": "56dde6229a695914005b9689", "answers": [{"text": "the Department of Militia and Defence", "answer_start": 392}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the unification complete of all the Canadian forces to be called the Canadian Army?", "id": "56dde6229a695914005b968a", "answers": [{"text": "November 1940", "answer_start": 688}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The responsibility for military command", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What responsibility remained with a commander-in-chief for North America?", "id": "5ad38041604f3c001a3fe465", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Halifax", "answer_start": 141}], "question": "Where was the British Crown-in-Council stationed?", "id": "5ad38041604f3c001a3fe466", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1906", "answer_start": 231}], "question": "What year was the Royal Canadian Navy formed?", "id": "5ad38041604f3c001a3fe467", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "November 1940", "answer_start": 688}], "question": "When were land forces referred to as the Army of Canada?", "id": "5ad38041604f3c001a3fe468", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "British Crown-in-Council", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "Who initially didn't have military command?", "id": "5ad3e48f604f3c001a3ff585", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Halifax", "answer_start": 141}], "question": " Where was the secretary-in-chief stationed?", "id": "5ad3e48f604f3c001a3ff586", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1906", "answer_start": 231}], "question": " When did the French Army and Royal Navy withdraw from Halifax?", "id": "5ad3e48f604f3c001a3ff587", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Department of Militia and Defence", "answer_start": 396}], "question": "The Canadian Armed Forces were initially disorganized under what department?", "id": "5ad3e48f604f3c001a3ff588", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "November 1940", "answer_start": 688}], "question": " When did the unification complete of all the Canadian forces to be called the French Army?", "id": "5ad3e48f604f3c001a3ff589", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The responsibility for military command remained with the British Crown-in-Council, with a commander-in-chief for North America stationed at Halifax until the final withdrawal of British Army and Royal Navy units from that city in 1906. Thereafter, the Royal Canadian Navy was formed, and, with the advent of military aviation, the Royal Canadian Air Force. These forces were organised under the Department of Militia and Defence, and split into the Permanent and Non-Permanent Active Militias\u2014frequently shortened to simply The Militia. By 1923, the department was merged into the Department of National Defence, but land forces in Canada were not referred to as the Canadian Army until November 1940."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the first overseas deployment of the Canadian Military?", "id": "56dde7259a695914005b9696", "answers": [{"text": "Second Boer War", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Under what command did they serve?", "id": "56dde7259a695914005b9697", "answers": [{"text": "British command", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were Canadian Troops called upon to assist in Europe?", "id": "56dde7259a695914005b9698", "answers": [{"text": "the First World War", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other European war were the Canadian Forces involved in?", "id": "56dde7259a695914005b9699", "answers": [{"text": "Second World War", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Asian war were the Canadian Forces involved in?", "id": "56dde7259a695914005b969a", "answers": [{"text": "Korean War", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canadian military forces", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "What force was first deployed overseas during the Second World War?", "id": "5ad38155604f3c001a3fe47f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Germany", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "Who entered into conflict with the United Kingdom during the First World War?", "id": "5ad38155604f3c001a3fe480", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Second World War, as well as the Korean War.", "answer_start": 384}], "question": "What wars did the Canadian Council-in-Crown send its forces into?", "id": "5ad38155604f3c001a3fe481", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Second Boer War", "answer_start": 78}], "question": "When was the first overseas deployment of the French Military?", "id": "5ad3e571604f3c001a3ff597", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "British command", "answer_start": 141}], "question": " Under what command did they not serve?", "id": "5ad3e571604f3c001a3ff598", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "First World War", "answer_start": 235}], "question": " When were Canadian Troops called upon to assist in Asia?", "id": "5ad3e571604f3c001a3ff599", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Second World War,", "answer_start": 388}], "question": " What other European war were the Canadian Forces not involved in?", "id": "5ad3e571604f3c001a3ff59a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Korean War", "answer_start": 421}], "question": " What Asian war were the Canadian Forces never involved in?", "id": "5ad3e571604f3c001a3ff59b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The first overseas deployment of Canadian military forces occurred during the Second Boer War, when several units were raised to serve under British command. Similarly, when the United Kingdom entered into conflict with Germany in the First World War, Canadian troops were called to participate in European theatres. The Canadian Crown-in-Council then decided to send its forces into the Second World War, as well as the Korean War."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many operations has the Canadian Military been part of since 1947?", "id": "56dde8249a695914005b96a0", "answers": [{"text": "more than 200 operations", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many operations have been completed by the Canadian Military Internationally?", "id": "56dde8249a695914005b96a1", "answers": [{"text": "72", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some of the wars the Canadian Military was involved in?", "id": "56dde8249a695914005b96a2", "answers": [{"text": "Cold War, First Gulf War, Kosovo War", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What peace keeping effort is the Canadian Military part of?", "id": "56dde8249a695914005b96a3", "answers": [{"text": "United Nations Peacekeeping operations", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of military vehicle was maintained almost 15 years but never saw any action during the Cuban crisis?", "id": "56dde8249a695914005b96a4", "answers": [{"text": "an aircraft carrier", "answer_start": 528}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canadian military units", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "What military units have completed more than 200 operations worldwide?", "id": "5ad3834d604f3c001a3fe4df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "72", "answer_start": 107}], "question": "How many international operations have Canadian military units participated in since 1947?", "id": "5ad3834d604f3c001a3fe4e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "participated in more than 200 operations worldwide, and completed 72 international operations", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "What have Canadian military units done since 1974?", "id": "5ad3834d604f3c001a3fe4e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "from 1957 to 1970", "answer_start": 548}], "question": "When did the Cold War take place?", "id": "5ad3834d604f3c001a3fe4e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "more than 200 operations worldwide", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "How many operations has the Canadian Military been part of since 1987?", "id": "5ad3e5f1604f3c001a3ff5b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "72", "answer_start": 107}], "question": "How many operations have been completed by the Canadian Military Nationally?", "id": "5ad3e5f1604f3c001a3ff5b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cold War, First Gulf War, Kosovo War", "answer_start": 336}], "question": " What are some of the wars the French Military was involved in?", "id": "5ad3e5f1604f3c001a3ff5b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United Nations Peacekeeping operations", "answer_start": 381}], "question": " What non-peace keeping effort is the Canadian Military part of?", "id": "5ad3e5f1604f3c001a3ff5b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an aircraft carrier", "answer_start": 528}], "question": "What type of military vehicle was maintained almost 40 years but never saw any action during the Cuban crisis?", "id": "5ad3e5f1604f3c001a3ff5b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Since 1947, Canadian military units have participated in more than 200 operations worldwide, and completed 72 international operations. Canadian soldiers, sailors, and aviators came to be considered world-class professionals through conspicuous service during these conflicts and the country's integral participation in NATO during the Cold War, First Gulf War, Kosovo War, and in United Nations Peacekeeping operations, such as the Suez Crisis, Golan Heights, Cyprus, Croatia, Bosnia, Afghanistan, and Libya. Canada maintained an aircraft carrier from 1957 to 1970 during the Cold War, which never saw combat but participated in patrols during the Cuban Missile Crisis."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What famous World War II battle was the Canadian Military part of?", "id": "56dde8e466d3e219004dade0", "answers": [{"text": "the Normandy Landings", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What effort was the Canadian Military known for in Germany?", "id": "56dde8e466d3e219004dade1", "answers": [{"text": "the strategic bombing of German cities", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Battle in France was the Canadian Military known for?", "id": "56dde8e466d3e219004dade2", "answers": [{"text": "the Battle of Vimy Ridge", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country was the latest Canadian Military effort?", "id": "56dde8e466d3e219004dade3", "answers": [{"text": "Croatia", "answer_start": 377}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Canadian military", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "Who are the Battle of Normandy Landings and the Vimy Ridge Raid notable to?", "id": "5ad38619604f3c001a3fe553", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Canadian military", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "Who are the Battle of Dieppe and the Battle of Medak Pocket notable to?", "id": "5ad38619604f3c001a3fe554", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Normandy Landings", "answer_start": 170}], "question": "What famous World War II battle was the French Military part of?", "id": "5ad3e62f604f3c001a3ff5bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "strategic bombing of German cities", "answer_start": 292}], "question": " What effort was the Canadian Military known for in France?", "id": "5ad3e62f604f3c001a3ff5c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Battle of Vimy Ridge", "answer_start": 76}], "question": " What Battle in France was the Canadian Military not known for?", "id": "5ad3e62f604f3c001a3ff5c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Croatia", "answer_start": 377}], "question": " What country was the latest French Military effort?", "id": "5ad3e62f604f3c001a3ff5c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Battles which are particularly notable to the Canadian military include the Battle of Vimy Ridge, the Dieppe Raid, the Battle of Ortona, the Battle of Passchendaele, the Normandy Landings, the Battle for Caen, the Battle of the Scheldt, the Battle of Britain, the Battle of the Atlantic, the strategic bombing of German cities, and more recently the Battle of Medak Pocket, in Croatia."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Canada had which biggest army during the Second World War?", "id": "56dde9c366d3e219004dadf2", "answers": [{"text": "the largest volunteer army ever", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country fell providing with more information on Canada's army size?", "id": "56dde9c366d3e219004dadf4", "answers": [{"text": "the Soviet Union", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which other country had a sizable naval army?", "id": "56dde9c366d3e219004dadf5", "answers": [{"text": "Japanese", "answer_start": 458}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "At the end of the Second World War", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "When did Canada possess the fifth-largest air force?", "id": "5ad38945604f3c001a3fe583", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "At the end of the Second World War", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "When did Canada possess the fourth-largest naval surface fleet?", "id": "5ad38945604f3c001a3fe584", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Conscription for overseas service", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "What was introduced at then end of the war?", "id": "5ad38945604f3c001a3fe585", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2,400", "answer_start": 274}], "question": "How many conscripts made it into the naval surface fleet?", "id": "5ad38945604f3c001a3fe586", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "largest volunteer army ever fielded", "answer_start": 149}], "question": "Canada had which biggest army during the Third World War?", "id": "5ad3e64f604f3c001a3ff5c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Soviet Union", "answer_start": 426}], "question": "What country fell providing with less information on Canada's army size?", "id": "5ad3e64f604f3c001a3ff5c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Japanese", "answer_start": 458}], "question": " Which other country had a small naval army?", "id": "5ad3e64f604f3c001a3ff5c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "At the end of the Second World War, Canada possessed the fourth-largest air force and fifth-largest naval surface fleet in the world, as well as the largest volunteer army ever fielded. Conscription for overseas service was introduced only near the end of the war, and only 2,400 conscripts actually made it into battle. Originally, Canada was thought to have had the third-largest navy in the world, but with the fall of the Soviet Union, new data based on Japanese and Soviet sources found that to be incorrect."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Canadian Armed Forced become to be?", "id": "56ddea5166d3e219004dadfb", "answers": [{"text": "1 February 1968", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the Canadian Armed Forces mostly consist of?", "id": "56ddea5166d3e219004dadfc", "answers": [{"text": "the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What prevented Canada from fully having their own army at the start?", "id": "56ddea5166d3e219004dadfd", "answers": [{"text": "the British government", "answer_start": 616}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Canada gain independence from the United Kingdom?", "id": "56ddea5166d3e219004dadfe", "answers": [{"text": "1931", "answer_start": 711}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What war aided Canadian legislative independence?", "id": "56ddea5166d3e219004dadff", "answers": [{"text": "the First World War", "answer_start": 801}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1 February 1968", "answer_start": 62}], "question": " When did the French Armed Forced become to be?", "id": "5ad3e69e604f3c001a3ff5d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force", "answer_start": 88}], "question": " What does the Canadian Armed Forces not consist of?", "id": "5ad3e69e604f3c001a3ff5d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "British government", "answer_start": 620}], "question": "What allowed Canada to fully having their own army at the start?", "id": "5ad3e69e604f3c001a3ff5d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1931", "answer_start": 711}], "question": "When did Canada lose independence from the United Kingdom?", "id": "5ad3e69e604f3c001a3ff5da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The current iteration of the Canadian Armed Forces dates from 1 February 1968, when the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force were merged into a unified structure and superseded by elemental commands. Its roots, however, lie in colonial militia groups that served alongside garrisons of the French and British armies and navies; a structure that remained in place until the early 20th century. Thereafter, a distinctly Canadian army and navy was established, followed by an air force, that, because of the constitutional arrangements at the time, remained effectively under the control of the British government until Canada gained legislative independence from the United Kingdom in 1931, in part due to the distinguished achievement and sacrifice of the Canadian Corps in the First World War."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the old name of the Canadian Forces?", "id": "56ddead69a695914005b96ae", "answers": [{"text": "Canadian Armed Forces", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Canadian Armed Forces name cease to be?", "id": "56ddead69a695914005b96af", "answers": [{"text": "After the 1980s", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Canadian Armed Forces name reintroduced?", "id": "56ddead69a695914005b96b0", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the new name of the Canadian Armed Forces?", "id": "56ddead69a695914005b96b1", "answers": [{"text": "Canadian Forces", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canadian Armed Forces", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "What is the new name of the Canadian Forces?", "id": "5ad3e6c3604f3c001a3ff5df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1980s", "answer_start": 10}], "question": " When did the French Armed Forces end?", "id": "5ad3e6c3604f3c001a3ff5e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 154}], "question": " When was the French Armed Forces name reintroduced?", "id": "5ad3e6c3604f3c001a3ff5e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canadian Forces", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "What was the new name of the French Armed Forces?", "id": "5ad3e6c3604f3c001a3ff5e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After the 1980s, the use of the \"Canadian Armed Forces\" name gave way to \"Canadian Forces\";[citation needed] The \"Canadian Armed Forces\" name returned in 2013."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What forces were sent out in support of peacekeeping?", "id": "56de2b36cffd8e1900b4b602", "answers": [{"text": "Land Forces", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Until when were Canadian forces in Afghanistan?", "id": "56de2b36cffd8e1900b4b603", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What force were the Canadians part of in Afghanistan?", "id": "56de2b36cffd8e1900b4b604", "answers": [{"text": "ISAF", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who requested the aid of the Canadians?", "id": "56de2b36cffd8e1900b4b605", "answers": [{"text": "the Government of Afghanistan", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of operations were mainly done by Canadian forces?", "id": "56de2b36cffd8e1900b4b606", "answers": [{"text": "peacekeeping", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Land Forces", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What forces were sent out out of rejection of peacekeeping?", "id": "5ad3e6f3604f3c001a3ff5e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 231}], "question": " Until when were Canadian forces in Iraq?", "id": "5ad3e6f3604f3c001a3ff5e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ISAF", "answer_start": 312}], "question": " What force were the Canadians part of in Iraq?", "id": "5ad3e6f3604f3c001a3ff5e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "peacekeeping", "answer_start": 59}], "question": " Who requested the aid of the French?", "id": "5ad3e6f3604f3c001a3ff5ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Land Forces during this period also deployed in support of peacekeeping operations within United Nations sanctioned conflicts. The nature of the Canadian Forces has continued to evolve. They have been deployed in Afghanistan until 2011, under the NATO-led United Nations International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), at the request of the Government of Afghanistan."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is Today's annual cost of the Canadian Forces?", "id": "56dedf113277331400b4d791", "answers": [{"text": "approximately $20.1 billion", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are the Canadian forces ranked in size compared to other military?", "id": "56dedf113277331400b4d792", "answers": [{"text": "74th in size", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the total force of the Canadian Forces?", "id": "56dedf113277331400b4d793", "answers": [{"text": "approximately 119,000", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what date is the primary reserve personnel estimated to go up by 30,000?", "id": "56dedf113277331400b4d794", "answers": [{"text": "2020", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the total amount of Canadian Forces estimated to be in 2020?", "id": "56dedf113277331400b4d795", "answers": [{"text": "around 124,000", "answer_start": 637}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$20.1 billion", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "What is yesterday's annual cost of the Canadian Forces?", "id": "5ad3e725604f3c001a3ff5ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "74th in size", "answer_start": 99}], "question": "How are the French forces ranked in size compared to other military?", "id": "5ad3e725604f3c001a3ff5f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "119,000", "answer_start": 381}], "question": "What is the total force of the French Forces?", "id": "5ad3e725604f3c001a3ff5f1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2020", "answer_start": 464}], "question": "By what date is the secondary reserve personnel estimated to go up by 30,000?", "id": "5ad3e725604f3c001a3ff5f2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Armed Forces are today funded by approximately $20.1 billion annually and are presently ranked 74th in size compared to the world's other armed forces by number of total personnel, and 58th in terms of active personnel, standing at a strength of roughly 68,000, plus 27,000 reservists, 5000 Rangers, and 19,000 supplementary reserves, bringing the total force to approximately 119,000. The number of primary reserve personnel is expected to go up to 30,000 by 2020, and the number of active to at least 70,000. In addition, 5000 rangers and 19,000 supplementary personnel will be serving. If this happens the total strength would be around 124,000. These individuals serve on numerous CF bases located in all regions of the country, and are governed by the Queen's Regulations and Orders and the National Defence Act."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the effort called to upgrade the Canadian Forces?", "id": "56dedffec65bf219000b3da3", "answers": [{"text": "the Canada First Defence Strategy", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How were the Canadian Forces upgraded in 2008?", "id": "56dedffec65bf219000b3da4", "answers": [{"text": "through the purchase of new equipment, improved training and readiness", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What major problem is the CAF trying to address currently?", "id": "56dedffec65bf219000b3da7", "answers": [{"text": "loss of existing members", "answer_start": 990}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canada First Defence Strategy", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "What was the effort called to downgrade the Canadian Forces?", "id": "5ad3e76d604f3c001a3ff601", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "through the purchase of new equipment", "answer_start": 130}], "question": " How were the Canadian Forces upgraded in 2018?", "id": "5ad3e76d604f3c001a3ff602", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "loss of existing members", "answer_start": 990}], "question": " What major problem is the CAF not trying to address currently?", "id": "5ad3e76d604f3c001a3ff603", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2008 the Government of Canada made efforts, through the Canada First Defence Strategy, to modernize the Canadian Armed Forces, through the purchase of new equipment, improved training and readiness, as well as the establishment of the Canadian Special Operations Regiment. More funds were also put towards recruitment, which had been dwindling throughout the 1980s and '90s, possibly because the Canadian populace had come to perceive the CAF as peacekeepers rather than as soldiers, as shown in a 2008 survey conducted for the Department of National Defence. The poll found that nearly two thirds of Canadians agreed with the country's participation in the invasion of Afghanistan, and that the military should be stronger, but also that the purpose of the forces should be different, such as more focused on responding to natural disasters. Then CDS, Walter Natynczyk, said later that year that while recruiting has become more successful, the CF was facing a problem with its rate of loss of existing members, which increased between 2006 and 2008 from 6% to 9.2% annually."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What equipment was acquired to aid in Afghanistan?", "id": "56dee117c65bf219000b3dad", "answers": [{"text": "main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What large transport plane is part of the CAF mission?", "id": "56dee117c65bf219000b3dae", "answers": [{"text": "C-130 Hercules", "answer_start": 358}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What new type of helicopter was recently acquired?", "id": "56dee117c65bf219000b3daf", "answers": [{"text": "CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the renewal and re-equipment effort started?", "id": "56dee117c65bf219000b3db1", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles and other systems", "answer_start": 96}], "question": " What equipment was acquired to aid in Iraq?", "id": "5ad3e794604f3c001a3ff60f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "C-130 Hercules", "answer_start": 358}], "question": " What small transport plane is part of the CAF mission?", "id": "5ad3e794604f3c001a3ff610", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CH-47 Chinook", "answer_start": 514}], "question": " What new type of helicopter was not recently acquired?", "id": "5ad3e794604f3c001a3ff611", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 4}], "question": " When was the renewal and re-equipment effort ended?", "id": "5ad3e794604f3c001a3ff612", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The 2006 renewal and re-equipment effort has resulted in the acquisition of specific equipment (main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles and other systems) to support the mission in Afghanistan. It has also encompassed initiatives to renew certain so-called \"core capabilities\" (such as the air force's medium range transport aircraft fleet \u2013 the C-130 Hercules \u2013 and the army's truck and armoured vehicle fleets). In addition, new systems (such as C-17 Globemaster III strategic transport aircraft and CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters) have also been acquired for the Armed Forces. Although the viability of the Canada First Defence Strategy continues to suffer setbacks from challenging and evolving fiscal and other factors, it originally aimed to:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What roles were women recruited for in the 1950s?", "id": "56dee1f8c65bf219000b3dc7", "answers": [{"text": "medicine, communication, logistics, and administration", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did further recruitment for women open in the CAF?", "id": "56dee1f8c65bf219000b3dc8", "answers": [{"text": "1971", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What non traditional tasks were women recruited for in the 1970s?", "id": "56dee1f8c65bf219000b3dc9", "answers": [{"text": "vehicle drivers and mechanics, aircraft mechanics, air-traffic controllers", "answer_start": 410}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why were women eventually allowed to serve at sea in the CAF?", "id": "56dee1f8c65bf219000b3dca", "answers": [{"text": "the Department changed its policies", "answer_start": 723}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What charter directly affected a women's right to serve in the CAF?", "id": "56dee1f8c65bf219000b3dcb", "answers": [{"text": "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms", "answer_start": 652}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "medicine, communication, logistics, and administration", "answer_start": 60}], "question": " What roles were women recruited for in the 1980s?", "id": "5ad3e7dd604f3c001a3ff617", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1971", "answer_start": 165}], "question": " What year did further recruitment for men open in the CAF?", "id": "5ad3e7dd604f3c001a3ff618", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "vehicle drivers and mechanics, aircraft mechanics, air-traffic controllers, military police, and firefighters", "answer_start": 410}], "question": " What non traditional tasks were women recruited for in the 1990s?", "id": "5ad3e7dd604f3c001a3ff619", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Department changed its policies", "answer_start": 727}], "question": " Why were men eventually allowed to serve at sea in the CAF?", "id": "5ad3e7dd604f3c001a3ff61a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms", "answer_start": 652}], "question": "What charter directly affected a man's right to serve in the CAF?", "id": "5ad3e7dd604f3c001a3ff61b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the 1950s, the recruitment of women was open to roles in medicine, communication, logistics, and administration. The roles of women in the CAF began to expand in 1971, after the Department reviewed the recommendations of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women, at which time it lifted the ceiling of 1,500 women personnel, and gradually expanded employment opportunities into the non-traditional areas\u2014vehicle drivers and mechanics, aircraft mechanics, air-traffic controllers, military police, and firefighters. The Department further reviewed personnel policies in 1978 and 1985, after Parliament passed the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. As a result of these reviews, the Department changed its policies to permit women to serve at sea in replenishment ships and in a diving tender, with the army service battalions, in military police platoons and field ambulance units, and in most air squadrons."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Name some of the jobs in the CAF off limits to women in the 1980s.", "id": "56dee2b8c65bf219000b3dd2", "answers": [{"text": "infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date was a study created to research the impart of women in direct involvement?", "id": "56dee2b8c65bf219000b3dd3", "answers": [{"text": "5 February 1987", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who created an office to study these effects?", "id": "56dee2b8c65bf219000b3dd4", "answers": [{"text": "the Minister of National Defence", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the study called?", "id": "56dee2b8c65bf219000b3dd5", "answers": [{"text": "Combat-Related Employment of Women", "answer_start": 425}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery, signals, field engineers, and naval operations", "answer_start": 151}], "question": "Name some of the teaching opportunities in the CAF off limits to women in the 1980s.", "id": "5ad3e80c604f3c001a3ff62b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5 February 1987", "answer_start": 268}], "question": "On what date was a study created to research the impart on men in direct involvement?", "id": "5ad3e80c604f3c001a3ff62c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Minister of National Defence", "answer_start": 289}], "question": " Who created an office to reject these effects?", "id": "5ad3e80c604f3c001a3ff62d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Combat-Related Employment of Women", "answer_start": 425}], "question": " What was the school called?", "id": "5ad3e80c604f3c001a3ff62e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1987, occupations and units with the primary role of preparing for direct involvement in combat on the ground or at sea were still closed to women: infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery, signals, field engineers, and naval operations. On 5 February 1987, the Minister of National Defence created an office to study the impact of employing men and women in combat units. These trials were called Combat-Related Employment of Women."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year were most military occupations opened to women?", "id": "56dee4db3277331400b4d7bb", "answers": [{"text": "1989", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What military occupation wasn't opened to women until the 2000s?", "id": "56dee4db3277331400b4d7bc", "answers": [{"text": "submarine service", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By how much did opening these jobs to women increase the recruiting pool by?", "id": "56dee4db3277331400b4d7bd", "answers": [{"text": "100 percent", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which government was responsible in Canadian history for this fact?", "id": "56dee4db3277331400b4d7bf", "answers": [{"text": "the government of Jean Chretien", "answer_start": 409}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1989", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "What year were most military occupations opened to men?", "id": "5ad3e833604f3c001a3ff633", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "submarine service", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "hat military occupation wasn't opened to men until the 2000s?", "id": "5ad3e833604f3c001a3ff634", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "100 percent", "answer_start": 234}], "question": " By how much did opening these jobs to men increase the recruiting pool by?", "id": "5ad3e833604f3c001a3ff635", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "government of Jean Chretien", "answer_start": 413}], "question": "Which government was responsible in French history for this fact?", "id": "5ad3e833604f3c001a3ff636", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "All military occupations were open to women in 1989, with the exception of submarine service, which opened in 2000. Throughout the 1990s, the introduction of women into the combat arms increased the potential recruiting pool by about 100 percent. It also provided opportunities for all persons to serve their country to the best of their abilities. Women were fully integrated in all occupations and roles by the government of Jean Chretien, and by 8 March 2000, even allowed to serve on submarines."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is a requirement for equipment for the CAF?", "id": "56dee59b3277331400b4d7cf", "answers": [{"text": "equipment must be suitable for a mixed-gender force", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some of the equipment used by both men and women?", "id": "56dee59b3277331400b4d7d0", "answers": [{"text": "Combat helmets, rucksacks, combat boots", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What special entitlement are women provided as part of their service?", "id": "56dee59b3277331400b4d7d2", "answers": [{"text": "an annual financial entitlement for the purchase of brassiere undergarments", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "All equipment must be suitable for a mixed-gender force", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is a requirement for equipment for the CE?", "id": "5ad3e87a604f3c001a3ff659", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Combat helmets, rucksacks, combat boots, and flak jackets", "answer_start": 57}], "question": " What are some of the equipment used by neither men and women?", "id": "5ad3e87a604f3c001a3ff65a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "annual financial entitlement for the purchase of brassiere undergarments", "answer_start": 379}], "question": "What special entitlement are men provided as part of their service?", "id": "5ad3e87a604f3c001a3ff65b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "All equipment must be suitable for a mixed-gender force. Combat helmets, rucksacks, combat boots, and flak jackets are designed to ensure women have the same level of protection and comfort as their male colleagues. The women's uniform is similar in design to the men's uniform, but conforms to the female figure, and is functional and practical. Women are also provided with an annual financial entitlement for the purchase of brassiere undergarments."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the hierarchy of the Canadian Armed Forces?", "id": "56dee62fc65bf219000b3dfd", "answers": [{"text": "It begins at the top with the most senior-ranking personnel and works its way into lower organizations.", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canadian", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "What is the hierarchy of the French Armed Forces?", "id": "5ad3e883604f3c001a3ff65f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The following is the hierarchy of the Canadian Armed Forces. It begins at the top with the most senior-ranking personnel and works its way into lower organizations."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What determines who is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed forces?", "id": "56dee6fcc65bf219000b3e07", "answers": [{"text": "The Canadian constitution", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does the Commander-in-Chief authorize to make decision regarding the Armed Forces for them?", "id": "56dee6fcc65bf219000b3e08", "answers": [{"text": "the governor general", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What orders fall under the royal prerogative?", "id": "56dee6fcc65bf219000b3e09", "answers": [{"text": "troop deployment and disposition orders", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who must sign these orders for them to be valid?", "id": "56dee6fcc65bf219000b3e0a", "answers": [{"text": "the monarch or governor general", "answer_start": 485}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who's advice is the monarch supposed to follow regarding these orders?", "id": "56dee6fcc65bf219000b3e0b", "answers": [{"text": "the advice of his or her ministers in Cabinet", "answer_start": 641}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Canadian constitution", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What determines who is the Secretary-in-Chief of the Armed forces?", "id": "5ad3e99d604f3c001a3ff69b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "governor general", "answer_start": 500}], "question": "Who does the Secretary-in-Chief authorize to make decision regarding the Armed Forces for them?", "id": "5ad3e99d604f3c001a3ff69c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "troop deployment and disposition orders", "answer_start": 311}], "question": " What orders fall under the non-royal prerogative?", "id": "5ad3e99d604f3c001a3ff69d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "monarch or governor general", "answer_start": 489}], "question": " Who must sign these orders for them to be invalid?", "id": "5ad3e99d604f3c001a3ff69e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Canadian constitution determines that the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the country's sovereign, who, since 1904, has authorized his or her viceroy, the governor general, to exercise the duties ascribed to the post of Commander-in-Chief and to hold the associated title since 1905. All troop deployment and disposition orders, including declarations of war, fall within the royal prerogative and are issued as Orders in Council, which must be signed by either the monarch or governor general. Under the Westminster system's parliamentary customs and practices, however, the monarch and viceroy must generally follow the advice of his or her ministers in Cabinet, including the prime minister and minister of national defence, who are accountable to the elected House of Commons."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The armed forces has approximately how many members?", "id": "56dee7f23277331400b4d7e9", "answers": [{"text": "115,349", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the highest ranking member of the Armed Forces?", "id": "56dee7f23277331400b4d7ea", "answers": [{"text": "the Chief of the Defence Staff", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who appoints the Chief of the Defence?", "id": "56dee7f23277331400b4d7eb", "answers": [{"text": "The governor general", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What location does the National Defense operate out of?", "id": "56dee7f23277331400b4d7ec", "answers": [{"text": "Ottawa, Ontario", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some of the members of the Armed Forces Council?", "id": "56dee7f23277331400b4d7ed", "answers": [{"text": "the heads of the Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Army, the Royal Canadian Air Force and other key Level 1 organizations.", "answer_start": 652}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "115,349", "answer_start": 18}], "question": "The rallied forces has approximately how many members?", "id": "5ad3e9f0604f3c001a3ff6ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chief of the Defence Staff", "answer_start": 197}], "question": " Who is the highest ranking member of the non-Armed Forces?", "id": "5ad3e9f0604f3c001a3ff6ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "captains-general", "answer_start": 936}], "question": " Who doesn't appoint the Chief of the Defence?", "id": "5ad3e9f0604f3c001a3ff6ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Army, the Royal Canadian Air Force", "answer_start": 669}], "question": " What are some of the members of the Non-Armed Forces Council?", "id": "5ad3e9f0604f3c001a3ff6ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Armed Forces' 115,349 personnel are divided into a hierarchy of numerous ranks of officers and non-commissioned members. The governor general appoints, on the advice of the prime minister, the Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) as the highest ranking commissioned officer in the Armed Forces and who, as head of the Armed Forces Council, is in command of the Canadian Forces. The Armed Forces Council generally operates from National Defence Headquarters (NDHQ) in Ottawa, Ontario. On the Armed Forces Council sit the heads of Canadian Joint Operations Command and Canadian Special Operations Forces Command, the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, and the heads of the Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Army, the Royal Canadian Air Force and other key Level 1 organizations. The sovereign and most other members of the Canadian Royal Family also act as colonels-in-chief, honorary air commodores, air commodores-in-chief, admirals, and captains-general of Canadian Forces units, though these positions are ceremonial."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many Canadian Forces bases are there in Canada?", "id": "56dee99f3277331400b4d7fb", "answers": [{"text": "27", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where do Canadian Forces members go for training?", "id": "56dee99f3277331400b4d7fc", "answers": [{"text": "Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the place called where initial training happens?", "id": "56dee99f3277331400b4d7fd", "answers": [{"text": "Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "27", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "How many non-Canadian Forces bases are there in Canada?", "id": "5ad3ea0f604f3c001a3ff6c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu", "answer_start": 329}], "question": " Where do non-Canadian Forces members go for training?", "id": "5ad3ea0f604f3c001a3ff6c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School", "answer_start": 280}], "question": "What is the place called where post-initial training happens?", "id": "5ad3ea0f604f3c001a3ff6c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Canada's Armed forces operate out of 27 Canadian Forces bases (CFB) across the country, including NDHQ. This number has been gradually reduced since the 1970s with bases either being closed or merged. Both officers and non-commissioned members receive their basic training at the Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu. Officers will generally either directly enter the Canadian Armed Forces with a degree from a civilian university, or receive their commission upon graduation from the Royal Military College of Canada. Specific element and trade training is conducted at a variety of institutions throughout Canada, and to a lesser extent, the world."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many warships does the Royal Canadian Navy have?", "id": "56deea68c65bf219000b3e21", "answers": [{"text": "33", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are the Maritime Forces Atlantic located?", "id": "56deea68c65bf219000b3e23", "answers": [{"text": "Halifax", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What formation is located in Quebec?", "id": "56deea68c65bf219000b3e24", "answers": [{"text": "the Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ)", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What international exercises does the RCN partake in?", "id": "56deea68c65bf219000b3e25", "answers": [{"text": "NATO exercises", "answer_start": 495}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "33", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "How many warships does the Non-Canadian Navy have?", "id": "5ad3ea55604f3c001a3ff6cd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Halifax", "answer_start": 289}], "question": " Where are the Maritime Forces Pacific located?", "id": "5ad3ea55604f3c001a3ff6ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Naval Reserve Headquarters", "answer_start": 346}], "question": " What formation is located in Ottawa?", "id": "5ad3ea55604f3c001a3ff6cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "NATO exercises", "answer_start": 495}], "question": " What international exercises does the RNN partake in?", "id": "5ad3ea55604f3c001a3ff6d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), headed by the Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy, includes 33 warships and submarines deployed in two fleets: Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC) at CFB Esquimalt on the west coast, and Maritime Forces Atlantic (MARLANT) at Her Majesty's Canadian Dockyard in Halifax on the east coast, as well as one formation: the Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ) at Quebec City, Quebec. The fleet is augmented by various aircraft and supply vessels. The RCN participates in NATO exercises and operations, and ships are deployed all over the world in support of multinational deployments."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who heads the Canadian Army?", "id": "56deeb2a3277331400b4d813", "answers": [{"text": "Commander of the Canadian Army", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many divisions are there in the Canadian Army?", "id": "56deeb2a3277331400b4d814", "answers": [{"text": "four divisions", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the four divisions?", "id": "56deeb2a3277331400b4d815", "answers": [{"text": "the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What division is the Canadian Army Doctrine of?", "id": "56deeb2a3277331400b4d816", "answers": [{"text": "the 5th Canadian Division", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Canadian Army Headquarters are located in what division?", "id": "56deeb2a3277331400b4d817", "answers": [{"text": "the 5th Canadian Division", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Commander of the Canadian Army", "answer_start": 35}], "question": " Who heads the non-Canadian Army?", "id": "5ad3ea81604f3c001a3ff6ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "four divisions", "answer_start": 91}], "question": " How many divisions are there in the non-Canadian Army?", "id": "5ad3ea81604f3c001a3ff6f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5th Canadian Division", "answer_start": 194}], "question": " What is the sixth division?", "id": "5ad3ea81604f3c001a3ff6f1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5th Canadian Division", "answer_start": 194}], "question": " The non-Canadian Army Headquarters are located in what division?", "id": "5ad3ea81604f3c001a3ff6f2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Canadian Army is headed by the Commander of the Canadian Army and administered through four divisions\u2014the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division\u2014the Canadian Army Doctrine and Training System and the Canadian Army Headquarters."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many brigades does the Army consist of?", "id": "56deebdc3277331400b4d81d", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Each Brigade contains how many regiments?", "id": "56deebdc3277331400b4d81f", "answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What squadron is present but not an official part of the Brigade?", "id": "56deebdc3277331400b4d820", "answers": [{"text": "tactical helicopter squadron", "answer_start": 565}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What medical group is present at all Brigades but not part of it?", "id": "56deebdc3277331400b4d821", "answers": [{"text": "a field ambulance", "answer_start": 598}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "How many brigades does the non-Army consist of?", "id": "5ad3eabe604f3c001a3ff701", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 454}], "question": " Each non-Brigade contains how many regiments?", "id": "5ad3eabe604f3c001a3ff702", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tactical helicopter squadron", "answer_start": 565}], "question": " What squadron is present but is an official part of the Brigade?", "id": "5ad3eabe604f3c001a3ff703", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "field ambulance", "answer_start": 600}], "question": "What medical group is not present at all Brigades but not part of it?", "id": "5ad3eabe604f3c001a3ff704", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Currently, the Regular Force component of the Army consists of three field-ready brigade groups: 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Edmonton and CFB Shilo; 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Petawawa and CFB Gagetown; and 5 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Valcartier and Quebec City. Each contains one regiment each of artillery, armour, and combat engineers, three battalions of infantry (all scaled in the British fashion), one battalion for logistics, a squadron for headquarters/signals, and several smaller support organizations. A tactical helicopter squadron and a field ambulance are co-located with each brigade, but do not form part of the brigade's command structure."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where is most of the major training performed?", "id": "56def917c65bf219000b3e64", "answers": [{"text": "CFB Gagetown, CFB Montreal and CFB Wainwright.", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CFB Gagetown, CFB Montreal and CFB Wainwright", "answer_start": 474}], "question": " Where is most of the minor training performed?", "id": "5ad3eaf0604f3c001a3ff709", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The 2nd, 3rd and 4th Canadian Divisions each has a Regular Force brigade group, and each division except the 1st has two to three Reserve Force brigades groups. In total, there are ten Reserve Force brigade groups. The 5th Canadian Division and the 2nd Canadian Division each have two Reserve Force brigade groups, while the 4th Canadian Division and the 3rd Canadian Division each have three Reserve Force brigade groups. Major training and support establishments exist at CFB Gagetown, CFB Montreal and CFB Wainwright."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who heads the Royal Canadian Air Force?", "id": "56defb12c65bf219000b3e73", "answers": [{"text": "the Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the commander based out of?", "id": "56defb12c65bf219000b3e74", "answers": [{"text": "Winnipeg", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many air force wings are located across Canada?", "id": "56defb12c65bf219000b3e75", "answers": [{"text": "eleven", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who reports to the operational commander about the wings?", "id": "56defb12c65bf219000b3e77", "answers": [{"text": "tactical commander", "answer_start": 643}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force", "answer_start": 53}], "question": " Who heads the non-Canadian Air Force?", "id": "5ad3eb5a604f3c001a3ff713", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Winnipeg", "answer_start": 173}], "question": "Where is the commander based out of?", "id": "5ad3eb5a604f3c001a3ff714", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "eleven", "answer_start": 354}], "question": " How many air force wings are located outside of Canada?", "id": "5ad3eb5a604f3c001a3ff715", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tactical commander", "answer_start": 643}], "question": " Who reports to the operational secretary about the wings?", "id": "5ad3eb5a604f3c001a3ff716", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) is headed by the Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force. The commander of 1 Canadian Air Division and Canadian NORAD Region, based in Winnipeg, is responsible for the operational command and control of Air Force activities throughout Canada and worldwide. 1 Canadian Air Division operations are carried out through eleven wings located across Canada. The commander of 2 Canadian Air Division is responsible for training and support functions. 2 Canadian Air Division operations are carried out at two wings. Wings represent the grouping of various squadrons, both operational and support, under a single tactical commander reporting to the operational commander and vary in size from several hundred personnel to several thousand."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are some locations of the air bases?", "id": "56defbb63277331400b4d85d", "answers": [{"text": "Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are the command facilities located?", "id": "56defbb63277331400b4d85e", "answers": [{"text": "Winnipeg and North Bay", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Canadian component of the NATO located?", "id": "56defbb63277331400b4d85f", "answers": [{"text": "Geilenkirchen, Germany", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What NATO force are the Canadians part of?", "id": "56defbb63277331400b4d860", "answers": [{"text": "Airborne Early Warning Force", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What location is a Canadian airforce base located whose name is also a dog breed?", "id": "56defbb63277331400b4d861", "answers": [{"text": "Labrador", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba", "answer_start": 49}], "question": " What are some locations of the navy bases?", "id": "5ad3eba0604f3c001a3ff72f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Winnipeg and North Bay", "answer_start": 214}], "question": " Where are the non-command facilities located?", "id": "5ad3eba0604f3c001a3ff730", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Geilenkirchen, Germany", "answer_start": 350}], "question": "Where is the non-Canadian component of the NATO located?", "id": "5ad3eba0604f3c001a3ff731", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Airborne Early Warning Force", "answer_start": 271}], "question": " What non-NATO force are the Canadians part of?", "id": "5ad3eba0604f3c001a3ff732", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Labrador", "answer_start": 133}], "question": "What location is a Canadian navy base located whose name is also a dog breed?", "id": "5ad3eba0604f3c001a3ff733", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does JTFN stand for?", "id": "56defc4bc65bf219000b3e85", "answers": [{"text": "Joint Task Force (North)", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What it located through Canada's Northern Regions?", "id": "56defc4bc65bf219000b3e86", "answers": [{"text": "a chain of forward operating locations", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can each forwarding operation location provide?", "id": "56defc4bc65bf219000b3e87", "answers": [{"text": "fighter operations", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What squadrons deploy to these locations?", "id": "56defc4bc65bf219000b3e88", "answers": [{"text": "CF-18 squadrons", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What patrols are organized from these locations?", "id": "56defc4bc65bf219000b3e89", "answers": [{"text": "Arctic sovereignty patrols.", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "chain of forward operating locations", "answer_start": 115}], "question": " What it located through non-Canada's Northern Regions?", "id": "5ad3ebd0604f3c001a3ff739", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fighter operations", "answer_start": 180}], "question": "What can't each forwarding operation location provide?", "id": "5ad3ebd0604f3c001a3ff73a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CF-18", "answer_start": 212}], "question": " What squadrons won't deploy to these locations?", "id": "5ad3ebd0604f3c001a3ff73b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arctic sovereignty patrols", "answer_start": 298}], "question": "What patrols aren't organized from these locations?", "id": "5ad3ebd0604f3c001a3ff73c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The RCAF and Joint Task Force (North) (JTFN) also maintain at various points throughout Canada's northern region a chain of forward operating locations, each capable of supporting fighter operations. Elements of CF-18 squadrons periodically deploy to these airports for short training exercises or Arctic sovereignty patrols."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Canadian Joint Operations Command established?", "id": "56defcf2c65bf219000b3e91", "answers": [{"text": "October 2012", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the parts that merged into the Canadian Joint Operations Command?", "id": "56defcf2c65bf219000b3e92", "answers": [{"text": "Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What specifically prompted this merger?", "id": "56defcf2c65bf219000b3e95", "answers": [{"text": "the 2012 federal budget", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "October 2012", "answer_start": 79}], "question": " When was the non-Canadian Joint Operations Command established?", "id": "5ad3ebf1604f3c001a3ff74b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command", "answer_start": 111}], "question": "What are the parts that merged into the non-Canadian Joint Operations Command?", "id": "5ad3ebf1604f3c001a3ff74c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2012 federal budget", "answer_start": 289}], "question": " What specifically didn't prompt this merger?", "id": "5ad3ebf1604f3c001a3ff74d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Canadian Joint Operations Command is an operational element established in October 2012 with the merger of Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command. The new command, created as a response to the cost-cutting measures in the 2012 federal budget, combines the resources, roles and responsibilities of the three former commands under a single headquarters."}, {"qas": [{"question": "what does CANSOFCOM stand for?", "id": "56defd9bc65bf219000b3e9b", "answers": [{"text": "The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the CANSOFCOM focussed on?", "id": "56defd9bc65bf219000b3e9c", "answers": [{"text": "generating special operations forces", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do the special forces support?", "id": "56defd9bc65bf219000b3e9d", "answers": [{"text": "CJOC", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit based?", "id": "56defd9bc65bf219000b3e9e", "answers": [{"text": "CFB Trenton", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Special Operations Aviation Squadron are based at Petawawa?", "id": "56defd9bc65bf219000b3e9f", "answers": [{"text": "427", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "what does CANSOFCORN stand for?", "id": "5ad3ec3b604f3c001a3ff759", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "generating special operations forces", "answer_start": 134}], "question": " What is the CANSOFCOM not focused on?", "id": "5ad3ec3b604f3c001a3ff75a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CJOC", "answer_start": 197}], "question": " What don't the special forces support?", "id": "5ad3ec3b604f3c001a3ff75b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CFB Trenton", "answer_start": 310}], "question": " Where is the non-Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit based?", "id": "5ad3ec3b604f3c001a3ff75c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "427", "answer_start": 386}], "question": "How many Special Operations Aviation Squadron aren't based at Petawawa?", "id": "5ad3ec3b604f3c001a3ff75d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM) is a formation capable of operating independently but primarily focused on generating special operations forces (SOF) elements to support CJOC. The command includes Joint Task Force 2 (JTF2), the Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit (CJIRU) based at CFB Trenton, as well as the Canadian Special Operations Regiment (CSOR) and 427 Special Operations Aviation Squadron (SOAS) based at CFB Petawawa."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the the Information Management Group responsible for?", "id": "56df043cc65bf219000b3ed5", "answers": [{"text": "electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Information Management Group located?", "id": "56df043cc65bf219000b3ed6", "answers": [{"text": "CFS Leitrim in Ottawa", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the task of the CAF Cyber Task Force?", "id": "56df043cc65bf219000b3ed7", "answers": [{"text": "design and build cyber warfare capabilities", "answer_start": 1002}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Directorate of Cybernetics established?", "id": "56df043cc65bf219000b3ed8", "answers": [{"text": "June 2011", "answer_start": 699}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who heads the Directorate?", "id": "56df043cc65bf219000b3ed9", "answers": [{"text": "the Director General Cyber", "answer_start": 876}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks", "answer_start": 87}], "question": "What is the the Information Management Group not responsible for?", "id": "5ad3ec9d604f3c001a3ff76d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CFS Leitrim in Ottawa", "answer_start": 307}], "question": " Where is the non-Information Management Group located?", "id": "5ad3ec9d604f3c001a3ff76e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "design and build cyber warfare capabilities for the Canadian Armed Forces", "answer_start": 1002}], "question": " What is the task of the non-Cyber Task Force?", "id": "5ad3ec9d604f3c001a3ff76f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "June 2011", "answer_start": 699}], "question": " When was the Directorate of Non-Cybernetics established?", "id": "5ad3ec9d604f3c001a3ff770", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Director General Cyber", "answer_start": 880}], "question": " Who was fired from the Directorate?", "id": "5ad3ec9d604f3c001a3ff771", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Among other things, the Information Management Group is responsible for the conduct of electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks. Within the group, this operational role is fulfilled by the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group, headquartered at CFS Leitrim in Ottawa, which operates the following units: the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group Headquarters (CFIOGHQ), the Canadian Forces Electronic Warfare Centre (CFEWC), the Canadian Forces Network Operation Centre (CFNOC), the Canadian Forces Signals Intelligence Operations Centre (CFSOC), the Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Leitrim, and the 764 Communications Squadron. In June 2011 the Canadian Armed Forces Chief of Force Development announced the establishment of a new organization, the Directorate of Cybernetics, headed by a Brigadier General, the Director General Cyber (DG Cyber). Within that directorate the newly established CAF Cyber Task Force, has been tasked to design and build cyber warfare capabilities for the Canadian Armed Forces."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who does The Health Services Group serve?", "id": "56df04ce3277331400b4d8b8", "answers": [{"text": "the Canadian Armed Forces", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who can temporarily be assigned the Health Serviced Group?", "id": "56df04ce3277331400b4d8ba", "answers": [{"text": "Joint Task Force", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of support does The Health Services Group provide?", "id": "56df04ce3277331400b4d8bb", "answers": [{"text": "domestic support", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canadian Armed Forces", "answer_start": 148}], "question": "Who won't The Health Services Group serve?", "id": "5ad3ecbb604f3c001a3ff781", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Joint Task Force", "answer_start": 341}], "question": " Who can't temporarily be assigned the Health Serviced Group?", "id": "5ad3ecbb604f3c001a3ff782", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "domestic support", "answer_start": 250}], "question": " What type of support does The Health Services Group refuse?", "id": "5ad3ecbb604f3c001a3ff783", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Health Services Group is a joint formation that includes over 120 general or specialized units and detachments providing health services to the Canadian Armed Forces. With few exceptions, all elements are under command of the Surgeon General for domestic support and force generation, or temporarily assigned under command of a deployed Joint Task Force through Canadian Joint Operations Command."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When can the reserve force be called upon?", "id": "56df05adc65bf219000b3ee6", "answers": [{"text": "in times of national emergency or threat", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What troops does The reserve force consists of?", "id": "56df05adc65bf219000b3ee8", "answers": [{"text": "primary and supplementary", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in times of national emergency or threat", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "When can't the reserve force be called upon?", "id": "5ad3ecd9604f3c001a3ff787", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "primary and supplementary", "answer_start": 77}], "question": " What troops does The reserve force not consist of?", "id": "5ad3ecd9604f3c001a3ff788", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Canadian Armed Forces have a total reserve force of approximately 50,000 primary and supplementary that can be called upon in times of national emergency or threat. For the components and sub-components of the Canadian Armed Forces Reserve Force, the order of precedence follows:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who commands the reserves?", "id": "56df065d3277331400b4d8c7", "answers": [{"text": "Chief of Reserves and Cadets", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some of the components of the reserve force?", "id": "56df065d3277331400b4d8c9", "answers": [{"text": "the Naval Reserve (NAVRES), Land Force Reserve (LFR), and Air Reserve (AIRRES)", "answer_start": 556}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chief of Reserves and Cadets", "answer_start": 315}], "question": "Who won't command the reserves?", "id": "5ad3ecf4604f3c001a3ff795", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Naval Reserve (NAVRES), Land Force Reserve (LFR), and Air Reserve (AIRRES", "answer_start": 560}], "question": " What are some of the components of the non-reserve force?", "id": "5ad3ecf4604f3c001a3ff796", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Approximately 26,000 citizen soldiers, sailors, and airmen and women, trained to the level of and interchangeable with their Regular Force counterparts, and posted to CAF operations or duties on a casual or ongoing basis, make up the Primary Reserve. This group is represented, though not commanded, at NDHQ by the Chief of Reserves and Cadets, who is usually a major general or rear admiral, and is divided into four components that are each operationally and administratively responsible to its corresponding environmental command in the Regular Force \u2013 the Naval Reserve (NAVRES), Land Force Reserve (LFR), and Air Reserve (AIRRES) \u2013 in addition to one force that does not fall under an environmental command, the Health Services Reserve under the Canadian Forces Health Services Group."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who conducts training of the cadets?", "id": "56df07a33277331400b4d8cf", "answers": [{"text": "Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What age are the cadets in the Canadian Cadet Movement?", "id": "56df07a33277331400b4d8d0", "answers": [{"text": "12 to 18 years", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What branch are the majority of COATS members?", "id": "56df07a33277331400b4d8d2", "answers": [{"text": "officers of the Cadet Instructors Cadre", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is eligible to serve as a COATS trainer?", "id": "56df07a33277331400b4d8d3", "answers": [{"text": "Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who conducts formation of the cadets?", "id": "5ad3ed3a604f3c001a3ff7ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "12 to 18 years", "answer_start": 208}], "question": " What age are the cadets in the Non-Canadian Cadet Movement?", "id": "5ad3ed3a604f3c001a3ff7ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "officers of the Cadet Instructors Cadre", "answer_start": 292}], "question": " What branch are the minority of COATS members?", "id": "5ad3ed3a604f3c001a3ff7ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS", "answer_start": 372}], "question": " Who is not eligible to serve as a COATS trainer?", "id": "5ad3ed3a604f3c001a3ff7ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service (COATS) consists of officers and non-commissioned members who conduct training, safety, supervision and administration of nearly 60,000 cadets aged 12 to 18 years in the Canadian Cadet Movement. The majority of members in COATS are officers of the Cadet Instructors Cadre (CIC) branch of the CAF. Members of the Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS who are not employed part-time (Class A) or full-time (Class B) may be held on the \"Cadet Instructor Supplementary Staff List\" (CISS List) in anticipation of employment in the same manner as other reservists are held as members of the Supplementary Reserve."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What do Canadian Rangers perform?", "id": "56df08453277331400b4d8d9", "answers": [{"text": "provide surveillance and patrol services", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where do the Canadian Rangers operate?", "id": "56df08453277331400b4d8da", "answers": [{"text": "in Canada's arctic", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which force are the Rangers part of?", "id": "56df08453277331400b4d8db", "answers": [{"text": "reserve force", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do the Canadian Rangers safekeep?", "id": "56df08453277331400b4d8dd", "answers": [{"text": "Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "surveillance and patrol", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "What do non-Canadian Rangers perform?", "id": "5ad3ede0604f3c001a3ff7bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canada's arctic", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "Where do the non-Canadian Rangers operate?", "id": "5ad3ede0604f3c001a3ff7be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "reserve force", "answer_start": 127}], "question": " Which force aren't the Rangers part of?", "id": "5ad3ede0604f3c001a3ff7bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "northern territory", "answer_start": 202}], "question": " What genocide did the Canadian Rangers start?", "id": "5ad3ede0604f3c001a3ff7c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Canadian Rangers, who provide surveillance and patrol services in Canada's arctic and other remote areas, are an essential reserve force component used for Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is suitable for CAF members to wear on any occasion?", "id": "56df0a103277331400b4d8f7", "answers": [{"text": "service dress", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other parts are there to a uniform?", "id": "56df0a103277331400b4d8f8", "answers": [{"text": "gloves, swords, and medals", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is now the daily uniform worn by members of the CAF?", "id": "56df0a103277331400b4d8f9", "answers": [{"text": "operational dress is now the daily uniform", "answer_start": 358}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can be worn in cold winter weather?", "id": "56df0a103277331400b4d8fa", "answers": [{"text": "Approved parkas", "answer_start": 527}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is only worn for very specific occasions?", "id": "56df0a103277331400b4d8fb", "answers": [{"text": "a ceremonial/regimental full dress", "answer_start": 730}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "service dress", "answer_start": 5}], "question": "What is suitable for CAD members to wear on any occasion?", "id": "5ad3eed3604f3c001a3ff7ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "gloves, swords, and medals", "answer_start": 109}], "question": " What other parts aren't there to a uniform?", "id": "5ad3eed3604f3c001a3ff7f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "operational dress is now the daily uniform worn by most members of the CF", "answer_start": 358}], "question": " What is not the daily uniform worn by members of the CAF?", "id": "5ad3eed3604f3c001a3ff7f1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "parkas", "answer_start": 536}], "question": " What can be worn in warm winter weather?", "id": "5ad3eed3604f3c001a3ff7f2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ceremonial/regimental full dress", "answer_start": 732}], "question": " What is only worn for very non-specific occasions?", "id": "5ad3eed3604f3c001a3ff7f3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Only service dress is suitable for CAF members to wear on any occasion, barring \"dirty work\" or combat. With gloves, swords, and medals (No. 1 or 1A), it is suitable for ceremonial occasions and \"dressed down\" (No. 3 or lower), it is suitable for daily wear. Generally, after the elimination of base dress (although still defined for the Air Force uniform), operational dress is now the daily uniform worn by most members of the CF, unless service dress is prescribed (such as at the NDHQ, on parades, at public events, etc.). Approved parkas are authorized for winter wear in cold climates and a light casual jacket is also authorized for cooler days. The navy, most army, and some other units have, for very specific occasions, a ceremonial/regimental full dress, such as the naval \"high-collar\" white uniform, kilted Highland, Scottish, and Irish regiments, and the scarlet uniforms of the Royal Military Colleges."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are some of the authorized head dresses for the CAF?", "id": "56df0adf3277331400b4d903", "answers": [{"text": "beret, wedge cap, ballcap", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are there specific rules for wearing head dresses?", "id": "56df0adf3277331400b4d904", "answers": [{"text": "coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most popular head dress worn?", "id": "56df0adf3277331400b4d905", "answers": [{"text": "The beret", "answer_start": 521}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What headdress does the Canadian Army wear?", "id": "56df0adf3277331400b4d907", "answers": [{"text": "CG634 helmet", "answer_start": 1589}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "beret, wedge cap, ballcap, Yukon cap, and tuque", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "What are some of the unauthorized head dresses for the CAF?", "id": "5ad3ef59604f3c001a3ff80d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn", "answer_start": 125}], "question": " Are there specific rules for not wearing head dresses?", "id": "5ad3ef59604f3c001a3ff80e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "beret", "answer_start": 525}], "question": " What is the least popular head dress worn?", "id": "5ad3ef59604f3c001a3ff80f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CG634", "answer_start": 1589}], "question": " What headdress does the Non-Canadian Army wear?", "id": "5ad3ef59604f3c001a3ff810", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Authorized headdress for the Canadian Armed Forces are the: beret, wedge cap, ballcap, Yukon cap, and tuque (toque). Each is coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn: navy (white or navy blue), army (rifle green or \"regimental\" colour), air force (light blue). Adherents of the Sikh faith may wear uniform turbans (dastar) (or patka, when operational) and Muslim women may wear uniform tucked hijabs under their authorized headdress. Jews may wear yarmulke under their authorized headdress and when bareheaded. The beret is probably the most widely worn headgear and is worn with almost all orders of dress (with the exception of the more formal orders of Navy and Air Force dress), and the colour of which is determined by the wearer's environment, branch, or mission. Naval personnel, however, seldom wear berets, preferring either service cap or authorized ballcaps (shipboard operational dress), which only the Navy wear. Air Force personnel, particularly officers, prefer the wedge cap to any other form of headdress. There is no naval variant of the wedge cap. The Yukon cap and tuque are worn only with winter dress, although clearance and combat divers may wear tuques year-round as a watch cap. Soldiers in Highland, Scottish, and Irish regiments generally wear alternative headdress, including the glengarry, balmoral, tam o'shanter, and caubeen instead of the beret. The officer cadets of both Royal Military Colleges wear gold-braided \"pillbox\" (cavalry) caps with their ceremonial dress and have a unique fur \"Astrakhan\" for winter wear. The Canadian Army wears the CG634 helmet."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What gives the federal government responsibility for national defense?", "id": "56df0c1fc65bf219000b3ef9", "answers": [{"text": "The Constitution of Canada", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was an additional 12.5 Billion Canadian Dollars assigned for over five years?", "id": "56df0c1fc65bf219000b3efb", "answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Constitution of Canada", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What gives the federal government responsibility for international defense?", "id": "5ad3ef82604f3c001a3ff815", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 294}], "question": "What year was an additional 12.5 Billion Canadian Dollars assigned for over 10 years?", "id": "5ad3ef82604f3c001a3ff816", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Constitution of Canada gives the federal government exclusive responsibility for national defence, and expenditures are thus outlined in the federal budget. For the 2008\u20132009 fiscal year, the amount allocated for defence spending was CAD$18.9 billion. This regular funding was augmented in 2005 with an additional CAD$12.5 billion over five years, as well as a commitment to increasing regular force troop levels by 5,000 persons, and the primary reserve by 3,000 over the same period. In 2006, a further CAD$5.3 billion over five years was provided to allow for 13,000 more regular force members, and 10,000 more primary reserve personnel, as well as CAD$17.1 billion for the purchase of new trucks for the Canadian Army, transport aircraft and helicopters for the Royal Canadian Air Force, and joint support ships for the Royal Canadian Navy."}, {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "black", "answer_start": 157}], "question": "What color is the DEU uniform if it isn't green?", "id": "5ad3ee4a604f3c001a3ff7e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "non-operational occupations", "answer_start": 352}], "question": "What are the \"red\" trades?", "id": "5ad3ee4a604f3c001a3ff7e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "distinctive environmental uniforms", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "What does \"DUE\" stand for?", "id": "5ad3ee4a604f3c001a3ff7e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CAF", "answer_start": 485}], "question": "What is the fourth similar environmental uniform?", "id": "5ad3ee4a604f3c001a3ff7ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Although the Canadian Armed Forces are a single service, there are three similar but distinctive environmental uniforms (DEUs): navy blue (which is actually black) for the navy, rifle green for the army, and light blue for the air force. CAF members in operational occupations generally wear the DEU to which their occupation \"belongs.\" CAF members in non-operational occupations (the \"purple\" trades) are allocated a uniform according to the \"distribution\" of their branch within the CAF, association of the branch with one of the former services, and the individual's initial preference. Therefore, on any given day, in any given CAF unit, all three coloured uniforms may be seen."}]}, {"title": "Cardinal_(Catholicism)", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "In 1059, who was responsible for electing the pope? ", "id": "56dde5409a695914005b9676", "answers": [{"text": "the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees.", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the cardinals assigned? ", "id": "56dde5409a695914005b9678", "answers": [{"text": "a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the right of electing the pope was reserved to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "Who did not have the right of electing the pope in 1059?", "id": "5ad2dc0dd7d075001a42a50e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cardinals", "answer_start": 216}], "question": "Who held the right to appoint ecclesiastics from outside Rome in 1059?", "id": "5ad2dc0dd7d075001a42a50f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses", "answer_start": 260}], "question": "What were the cardinals not assigned?", "id": "5ad2dc0dd7d075001a42a510", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses", "answer_start": 260}], "question": "Where outside of Rome were the ecclesiastics assigned?", "id": "5ad2dc0dd7d075001a42a511", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1059, the right of electing the pope was reserved to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees. In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began, with each of them assigned a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses, while still being incardinated in a diocese other than that of Rome.[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "At one time, Priest permanently were assigned to a church were referred to as?", "id": "56dde6309a695914005b9690", "answers": [{"text": "cardinal", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How early was this term used?", "id": "56dde6309a695914005b9691", "answers": [{"text": "ninth century", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Church of England uses what term that is held by two senior members of the College of Minor Canons of St. Pauls Catherdral?", "id": "56dde6309a695914005b9692", "answers": [{"text": "tituli", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Latin word does \"cardinal\" come from?", "id": "56def3ed3277331400b4d848", "answers": [{"text": "cardo", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which church still holds on to the original meaning of \"cardinal\" from the above Latin word?", "id": "56def3ed3277331400b4d849", "answers": [{"text": "The Church of England", "answer_start": 358}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"principal\" or \"chief\"", "answer_start": 205}], "question": "What does the Latin cardo not mean?", "id": "5ad2de57d7d075001a42a586", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cardinal", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "What is the term applied to any priest temporarily assigned or incardinated to a church?", "id": "5ad2de57d7d075001a42a587", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Latin cardo", "answer_start": 176}], "question": "What term was applied as early as the eighth century to the priests of the tituli of the diocese of Rome?", "id": "5ad2de57d7d075001a42a588", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tituli", "answer_start": 316}], "question": "What term was used by the Church of France that is held by two senior members of the College of Minor Canon of St. Paul's Catherdral?", "id": "5ad2de57d7d075001a42a589", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Church of England", "answer_start": 358}], "question": "Which church maintains the original meaning of the Greek word \"cardo\"?", "id": "5ad2de57d7d075001a42a58a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The term cardinal at one time applied to any priest permanently assigned or incardinated to a church, or specifically to the senior priest of an important church, based on the Latin cardo (hinge), meaning \"principal\" or \"chief\". The term was applied in this sense as early as the ninth century to the priests of the tituli (parishes) of the diocese of Rome. The Church of England retains an instance of this origin of the title, which is held by the two senior members of the College of Minor Canons of St Paul's Cathedral."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who were the first people to be called cardinals in Rome? ", "id": "56dde75466d3e219004dadc4", "answers": [{"text": "the deacons of the seven regions of the city", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the Roman cardinals perceived as a privleged class among the Roman clergy?", "id": "56dde75466d3e219004dadc5", "answers": [{"text": "8th century", "answer_start": 664}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the ruling \"only a cardinal was eligible to become pope\" come in effect?", "id": "56dde75466d3e219004dadc6", "answers": [{"text": "769", "answer_start": 860}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who gave cardinals the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini?", "id": "56dde75466d3e219004dadc7", "answers": [{"text": "Nicholas II", "answer_start": 945}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was it that gave cardinals the right to elect the pope?", "id": "56def5bd3277331400b4d84f", "answers": [{"text": "the Papal Bull In nomine Domini", "answer_start": 1013}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the pope allow cardinals to wear the red hats?", "id": "56def5bd3277331400b4d850", "answers": [{"text": "1244", "answer_start": 1291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the pope who gave cardinals the right to wear the hats?", "id": "56def5bd3277331400b4d851", "answers": [{"text": "Pope Innocent IV", "answer_start": 1271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the deacons of the seven regions of the city", "answer_start": 342}], "question": "Who were the first persons to be called cardinals at the beginning of the 7th century in Rome?", "id": "5ad2e0e1d7d075001a42a5e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "began to mean \u201cprincipal,\u201d \u201ceminent,\u201d or \"superior.\"", "answer_start": 438}], "question": "What did the word cardinal begin to mean at the beginning of the 8th century?", "id": "5ad2e0e1d7d075001a42a5e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "8th century", "answer_start": 664}], "question": "When were the Roman cardinals considered part of the peasant class?", "id": "5ad2e0e1d7d075001a42a5e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "769", "answer_start": 860}], "question": "In what year was the pope eligible to become a cardinal?", "id": "5ad2e0e1d7d075001a42a5e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Third Lateran Council", "answer_start": 1126}], "question": "Who rescinded the right of the whole body of cardinals to elect the pope in 1179?", "id": "5ad2e0e1d7d075001a42a5e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "There is disagreement about the origin of the term, but general consensus that \"cardinalis\" from the word cardo (meaning 'pivot' or 'hinge') was first used in late antiquity to designate a bishop or priest who was incorporated into a church for which he had not originally been ordained. In Rome the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century, when the word began to mean \u201cprincipal,\u201d \u201ceminent,\u201d or \"superior.\" The name was also given to the senior priest in each of the \"title\" churches (the parish churches) of Rome and to the bishops of the seven sees surrounding the city. By the 8th century the Roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the Roman clergy. They took part in the administration of the church of Rome and in the papal liturgy. By decree of a synod of 769, only a cardinal was eligible to become pope. In 1059, during the pontificate of Nicholas II, cardinals were given the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini. For a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops, but the Third Lateran Council in 1179 gave back the right to the whole body of cardinals. Cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by Pope Innocent IV in 1244."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What term was given to certain church men of honor?", "id": "56dde83666d3e219004dadd1", "answers": [{"text": "cardinal", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is the earliest date of using the term cardinal as honorable church men used?", "id": "56dde83666d3e219004dadd2", "answers": [{"text": "747", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the title of cardinal reserved for the cardinals of Rome by Pius V?", "id": "56dde83666d3e219004dadd4", "answers": [{"text": "1567", "answer_start": 547}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In regards to the word \"cardinal\" being used in cities other than Rome, who sent a letter to Pippin III?", "id": "56def6ffc65bf219000b3e53", "answers": [{"text": "Pope Zacharias", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the letter sent?", "id": "56def6ffc65bf219000b3e54", "answers": [{"text": "747", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which pope declared that cardinals would be from Rome?", "id": "56def6ffc65bf219000b3e55", "answers": [{"text": "Pius V.", "answer_start": 555}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the pope make the declaration?", "id": "56def6ffc65bf219000b3e56", "answers": [{"text": "1567", "answer_start": 547}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cardinal", "answer_start": 36}], "question": "What term was applied to certain political leaders as a mark of honor?", "id": "5ad2e303d7d075001a42a638", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cardinal", "answer_start": 36}], "question": "What did Pippin III call priests of Paris to distinguish them from county clergy?", "id": "5ad2e303d7d075001a42a639", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "9th", "answer_start": 390}], "question": "What century did the term cardinal spread quickly throughout various Muslim cities? ", "id": "5ad2e303d7d075001a42a63a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1567", "answer_start": 547}], "question": "In what year did Pope Zacharias reserve the title for the cardinals of Rome? ", "id": "5ad2e303d7d075001a42a63b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "various episcopal cities", "answer_start": 402}], "question": "Who had a special class among clergy known as priests in the 9th century?", "id": "5ad2e303d7d075001a42a63c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In cities other than Rome, the name cardinal began to be applied to certain church men as a mark of honour. The earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by Pope Zacharias in 747 to Pippin III (the Short), ruler of the Franks, in which Zacharias applied the title to the priests of Paris to distinguish them from country clergy. This meaning of the word spread rapidly, and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a special class among the clergy known as cardinals. The use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of Rome in 1567 by Pius V."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Pope Pius IV wrote abou tthe selecting of cardinals? ", "id": "56dde8fd66d3e219004dade9", "answers": [{"text": "1563", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was in charge of the Ecumenical Council of Trent?", "id": "56dde8fd66d3e219004dadea", "answers": [{"text": "Pope Pius IV", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Ecumenical Council of Trent write in regards to the selection of Cardinals?", "id": "56def865c65bf219000b3e5b", "answers": [{"text": "1563", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the pope who headed the Ecumencial Council of Trent in that year?", "id": "56def865c65bf219000b3e5c", "answers": [{"text": "Pope Pius IV", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1563", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "What year did the Ecumenical Council of Trent headed by Pope Zacharius write about the importance of selecting good cardinals?", "id": "5ad2e52d604f3c001a3fd901", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pope Pius IV", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "Who led the Ecumenical Council of Thames?", "id": "5ad2e52d604f3c001a3fd902", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "most select persons only, and appoint to each church most eminently upright and competent shepherds", "answer_start": 408}], "question": "Who did the historic council determine that the College of Cardinals should select as cardinals?", "id": "5ad2e52d604f3c001a3fd903", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "at his hands the blood of the sheep of Christ that perish through the evil government of shepherds who are negligent and forgetful of their office.\"", "answer_start": 574}], "question": "What did our Lord Jesus Christ not require according to the Council of Trent?", "id": "5ad2e52d604f3c001a3fd904", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the evil government of shepherds", "answer_start": 640}], "question": "Who would not be negligent or forgetful of their office?", "id": "5ad2e52d604f3c001a3fd905", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the year 1563 the influential Ecumenical Council of Trent, headed by Pope Pius IV, wrote about the importance of selecting good Cardinals. According to this historic council \"nothing is more necessary to the Church of God than that the holy Roman pontiff apply that solicitude which by the duty of his office he owes the universal Church in a very special way by associating with himself as cardinals the most select persons only, and appoint to each church most eminently upright and competent shepherds; and this the more so, because our Lord Jesus Christ will require at his hands the blood of the sheep of Christ that perish through the evil government of shepherds who are negligent and forgetful of their office.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who were generally temporal rulers?", "id": "56dde98d9a695914005b96aa", "answers": [{"text": "French kings", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "French kings", "answer_start": 54}], "question": "Who reasserted the earliest influence of temporal subjects?", "id": "5ad2e74a604f3c001a3fd95d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cardinals", "answer_start": 111}], "question": "Who did the English kings appoint to influence politically significant movement?", "id": "5ad2e74a604f3c001a3fd95e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "so-called crown-cardinal.", "answer_start": 364}], "question": "What tradition in England, France, and Portugal developed entitling certain political influencers to nominate their trusted subjects?", "id": "5ad2e74a604f3c001a3fd95f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "French kings", "answer_start": 54}], "question": "Who did not reassert themselves through the influence of cardinals?", "id": "5ad2e74a604f3c001a3fd960", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The earlier influence of temporal rulers, notably the French kings, reasserted itself through the influence of cardinals of certain nationalities or politically significant movements. Traditions even developed entitling certain monarchs, including those of Austria, Spain, and Portugal, to nominate one of their trusted clerical subjects to be created cardinal, a so-called crown-cardinal.[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what roles did cardinals have important roles?", "id": "56ddea8366d3e219004dae05", "answers": [{"text": "secular affairs.", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Caridinal had powers so great that he basically ran France?", "id": "56ddea8366d3e219004dae07", "answers": [{"text": "Cardinal Richelieu", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which cardinal acted a the leader of France due to his amount of power?", "id": "56df0f68c65bf219000b3f12", "answers": [{"text": "Cardinal Richelieu", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the only person to ever become a cardinal king?", "id": "56df0f68c65bf219000b3f14", "answers": [{"text": "Henry, King of Portugal", "answer_start": 549}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "important roles", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "What role did priests have in secular affairs?", "id": "5ad2e80c604f3c001a3fd97b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cardinals", "answer_start": 23}], "question": "Who did not take powerful positions in government?", "id": "5ad2e80c604f3c001a3fd97c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cardinal Wolsey", "answer_start": 189}], "question": "Who acted as Henry VI's chief minister?", "id": "5ad2e80c604f3c001a3fd97d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Richelieu", "answer_start": 306}], "question": "Which cardinal had power so great that he effectively ruled England?", "id": "5ad2e80c604f3c001a3fd97e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Richelieu successor was also a cardinal, Jules Mazarin. Guillaume Dubois and Andr\u00e9-Hercule de Fleury", "answer_start": 306}], "question": "What five great cardinals once ruled France?", "id": "5ad2e80c604f3c001a3fd97f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In early modern times, cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs. In some cases, they took on powerful positions in government. In Henry VIII's England, his chief minister was Cardinal Wolsey. Cardinal Richelieu's power was so great that he was for many years effectively the ruler of France. Richelieu successor was also a cardinal, Jules Mazarin. Guillaume Dubois and Andr\u00e9-Hercule de Fleury complete the list of the \"four great\" cardinals to have ruled France.[citation needed] In Portugal, due to a succession crisis, one cardinal, Henry, King of Portugal, was crowned king, the only example of a cardinal-king."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to?", "id": "56ddeb0c9a695914005b96b8", "answers": [{"text": "70", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the composition of the cardinals consist of?", "id": "56ddeb0c9a695914005b96b9", "answers": [{"text": "comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons.", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During who's term did the ruling exceed? ", "id": "56ddeb0c9a695914005b96ba", "answers": [{"text": "Pope John XXIII", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Pope Paul VI increse the number of cardinal electors to? ", "id": "56ddeb0c9a695914005b96bb", "answers": [{"text": "120", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the maximum age for electors?", "id": "56ddeb0c9a695914005b96bc", "answers": [{"text": "80", "answer_start": 698}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Pope Paul VI raised the cap on cardinal electors from 70 to what?", "id": "56df10063277331400b4d92b", "answers": [{"text": "120", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Pope Paul VI had no cap on what?", "id": "56df10063277331400b4d92c", "answers": [{"text": "the number of cardinals generally", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "70", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "What was the limit of cardinals that Pope Pius implemented?", "id": "5ad2e95d604f3c001a3fd9b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "What did the composition of popes consist of?", "id": "5ad2e95d604f3c001a3fd9b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pope Paul VI", "answer_start": 232}], "question": "Who implemented the maximum age of 60 years for electors?", "id": "5ad2e95d604f3c001a3fd9b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pope Paul VI", "answer_start": 719}], "question": "Who gave a rank to patriarchs of the Western Catholic Churches?", "id": "5ad2e95d604f3c001a3fd9b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "church laws and have sometimes brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120.", "answer_start": 618}], "question": "What can popes not dispense from?", "id": "5ad2e95d604f3c001a3fd9b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70, comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons. Starting in the pontificate of Pope John XXIII, that limit has been exceeded. At the start of 1971, Pope Paul VI set the number of cardinal electors at a maximum of 120, but set no limit on the number of cardinals generally. He also established a maximum age of eighty years for electors. His action deprived twenty-five living cardinals, including the three living cardinals elevated by Pope Pius XI, of the right to participate in a conclave.[citation needed] Popes can dispense from church laws and have sometimes brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120. Pope Paul VI also increased the number of cardinal bishops by giving that rank to patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where do the cardinals work?", "id": "56ddeba09a695914005b96c2", "answers": [{"text": "a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cardinals possess no power of governance nor are they to intervene", "answer_start": 192}], "question": "What do cardinals do in order to influence governing or administration of goods, discipline, or service of their titular churches? ", "id": "5ad2ece2604f3c001a3fd9d5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "Which Moroccan cities do cardinals get assigned to their titular church?", "id": "5ad2ece2604f3c001a3fd9d6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "celebrate Mass and hear confessions and lead visits and pilgrimages to their titular churches", "answer_start": 401}], "question": "What duties are nuns allowed to perform?", "id": "5ad2ece2604f3c001a3fd9d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cardinals", "answer_start": 597}], "question": "Who does not offer monetary support to their titular churches?", "id": "5ad2ece2604f3c001a3fd9d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "keep in contact with the pastoral staffs of their titular churches.", "answer_start": 610}], "question": "What do many nuns do for their titular churches?", "id": "5ad2ece2604f3c001a3fd9d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Each cardinal takes on a titular church, either a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees. The only exception is for patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches. Nevertheless, cardinals possess no power of governance nor are they to intervene in any way in matters which pertain to the administration of goods, discipline, or the service of their titular churches. They are allowed to celebrate Mass and hear confessions and lead visits and pilgrimages to their titular churches, in coordination with the staff of the church. They often support their churches monetarily, and many Cardinals do keep in contact with the pastoral staffs of their titular churches."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who receives the hishopric of Ostia?", "id": "56ddec019a695914005b96ca", "answers": [{"text": "The Dean of the College of Cardinals", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other title does the Dean of Collge of Cardinals receive upon appointment?", "id": "56df108ac65bf219000b3f1b", "answers": [{"text": "titular bishopric of Ostia", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Dean of the College of Cardinals", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who receives the titular bisphoric of Tok Hangari?", "id": "5ad2ee21604f3c001a3fd9e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "titular bishopric of Ostia", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "What other title does the Dean of the College of Priests receive upon appointment?", "id": "5ad2ee21604f3c001a3fd9e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "that church", "answer_start": 198}], "question": "What do nuns retain if they are governing a particular church?", "id": "5ad2ee21604f3c001a3fd9e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "titular bishopric of Ostia", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "What is other title does the President of the College of Cardinals receive?", "id": "5ad2ee21604f3c001a3fd9ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Dean of the College of Cardinals in addition to such a titular church also receives the titular bishopric of Ostia, the primary suburbicarian see. Cardinals governing a particular Church retain that church."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In was year was the title decreed Eminence?", "id": "56ddec6666d3e219004dae0f", "answers": [{"text": "1630", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who decreed this?", "id": "56ddec6666d3e219004dae10", "answers": [{"text": "Pope Urban VIII", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What rank did the Eminece decree assigned?", "id": "56ddec6666d3e219004dae11", "answers": [{"text": "Prince", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who held more power then the cardinal?", "id": "56ddec6666d3e219004dae12", "answers": [{"text": "the Pope and crowned monarchs", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which pope decided that being pope was equal to being a prince?", "id": "56df057ec65bf219000b3ee3", "answers": [{"text": "Pope Urban VIII", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1630", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What year did Pope Pious II decree their title to be Eminence?", "id": "5ad2ef2b604f3c001a3fd9f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "previously, it had been \"illustrissimo\" and \"reverendissimo\"", "answer_start": 61}], "question": "What did was the title of the pope before 1630?", "id": "5ad2ef2b604f3c001a3fd9f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pope Urban VIII", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "Who decreed that their secular rank would equate to king?", "id": "5ad2ef2b604f3c001a3fd9f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pope and crowned monarchs.", "answer_start": 218}], "question": "Who held less power then the cardinal?", "id": "5ad2ef2b604f3c001a3fd9fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1630, Pope Urban VIII decreed their title to be Eminence (previously, it had been \"illustrissimo\" and \"reverendissimo\")  and decreed that their secular rank would equate to Prince, making them secondary only to the Pope and crowned monarchs."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The Archdiocese of Milwaukee says that the correct way to address a cardinal in English is? ", "id": "56dded029a695914005b96cf", "answers": [{"text": "\"Cardinal [First name] [Surname]\"", "answer_start": 555}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the proper way to address a cardinal according to the Archdiocese of Milwaukee?", "id": "56df08cb3277331400b4d8e3", "answers": [{"text": "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]", "answer_start": 556}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do cardinals sign traditionally?", "id": "56df08cb3277331400b4d8e4", "answers": [{"text": "by placing the title \"Cardinal\" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do Oriental Patriarchs sign?", "id": "56df08cb3277331400b4d8e5", "answers": [{"text": "Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis", "answer_start": 833}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why do Oriental Patriarchs sign this way?", "id": "56df08cb3277331400b4d8e6", "answers": [{"text": "because they do not belong to the Roman clergy", "answer_start": 893}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Cardinal [First name] [Surname]", "answer_start": 555}], "question": "What is not the correct way to address a cardinal according to the Archdiocese of Milwaukee?", "id": "5ad2f080604f3c001a3fda0d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "by placing the title \"Cardinal\" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "How do cardinals sign that is not in accordance with tradition?", "id": "5ad2f080604f3c001a3fda0e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Cardinal [First name] [Surname]\"", "answer_start": 555}], "question": "What style is generally not followed on the websites of the Holy See and episcopal conferences?", "id": "5ad2f080604f3c001a3fda0f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis", "answer_start": 833}], "question": "How do English Patriarchs typically sign?", "id": "5ad2f080604f3c001a3fda10", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Oriental Patriarchs", "answer_start": 770}], "question": "Who does not belong to the French clergy?", "id": "5ad2f080604f3c001a3fda11", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In accordance with tradition, they sign by placing the title \"Cardinal\" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname as, for instance, \"John Card(inal) Doe\" or, in Latin, \"Ioannes Card(inalis) Cognomen\". Some writers, such as James-Charles Noonan, hold that, in the case of cardinals, the form used for signatures should be used also when referring to them in English. Official sources such as the Archdiocese of Milwaukee and Catholic News Service say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in English is normally as \"Cardinal [First name] [Surname]\". This is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the Catholic Church. This style is also generally followed on the websites of the Holy See and episcopal conferences. Oriental Patriarchs who are created Cardinals customarily use \"Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis\" as their full title, probably because they do not belong to the Roman clergy."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What way is used to announce the election of a new pope in Latin?", "id": "56ddee7066d3e219004dae25", "answers": [{"text": "[First name] Cardinal [Surname]", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What should the new pople have been before becoming a pope?", "id": "56ddee7066d3e219004dae26", "answers": [{"text": "Cardinal", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the most recent election of a non-cardinal?", "id": "56ddee7066d3e219004dae27", "answers": [{"text": "1378", "answer_start": 630}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is the last time a non cardinal was elected as pope?", "id": "56df090bc65bf219000b3ef1", "answers": [{"text": "1378", "answer_start": 630}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "[First name] Cardinal [Surname]", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "What way is used in the proclamation of the election of a new nun in Latin?", "id": "5ad2f1ba604f3c001a3fda1f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cardinal", "answer_start": 441}], "question": "What should a new pope not have been before becoming a pope?", "id": "5ad2f1ba604f3c001a3fda20", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus Papam: Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum (first name) Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "How should a new pope not be addresses by the Cardinal protodeacon?", "id": "5ad2f1ba604f3c001a3fda21", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1378", "answer_start": 630}], "question": "When was the last election of a cardinal?", "id": "5ad2f1ba604f3c001a3fda22", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In Latin, on the other hand, the [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order is used in the proclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon: \"Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus Papam: Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum (first name) Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem (last name), ...\" (Meaning: \"I announce to you a great joy; we have a Pope: The Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord, Lord (first name) Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church (last name), ...\") This assumes that the new pope had been a cardinal just before becoming pope; the most recent election of a non-cardinal as pope was in 1378."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Do any sees carry the right to the cardinalate?", "id": "56ddf05366d3e219004dae2f", "answers": [{"text": "no", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Despite some traditions and rights, no see has the right to what?", "id": "56df09693277331400b4d8f5", "answers": [{"text": "the cardinalate", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "no see carries an actual right", "answer_start": 185}], "question": "Which see carries a right to the cardinalate?", "id": "5ad2f62e604f3c001a3fda63", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "not even if its bishop is a Patriarch", "answer_start": 236}], "question": "Which bishop carries an actual right to the cardinalate?", "id": "5ad2f62e604f3c001a3fda64", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "some countries", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "Who is not sometimes entitled to at least one cardinal by concordate?", "id": "5ad2f62e604f3c001a3fda65", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "incumbents of some sees", "answer_start": 10}], "question": "Who are not regularly made cardinals?", "id": "5ad2f62e604f3c001a3fda66", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "While the incumbents of some sees are regularly made cardinals, and some countries are entitled to at least one cardinal by concordate (usually earning its primate the cardinal's hat), no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate, not even if its bishop is a Patriarch."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who are among the most senior members of the Catholic Church?", "id": "56ddf0d99a695914005b96f6", "answers": [{"text": "Cardinal bishops", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a cardinal bishop?", "id": "56ddf0d99a695914005b96f7", "answers": [{"text": "cardinals of the episcopal order", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Some cardinals are bishop in name only, what are they called?", "id": "56df0a4e3277331400b4d901", "answers": [{"text": "Cardinal bishops", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cardinal bishops", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who is among the most junior prelates of the Catholic Church?", "id": "5ad2f254604f3c001a3fda2d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cardinal bishops", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is a cardinal of the Benedictine order?", "id": "5ad2f254604f3c001a3fda2e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bishops", "answer_start": 158}], "question": "What are most cardinals not known as in modern times?", "id": "5ad2f254604f3c001a3fda2f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "only refers to the cardinals who are titular bishops of one of the \"suburbicarian\" sees.", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "What does the term \"cardinal bishop\" not refer to?", "id": "5ad2f254604f3c001a3fda30", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order) are among the most senior prelates of the Catholic Church. Though in modern times most cardinals are also bishops, the term \"cardinal bishop\" only refers to the cardinals who are titular bishops of one of the \"suburbicarian\" sees."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In early times, who was generally electied to cardinal?", "id": "56ddf1759a695914005b9706", "answers": [{"text": "a Roman priest", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the ceromony of consecrating a bishop have to be preformed by someone who was already a bishop?", "id": "56ddf1759a695914005b9707", "answers": [{"text": "To preserve apostolic succession", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the rule if the peson elected is not a bishop? ", "id": "56ddf1759a695914005b9708", "answers": [{"text": "he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens if a Pope is elected who is not a bishop?", "id": "56df0afa3277331400b4d90d", "answers": [{"text": "he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the privilege of papal election", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "What was reserved for the cardinals in early times?", "id": "5ad2f313604f3c001a3fda3b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a Roman priest", "answer_start": 136}], "question": "Who was generally not elected to cardinal in early times?", "id": "5ad2f313604f3c001a3fda3c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.", "answer_start": 385}], "question": "What is the rule if the person elected is a bishop?", "id": "5ad2f313604f3c001a3fda3d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.", "answer_start": 385}], "question": "What happens if a Nun is elected who is not a bishop?", "id": "5ad2f313604f3c001a3fda3e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In early times, the privilege of papal election was not reserved to the cardinals, and for centuries the person elected was customarily a Roman priest and never a bishop from elsewhere. To preserve apostolic succession the rite of consecrating him a bishop had to be performed by someone who was already a bishop. The rule remains that, if the person elected Pope is not yet a bishop, he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many suburbicarian sees?", "id": "56ddf1f266d3e219004dae43", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the two sees combined? ", "id": "56ddf1f266d3e219004dae45", "answers": [{"text": "1150 until 1914", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who separated them?", "id": "56ddf1f266d3e219004dae46", "answers": [{"text": "Pope Pius X", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the seven sees?", "id": "56df0b313277331400b4d911", "answers": [{"text": "Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri", "answer_start": 36}], "question": "What are the name of the eight suburbicarian sees?", "id": "5ad2f87c604f3c001a3fda71", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Velletri was united with Ostia", "answer_start": 130}], "question": "Which two sees were united from 1250 to 1944?", "id": "5ad2f87c604f3c001a3fda72", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "separated them again", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "What did Pope Pius II do to Velletri and Ostia in 1914?", "id": "5ad2f87c604f3c001a3fda73", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cardinal bishop became Dean of the College of Cardinals would keep the suburbicarian see he already held, adding to it that of Ostia", "answer_start": 248}], "question": "How did Pope Pius X maintain only four cardinal bishops?", "id": "5ad2f87c604f3c001a3fda74", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the suburbicarian see he already held", "answer_start": 315}], "question": "What suburbicarian would the President of the College of Cardinal keep in addition to that Velletri?", "id": "5ad2f87c604f3c001a3fda75", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "There are seven suburbicarian sees: Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri. Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, when Pope Pius X separated them again, but decreed that whatever cardinal bishop became Dean of the College of Cardinals would keep the suburbicarian see he already held, adding to it that of Ostia, with the result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Cardinal bishops do not have any powers of governnace over the suburibicarian see since when?", "id": "56ddf25a9a695914005b9714", "answers": [{"text": "1962", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which see doesn't have its own bishop?", "id": "56ddf25a9a695914005b9716", "answers": [{"text": "Ostia", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is in charge of Ostia? ", "id": "56ddf25a9a695914005b9717", "answers": [{"text": "Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator.", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was it decided that cardinal bishops had no power over the seven sees?", "id": "56df0baf3277331400b4d913", "answers": [{"text": "1962", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What see is the one exception to this rule?", "id": "56df0baf3277331400b4d914", "answers": [{"text": "Ostia", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has power over the exception?", "id": "56df0baf3277331400b4d915", "answers": [{"text": "the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "only a titular relationship", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "What type of relationship did the pope have with suburbicarian sees?", "id": "5ad2f9f5604f3c001a3fda7b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cardinal bishops", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "Who had powers of governance over suburbicarian sees?", "id": "5ad2f9f5604f3c001a3fda7c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1962", "answer_start": 6}], "question": "In what year did cardinal bishops have the powers of governance over suburbicarian sees?", "id": "5ad2f9f5604f3c001a3fda7d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome", "answer_start": 206}], "question": "Who is the bishop of Ostia?", "id": "5ad2f9f5604f3c001a3fda7e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "its own bishop", "answer_start": 148}], "question": "Which does each see not have with the exception of Ostia?", "id": "5ad2f9f5604f3c001a3fda7f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees, with no powers of governance over them. Each see has its own bishop, with the exception of Ostia, in which the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The entire group of cardinals is known as what?", "id": "56def231c65bf219000b3e4c", "answers": [{"text": "College of Cardinals", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A cardinal", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who is a junior ecclesiastical leader in the Holy Roman Church?", "id": "5ad2da65d7d075001a42a4a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the College of Cardinals", "answer_start": 348}], "question": "What are the cardinals of the church not collectively known as?", "id": "5ad2da65d7d075001a42a4a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "attending the meetings of the College and making themselves available individually or in groups to the Pope as requested.", "answer_start": 410}], "question": "What duties do cardinals not perform?", "id": "5ad2da65d7d075001a42a4a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "electing the pope when the see becomes vacant.", "answer_start": 676}], "question": "What is a priest's primary duty?", "id": "5ad2da65d7d075001a42a4a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the College of Cardinals", "answer_start": 894}], "question": "Who does not oversee the day-to-day governance during the sede vacante?", "id": "5ad2da65d7d075001a42a4aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A cardinal (Latin: sanctae romanae ecclesiae cardinalis, literally cardinal of the Holy Roman Church) is a senior ecclesiastical leader, an ecclesiastical prince, and usually (now always for those created when still within the voting age-range) an ordained bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. The cardinals of the Church are collectively known as the College of Cardinals. The duties of the cardinals include attending the meetings of the College and making themselves available individually or in groups to the Pope as requested. Most have additional duties, such as leading a diocese or archdiocese or managing a department of the Roman Curia. A cardinal's primary duty is electing the pope when the see becomes vacant. During the sede vacante (the period between a pope's death or resignation and the election of his successor), the day-to-day governance of the Holy See is in the hands of the College of Cardinals. The right to enter the conclave of cardinals where the pope is elected is limited to those who have not reached the age of 80 years by the day the vacancy occurs."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who is the only person who can judge a Cardinal in regards to laws of the church?", "id": "56def8cbc65bf219000b3e5f", "answers": [{"text": "the pope", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "What does the privilege of democracy guarantee cardinals and popes?", "id": "5ad31a2e604f3c001a3fdb69", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the pope", "answer_start": 138}], "question": "Who is forbidden to judge cardinals in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction? ", "id": "5ad31a2e604f3c001a3fdb6a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the case", "answer_start": 511}], "question": "What does the pope either decide or delegates the decision to the the College of Cardinals?", "id": "5ad31a2e604f3c001a3fdb6b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to the civil and criminal law", "answer_start": 797}], "question": "What are cardinals not subject to like everybody else?", "id": "5ad31a2e604f3c001a3fdb6c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Cardinals have in canon law a \"privilege of forum\" (i.e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin, where culpability must be determined and the appropriate ecclesiastical penalty imposed). The pope either decides the case himself or delegates the decision to a tribunal, usually one of the tribunals or congregations of the Roman Curia. Without such delegation, no ecclesiastical court, even the Roman Rota, is competent to judge a canon law case against a cardinal. Cardinals are, however, subject to the civil and criminal law like everybody else."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does the pope give to a new Cardinal?", "id": "56def9503277331400b4d857", "answers": [{"text": "a gold ring", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who decides on the design of the item given to new Cardinals?", "id": "56def9503277331400b4d858", "answers": [{"text": "the pope", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a gold ring", "answer_start": 86}], "question": "What does the pope give to each retiring cardinal?", "id": "5ad3183e604f3c001a3fdb5f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "their bond with the papacy", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "What does the silver ring symbolize?", "id": "5ad3183e604f3c001a3fdb60", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "gold ring", "answer_start": 88}], "question": "What is traditionally kissed by Athiests when greeting a cardinal?", "id": "5ad3183e604f3c001a3fdb61", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The ring", "answer_start": 359}], "question": "What includes the cardinal's coat of arms?", "id": "5ad3183e604f3c001a3fdb62", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Mary and John to each side.", "answer_start": 278}], "question": "What image did Pope John Paul II depict on the outside of the ring?", "id": "5ad3183e604f3c001a3fdb63", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "To symbolize their bond with the papacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). The pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Mary and John to each side. The ring includes the pope's coat of arms on the inside.[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the hat that the pope used to wear when naming a new Cardinal?", "id": "56defa09c65bf219000b3e6b", "answers": [{"text": "a galero.", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the practice of donning this item stop?", "id": "56defa09c65bf219000b3e6c", "answers": [{"text": "1969", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the pope now wear when naming a new Cardinal?", "id": "56defa09c65bf219000b3e6d", "answers": [{"text": "scarlet biretta", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "galero", "answer_start": 142}], "question": "What was the name of the hat bestowed upon a pope upon his naming?", "id": "5ad31741604f3c001a3fdb55", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat", "answer_start": 86}], "question": "What custom was discontinued in 1959?", "id": "5ad31741604f3c001a3fdb56", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "galero", "answer_start": 395}], "question": "What do cardinals not have the right to display in their cathedral?", "id": "5ad31741604f3c001a3fdb57", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb.", "answer_start": 448}], "question": "What would happen to a pope's gelero when he dies?", "id": "5ad31741604f3c001a3fdb58", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "galero", "answer_start": 536}], "question": "What is officially part of a cardinals apparel?", "id": "5ad31741604f3c001a3fdb59", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's coat of arms. Cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral, and when a cardinal died, it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb. Some cardinals will still have a galero made, even though it is not officially part of their apparel.[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which Cardinals still wear traditional clothing?", "id": "56defa45c65bf219000b3e71", "answers": [{"text": "Eastern Catholic cardinals", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "What do Western Catholic cardinals continue to wear?", "id": "5ad31659604f3c001a3fdb4d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias,", "answer_start": 125}], "question": "What do Western Catholic cardinals sometimes line?", "id": "5ad31659604f3c001a3fdb4e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "scarlet", "answer_start": 237}], "question": "What color are Western style cassocks made entirely of?", "id": "5ad31659604f3c001a3fdb4f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "liturgical", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "What traditional dress do eastern Catholic deacons continue to wear?", "id": "5ad31659604f3c001a3fdb50", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Eastern Catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does the color red symbolize in the clothing worn by Cardinals?", "id": "56defb6dc65bf219000b3e7d", "answers": [{"text": "willingness to die for his faith", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which item of clothing worn by cardinals is always white?", "id": "56defb6dc65bf219000b3e7e", "answers": [{"text": "rochet", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Cardinal bird was named as such because of what in relation to Cardinals of the church?", "id": "56defb6dc65bf219000b3e7f", "answers": [{"text": "the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture", "answer_start": 928}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Cardinals stop wearing purple or blue capes?", "id": "56defb6dc65bf219000b3e80", "answers": [{"text": "1460s", "answer_start": 489}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "red", "answer_start": 83}], "question": "What color is worn by popes when in choir dress?", "id": "5ad31566604f3c001a3fdb43", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "willingness to die for his faith", "answer_start": 111}], "question": "What does the blood like red not symbolize for a cardinal?", "id": "5ad31566604f3c001a3fdb44", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a violet or blue cape", "answer_start": 535}], "question": "What was customary for cardinals to wear until the 1700's?", "id": "5ad31566604f3c001a3fdb45", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "for its scarlet color, but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top", "answer_start": 344}], "question": "What is not distinctive about the biretta of a cardinal?", "id": "5ad31566604f3c001a3fdb46", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "scarlet", "answer_start": 750}], "question": "What color ferrailo does a pope occasionally wear?", "id": "5ad31566604f3c001a3fdb47", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "When in choir dress, a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments \u2014 the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet \u2014 which is always white \u2014 the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto). The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia (sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it. It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such.[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What happens if a Cardinal is named in pectore, and the pope dies?", "id": "56defc6dc65bf219000b3e8f", "answers": [{"text": "the cardinalate expires", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pope judges it safe to make the appointment public, he may do so at any time", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "What does the Pope do if conditions do not change?", "id": "5ad31430604f3c001a3fdb3b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the cardinalate expires.", "answer_start": 314}], "question": "What happens if a Cardinal is named in pectore and the president dies?", "id": "5ad31430604f3c001a3fdb3c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in pectore", "answer_start": 218}], "question": "Whose identity is not revealed if the pope dies?", "id": "5ad31430604f3c001a3fdb3d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in pectore", "answer_start": 218}], "question": "Who ranks secondary to those raised in the cardinalate at the time of his appointment?", "id": "5ad31430604f3c001a3fdb3e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "If conditions change, so that the pope judges it safe to make the appointment public, he may do so at any time. The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those raised to the cardinalate at the time of his in pectore appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal, the cardinalate expires."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which pope began using creati et reservati in pectore?", "id": "56defd5e3277331400b4d86c", "answers": [{"text": "Pope Martin V", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "by the contending popes", "answer_start": 55}], "question": "How were many Cardinals created during the Eastern Schism>?", "id": "5ad311b9604f3c001a3fdb2b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cardinals were created without publishing their names", "answer_start": 123}], "question": "What was published during the reign of Pope Martin V?", "id": "5ad311b9604f3c001a3fdb2c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "creati et reservati in pectore.", "answer_start": 197}], "question": "What did Pope Pious V begin using?", "id": "5ad311b9604f3c001a3fdb2d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "popes", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "What position was not being contended during the Western Schism?", "id": "5ad311b9604f3c001a3fdb2e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the Western Schism, many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign of Pope Martin V, cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, termed creati et reservati in pectore."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was a \"lay cardinal\" allowed to do that is not considered a normal status of a Cardinal?", "id": "56defedf3277331400b4d870", "answers": [{"text": "marry", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Pope Benedict XV revise the Code of Canon Law?", "id": "56defedf3277331400b4d871", "answers": [{"text": "1917", "answer_start": 448}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Code of Canon Law state in regards to Cardinals?", "id": "56defedf3277331400b4d872", "answers": [{"text": "only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "marry", "answer_start": 230}], "question": "What was a lay cardinal not allowed to do that is not considered a normal status of a Cardinal?", "id": "5ad3102b604f3c001a3fdb23", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Teodolfo Mertel", "answer_start": 237}], "question": "Who was among the first lay cardinal?", "id": "5ad3102b604f3c001a3fdb24", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1917", "answer_start": 448}], "question": "What year did Pope Benedict X revise the Code of Canon Law?", "id": "5ad3102b604f3c001a3fdb25", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals.", "answer_start": 474}], "question": "Who may not be appointed cardinals according the revision of Code of Cannon Law?", "id": "5ad3102b604f3c001a3fdb26", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics, they were inaccurately called \"lay cardinals\" and were permitted to marry. Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest. With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals. Since the time of Pope John XXIII a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation."}, {"qas": [{"question": "A cardinal who does not hold the title of \"bishop\" may not do what?", "id": "56deffe0c65bf219000b3ebb", "answers": [{"text": "perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Cardinals who were not bishops have been promoted to Cardinal around the age of 80 since what year?", "id": "56deffe0c65bf219000b3ebc", "answers": [{"text": "1962", "answer_start": 468}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia", "answer_start": 65}], "question": "What is a cardinal who is a bishop entitles to wear and use?", "id": "5ad30f62604f3c001a3fdb1b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mitre, crozier, zucchetto, pectoral cross and ring", "answer_start": 132}], "question": "What six items make up the episcopal regalia?", "id": "5ad30f62604f3c001a3fdb1c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination.", "answer_start": 366}], "question": "What may a cardinal who does not hold the title of \"bishop\" do?", "id": "5ad30f62604f3c001a3fdb1d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1962", "answer_start": 468}], "question": "What year were cardinals were were bishops have been promoted to Cardinal around the age of 80?", "id": "5ad30f62604f3c001a3fdb1e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A cardinal who is not a bishop is still entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia (episcopal regalia: mitre, crozier, zucchetto, pectoral cross and ring). Even if not a bishop, any cardinal has both actual and honorary precedence over non-cardinal patriarchs, as well as the archbishops and bishops who are not cardinals, but he cannot perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination. The prominent priests who since 1962 were not ordained bishops on their elevation to the cardinalate were over the age of 80 or near to it, and so no cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in recent papal conclaves."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did the practice of allowing non priests to become Cardinals stop?", "id": "56df009f3277331400b4d887", "answers": [{"text": "1917", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was it declared that Cardinals had to be bishops?", "id": "56df009f3277331400b4d888", "answers": [{"text": "1962", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a cardinal", "answer_start": 98}], "question": "What was possible for someone to become who was not a priest, but only in major orders?", "id": "5ad30e3b604f3c001a3fdb11", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lay cardinals", "answer_start": 115}], "question": "Who was enrolled only in the order of cardinal laymen?", "id": "5ad30e3b604f3c001a3fdb12", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1962", "answer_start": 407}], "question": "What year did Pope John XX set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops?", "id": "5ad30e3b604f3c001a3fdb13", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "canon 351", "answer_start": 582}], "question": "What canon does not require that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment?", "id": "5ad30e3b604f3c001a3fdb14", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1917", "answer_start": 6}], "question": "What year did the practice of allowing nuns to become Cardinals stop?", "id": "5ad30e3b604f3c001a3fdb15", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Until 1917, it was possible for someone who was not a priest, but only in minor orders, to become a cardinal (see \"lay cardinals\", below), but they were enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. In 1917 it was established that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests, and, in 1962, Pope John XXIII set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops, even if they are only priests at the time of appointment. As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Several cardinals aged over 80 or close to it when appointed have obtained dispensation from the rule of having to be a bishop. These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but one of them, Roberto Tucci, lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In the time between electing new popes, what is the duty of the cardinal?", "id": "56df00ebc65bf219000b3ec3", "answers": [{"text": "collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Cardinal Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and the other prelates of the office", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What four entities make up the Apostolic Camera?", "id": "5ad30d26604f3c001a3fdb09", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Apostolic Camera", "answer_start": 132}], "question": "Who has functions that are not limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy?", "id": "5ad30d26604f3c001a3fdb0a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Cardinal Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who does nor collate information about the financial situation of all dependent administrations of the Holy See?", "id": "5ad30d26604f3c001a3fdb0b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cardinal Camerlengo", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "Who does not have the responsibility of presenting results to the College of Cardinals?", "id": "5ad30d26604f3c001a3fdb0c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Cardinal Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and the other prelates of the office known as the Apostolic Camera, has functions that in essence are limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy. He is to collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals, as they gather for the papal conclave."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who announces the election of a new pope?", "id": "56df0174c65bf219000b3ec5", "answers": [{"text": "The cardinal protodeacon", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does this person announce the election of the new pope?", "id": "56df0174c65bf219000b3ec6", "answers": [{"text": "from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first pope who chose not to be crowned?", "id": "56df0174c65bf219000b3ec7", "answers": [{"text": "Pope John Paul I", "answer_start": 466}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cardinal protodeacon", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "Who does not have the privilege of announcing a new pope's election?", "id": "5ad30c5b604f3c001a3fdaff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cardinal protodeacon", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What is the junior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals also known as?", "id": "5ad30c5b604f3c001a3fdb00", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "chose not to be crowned", "answer_start": 483}], "question": "Who announced Pope John Paul I coronation in 1976?", "id": "5ad30c5b604f3c001a3fdb01", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "of crowning a new pope", "answer_start": 658}], "question": "What Cardinal protodeacon's privilege was continued after the election of Pope John Paul I?", "id": "5ad30c5b604f3c001a3fdb02", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cardinal proto-deacon", "answer_start": 1054}], "question": "What position does Renato Raffaele Martinez currently hold?", "id": "5ad30c5b604f3c001a3fdb03", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The cardinal protodeacon, the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals, has the privilege of announcing a new pope's election and name (once he has been ordained to the Episcopate) from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State. In the past, during papal coronations, the proto-deacon also had the honor of bestowing the pallium on the new pope and crowning him with the papal tiara. However, in 1978 Pope John Paul I chose not to be crowned and opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony, and his three successors followed that example. As a result, the Cardinal protodeacon's privilege of crowning a new pope has effectively ceased although it could be revived if a future Pope were to restore a coronation ceremony. However, the proto-deacon still has the privilege of bestowing the pallium on a new pope at his papal inauguration. \u201cActing in the place of the Roman Pontiff, he also confers the pallium upon metropolitan bishops or gives the pallium to their proxies.\u201d The current cardinal proto-deacon is Renato Raffaele Martino."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What color is the hat?", "id": "56df0244c65bf219000b3ecc", "answers": [{"text": "white", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "by the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre", "answer_start": 212}], "question": "How are Cardinal deacons recognized at Masses?", "id": "5ad30ab4604f3c001a3fdaf7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "by the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre", "answer_start": 212}], "question": "How are Cardinal deacons recognized at Ecumenical Meetings?", "id": "5ad30ab4604f3c001a3fdaf8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "by the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre", "answer_start": 212}], "question": "How are Cardinal deacons recognized at quarterly Urbi et Orbi papal blessings?", "id": "5ad30ab4604f3c001a3fdaf9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dalmatics", "answer_start": 219}], "question": "What do nuns wear in addition to the simple white mitre?", "id": "5ad30ab4604f3c001a3fdafa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "When not celebrating Mass but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing, some Papal Masses and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre (so called mitra simplex)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many cardinal deacons were there in 2005?", "id": "56df02b23277331400b4d8a7", "answers": [{"text": "30", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many years before a cardinal deacon can choose the order of the cardinal priests?", "id": "56df02b23277331400b4d8a8", "answers": [{"text": "10 years", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "50", "answer_start": 28}], "question": "How many churches are recognized as cardinalatial deaconries in 2000?", "id": "5ad308c3604f3c001a3fdaed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "30", "answer_start": 103}], "question": "How many cardinals were there in the order of popes?", "id": "5ad308c3604f3c001a3fdaee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "opt for the order of cardinal priests", "answer_start": 190}], "question": "What have Cardinal deacons not had the right to do?", "id": "5ad308c3604f3c001a3fdaef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cardinal deacons", "answer_start": 141}], "question": "Who may not take a vacant title?", "id": "5ad308c3604f3c001a3fdaf0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cardinal deacons", "answer_start": 141}], "question": "Who may opt for the order of cardinal priests after they have been deacons for 30 years?", "id": "5ad308c3604f3c001a3fdaf1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to \"opt for the order of cardinal priests\" (optazione) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation take a vacant \"title\" (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's \"title\" for that occasion. When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them, regardless of order)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In 1939, how many Cardinals were Italian?", "id": "56df03d9c65bf219000b3ecf", "answers": [{"text": "about half", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1994, how many Cardinals were Italian?", "id": "56df03d9c65bf219000b3ed0", "answers": [{"text": "third", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Roman Curia", "answer_start": 65}], "question": "Where are priests that are elevated to the diaconal order mainly officials of?", "id": "5ad307c0604f3c001a3fdae3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "about half", "answer_start": 316}], "question": "How many Cardinals were French in 1939?", "id": "5ad307c0604f3c001a3fdae4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one third", "answer_start": 374}], "question": "How many Cardinals were French in 1994?", "id": "5ad307c0604f3c001a3fdae5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "almost half", "answer_start": 745}], "question": "How many cardinals were members of the curia in 1929?", "id": "5ad307c0604f3c001a3fdae6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1587", "answer_start": 581}], "question": "What year did Pope Sixtus I fix the maximum size of the College of Cardinals?", "id": "5ad307c0604f3c001a3fdae7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 about half were Italian by 1994 the number was reduced to one third. Their influence in the election of the Pope has been considered important, they are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied. Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons. Later the number increased. As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the curia. Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent. John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent where John Paul II has maintained this ratio."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of one of the deaconries in which Cardinals come from?", "id": "56df04563277331400b4d8b1", "answers": [{"text": "seven deacons in the Papal Household", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the seven deacons in the Papal Household and the seven deacons", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "Where do Cardinal deacons not originally derive from?", "id": "5ad30688604f3c001a3fdad9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cardinal deacons", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who is originally from the six deacons in the Papal Household?", "id": "5ad30688604f3c001a3fdada", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the seven deacons", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "Who does not supervise the Church's works in the districts of Rome?", "id": "5ad30688604f3c001a3fdadb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "church administration", "answer_start": 197}], "question": "Who did not provide all social services in Rome during the early Middle Ages?", "id": "5ad30688604f3c001a3fdadc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cardinal deacons", "answer_start": 292}], "question": "Who is not given title to one of these seven deacons?", "id": "5ad30688604f3c001a3fdadd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the Papal Household and the seven deacons who supervised the Church's works in the districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages, when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services. Cardinal deacons are given title to one of these deaconries."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which cardinals are ranked lowest?", "id": "56df04ab3277331400b4d8b5", "answers": [{"text": "cardinal deacons", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cardinal deacons", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What title is given to the highest ranking cardinals?", "id": "5ad3057d604f3c001a3fdad1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lowest-ranking cardinals", "answer_start": 29}], "question": "What position do cardinal deacons not hold?", "id": "5ad3057d604f3c001a3fdad2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cardinal priests.", "answer_start": 244}], "question": "What do bishops become that are without diocesan responsibilities?", "id": "5ad3057d604f3c001a3fdad3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday.", "answer_start": 100}], "question": "What are cardinals who are not elevated to the diaconal order?", "id": "5ad3057d604f3c001a3fdad4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The cardinal deacons are the lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday. Bishops with diocesan responsibilities, however, are created cardinal priests."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who can become the cardinal protopriest?", "id": "56df05323277331400b4d8c1", "answers": [{"text": "The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the cardinal protopriest at this time?", "id": "56df05323277331400b4d8c2", "answers": [{"text": "Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cardinal protopriest", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "What title is given to the newest member of the order of cardinal priests?", "id": "5ad3047d604f3c001a3fdac9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cardinal protopriest", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "What position does Paulo Evaristo Arns of Columbia currently hold?", "id": "5ad3047d604f3c001a3fdaca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cardinal protopriest", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "Whose ceremonial duties in the conclave continued after the age of 80?", "id": "5ad3047d604f3c001a3fdacb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cardinal protopriest", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "Who was accepted into the conclave after the age of 80?", "id": "5ad3047d604f3c001a3fdacc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest. He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal protopriest is Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In the College of Cardinals, the elected Dean needs the approval of who?", "id": "56df0c1a3277331400b4d91b", "answers": [{"text": "the Pope", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Dean of the College of Cardinals, or Cardinal-dean", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who does not need the approval of the Pope?", "id": "5ad2fda5604f3c001a3fda8f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cardinal-dean", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "What is the Dean of the College of Humanities also known as?", "id": "5ad2fda5604f3c001a3fda90", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dean of the College of Cardinals, or Cardinal-dean", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "Who does not act as the primus inter pares of the College of Cardinals?", "id": "5ad2fda5604f3c001a3fda91", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "elected by the cardinal bishops holding suburbicarian sees from among their own number, an election, however, that must be approved by the Pope.", "answer_start": 111}], "question": "Who approves the appointment of the Cardinal-dean by the Pope? ", "id": "5ad2fda5604f3c001a3fda92", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dean", "answer_start": 281}], "question": "What position belonged by right to the shortest-serving of the cardinal bishops?", "id": "5ad2fda5604f3c001a3fda93", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Dean of the College of Cardinals, or Cardinal-dean, is the primus inter pares of the College of Cardinals, elected by the cardinal bishops holding suburbicarian sees from among their own number, an election, however, that must be approved by the Pope. Formerly the position of dean belonged by right to the longest-serving of the cardinal bishops."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Patriarch cardinals are not given what title?", "id": "56df0c8fc65bf219000b3f04", "answers": [{"text": "a suburbicarian see", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "be part of the episcopal order", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "What did Pope Paul VI decree in 1965 about the patriarchs of the Western Catholic Churches?", "id": "5ad2ff52604f3c001a3fda99", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches", "answer_start": 78}], "question": "Who ranked after the seven cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees? ", "id": "5ad2ff52604f3c001a3fda9a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "title of a suburbicarian see", "answer_start": 424}], "question": "What title did patriarch cardinals receive?", "id": "5ad2ff52604f3c001a3fda9b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 529}], "question": "How many Western Patriarchs are currently cardinal bishops?", "id": "5ad2ff52604f3c001a3fda9c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Patriarch cardinals", "answer_start": 389}], "question": "Who can elect the dean or become dean?", "id": "5ad2ff52604f3c001a3fda9d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1965, Pope Paul VI decreed in his motu proprio Ad Purpuratorum Patrum that patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who were named cardinals (i.e., patriarch cardinals) would also be part of the episcopal order, ranking after the six cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees (who had been relieved of direct responsibilities for those sees by Pope John XXIII three years earlier). Patriarch cardinals do not receive title of a suburbicarian see, and as such they cannot elect the dean or become dean. There are currently three Eastern Patriarchs who are cardinal bishops:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who are the lowest ranking cardinals in the Catholic church?", "id": "56df0d11c65bf219000b3f0a", "answers": [{"text": "cardinal deacons", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who are the highest ranking cardinals in the Catholic Church?", "id": "56df0d11c65bf219000b3f0b", "answers": [{"text": "cardinal bishops", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which rank has the most cardinals?", "id": "56df0d11c65bf219000b3f0c", "answers": [{"text": "Cardinal priests", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cardinal bishops", "answer_start": 145}], "question": "Who are the highest ranking priests in the Catholic church?", "id": "5ad30079604f3c001a3fdaa3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cardinal priests", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who are the most numerous of the four orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church?", "id": "5ad30079604f3c001a3fdaa4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cardinal deacons", "answer_start": 114}], "question": "Who is the lowest ranking priest in the Catholic Church?", "id": "5ad30079604f3c001a3fdaa5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "important dioceses throughout the world,", "answer_start": 231}], "question": "What are those named cardinal popes today generally bishops of?", "id": "5ad30079604f3c001a3fdaa6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Curial positions.", "answer_start": 289}], "question": "What position do some popes currently hold?", "id": "5ad30079604f3c001a3fdaa7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold Curial positions."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the original definition of a cardinal priest?", "id": "56df0d723277331400b4d91d", "answers": [{"text": "priests chosen by the pope", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cardinal priest", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "What name was interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of popes?", "id": "5ad30171604f3c001a3fdaad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "certain key priests of important churches of the Diocese of Rome", "answer_start": 151}], "question": "What does the name \"cardinal popes\" originally refer to?", "id": "5ad30171604f3c001a3fdaae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cardinal priest", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "What is the name of the important nuns that are chosen by the pope to advice him?", "id": "5ad30171604f3c001a3fdaaf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the pope", "answer_start": 294}], "question": "Who holds the title Cardinal of Rome?", "id": "5ad30171604f3c001a3fdab0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cardinal priest", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "What term did not gradually become exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the pope?", "id": "5ad30171604f3c001a3fdab1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In modern times, the name \"cardinal priest\" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests. Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of the Diocese of Rome, who were recognized as the cardinal priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties as Bishop of Rome (the Latin cardo means \"hinge\"). Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel \u2014 the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the bishop of Rome, the pope."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Each cardinal priest has what?", "id": "56df0de63277331400b4d921", "answers": [{"text": "a titular church in Rome", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a titular church in Rome", "answer_start": 121}], "question": "What does every cardinal priest not have?", "id": "5ad30248604f3c001a3fdab7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the cardinalate", "answer_start": 6}], "question": "What has not been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia?", "id": "5ad30248604f3c001a3fdab8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches", "answer_start": 305}], "question": "What did Pope Paul V abolish?", "id": "5ad30248604f3c001a3fdab9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the cardinal's name and coat of arms", "answer_start": 391}], "question": "What is not still posted in the church after Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights?", "id": "5ad30248604f3c001a3fdaba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "celebrate mass and preach there if convenient when they are in Rome.", "answer_start": 485}], "question": "What are cardinals not expected to do?", "id": "5ad30248604f3c001a3fdabb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia, every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops are given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome. Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches, though the cardinal's name and coat of arms are still posted in the church, and they are expected to celebrate mass and preach there if convenient when they are in Rome."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Pope Sixtus V put a cap on the number of cardinals in the College of Cardinals?", "id": "56df0e673277331400b4d925", "answers": [{"text": "1587", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the maximum number allowed per Pope Sixtus V?", "id": "56df0e673277331400b4d926", "answers": [{"text": "70", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who removed the cap on cardinals in the College of the Cardinals?", "id": "56df0e673277331400b4d927", "answers": [{"text": "Pope John XXIII", "answer_start": 561}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cardinals", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "Who had a large number from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance?", "id": "5ad303da604f3c001a3fdac1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "expanded markedly", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "What happened to the College of the Cardinals in the 3rd century?", "id": "5ad303da604f3c001a3fdac2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pope Sixtus V", "answer_start": 248}], "question": "Who sought to cap the number of the College at 50?", "id": "5ad303da604f3c001a3fdac3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pope John XXIII", "answer_start": 561}], "question": "Who upheld the cap on cardinals in the College of the Cardinals?", "id": "5ad303da604f3c001a3fdac4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the College at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome."}, {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fill vacancies that arose among the cardinal bishops", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "What were long-serving cardinal priests entitled to do ending in the mid-fifteenth century?", "id": "5ad2fb70604f3c001a3fda85", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cardinal priests", "answer_start": 223}], "question": "What are cardinal deacons of eight years standing still entitled to become?", "id": "5ad2fb70604f3c001a3fda86", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cardinals", "answer_start": 253}], "question": "Who has not been advanced to cardinal bishop exclusively by papal appointment?", "id": "5ad2fb70604f3c001a3fda87", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "exclusively by papal appointment", "answer_start": 301}], "question": "How have cardinals been advance to cardinal priests?", "id": "5ad2fb70604f3c001a3fda88", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "long-serving cardinal priests", "answer_start": 45}], "question": "Who filled vacancies that arose among the cardinal priests?", "id": "5ad2fb70604f3c001a3fda89", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "For a period ending in the mid-20th century, long-serving cardinal priests were entitled to fill vacancies that arose among the cardinal bishops, just as cardinal deacons of ten years' standing are still entitled to become cardinal priests. Since then, cardinals have been advanced to cardinal bishop exclusively by papal appointment."}, {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in pectore", "answer_start": 17}], "question": "Which cardinal is known by all the Catholic Church?", "id": "5ad312ca604f3c001a3fdb33", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "not even the cardinal so named is necessarily aware of his elevation,", "answer_start": 55}], "question": "What does the cardinal named pectore know?", "id": "5ad312ca604f3c001a3fdb34", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cannot function as a cardinal", "answer_start": 142}], "question": "What can a cardinal in pectore continue to function as?", "id": "5ad312ca604f3c001a3fdb35", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "named in pectore", "answer_start": 230}], "question": "What is done to cardinals that does not protect them or their congregations?", "id": "5ad312ca604f3c001a3fdb36", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A cardinal named in pectore is known only to the pope; not even the cardinal so named is necessarily aware of his elevation, and in any event cannot function as a cardinal while his appointment is in pectore. Today, cardinals are named in pectore to protect them or their congregations from reprisals if their identities were known."}]}, {"title": "Iranian_languages", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What is another term meaning Iranian languages?", "id": "56ddee969a695914005b96d2", "answers": [{"text": "Iranic languages", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the Iranic languages a subgroup of?", "id": "56ddee969a695914005b96d3", "answers": [{"text": "Indo-Iranian languages", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are Indo-Iranian languages a subset of?", "id": "56ddee969a695914005b96d4", "answers": [{"text": "Indo-European language family", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the change from Old Iranian to Middle Iranian occur?", "id": "56ddee969a695914005b96d5", "answers": [{"text": "400 BCE", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a Sassanid language?", "id": "56ddee969a695914005b96d6", "answers": [{"text": "Middle Persian", "answer_start": 564}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Middle Iranian", "answer_start": 303}], "question": "What stage of Iranian languages from 400 BCE to 900 CE includes old Persian?", "id": "5a18c2e19aa02b0018605eaa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Old Iranian", "answer_start": 274}], "question": "What stage of Iranian language was in use until 400 BCE and included Parthian and Bactrian?", "id": "5a18c2e19aa02b0018605eab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "400 BCE", "answer_start": 293}], "question": "When did the change from old Iranian to new Iranian occur?", "id": "5a18c2e19aa02b0018605eac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sassanid Iran", "answer_start": 594}], "question": "Where are the old Iranian languages Parthian and Bactrian from?", "id": "5a18c2e19aa02b0018605ead", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Iranian languages or Iranic languages form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, which in turn are a branch of the Indo-European language family. The speakers of Iranian languages are known as Iranian peoples. Historical Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BCE), Middle Iranian (400 BCE \u2013 900 CE), and New Iranian (since 900 CE). Of the Old Iranian languages, the better understood and recorded ones are Old Persian (a language of Achaemenid Iran) and Avestan (the language of the Avesta). Middle Iranian languages included Middle Persian (a language of Sassanid Iran), Parthian, and Bactrian."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many different Iranian languages exist?", "id": "56ddeed19a695914005b96dd", "answers": [{"text": "86", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 6}], "question": "In what year were there hundred and 50 to 200 Iranian languages", "id": "5a18c3b79aa02b0018605eb2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, and Balochi", "answer_start": 174}], "question": "What are some of the largest among the 200 Iranian languages?", "id": "5a18c3b79aa02b0018605eb3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "native speakers of Iranian languages", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "What were their 86 million of in 2008", "id": "5a18c3b79aa02b0018605eb4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "As of 2008, there were an estimated 150\u2013200 million native speakers of Iranian languages. Ethnologue estimates there are 86 Iranian languages, the largest amongst them being Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, and Balochi."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Iranian languages are all said to be derived from which predecessor?", "id": "56ddef1266d3e219004dae2b", "answers": [{"text": "Proto-Iranian", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what languages does the word Aryao come?", "id": "56ddef1266d3e219004dae2c", "answers": [{"text": "Persian and Sanskrit", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Iranian", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "What is any language that descends from ancestral Persian?", "id": "5a18c4619aa02b0018605eb8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Iranian", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "What word is derived from Sanskrit and Arya?", "id": "5a18c4619aa02b0018605eb9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Proto-Iranian language", "answer_start": 78}], "question": "Arya is derived from what ancestral language?", "id": "5a18c4619aa02b0018605eba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The term Iranian is applied to any language which descends from the ancestral Proto-Iranian language. Iranian derives from the Persian and Sanskrit origin word Arya."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the phrase Iranian language family first used?", "id": "56ddef9d9a695914005b96ea", "answers": [{"text": "1836", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who first used the term Iranian language?", "id": "56ddef9d9a695914005b96eb", "answers": [{"text": "Christian Lassen", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who first used the term Irano-Aryan?", "id": "56ddef9d9a695914005b96ed", "answers": [{"text": "Robert Needham Cust", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the phrase Irano-Aryan first used?", "id": "56ddef9d9a695914005b96ee", "answers": [{"text": "1878", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1836", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "When did Robert Needham Cust introduced the term Iranian?", "id": "5a18c7099aa02b0018605ebe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Irano-Aryan", "answer_start": 130}], "question": "What term did Christian Lassen using 1878?", "id": "5a18c7099aa02b0018605ebf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic)", "answer_start": 226}], "question": "What did George Abraham Grierson and Christian Lassen contrast?", "id": "5a18c7099aa02b0018605ec0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "German", "answer_start": 310}], "question": "What scholars have revived the term Irano-Aryan", "id": "5a18c7099aa02b0018605ec1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max M\u00fcller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, has revived this convention."}, {"qas": [{"question": "From where did Iranian languages originate?", "id": "56ddf08d66d3e219004dae31", "answers": [{"text": "Proto-Iranian", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of the world is it theorized that Indo-Iranian languages came from?", "id": "56ddf08d66d3e219004dae33", "answers": [{"text": "Central Asia", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What society is a strong contender for the common culture speaking Indo-Iranian?", "id": "56ddf08d66d3e219004dae34", "answers": [{"text": "Andronovo", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Andronovo culture exist?", "id": "56ddf08d66d3e219004dae35", "answers": [{"text": "2000 BC", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Proto-Iranian", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "What other language did most Iranian languages descend from?", "id": "5a18c8d69aa02b0018605ec6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "What other language besides Nuristani this proto-Iranian descent from?", "id": "5a18c8d69aa02b0018605ec7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "What language does Proto-Indo Iranian descent from?", "id": "5a18c8d69aa02b0018605ec8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Indo-Iranian", "answer_start": 214}], "question": "What languages are believed to have originated in central India?", "id": "5a18c8d69aa02b0018605ec9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "All Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the suggested candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture ca. 2000 BC."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What language family did Thracian and Balto-Slavic belong to?", "id": "56ddf11b66d3e219004dae3c", "answers": [{"text": "Indo-European", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Thracian, Balto-Slavic", "answer_start": 230}], "question": "What Indo-European groups belong to the Satem language family?", "id": "5a18ccbd9aa02b0018605ece", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Indo-European", "answer_start": 203}], "question": "What language family originated in the mountains of Russia?", "id": "5a18ccbd9aa02b0018605ecf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "It was situated precisely in the western part of Central Asia that borders present-day Russia (and present-day Kazakhstan). It was in relative proximity to the other satem ethno-linguistic groups of the Indo-European family, like Thracian, Balto-Slavic and others, and to common Indo-European's original homeland (more precisely, the steppes of southern Russia to the north of the Caucasus), according to the reconstructed linguistic relationships of common Indo-European."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where did early Iranian people establish societies?", "id": "56ddf33166d3e219004dae56", "answers": [{"text": "southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "What language came sometime after the breakup of Proto-Iranian?", "id": "5a18d1639aa02b0018605ed2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "What language broke up after the second millennium BCE?", "id": "5a18d1639aa02b0018605ed3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe", "answer_start": 179}], "question": "When did the middle Iranian language begin to break off?", "id": "5a18d1639aa02b0018605ed4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after Proto-Indo-Iranian break-up, or the early second millennium BCE, as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What characteristic of Middle Iranian civilization is shown by the number of different languages and their speakers?", "id": "56ddf3bb9a695914005b9720", "answers": [{"text": "linguistic diversity", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of the Middlie Iranian tongues have remained in existence since ancient time?", "id": "56ddf3bb9a695914005b9721", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indica", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What characteristic of middle Iranian civilization is shown by the limited number of languages and speakers?", "id": "5a18d2529aa02b0018605ed8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "How many middle Iranian languages are still spoken today?", "id": "5a18d2529aa02b0018605ed9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Middle Iranian", "answer_start": 17}], "question": "What languages were spoken by a limited number of people?", "id": "5a18d2529aa02b0018605eda", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, direct evidence of only two have survived. These are:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "In which historical record does Old Persian appear in exemplary form?", "id": "56ddf42566d3e219004dae60", "answers": [{"text": "the Behistun inscription", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Behistun inscription written?", "id": "56ddf42566d3e219004dae61", "answers": [{"text": "520 BC", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what century was the change from Old to Middle Persian well underway?", "id": "56ddf42566d3e219004dae62", "answers": [{"text": "4th century BC", "answer_start": 583}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Old Iranian dialect", "answer_start": 19}], "question": "What dialect was spoken in northwestern Iran", "id": "5a18d7dd9aa02b0018605ede", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "proclamations", "answer_start": 748}], "question": "What official purpose was Middle Persian being used for in the fourth century BC?", "id": "5a18d7dd9aa02b0018605edf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Behistun inscription", "answer_start": 236}], "question": "What inscription was composed in the 4th Century BC.", "id": "5a18d7dd9aa02b0018605ee0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Behistun inscription", "answer_start": 236}], "question": "In which document composed in 520 BC was old Persian grammatically incorrect?", "id": "5a18d7dd9aa02b0018605ee1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4th century BC", "answer_start": 583}], "question": "During what century was the change from old to middle Persian just beginning?", "id": "5a18d7dd9aa02b0018605ee2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Old Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and only inscription of significant length) in which Old Persian is still grammatically correct. Later inscriptions are comparatively brief, and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones, often with grammatical errors, which suggests that by the 4th century BC the transition from Old Persian to Middle Persian was already far advanced, but efforts were still being made to retain an \"old\" quality for official proclamations."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What ancient religious document exists in two versions and includes Old Iranian language?", "id": "56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b526", "answers": [{"text": "Avestan", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the contemporary name of the religion which Avesta was part of?", "id": "56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b527", "answers": [{"text": "Zoroastrianism", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language shows a level of maturity corresponding to Old Avestan?", "id": "56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b529", "answers": [{"text": "Rigvedic Sanskrit", "answer_start": 707}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language shows the same level of development as Younger Avestan?", "id": "56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b52a", "answers": [{"text": "Old Persian", "answer_start": 802}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Old Iranian", "answer_start": 28}], "question": "What dialect is the Avesta language from?", "id": "5a18da649aa02b0018605ee8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two dialects", "answer_start": 345}], "question": "How many dialects of the Avesta language or there?", "id": "5a18da649aa02b0018605ee9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Avesta", "answer_start": 123}], "question": "What religion is vohu daena the contemporary name for?", "id": "5a18da649aa02b0018605eea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "its use as a sacred language", "answer_start": 832}], "question": "Why did old Persian retained its old characteristics long after the old Iranian languages", "id": "5a18da649aa02b0018605eeb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Old Persian", "answer_start": 983}], "question": "What language shows the same level of development as old Avestan", "id": "5a18da649aa02b0018605eec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as \"Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan\", and \"Younger Avestan\". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its \"old\" characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Iranian stage (the effect of Middle Iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What language is Carduchi thought to have become?", "id": "56ddf6ac4396321400ee2513", "answers": [{"text": "Kurdish", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language did Herodotus invent a name for?", "id": "56ddf6ac4396321400ee2515", "answers": [{"text": "Scythian", "answer_start": 874}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Carduchi", "answer_start": 318}], "question": "What language to Kurdish become?", "id": "5a18e03a9aa02b0018605ef2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the existence of unattested languages", "answer_start": 401}], "question": "What cannot be inferred from the impact on a neighboring language?", "id": "5a18e03a9aa02b0018605ef3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Median", "answer_start": 604}], "question": "What kind of substrate is Middle Iranian?", "id": "5a18e03a9aa02b0018605ef4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Herodotus", "answer_start": 840}], "question": "Who reported vocabulary for old Persian?", "id": "5a18e03a9aa02b0018605ef5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor \"Old Iranian\" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) \"Old\" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include Carduchi (the hypothetical predecessor to Kurdish) and Old Parthian. Additionally, the existence of unattested languages can sometimes be inferred from the impact they had on neighbouring languages. Such transfer is known to have occurred for Old Persian, which has (what is called) a \"Median\" substrate in some of its vocabulary. Also, foreign references to languages can also provide a hint to the existence of otherwise unattested languages, for example through toponyms/ethnonyms or in the recording of vocabulary, as Herodotus did for what he called \"Scythian\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are the two main divisions of Iranian tongues?", "id": "56ddf70a4396321400ee251b", "answers": [{"text": "western and eastern", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which language is associated with the western branch of Iranian?", "id": "56ddf70a4396321400ee251c", "answers": [{"text": "Old Persian", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which language is associated with the eastern branch of Iranian?", "id": "56ddf70a4396321400ee251d", "answers": [{"text": "Avestan", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Iranian languages", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "What languages are grouped into northern and southern branches?", "id": "5a18e2249aa02b0018605efa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Iranian", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "What language is associated with the Western branch of old Persian?", "id": "5a18e2249aa02b0018605efb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Old Persian", "answer_start": 532}], "question": "What language is associated with the Eastern branch of Avestan?", "id": "5a18e2249aa02b0018605efc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nisa/Parthia and Ecbatana/Media", "answer_start": 834}], "question": "What were the centers of imperial power in Persia?", "id": "5a18e2249aa02b0018605efd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in \"western\" and \"eastern\" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Younger Avestan since it isn't known where that dialect (or dialects) was spoken either. Certain is only that Avestan (all forms) and Old Persian are distinct, and since Old Persian is \"western\", and Avestan was not Old Persian, Avestan acquired a default assignment to \"eastern\". Confusing the issue is the introduction of a western Iranian substrate in later Avestan compositions and redactions undertaken at the centers of imperial power in western Iran (either in the south-west in Persia, or in the north-west in Nisa/Parthia and Ecbatana/Media)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What elements of Proto-Indo-Iranian did not diverge according to the ensuing split between eastern and western variants?", "id": "56ddfdc4cffd8e1900b4b556", "answers": [{"text": "*\u0107 and *d\u017a", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of letters are *\u0107 and *d\u017a?", "id": "56ddfdc4cffd8e1900b4b557", "answers": [{"text": "first-series palatal consonants", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Two of the earliest", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What Iranian dialects did not follow the Western and Eastern blocks?", "id": "5a18e2b99aa02b0018605f02", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "palatal", "answer_start": 196}], "question": "What type of valves are c and dz?", "id": "5a18e2b99aa02b0018605f03", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Two of the earliest dialectal divisions among Iranian indeed happen to not follow the later division into Western and Eastern blocks. These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants, *\u0107 and *d\u017a:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What languages share a similar situation?", "id": "56ddfe654396321400ee2532", "answers": [{"text": "Nuristani languages", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other elements of early Iranian languages problematize the east-west division?", "id": "56ddfe654396321400ee2533", "answers": [{"text": "*\u0107w and *d\u017aw", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the linguistic categorization of *\u0107w and *d\u017aw?", "id": "56ddfe654396321400ee2534", "answers": [{"text": "consonant clusters", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a common intermediate stage", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What is contrary to the state of affairs in the Nuristani languages?", "id": "5a18e39c9aa02b0018605f06", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "*\u0107w and *d\u017aw", "answer_start": 243}], "question": "What other elements of early Iranian language support the East-West division?", "id": "5a18e39c9aa02b0018605f07", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *\u0107w and *d\u017aw:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What may have also been in use at the time?", "id": "56de03a44396321400ee2547", "answers": [{"text": "other distinct dialect groups", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Precursors of what subset of Scythian are theorized to have existed?", "id": "56de03a44396321400ee2548", "answers": [{"text": "Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What possible predecessor of Pathian is thought to have existed?", "id": "56de03a44396321400ee2549", "answers": [{"text": "Old Parthian", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "other distinct dialect", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "What was not in use at the time?", "id": "5a18e53d9aa02b0018605f0a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Old Parthian", "answer_start": 246}], "question": "What is the ancestor of old Iranian?", "id": "5a18e53d9aa02b0018605f0b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "*dw > *b", "answer_start": 337}], "question": "c parallel the development of what other two letters?", "id": "5a18e53d9aa02b0018605f0c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian", "answer_start": 156}], "question": "Scythian was the ancestor of what other languages?", "id": "5a18e53d9aa02b0018605f0d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical \"Old Parthian\" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest, where original *dw > *b (paralleling the development of *\u0107w)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the age of Middle Iranian come to a close?", "id": "56de03d64396321400ee254d", "answers": [{"text": "9th century", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the two main divisions of Middle Iranian?", "id": "56de03d64396321400ee254e", "answers": [{"text": "Western and Eastern", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Middle Iranian", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "What era began in the ninth century?", "id": "5a18e5eb9aa02b0018605f12", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Middle Iranian", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "What language was divided into a northern and southern division?", "id": "5a18e5eb9aa02b0018605f13", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "What is known in Iranian linguistic history as the \"Middle Iranian\" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. Linguistically the Middle Iranian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups, Western and Eastern."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Bactrian, Sogdian, and Saka are examples of what type of Iranian language?", "id": "56de05334396321400ee2552", "answers": [{"text": "Eastern", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which language bears a resemblance to the diversity of eastern Iranian languages?", "id": "56de05334396321400ee2553", "answers": [{"text": "Avestan", "answer_start": 425}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the the alphabets used by eastern languages come from?", "id": "56de05334396321400ee2554", "answers": [{"text": "Aramaic", "answer_start": 465}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Bactrian language use for writing?", "id": "56de05334396321400ee2555", "answers": [{"text": "Greek script", "answer_start": 610}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Western family", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What family includes party on an Old Persian?", "id": "5a18e72f9aa02b0018605f16", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eastern", "answer_start": 169}], "question": "What family includes Bactrain, Sogdian and old Iranian?", "id": "5a18e72f9aa02b0018605f17", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Aramaic", "answer_start": 465}], "question": "Where did the alphabet used by Western languages come from?", "id": "5a18e72f9aa02b0018605f18", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Greek script", "answer_start": 610}], "question": "What script was used for Persian rating?", "id": "5a18e72f9aa02b0018605f19", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various Aramaic-derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script, though Bactrian was written using an adapted Greek script."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is another term for Middle Persian?", "id": "56de058f4396321400ee255b", "answers": [{"text": "Pahlavi", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Middle Persian start being u sed?", "id": "56de058f4396321400ee255c", "answers": [{"text": "3rd century CE", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are three languages employed by the Manichaeans?", "id": "56de058f4396321400ee255d", "answers": [{"text": "Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the writing of Manichaean documents similar to?", "id": "56de058f4396321400ee255e", "answers": [{"text": "Syriac script", "answer_start": 483}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sasanian dynasty", "answer_start": 61}], "question": "Underwood dynasty was old Persian the official language?", "id": "5a18e8519aa02b0018605f1e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Middle Persian", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What language was in use in Iran before the third century?", "id": "5a18e8519aa02b0018605f1f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian", "answer_start": 245}], "question": "What are three spoken languages use by the Manchaeans?", "id": "5a18e8519aa02b0018605f20", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Manichaean texts", "answer_start": 421}], "question": "Latin and Chinese writing were similar to what texts?", "id": "5a18e8519aa02b0018605f21", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages by the Manichaeans, whose texts also survive in various non-Iranian languages, from Latin to Chinese. Manichaean texts were written in a script closely akin to the Syriac script."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The proliferation of which religion had a profound effect on the development of Iranian languages?", "id": "56de0abc4396321400ee2563", "answers": [{"text": "Islam", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language displaced Middle Iranian as the court's official tongue?", "id": "56de0abc4396321400ee2564", "answers": [{"text": "Dari", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first dynasty to use Dari?", "id": "56de0abc4396321400ee2565", "answers": [{"text": "Saffarid", "answer_start": 465}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Saffarid dynasty begin using Dari?", "id": "56de0abc4396321400ee2566", "answers": [{"text": "875 CE", "answer_start": 578}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What area was the name Dari connected to by medieval Iranian thinkers?", "id": "56de0abc4396321400ee2567", "answers": [{"text": "Khorasan", "answer_start": 963}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Islam", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "What religion slowed the spread of the Iranian language?", "id": "5a18e9499aa02b0018605f26", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dari", "answer_start": 306}], "question": "What language do middle Iranian displace is the court's official language?", "id": "5a18e9499aa02b0018605f27", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Saffarid", "answer_start": 461}], "question": "What was the last Dynasty to use Dari", "id": "5a18e9499aa02b0018605f28", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Saffarid dynasty", "answer_start": 461}], "question": "Who stopped using Dari in 875 CE?", "id": "5a18e9499aa02b0018605f29", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Khuzi\",", "answer_start": 1248}], "question": "What was the official dialect of the royalty itself?", "id": "5a18e9499aa02b0018605f2a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes from the word darb\u00e2r (\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631), which refers to the royal court, where many of the poets, protagonists, and patrons of the literature flourished. The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the basis of Standard New Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (8th century) and Ibn al-Nadim (10th century) associated the term \"Dari\" with the eastern province of Khorasan, while they used the term \"Pahlavi\" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between Isfahan and Azerbaijan, and \"P\u00e2rsi\" (\"Persian\" proper) to describe the Dialects of Fars. They also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect, \"Khuzi\", associated with the western province of Khuzestan."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the new form of writing introduced by the spread of Islam?", "id": "56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b570", "answers": [{"text": "Arabic script", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did usage of Middle Persian script fall off?", "id": "56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b571", "answers": [{"text": "second half of the 8th century", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What script was converted to Latin in the 1920s?", "id": "56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b572", "answers": [{"text": "Tajik script", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Tajik script converted to Cyrillic?", "id": "56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b573", "answers": [{"text": "the 1930s", "answer_start": 563}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who catalyzed the conversion of Tajik script into Cyrillic?", "id": "56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b574", "answers": [{"text": "the Soviet government", "answer_start": 576}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Islam", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "The spread of what religion introduce the Persian script?", "id": "5a18eb359aa02b0018605f30", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "8th century", "answer_start": 284}], "question": "When did the use of middle Persian script begin?", "id": "5a18eb359aa02b0018605f31", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1920s", "answer_start": 463}], "question": "When was Arabic script converted to Latin?", "id": "5a18eb359aa02b0018605f32", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Soviet nationality policy", "answer_start": 484}], "question": "What's began the conversion of Arabic script to Cyrillic?", "id": "5a18eb359aa02b0018605f33", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Persian script began dwindling in usage. The Arabic script remains in use in contemporary modern Persian. Tajik script was first Latinised in the 1920s under the then Soviet nationality policy. The script was however subsequently Cyrillicized in the 1930s by the Soviet government."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is another term for Western Iran?", "id": "56de110e4396321400ee259f", "answers": [{"text": "Khuzestan", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are two languages that were forced out by the spread of Arabic?", "id": "56de110e4396321400ee25a0", "answers": [{"text": "Sogdian and Bactrian", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what century had the area inhabited by Sarmatians been absorbed by pre-Slavic people?", "id": "56de110e4396321400ee25a1", "answers": [{"text": "6th century AD", "answer_start": 731}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where can the remnants of Yaghnobi be found?", "id": "56de110e4396321400ee25a2", "answers": [{"text": "Zarafshan valley", "answer_start": 927}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Ossetic is a version of which Scythian language?", "id": "56de110e4396321400ee25a3", "answers": [{"text": "Saka", "answer_start": 967}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arabic", "answer_start": 131}], "question": "What language writing to some parts of eastern Iran?", "id": "5a18ec869aa02b0018605f38", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sogdian and Bactrian", "answer_start": 293}], "question": "What two languages grew alongside Arabic?", "id": "5a18ec869aa02b0018605f39", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "6th century AD", "answer_start": 731}], "question": "By what century had the area inhabited by pre-Slavic people been absorbed by the Sarmations?", "id": "5a18ec869aa02b0018605f3a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Zarafshan valley east of Samarkand,", "answer_start": 927}], "question": "What small area still speaks Sogdian?", "id": "5a18ec869aa02b0018605f3b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in parts of what is today Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. In Eastern Europe, mostly comprising the territory of modern-day Ukraine, southern European Russia, and parts of the Balkans, the core region of the native Scythians, Sarmatians, and Alans had been decisively been taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation (e.g. Slavicisation) by the various Proto-Slavic population of the region, by the 6th century AD. This resulted in the displacement and extinction of the once predominant Scythian languages of the region. Sogdian's close relative Yaghnobi barely survives in a small area of the Zarafshan valley east of Samarkand, and Saka as Ossetic in the Caucasus, which is the sole remnant of the once predominant Scythian languages in Eastern Europe proper and large parts of the North Caucasus. Various small Iranian languages in the Pamirs survive that are derived from Eastern Iranian."}]}, {"title": "Lighting", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What is used a main source of light for a building during the day?", "id": "56de0fef4396321400ee2583", "answers": [{"text": "Daylighting", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of effects can natural illumination have on a persons psychological?", "id": "56de0fef4396321400ee2584", "answers": [{"text": "positive", "answer_start": 597}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Using natural illumination instead of artificial light sources help with what?", "id": "56de0fef4396321400ee2585", "answers": [{"text": "energy consumption", "answer_start": 475}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Lamps and light fixtures are a form of what?", "id": "56de0fef4396321400ee2586", "answers": [{"text": "artificial light sources", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The use of light to achieve an aesthetic effect is know as?", "id": "56de0fef4396321400ee2587", "answers": [{"text": "Lighting or illumination", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can be used a main source of light for a building during the day?", "id": "56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b2", "answers": [{"text": "Daylighting", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Lamps and light fixtures  are a form of what?", "id": "56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b3", "answers": [{"text": "Lighting", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of effects can proper lighting have on a persons psychologically?", "id": "56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b4", "answers": [{"text": "positive", "answer_start": 597}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does using natural illumination instead of artificial lighting help with?", "id": "56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b5", "answers": [{"text": "energy consumption", "answer_start": 475}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the used to achieve a practical effect?", "id": "56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b6", "answers": [{"text": "Lighting or illumination", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of fixtures do you use for indoor lighting?", "id": "56de10f64396321400ee2599", "answers": [{"text": "light fixtures", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is considered a key part of interior design?", "id": "56de10f64396321400ee259a", "answers": [{"text": "Indoor lighting", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can be a intrinsic component of landscaping?", "id": "56de10f64396321400ee259b", "answers": [{"text": "lighting", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of fixtures are used typically used for indoor lighting?", "id": "56df50f88bc80c19004e4a65", "answers": [{"text": "light fixtures", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can be used as a intrinsic component of landscape projects?", "id": "56df50f88bc80c19004e4a67", "answers": [{"text": "lighting", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was fluorescent lighting first available?", "id": "56df12603277331400b4d941", "answers": [{"text": "1939", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Forms of lighting include alcove lighting, which like most other uplighting is indirect. This is often done with fluorescent lighting (first available at the 1939 World's Fair) or rope light, occasionally with neon lighting, and recently with LED strip lighting. It is a form of backlighting."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of lighting can be mounted in the ceiling to appear flush?", "id": "56df1264c65bf219000b3f27", "answers": [{"text": "Recessed lighting", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Recessed lighting (often called \"pot lights\" in Canada, \"can lights\" or 'high hats\" in the US) is popular, with fixtures mounted into the ceiling structure so as to appear flush with it. These downlights can use narrow beam spotlights, or wider-angle floodlights, both of which are bulbs having their own reflectors. There are also downlights with internal reflectors designed to accept common 'A' lamps (light bulbs) which are generally less costly than reflector lamps. Downlights can be incandescent, fluorescent, HID (high intensity discharge) or LED."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Peking man kindled fire as early as?", "id": "56df50fc96943c1400a5d38b", "answers": [{"text": "400,000 BCE", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which type of oily animals where also used as lamps after being threaded with wick?", "id": "56df50fc96943c1400a5d38d", "answers": [{"text": "birds and fish", "answer_start": 619}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is considered the earliest form of artificial lighting?", "id": "56df50fc96943c1400a5d38e", "answers": [{"text": "campfires or torches", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The hollow worked stones lamps found in Lascaux caves date back how far?", "id": "56df50fc96943c1400a5d38f", "answers": [{"text": "15,000 years", "answer_start": 587}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks, shells, horns and stones, were filled with grease, and had a fiber wick. Lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel. Hundreds of these lamps (hollow worked stones) have been found in the Lascaux caves in modern-day France, dating to about 15,000 years ago. Oily animals (birds and fish) were also used as lamps after being threaded with a wick. Fireflies have been used as lighting sources. Candles and glass and pottery lamps were also invented. Chandeliers were an early form of \"light fixture\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of lighting was powered by electricity?", "id": "56df51008bc80c19004e4a6c", "answers": [{"text": "incandescent light", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did gas powered street lights became economically available.", "id": "56df51008bc80c19004e4a6d", "answers": [{"text": "early 1800s", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Major reductions in the cost of lighting occurred with the discovery of whale oil and kerosene. Gas lighting was economical enough to power street lights in major cities starting in the early 1800s, and was also used in some commercial buildings and in the homes of wealthy people. The gas mantle boosted the luminosity of utility lighting and of kerosene lanterns. The next major drop in price came about with the incandescent light bulb powered by electricity."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Street lights help reduce?", "id": "56df510196943c1400a5d395", "answers": [{"text": "urban crime.", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Over time, electric lighting became ubiquitous in developed countries. Segmented sleep patterns disappeared, improved nighttime lighting made more activities possible at night, and more street lights reduced urban crime."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What can come in a wide variety of styles for various functions?", "id": "56df51038bc80c19004e4a72", "answers": [{"text": "Lighting fixtures", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Functioning as holder a light fixture can provide directed light and avoid?", "id": "56df51038bc80c19004e4a73", "answers": [{"text": "visual glare", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Lighting fixtures come in a wide variety of styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare. Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be used, so long as it can tolerate the excess heat and is in keeping with safety codes."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Luminous efficacy is measure in what unit?", "id": "56df510696943c1400a5d39c", "answers": [{"text": "lumen per watt", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the \"bulb\" to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many Kelvins is daylight measured at?", "id": "56df510996943c1400a5d3a3", "answers": [{"text": "6400", "answer_start": 362}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin?", "id": "56df510996943c1400a5d3a4", "answers": [{"text": "incandescent bulb", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "It can be said that lights with a high color temperature have more energy in what color spectrum?", "id": "56df510996943c1400a5d3a5", "answers": [{"text": "blue-white", "answer_start": 550}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A lamp with more energy in the yellow and red spectrum are known to be?", "id": "56df510996943c1400a5d3a6", "answers": [{"text": "Lower color temperature", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin; daylight is around 6400 Kelvin. Lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance. For critical inspection or color matching tasks, or for retail displays of food and clothing, the color temperature of the lamps will be selected for the best overall lighting effect."}, {"qas": [{"question": "A light is classified by intended purpose, what mainly changes its classification?", "id": "56df513396943c1400a5d3ab", "answers": [{"text": "light produced by the fixture.", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Lighting is classified by intended use as general, accent, or task lighting, depending largely on the distribution of the light produced by the fixture."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who invented track lighting?", "id": "56df53138bc80c19004e4a91", "answers": [{"text": "Lightolier", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What feeds all the fixtures in low voltage tracks instead of each light having a line-to-low voltage transformer.", "id": "56df53138bc80c19004e4a92", "answers": [{"text": "master transformer", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What  type of lighting uses lights that are hung or clipped to bare metal cables?", "id": "56df53138bc80c19004e4a93", "answers": [{"text": "cable lighting", "answer_start": 739}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many volts does a track lighting system usually use?", "id": "56df53138bc80c19004e4a94", "answers": [{"text": "12 or 24 volts", "answer_start": 534}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Track lighting, invented by Lightolier, was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall. It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecessors because they do not have the safety issues that line-voltage systems have, and are therefore less bulky and more ornamental in themselves. A master transformer feeds all of the fixtures on the track or rod with 12 or 24 volts, instead of each light fixture having its own line-to-low voltage transformer. There are traditional spots and floods, as well as other small hanging fixtures. A modified version of this is cable lighting, where lights are hung from or clipped to bare metal cables under tension."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is a uplight used for ambient lighting?", "id": "56df53a58bc80c19004e4a9b", "answers": [{"text": "torchiere", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A sconce is a wall-mounted fixture, particularly one that shines up and sometimes down as well. A torchiere is an uplight intended for ambient lighting. It is typically a floor lamp but may be wall-mounted like a sconce."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is one type of fixture commonly found in offices?", "id": "56df54788bc80c19004e4ab1", "answers": [{"text": "table lamp", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Magnifier lamps are considered what type of lighting? ", "id": "56df54788bc80c19004e4ab3", "answers": [{"text": "task lighting", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The portable or table lamp is probably the most common fixture, found in many homes and offices. The standard lamp and shade that sits on a table is general lighting, while the desk lamp is considered task lighting. Magnifier lamps are also task lighting."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When would neon lighting be considered general lighting?", "id": "56df55848bc80c19004e4ac3", "answers": [{"text": "dark nightclub", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What uses diffuser panels below fluorescent lights?", "id": "56df55848bc80c19004e4ac4", "answers": [{"text": "illuminated ceiling", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Normally neon lighting is considered what type of lighting?", "id": "56df55848bc80c19004e4ac5", "answers": [{"text": "accent lighting", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights, and is considered general lighting. Other forms include neon, which is not usually intended to illuminate anything else, but to actually be an artwork in itself. This would probably fall under accent lighting, though in a dark nightclub it could be considered general lighting."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What do steps in move theater aisles have for safety markings?", "id": "56df7f3e5ca0a614008f9b5b", "answers": [{"text": "small lights", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the low wattage lamps being replaced with in movie theaters?", "id": "56df7f3e5ca0a614008f9b5c", "answers": [{"text": "LED based versions", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of tube are the movie theaters lights enclosed in?", "id": "56df7f3e5ca0a614008f9b5d", "answers": [{"text": "translucent tube", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In a movie theater, steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of small lights for convenience and safety, when the film has started and the other lights are off. Traditionally made up of small low wattage, low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube, these are rapidly being replaced with LED based versions."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is used to light walkways at night?", "id": "56df7fd95ca0a614008f9b6f", "answers": [{"text": "Street Lights", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of lights are being designed for energy efficiency?", "id": "56df7fd95ca0a614008f9b70", "answers": [{"text": "photovoltaic luminaires", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Street Lights are used to light roadways and walkways at night. Some manufacturers are designing LED and photovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy-efficient alternative to traditional street light fixtures."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of light is used to illuminate outdoor playing fields at night?", "id": "56df807956340a1900b29c64", "answers": [{"text": "Floodlights", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Floodlights can be used to illuminate outdoor playing fields or work zones during nighttime hours. The most common type of floodlights are metal halide and high pressure sodium lights."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Extremely bright lights used to deter crime are called?", "id": "56df80fe56340a1900b29c77", "answers": [{"text": "security lighting", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Sometimes security lighting can be used along roadways in urban areas, or behind homes or commercial facilities. These are extremely bright lights used to deter crime. Security lights may include floodlights."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of light would be used illuminate the entrance to a property?", "id": "56df819456340a1900b29c88", "answers": [{"text": "Entry lights", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Entry lights can be used outside to illuminate and signal the entrance to a property. These lights are installed for safety, security, and for decoration."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What color are tail lights?", "id": "56df82b856340a1900b29ca2", "answers": [{"text": "red", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What color are headlamps on a vehicle?", "id": "56df82b856340a1900b29ca3", "answers": [{"text": "white or selective yellow", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did automakers start using electroluminescent technology to backlight gauges?", "id": "56df82b856340a1900b29ca4", "answers": [{"text": "late 1950s", "answer_start": 775}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What color are reversing indicator lamps?", "id": "56df82b856340a1900b29ca5", "answers": [{"text": "White", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What indicates that a driver is intending to change position?", "id": "56df82b856340a1900b29ca6", "answers": [{"text": "turn signals", "answer_start": 657}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headlamps. Tail and brake lights are red and emit light to the rear so as to reveal the vehicle's direction of travel to following drivers. White rear-facing reversing lamps indicate that the vehicle's transmission has been placed in the reverse gear, warning anyone behind the vehicle that it is moving backwards, or about to do so. Flashing turn signals on the front, side, and rear of the vehicle indicate an intended change of position or direction. In the late 1950s, some automakers began to use electroluminescent technology to backlight their cars' speedometers and other gauges or to draw attention to logos or other decorative elements."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture?", "id": "56df844f56340a1900b29cc8", "answers": [{"text": "light bulbs", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does a light bulb convert into electromagnetic radiation?", "id": "56df844f56340a1900b29cc9", "answers": [{"text": "electrical energy", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Huge much light does a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp produce equivalent to a incandescent light bulb.", "id": "56df844f56340a1900b29cca", "answers": [{"text": "60 w", "answer_start": 870}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many lemuns does a 15 watt fluorescent lamp produce?", "id": "56df844f56340a1900b29ccc", "answers": [{"text": "800 lumens", "answer_start": 975}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light bulb has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light produced. For example, a 60 W incandescent light bulb produces about the same amount of light as a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp. Each of these technologies has a different efficacy in converting electrical energy to visible light. Visible light output is typically measured in lumens. This unit only quantifies the visible radiation, and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light. A wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens, a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens, and a 15-watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens, but actual output varies by specific design. Rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen output, to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is designing as it applies to built environments?", "id": "56df865956340a1900b29cea", "answers": [{"text": "architectural lighting design", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Would you consider aesthetic elements alone in architectural lighting design?", "id": "56df865956340a1900b29ceb", "answers": [{"text": "kno", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the software sometimes used to help calculate lighting needs in a built environment?", "id": "56df865956340a1900b29cec", "answers": [{"text": "Radiance", "answer_start": 634}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Hand-calculations are based off of what type of data?", "id": "56df865956340a1900b29ced", "answers": [{"text": "tabular", "answer_start": 458}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of factor calculation can be used to find out how much daylight is received in a internal space.", "id": "56df865956340a1900b29cee", "answers": [{"text": "Daylight factor calculation.", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the amount of daylight received in an internal space by using Daylight factor calculation. For simple installations, hand-calculations based on tabular data are used to provide an acceptable lighting design. More critical or optimized designs now routinely use mathematical modeling on a computer using software such as Radiance which can allow an Architect to quickly undertake complex calculations to review the benefit of a particular design."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of paint tends to absorb light?", "id": "56df879856340a1900b29d0a", "answers": [{"text": "dark paint", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of paint makes a room a room look larger and brighter?", "id": "56df879856340a1900b29d0c", "answers": [{"text": "light paint", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of study is used to simulate lighting designs?", "id": "56df89dc38dc421700152022", "answers": [{"text": "Photometric studies", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Photometric studies (also sometimes referred to as \"layouts\" or \"point by points\") are often used to simulate lighting designs for projects before they are built or renovated. This enables architects, lighting designers, and engineers to determine whether a proposed lighting setup will deliver the amount of light intended. They will also be able to determine the contrast ratio between light and dark areas. In many cases these studies are referenced against IESNA or CIBSE recommended lighting practices for the type of application. Depending on the type of area, different design aspects may be emphasized for safety or practicality (i.e. such as maintaining uniform light levels, avoiding glare or highlighting certain areas). Specialized software is often used to create these, which typically combine the use of two-dimensional digital CAD drawings and lighting calculation software (i.e. AGi32or Dialux)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is prepared prior to the performance for the lighting operator?", "id": "56df8f054a1a83140091eb43", "answers": [{"text": "lighting cues", "answer_start": 595}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Lighting illuminates the performers and artists in a live theatre, dance, or musical performance, and is selected and arranged to create dramatic effects. Stage lighting uses general illumination technology in devices configured for easy adjustment of their output characteristics.[citation needed] The setup of stage lighting is tailored for each scene of each production. Dimmers, colored filters, reflectors, lenses, motorized or manually aimed lamps, and different kinds of flood and spot lights are among the tools used by a stage lighting designer to produce the desired effects. A set of lighting cues are prepared so that the lighting operator can control the lights in step with the performance; complex theatre lighting systems use computer control of lighting instruments."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Motion pictures employee the similar lighting techniques as which other form of lighting?", "id": "56df8fcb38dc421700152055", "answers": [{"text": "stage lighting", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Motion picture and television production use many of the same tools and methods of stage lighting. Especially in the early days of these industries, very high light levels were required and heat produced by lighting equipment presented substantial challenges. Modern cameras require less light, and modern light sources emit less heat."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the basic SI unit of measurement?", "id": "56df912338dc421700152064", "answers": [{"text": "candela (cd)", "answer_start": 486}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the SI unit for lumiance?", "id": "56df912338dc421700152066", "answers": [{"text": "cd/m2", "answer_start": 877}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the CGS unit of lumiance?", "id": "56df912338dc421700152067", "answers": [{"text": "stilb", "answer_start": 918}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the amount of useful light emitted from a luminous flux measured in? ", "id": "56df912338dc421700152068", "answers": [{"text": "lumen (lm)", "answer_start": 1076}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore photometric measurements must take the luminosity function into account when measuring the amount of useful light. The basic SI unit of measurement is the candela (cd), which describes the luminous intensity, all other photometric units are derived from the candela. Luminance for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle. The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m2). The CGS unit of luminance is the stilb, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m2. The amount of useful light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen (lm)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is a standardized model of human visual brightness?", "id": "56df92a64a1a83140091eb51", "answers": [{"text": "luminosity function", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the SI unit of illuminace and luminous emittance?", "id": "56df92a64a1a83140091eb52", "answers": [{"text": "Lux", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, being the luminous power per area, is measured in Lux. It is used in photometry as a measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of light that hits or passes through a surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre, but with the power at each wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function, a standardized model of human visual brightness perception. In English, \"lux\" is used in both singular and plural."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does UGR stand for?", "id": "56df93904a1a83140091eb6c", "answers": [{"text": "Unified Glare Rating", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Several measurement methods have been developed to control glare resulting from indoor lighting design. The Unified Glare Rating (UGR), the Visual Comfort Probability, and the Daylight Glare Index are some of the most well-known methods of measurement. In addition to these new methods, four main factors influence the degree of discomfort glare; the luminance of the glare source, the solid angle of the glare source, the background luminance, and the position of the glare source in the field of view must all be taken into account."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does CCT stand for?", "id": "56df945038dc421700152082", "answers": [{"text": "correlated color temperature", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does CRI stand for?", "id": "56df945038dc421700152083", "answers": [{"text": "color rendering index", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What metric indicates a lights ability to make object appear natural?", "id": "56df945038dc421700152084", "answers": [{"text": "CRI", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What metric indicates \"warmth\" or \"coolness\"?", "id": "56df945038dc421700152085", "answers": [{"text": "CCT", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "To define light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent \"warmth\" or \"coolness\" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light source\u2019s ability to make objects appear natural."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does GAI stand for?", "id": "56df95d44a1a83140091eb7e", "answers": [{"text": "gamut area index", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The relative separating of object colors illuminated by a light source is known as?", "id": "56df95d44a1a83140091eb80", "answers": [{"text": "GAI", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Would a lower GAI mean higher apparent saturation or vividness of object colors?", "id": "56df95d44a1a83140091eb81", "answers": [{"text": "ano", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "For example, in order to meet the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications, research suggests using the well-established CRI along with another metric called gamut area index (GAI). GAI represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source; the greater the GAI, the greater the apparent saturation or vividness of the object colors. As a result, light sources which balance both CRI and GAI are generally preferred over ones that have only high CRI or only high GAI."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is typically used to measure light?", "id": "56df964438dc42170015208d", "answers": [{"text": "light dosimeters", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Typical measurements of light have used a Dosimeter. Dosimeters measure an individual's or an object's exposure to something in the environment, such as light dosimeters and ultraviolet dosimeters."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What measures the amount of light entering the eye?", "id": "56df96e138dc421700152090", "answers": [{"text": "Daysimeter", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A Daysimeter what type of personal meter?", "id": "56df96e138dc421700152092", "answers": [{"text": "circadian light meter", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye, personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed. This is the first device created to accurately measure and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering the eye that affects the human body's clock."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many days can the Daysimeter gather for analysis?", "id": "56df9a3738dc4217001520bf", "answers": [{"text": "30", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of light stimulates the circadian system?", "id": "56df9a3738dc4217001520c0", "answers": [{"text": "short-wavelength light", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The small, head-mounted device measures an individual's daily rest and activity patterns, as well as exposure to short-wavelength light that stimulates the circadian system. The device measures activity and light together at regular time intervals and electronically stores and logs its operating temperature. The Daysimeter can gather data for up to 30 days for analysis."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is a basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task? ", "id": "56df9b7338dc4217001520d1", "answers": [{"text": "Specification of illumination requirements", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Specification of illumination requirements is the basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task. Clearly, much less light is required to illuminate a hallway compared to that needed for a word processing work station. Generally speaking, the energy expended is proportional to the design illumination level. For example, a lighting level of 400 lux might be chosen for a work environment involving meeting rooms and conferences, whereas a level of 80 lux could be selected for building hallways. If the hallway standard simply emulates the conference room needs, then much more energy will be consumed than is needed. Unfortunately, most of the lighting standards even today have been specified by industrial groups who manufacture and sell lighting, so that a historical commercial bias exists in designing most building lighting, especially for office and industrial settings."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What can help reduce energy and usage cost by providing light only when or where it is needed? ", "id": "56df9c5038dc4217001520e4", "answers": [{"text": "Lighting control", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Lighting control systems reduce energy usage and cost by helping to provide light only when and where it is needed. Lighting control systems typically incorporate the use of time schedules, occupancy control, and photocell control (i.e.daylight harvesting). Some systems also support demand response and will automatically dim or turn off lights to take advantage of utility incentives. Lighting control systems are sometimes incorporated into larger building automation systems."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of standard do newer control systems use? ", "id": "56df9d3c4a1a83140091eb90", "answers": [{"text": "wireless mesh open standards", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of one type of control system used? ", "id": "56df9d3c4a1a83140091eb91", "answers": [{"text": "ZigBee", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does a wireless mesh open standard make installation harder?", "id": "56df9d3c4a1a83140091eb92", "answers": [{"text": "no", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards (such as ZigBee), which provides benefits including easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (e.g. security)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What sensor controls light with motion sensors? ", "id": "56df9fbe38dc421700152112", "answers": [{"text": "Occupancy sensors", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does a passive infrared sensor react to? ", "id": "56df9fbe38dc421700152113", "answers": [{"text": "changes in heat", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of sensor transmits sound above the range of human hearing?", "id": "56df9fbe38dc421700152114", "answers": [{"text": "Ultrasonic sensors", "answer_start": 566}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Would you want to use passive infrared sensor in a area requiring 360-degree coverage?", "id": "56df9fbe38dc421700152115", "answers": [{"text": "no", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned. Doors, partitions, stairways, etc. will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness. The best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with a clear view of the area being scanned. Ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return. A break in the pattern caused by any motion in the area triggers the control. Ultrasonic sensors can see around obstructions and are best for areas with cabinets and shelving, restrooms, and open areas requiring 360-degree coverage. Some occupancy sensors utilize both passive infrared and ultrasonic technology, but are usually more expensive. They can be used to control one lamp, one fixture or many fixtures."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the oldest method of interior lighting? ", "id": "56dfa1c738dc42170015213a", "answers": [{"text": "Daylighting", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Daylighting has been proven to have negative effects on people?", "id": "56dfa1c738dc42170015213c", "answers": [{"text": "not", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Daylighting is the oldest method of interior lighting. Daylighting is simply designing a space to use as much natural light as possible. This decreases energy consumption and costs, and requires less heating and cooling from the building. Daylighting has also been proven to have positive effects on patients in hospitals as well as work and school performance. Due to a lack of information that indicate the likely energy savings, daylighting schemes are not yet popular among most buildings."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is a form of solid state lighting?", "id": "56dfa2bc38dc42170015214c", "answers": [{"text": "LEDs", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the best way to control light emissions of LEDs?", "id": "56dfa2bc38dc42170015214d", "answers": [{"text": "nonimaging optics", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In recent years light emitting diodes (LEDs) are becoming increasingly efficient leading to an extraordinary increase in the use of solid state lighting. In many situations, controlling the light emission of LEDs may be done most effectively by using the principles of nonimaging optics."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What can cause health effects such headache frequency?", "id": "56dfa3d938dc42170015215e", "answers": [{"text": "higher lighting levels", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Beyond the energy factors being considered, it is important not to over-design illumination, lest adverse health effects such as headache frequency, stress, and increased blood pressure be induced by the higher lighting levels. In addition, glare or excess light can decrease worker efficiency."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Maximizing the right amount of light at the appropriate time for elderly may help systems of what? ", "id": "56dfa58d7aa994140058df7e", "answers": [{"text": "Alzheimer's Disease", "answer_start": 733}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The human circadian system is entrained to how many hours light-dark pattern?", "id": "56dfa58d7aa994140058df7f", "answers": [{"text": "24", "answer_start": 799}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens to the natural carcidan cycle when light-dark patterns are disrupted?", "id": "56dfa58d7aa994140058df80", "answers": [{"text": "disrupt the natural circadian cycle", "answer_start": 918}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Analysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if artificial light is to be used. Not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favorably impact human health and performance. New studies have shown that the performance of students is influenced by the time and duration of daylight in their regular schedules. Designing school facilities to incorporate the right types of light at the right time of day for the right duration may improve student performance and well-being. Similarly, designing lighting systems that maximize the right amount of light at the appropriate time of day for the elderly may help relieve symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. The human circadian system is entrained to a 24-hour light-dark pattern that mimics the earth\u2019s natural light/dark pattern. When those patterns are disrupted, they disrupt the natural circadian cycle. Circadian disruption may lead to numerous health problems including breast cancer, seasonal affective disorder, delayed sleep phase syndrome, and other ailments."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who documented 23 surgical patients assigned rooms looking out on a natural scene?", "id": "56dfa6de7aa994140058df99", "answers": [{"text": "Robert Ulrich", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did the patients with natural scenes have longer postoperative hospital stays?", "id": "56dfa6de7aa994140058df9a", "answers": [{"text": "no", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did patients that have natural scenes require more potent analgesics?", "id": "56dfa6de7aa994140058df9b", "answers": [{"text": "no", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A study conducted in 1972 and 1981, documented by Robert Ulrich, surveyed 23 surgical patients assigned to rooms looking out on a natural scene. The study concluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing lots of natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays, received fewer negative evaluative comments in nurses\u2019 notes, and took fewer potent analegesics than 23 matched patients in similar rooms with windows facing a brick wall. This study suggests that due to the nature of the scenery and daylight exposure was indeed healthier for patients as opposed to those exposed to little light from the brick wall. In addition to increased work performance, proper usage of windows and daylighting crosses the boundaries between pure aesthetics and overall health."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What University was Alision Jing Xu the assistant professor of management at?", "id": "56dfa8ab231d4119001abc51", "answers": [{"text": "University of Toronto Scarborough", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Univerity was Aparna Labroo associated with?", "id": "56dfa8ab231d4119001abc52", "answers": [{"text": "Northwestern University", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Alison Jing Xu, assistant professor of management at the University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo of Northwestern University conducted a series of studies analyzing the correlation between lighting and human emotion. The researchers asked participants to rate a number of things such as: the spiciness of chicken-wing sauce, the aggressiveness of a fictional character, how attractive someone was, their feelings about specific words, and the taste of two juices\u2013all under different lighting conditions. In their study, they found that both positive and negative human emotions are felt more intensely in bright light. Professor Xu stated, \"we found that on sunny days depression-prone people actually become more depressed.\" They also found that dim light makes people make more rational decisions and settle negotiations easier. In the dark, emotions are slightly suppressed. However, emotions are intensified in the bright light."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum?", "id": "56dfa9c67aa994140058dfb3", "answers": [{"text": "Dr. Abraham Gesner", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was it discovered that petroleum could be distilled into kerosene? ", "id": "56dfa9c67aa994140058dfb4", "answers": [{"text": "1849", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What method of lighting have been used since 1820s?", "id": "56dfa9c67aa994140058dfb5", "answers": [{"text": "coal-gas methods", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1849, Dr. Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum. Earlier coal-gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s, but they were expensive. Gesner's kerosene was cheap, easy to produce, could be burned in existing lamps, and did not produce an offensive odor as did most whale oil. It could be stored indefinitely, unlike whale oil, which would eventually spoil. The American petroleum boom began in the 1850s. By the end of the decade there were 30 kerosene plants operating in the United States. The cheaper, more efficient fuel began to drive whale oil out of the market. John D. Rockefeller was most responsible for the commercial success of kerosene. He set up a network of kerosene distilleries which would later become Standard Oil, thus completely abolishing the need for whale-oil lamps. These types of lamps may catch fire or emit carbon-monoxide and sometimes are odorous making them problematic for asthmatic people."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does CFL stand for?", "id": "56dfb498231d4119001abc8d", "answers": [{"text": "Compact fluorescent lamps", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are all CFLs suitable for dimming?", "id": "56dfb498231d4119001abc91", "answers": [{"text": "not", "answer_start": 894}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Compact fluorescent lamps (aka 'CFLs') use less power to supply the same amount of light as an incandescent lamp, however they contain mercury which is a dispose hazard. Due to the ability to reduce electric consumption, many organizations have undertaken measures to encourage the adoption of CFLs. Some electric utilities and local governments have subsidized CFLs or provided them free to customers as a means of reducing electric demand. For a given light output, CFLs use between one fifth and one quarter of the power of an equivalent incandescent lamp. One of the simplest and quickest ways for a household or business to become more energy efficient is to adopt CFLs as the main lamp source, as suggested by the Alliance for Climate Protection. Unlike incandescent lamps CFL's need a little time to 'warm up' and reach full brightness. Care should be taken when selecting CFL's because not all of them are suitable for dimming."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How much more power does a standard incandescent bulb use compared to LED?", "id": "56dfb65b7aa994140058e03f", "answers": [{"text": "10%", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the average lifetime of a CFL?", "id": "56dfb65b7aa994140058e041", "answers": [{"text": "50,000 hours", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much power does a halogen lamp save compared to a standard blub?", "id": "56dfb65b7aa994140058e042", "answers": [{"text": "70%", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "LED lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a standard incandescent bulb, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer \u2014 up to 50,000 hours. A downside is still the initial cost, which is higher than that of compact fluorescent lamps."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is known as artificial light that is excessive or intrusive?", "id": "56dfbac5231d4119001abd34", "answers": [{"text": "Light pollution", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What causes sharp shadows around buildings? ", "id": "56dfbac5231d4119001abd36", "answers": [{"text": "glare", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Light pollution is a growing problem in reaction to excess light being given off by numerous signs, houses, and buildings. Polluting light is often wasted light involving unnecessary energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Light pollution is described as artificial light that is excessive or intrudes where it is not wanted. Well-designed lighting sends light only where it is needed without scattering it elsewhere. Poorly designed lighting can also compromise safety. For example, glare creates safety issues around buildings by causing very sharp shadows, temporarily blinding passersby making them vulnerable to would-be assailants."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In a battlefield does not have natural light what could you use instead? ", "id": "56dfbc1d231d4119001abd47", "answers": [{"text": "searchlights and flares", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The use of what may disclose your own hidden position on a battlefield? ", "id": "56dfbc1d231d4119001abd48", "answers": [{"text": "light", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Modern warfare has seen the increased use of what? ", "id": "56dfbc1d231d4119001abd49", "answers": [{"text": "infrared cameras", "answer_start": 542}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "From a military standpoint, lighting is a critical part of the battlefield conditions. Shadows are good places to hide, while bright areas are more exposed. It is often beneficial to fight with the Sun or other light source behind you, giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and partially hiding your own movements in backlight. If natural light is not present searchlights and flares can be used. However the use of light may disclose your own hidden position and modern warfare have seen increased use of night vision through the use of infrared cameras and image intensifiers."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What can be used by military for targeting?", "id": "56dfbc8c231d4119001abd4f", "answers": [{"text": "Flares", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has eliminated the need for flares on a battlefield?", "id": "56dfbc8c231d4119001abd50", "answers": [{"text": "laser-guided and GPS weapons", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Flares can also be used by the military to mark positions, usually for targeting, but laser-guided and GPS weapons have eliminated this need for the most part."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does the CIE stand for?", "id": "56dfbd4e7aa994140058e0d1", "answers": [{"text": "International Commission on Illumination", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) is an international authority and standard defining organization on color and lighting. Publishing widely used standard metrics such as various CIE color spaces and the color rendering index."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does the IESNA stand for? ", "id": "56dfbe777aa994140058e0e1", "answers": [{"text": "The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who else publishes along with IESNA? ", "id": "56dfbe777aa994140058e0e2", "answers": [{"text": "ANSI and ASHRAE", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What defines photo metric data?", "id": "56dfbe777aa994140058e0e4", "answers": [{"text": "distribution of light released", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does IALD stand for?", "id": "56dfbf1c7aa994140058e0fd", "answers": [{"text": "The International Association of Lighting Designers", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The International Association of Lighting Designers (IALD) is an organization which focuses on the advancement of lighting design education and the recognition of independent professional lighting designers. Those fully independent designers who meet the requirements for professional membership in the association typically append the abbreviation IALD to their name."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does PLDA stand for?", "id": "56dfbfd97aa994140058e109", "answers": [{"text": "The Professional Lighting Designers Association", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the PLDA formerly known as?", "id": "56dfbfd97aa994140058e10a", "answers": [{"text": "ELDA", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Professional Lighting Designers Association (PLDA), formerly known as ELDA is an organisation focusing on the promotion of the profession of Architectural Lighting Design. They publish a monthly newsletter and organise different events throughout the world."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who offers the Lighting Certification Examination? ", "id": "56dfc0b67aa994140058e123", "answers": [{"text": "NCQLP", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does NCQLP stand for?", "id": "56dfc0b67aa994140058e124", "answers": [{"text": "The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which abbreviation can you append to your name after becoming Lighting Certified?", "id": "56dfc0b67aa994140058e125", "answers": [{"text": "LC", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other national examinations are available?", "id": "56dfc0b67aa994140058e126", "answers": [{"text": "CLEP and CLMC", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam become \u2018Lighting Certified\u2019 and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification process is one of three national (U.S.) examinations (the others are CLEP and CLMC) in the lighting industry and is open not only to designers, but to lighting equipment manufacturers, electric utility employees, etc."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does PLASA stand for? ", "id": "56dfc1797aa994140058e12b", "answers": [{"text": "The Professional Lighting And Sound Association", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is PLASA based?", "id": "56dfc1797aa994140058e12c", "answers": [{"text": "UK", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many individuals does PLASA represent?", "id": "56dfc1797aa994140058e12d", "answers": [{"text": "500+", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does RoHS stand for?", "id": "56dfc1797aa994140058e12e", "answers": [{"text": "Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive", "answer_start": 807}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector. Its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting, sound, rigging and similar products and services, and affiliated professionals in the area. They lobby for and represent the interests of the industry at various levels, interacting with government and regulating bodies and presenting the case for the entertainment industry. Example subjects of this representation include the ongoing review of radio frequencies (which may or may not affect the radio bands in which wireless microphones and other devices use) and engaging with the issues surrounding the introduction of the RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive) regulations."}]}, {"title": "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Which political practice did Montesquieu originate?", "id": "56de244f4396321400ee25ef", "answers": [{"text": "Separation of powers", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many divisions of the government did Montesquieu call for?", "id": "56de244f4396321400ee25f0", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What document was greatly informed by the idea of separation of powers?", "id": "56de244f4396321400ee25f1", "answers": [{"text": "United States Constitution", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of oversight does the separation of powers help to promote?", "id": "56de244f4396321400ee25f3", "answers": [{"text": "checks and balances", "answer_start": 663}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the doctrine called that allowed the three branches of government to check the powers of each other?", "id": "56de333b4396321400ee268f", "answers": [{"text": "separation of powers", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Separation of powers", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What originates in the writings of the Legislative powers?", "id": "5ad370ad604f3c001a3fe25d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Montesquieu", "answer_start": 76}], "question": "Who urged for a government with four individual branches?", "id": "5ad370ad604f3c001a3fe25e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Spirit of the Laws", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "In which doctrine did the US call for three separate branches of government?", "id": "5ad370ad604f3c001a3fe25f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "separation of powers", "answer_start": 325}], "question": "Which philosophy was a great influence on the Legislative branch of government?", "id": "5ad370ad604f3c001a3fe260", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United States Constitution", "answer_start": 401}], "question": "Which document was greatly influenced by the idea of a constitutional government?", "id": "5ad370ad604f3c001a3fe261", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was called separation of powers. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. This United States form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which Enlightenment thinker supported the idea of separation of powers?", "id": "56de24b24396321400ee25fd", "answers": [{"text": "John Locke", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Enlightenment thinker was against the separation of powers?", "id": "56de24b24396321400ee25fe", "answers": [{"text": "Thomas Hobbes", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was a leading advocate of dividing government into different branches?", "id": "56de24b24396321400ee25ff", "answers": [{"text": "Montesquieu", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose thoughts were impacted by Montesquieu's philosophy?", "id": "56de24b24396321400ee2600", "answers": [{"text": "the framers of the United States Constitution", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was an advocate of separation of powers?", "id": "56de33fc4396321400ee2694", "answers": [{"text": "John Locke", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was an opponent of separation of powers?", "id": "56de33fc4396321400ee2695", "answers": [{"text": "Thomas Hobbes", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who's writing were very influential on the design of the United States Constitution?  ", "id": "56de33fc4396321400ee2696", "answers": [{"text": "Montesquieu", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Age of Enlightenment", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "During which age did Thomas Hobbes advocate the principle in his writing?", "id": "5ad37aaa604f3c001a3fe3cd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Age of Enlightenment", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "During which age did John Locke oppose the principle in his writing?", "id": "5ad37aaa604f3c001a3fe3ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Montesquieu", "answer_start": 168}], "question": "Who was at the forefront of the opposition towards separating the branches of government?", "id": "5ad37aaa604f3c001a3fe3cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Montesquieu", "answer_start": 168}], "question": "Who's writings had no influence on the framers of the US constitution?", "id": "5ad37aaa604f3c001a3fe3d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the United States Constitution."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What country's government, on which the US government was modeled, did not formally implement separation of powers?", "id": "56de2995cffd8e1900b4b5ea", "answers": [{"text": "UK", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the two main principles informing the government of the UK?", "id": "56de2995cffd8e1900b4b5eb", "answers": [{"text": "parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term describes the status of the different branches of government in Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia?", "id": "56de2995cffd8e1900b4b5ee", "answers": [{"text": "separate and distinct", "answer_start": 1824}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country's government served as a model for the United States Government?", "id": "56de3644cffd8e1900b4b678", "answers": [{"text": "United Kingdom", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the 18th century what function, besides President, did the Delaware President serve? ", "id": "56de3644cffd8e1900b4b679", "answers": [{"text": "a member of the Court of Appeals", "answer_start": 1395}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "separation of powers", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "Which political structure served as a model for the United Kingdom government?", "id": "5ad37d3d604f3c001a3fe40d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Parliament", "answer_start": 319}], "question": "What body consisted of the House of Lords and the House of Majesty;s government?", "id": "5ad37d3d604f3c001a3fe40e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the two Houses of Parliament", "answer_start": 616}], "question": "What were the Chancellor's Ministers mos often members of?", "id": "5ad37d3d604f3c001a3fe40f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Delaware", "answer_start": 1382}], "question": "In which state was the Governor a member of the court of appeals?", "id": "5ad37d3d604f3c001a3fe410", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Delaware and Pennsylvania", "answer_start": 1563}], "question": "In which states did members of the Lord Chancellor's council and judges serve at the same time?", "id": "5ad37d3d604f3c001a3fe411", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Strict separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system, based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government, Parliament (consisting of the Sovereign (King-in-Parliament), House of Lords and House of Commons) was the supreme lawmaking authority. The executive branch acted in the name of the King (\"His Majesty's Government\"), as did the judiciary. The King's Ministers were in most cases members of one of the two Houses of Parliament, and the Government needed to sustain the support of a majority in the House of Commons. One minister, the Lord Chancellor, was at the same time the sole judge in the Court of Chancery and the presiding officer in the House of Lords. Therefore, it may be seen that the three branches of British government often violated the strict principle of separation of powers, even though there were many occasions when the different branches of the government disagreed with each other. Some U.S. states did not observe a strict separation of powers in the 18th century. In New Jersey, the Governor also functioned as a member of the state's highest court and as the presiding officer of one house of the New Jersey Legislature. The President of Delaware was a member of the Court of Appeals; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as Vice Presidents. In both Delaware and Pennsylvania, members of the executive council served at the same time as judges. On the other hand, many southern states explicitly required separation of powers. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia all kept the branches of government \"separate and distinct.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the only branch of U.S. government imbued with lawmaking abilities?", "id": "56de2aeacffd8e1900b4b5f4", "answers": [{"text": "Congress", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which court case upheld the rule of nondelegation?", "id": "56de2aeacffd8e1900b4b5f5", "answers": [{"text": "Clinton v. City of New York", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the Supreme Court?", "id": "56de2aeacffd8e1900b4b5f6", "answers": [{"text": "1998", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the US who has the sole power to pass legislation?", "id": "56de37794396321400ee26ac", "answers": [{"text": "Congress", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the doctrine called that does not allow congress to pass on their power to pass laws to any other agency?", "id": "56de37794396321400ee26ad", "answers": [{"text": "nondelegation doctrine", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the court case that struck down the line item veto?", "id": "56de37794396321400ee26ae", "answers": [{"text": "Clinton v. City of New York", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the supreme court?", "id": "56de37794396321400ee26af", "answers": [{"text": "1998", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Congress", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who has shared legislative power in the United States?", "id": "5ad37ec4604f3c001a3fe42b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nondelegation doctrine", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "Which doctrine says Congress can delegate its powers to whoever it wants?", "id": "5ad37ec4604f3c001a3fe42c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1998", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "In which year was the court case Clinton v. Supreme Court held?", "id": "5ad37ec4604f3c001a3fe42d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Congress", "answer_start": 98}], "question": "Who may delegate lawmaking responsibilities to other agencies as it pleases?", "id": "5ad37ec4604f3c001a3fe42e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United States", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "In which country does Congress have shared lawmaking responsibilities?", "id": "5ad37ec4604f3c001a3fe42f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a \"line-item veto\" to the President, by powers vested in the government by the Constitution."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was one of the first times the Supreme Court tried a case regarding nondelegation?", "id": "56de2c7fcffd8e1900b4b616", "answers": [{"text": "Wayman v. Southard", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Wayman v. Southard tried by the U.S. Supreme Court?", "id": "56de2c7fcffd8e1900b4b617", "answers": [{"text": "1825", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Wayman v. Southard reached the Supreme Court?", "id": "56de2c7fcffd8e1900b4b618", "answers": [{"text": "John Marshall", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Wayman v. Southard, what branch was accused of being given lawmaking abilities by Congress?", "id": "56de2c7fcffd8e1900b4b619", "answers": [{"text": "the judiciary", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the 1825 case where the supreme court held that congress could delegate their responsibilities to the court?", "id": "56de385ccffd8e1900b4b68e", "answers": [{"text": "Wayman v. Southard", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was chief justice of the supreme court under the Wayman v. Southard ruling?", "id": "56de385ccffd8e1900b4b68f", "answers": [{"text": "John Marshall", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Where has the Supreme Court been known to be more stringent towards Congress?", "id": "5ad37fa8604f3c001a3fe447", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wayman v. Southard", "answer_start": 196}], "question": "What is one of the most recent races regarding limits of non delegation?", "id": "5ad37fa8604f3c001a3fe448", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1825", "answer_start": 240}], "question": "When did the Supreme Court hear John Marshall v Southard?", "id": "5ad37fa8604f3c001a3fe449", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wayman v. Southard", "answer_start": 196}], "question": "Which case was heard by Congress in regards to non delegation limits?", "id": "5ad37fa8604f3c001a3fe44a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1825", "answer_start": 240}], "question": "When was the US Congress Court Wayman v. Southard heard?", "id": "5ad37fa8604f3c001a3fe44b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers. While Chief Justice John Marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function, he distinguished between \"important\" subjects and mere details. Marshall wrote that \"a general provision may be made, and power given to those who are to act under such general provisions, to fill up the details.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the first time that a Congressional attempt at delegating lawmaking responsibility was found to be in violation of the Constitution?", "id": "56de2d374396321400ee2636", "answers": [{"text": "the 1930s", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The establishment of what body was the subject of A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States?", "id": "56de2d374396321400ee2637", "answers": [{"text": "National Recovery Administration", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was A.L.A. Schechter v. United States tried before the Supreme Court?", "id": "56de2d374396321400ee2638", "answers": [{"text": "1935", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the supreme court determine that delegating powers by congress was unconstitutional?", "id": "56de39a6cffd8e1900b4b698", "answers": [{"text": "1935", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the supreme court case that was determined that congress could not allow the President to determine fair competition?", "id": "56de39a6cffd8e1900b4b699", "answers": [{"text": "Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Marshall's words and future", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What gave Congress less latitude in delegating powers?", "id": "5ad383b2604f3c001a3fe4fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1930s", "answer_start": 115}], "question": "During which decade did the Supreme Court hold a delegation of authority as constitutional?", "id": "5ad383b2604f3c001a3fe4fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1930s", "answer_start": 115}], "question": "When did Congress make the decision that a delegation of authority is unconstitutional?", "id": "5ad383b2604f3c001a3fe4fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495", "answer_start": 273}], "question": "In which case was Congress able to authorize the president to formulate codes?", "id": "5ad383b2604f3c001a3fe4fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1935", "answer_start": 336}], "question": "During which year did Congress authorize the presidential formulation of fair competition codes?", "id": "5ad383b2604f3c001a3fe4ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935), Congress could not authorize the president to formulate codes of \"fair competition.\" It was held that Congress must set some standards governing the actions of executive officers. The Court, however, has deemed that phrases such as \"just and reasonable,\" \"public interest\" and \"public convenience\" suffice."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which branches of the national military does the U.S. president command?", "id": "56de2e1d4396321400ee263c", "answers": [{"text": "Army and Navy", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose approval is required for the president's appointees to take office?", "id": "56de2e1d4396321400ee263d", "answers": [{"text": "Senate", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a Congressional means of removing presidential appointees?", "id": "56de2e1d4396321400ee263e", "answers": [{"text": "impeachment", "answer_start": 784}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term can characterize the status of bodies like the War Claims Commission and the Interstate Commerce Commission?", "id": "56de2e1d4396321400ee263f", "answers": [{"text": "quasi-judicial", "answer_start": 939}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of the three branches has the duty of Commander and Chief?", "id": "56de3ad0cffd8e1900b4b6a6", "answers": [{"text": "Executive", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has the authority to make treaties?", "id": "56de3ad0cffd8e1900b4b6a7", "answers": [{"text": "the President", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is it called when congress terminates an appointment of the President?", "id": "56de3ad0cffd8e1900b4b6a8", "answers": [{"text": "impeachment", "answer_start": 784}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has over-sight of the Federal Trade Commission?", "id": "56de3ad0cffd8e1900b4b6a9", "answers": [{"text": "Congress", "answer_start": 692}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "President", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "In whom is Congressional power vested?", "id": "5ad38450604f3c001a3fe517", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Army and Navy", "answer_start": 149}], "question": "What does the Vice President become Commander in Chief of?", "id": "5ad38450604f3c001a3fe518", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "enforce", "answer_start": 511}], "question": "By the words it uses, what does the Constitution require the President to do regarding laws?", "id": "5ad38450604f3c001a3fe519", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Congress", "answer_start": 692}], "question": "Laws are made by the President and approved by which body?", "id": "5ad38450604f3c001a3fe51a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Congress", "answer_start": 732}], "question": "Who may the President restrict through impeachment?", "id": "5ad38450604f3c001a3fe51b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office \"with the Advice and Consent of the Senate,\" receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and \"take care that the laws be faithfully executed\" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission\u2014all quasi-judicial\u2014often have direct Congressional oversight."}, {"qas": [{"question": "To what does congress attempt to limit executive officials?", "id": "56de2fe04396321400ee265c", "answers": [{"text": "the performance of their duties", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What court case affirmed the mandates of the first and seventh sections of Article I of the Constitution?", "id": "56de2fe04396321400ee265d", "answers": [{"text": "INS v. Chadha", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was INS v Chadha tried before the Supreme Court?", "id": "56de2fe04396321400ee265e", "answers": [{"text": "1983", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what margin can congress over ride a Presidential veto?", "id": "56de3bf44396321400ee26c0", "answers": [{"text": "two-thirds", "answer_start": 525}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "executive officials", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "Who often writes laws to restrain Congress to the performance of their duties?", "id": "5ad386af604f3c001a3fe557", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "INS v. Chadha", "answer_start": 146}], "question": "In which case did Congress decide that all powers would be vested in the Supreme Court consisting of a Senate and House of Representatives?", "id": "5ad386af604f3c001a3fe558", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Senate and a House of Representatives", "answer_start": 329}], "question": " Congress decide that all powers would be vested in the Supreme Court consisting of a which two bodies?", "id": "5ad386af604f3c001a3fe559", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1983", "answer_start": 161}], "question": "In what year did Congress decide that all powers would be vested in the Supreme Court consisting of a Senate and House of Representatives?", "id": "5ad386af604f3c001a3fe55a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the House and Senate", "answer_start": 406}], "question": "Who must be presented with every bill passed by the President?", "id": "5ad386af604f3c001a3fe55b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, \u00a7 1\u2014requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives\u2014and \u00a7 7\u2014requiring every bill passed by the House and Senate, before becoming law, to be presented to the president, and, if he disapproves, to be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House\u2014represents the Framers' decision that the legislative power of the Federal Government be exercised in accord with a single, finely wrought and exhaustively considered procedure. This procedure is an integral part of the constitutional design for the separation of powers. Further rulings clarified the case; even both Houses acting together cannot override Executive vetos without a 2\u20443 majority. Legislation may always prescribe regulations governing executive officers."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what branch is the ability to try legal cases placed?", "id": "56de307c4396321400ee2666", "answers": [{"text": "Judicial", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who nominates justices for the U.S. Supreme Court?", "id": "56de307c4396321400ee2667", "answers": [{"text": "president", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who must approve presidential appointees to the Supreme Court?", "id": "56de307c4396321400ee2668", "answers": [{"text": "Senate", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term for judicial institutions exercising their power?", "id": "56de307c4396321400ee2669", "answers": [{"text": "constitutional courts", "answer_start": 512}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the power given to the supreme court and lower courts called?", "id": "56de3c8acffd8e1900b4b6b8", "answers": [{"text": "Judicial power", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who appoints a judge?", "id": "56de3c8acffd8e1900b4b6b9", "answers": [{"text": "the president", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who gives the President advice and consent for a judge appointment?", "id": "56de3c8acffd8e1900b4b6ba", "answers": [{"text": "the Senate", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Judicial power", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Which type of power is vested in Congress?", "id": "5ad387dc604f3c001a3fe56f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the president", "answer_start": 167}], "question": "Who must be appointed by Supreme Court judges?", "id": "5ad387dc604f3c001a3fe570", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "constitutional courts", "answer_start": 512}], "question": "What are courts exercising presidential power referred to?", "id": "5ad387dc604f3c001a3fe571", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Senate", "answer_start": 212}], "question": "Who appoints judges to the presidency?", "id": "5ad387dc604f3c001a3fe572", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Judicial", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What type of power gives the power to decided controversies to the president?", "id": "5ad387dc604f3c001a3fe573", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Judicial power\u2014the power to decide cases and controversies\u2014is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called \"constitutional courts.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of courts did congress establish?", "id": "56de3d78cffd8e1900b4b6c2", "answers": [{"text": "legislative courts", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What power are legislative courts not allowed to exercise?", "id": "56de3d78cffd8e1900b4b6c3", "answers": [{"text": "judicial power of the United States", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "legislative courts", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "Which type of courts are established by Hoboken Land & Improvement CO.?", "id": "5ad3887d604f3c001a3fe579", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "judicial agencies or commissions", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "Which form do legislative courts take?", "id": "5ad3887d604f3c001a3fe57a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "judicial power", "answer_start": 255}], "question": "Which power of the United States may legislative courts exercise?", "id": "5ad3887d604f3c001a3fe57b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "public rights\" questions", "answer_start": 551}], "question": "Which questions are legislative courts not able to adjudicate?", "id": "5ad3887d604f3c001a3fe57c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Congress", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Which type of courts do legislative courts create in the form of judicial agencies?", "id": "5ad3887d604f3c001a3fe57d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Congress may establish \"legislative courts,\" which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. In Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. (1856), the Supreme Court held that a legislative court may not decide \"a suit at the common law, or in equity, or admiralty,\" as such a suit is inherently judicial. Legislative courts may only adjudicate \"public rights\" questions (cases between the government and an individual and political determinations)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who can determine a date of adjournment if congress cannot agree?", "id": "56de3e40cffd8e1900b4b6dc", "answers": [{"text": "President", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who can call congress into emergency session?", "id": "56de3e40cffd8e1900b4b6de", "answers": [{"text": "The president", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who serves as president of the Senate?", "id": "56de3e40cffd8e1900b4b6df", "answers": [{"text": "The Vice President", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "power to veto bills", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "How does Congress exercise a check over the President?", "id": "5ad38948604f3c001a3fe58b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The president", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who has the ability to override any veto made by Congress?", "id": "5ad38948604f3c001a3fe58c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pocket veto", "answer_start": 140}], "question": "Which veto is the only one Congress is able to override with a two thirds majority?", "id": "5ad38948604f3c001a3fe58d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two houses of Congress", "answer_start": 203}], "question": "Who settles the dispute when the President and Vice President cannot come to an agreement for a date of adjournment?", "id": "5ad38948604f3c001a3fe58e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vice President", "answer_start": 391}], "question": "Who serves as President of the Senate and is the only member with voting rights?", "id": "5ad38948604f3c001a3fe58f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called \"pocket veto\") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president. The Vice President serves as president of the Senate, but he may only vote to break a tie."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who has the power to issue a pardon?", "id": "56de3e91cffd8e1900b4b6f0", "answers": [{"text": "The president", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has the power to issue a reprieve? ", "id": "56de3e91cffd8e1900b4b6f1", "answers": [{"text": "The president", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Senate", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "Who appoints the President with the approval of judges?", "id": "5ad39362604f3c001a3fe6d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "president", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "Who appoints the Senate with the approval of judges?", "id": "5ad39362604f3c001a3fe6d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Senate", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "Who appoints judges with the President's approval?", "id": "5ad39362604f3c001a3fe6d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "reprieves", "answer_start": 128}], "question": "The president does not have the power to issue pardons or what else?", "id": "5ad39362604f3c001a3fe6d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pardons", "answer_start": 116}], "question": "Other than reprieves, what is the Senate able to issue?", "id": "5ad39362604f3c001a3fe6d5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to acceptance by the recipient."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who is the commander and chief of the Army?", "id": "56de3f73cffd8e1900b4b706", "answers": [{"text": "The president", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has the power to declare ware?", "id": "56de3f73cffd8e1900b4b707", "answers": [{"text": "Congress", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has the responsibility to confirm Generals and Admirals?", "id": "56de3f73cffd8e1900b4b708", "answers": [{"text": "the Senate", "answer_start": 606}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "president", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "Who is the Commander in Chief of Congress?", "id": "5ad394a7604f3c001a3fe71d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "president", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "Who is the Commander in Chief of laws and regulations?", "id": "5ad394a7604f3c001a3fe71e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "president", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "Who lacks power to command the miliary take action during crises?", "id": "5ad394a7604f3c001a3fe71f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Congress", "answer_start": 216}], "question": "Who lacks authority to make laws to govern the armed forces?", "id": "5ad394a7604f3c001a3fe720", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Congress", "answer_start": 216}], "question": "Who is the only body with authority to declare majority vote?", "id": "5ad394a7604f3c001a3fe721", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain the armed forces. Congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate, such as the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and requires that all Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can assume their office."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who is responsible for judicial review?", "id": "56de4022cffd8e1900b4b70c", "answers": [{"text": "Courts", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the court case that established judicial review?", "id": "56de4022cffd8e1900b4b70d", "answers": [{"text": "Marbury v. Madison", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "judicial review", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "Through which type of review does the Constitution check the executive and legislative branches?", "id": "5ad39601604f3c001a3fe771", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Marbury v. Madison", "answer_start": 313}], "question": "In which case did the Constitution establish a precedent for judicial review?", "id": "5ad39601604f3c001a3fe772", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "judicial review", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "Through which type of review does the President check the executive and legislative branches?", "id": "5ad39601604f3c001a3fe773", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Marbury v. Madison", "answer_start": 313}], "question": "In which case did the Supreme Court establish a precedent for Federalist Papers?", "id": "5ad39601604f3c001a3fe774", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "precedent", "answer_start": 548}], "question": "What abolished the principle that a court could strike down unconstitutional laws?", "id": "5ad39601604f3c001a3fe775", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review. This concept is not written into the Constitution, but was envisioned by many of the Constitution's Framers (for example, The Federalist Papers mention it). The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in Marbury v. Madison. There were protests by some at this decision, born chiefly of political expediency, but political realities in the particular case paradoxically restrained opposing views from asserting themselves. For this reason, precedent alone established the principle that a court may strike down a law it deems unconstitutional."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which courts decisions are binding across the entire United States?", "id": "56de40c0cffd8e1900b4b710", "answers": [{"text": "the Supreme Court", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Supreme Court", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "Which court is the only one able to determine constitutionality?", "id": "5ad39730604f3c001a3fe7b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "determine constitutionality", "answer_start": 76}], "question": "Which power are inferior courts unable to exercise?", "id": "5ad39730604f3c001a3fe7b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "inferior courts", "answer_start": 140}], "question": "Which courts' decisions, other than Supreme Court, are binding across the country?", "id": "5ad39730604f3c001a3fe7b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Supreme Court", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "Which is the only court unable to determine constitutionality?", "id": "5ad39730604f3c001a3fe7b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, for instance, are binding only in the circuit over which the court has jurisdiction."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who can limit judicial review of a law?", "id": "56de4176cffd8e1900b4b71a", "answers": [{"text": "Congress", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who's judicial power does congress have the right to limit?", "id": "56de4176cffd8e1900b4b71b", "answers": [{"text": "the Supreme Court", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Congress", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "Who lacks the ability to review the constitutionality of laws?", "id": "5ad39813604f3c001a3fe7e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Congress", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "Who lacks the power to set the jurisdiction of courts?", "id": "5ad39813604f3c001a3fe7e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "courts", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "The Supreme court has power to set jurisdiction of what?", "id": "5ad39813604f3c001a3fe7e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Congress", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "Who has the ability to determine whether a Supreme Court is constitutional or not?", "id": "5ad39813604f3c001a3fe7e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Congress", "answer_start": 170}], "question": "The only constitutional limit on the Supreme Court's power to set jurisdiction relates to which body?", "id": "5ad39813604f3c001a3fe7e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Congress, which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts. The only constitutional limit on Congress' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court; the Supreme Court may exercise only appellate jurisdiction except in cases involving states and cases affecting foreign ambassadors, ministers or consuls."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who presides over an impeachment trial?", "id": "56de41c54396321400ee2726", "answers": [{"text": "The Chief Justice", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in the Senate", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "Where does the Chief Justice preside during a Senate impeachment trial?", "id": "5ad39891604f3c001a3fe7f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rules of the Senate", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "Which rules grant much authority to the presiding officer?", "id": "5ad39891604f3c001a3fe7f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chief Justice", "answer_start": 189}], "question": "Who has an unlimited role in this regard?", "id": "5ad39891604f3c001a3fe7f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in the Senate", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "Where does the president preside during the Chief Justice impeachment trial?", "id": "5ad39891604f3c001a3fe7f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rules of the Senate", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "Which rules do not grant authority to the President?", "id": "5ad39891604f3c001a3fe7f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Chief Justice presides in the Senate during a president's impeachment trial. The rules of the Senate, however, generally do not grant much authority to the presiding officer. Thus, the Chief Justice's role in this regard is a limited one."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who wrote that the legislative branch was the predominate branch of government?", "id": "56de42a5cffd8e1900b4b734", "answers": [{"text": "James Madison", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which Federalist paper did James Madison state that the legislative branch of government was predominate?", "id": "56de42a5cffd8e1900b4b735", "answers": [{"text": "Federalist 51", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "James Madison", "answer_start": 112}], "question": "Who wrote in the Constitution that legislative authority is predominate?", "id": "5ad3994a604f3c001a3fe825", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Federalist 51", "answer_start": 135}], "question": "Where did the Constitution write that it's not possible to give each department equal power?", "id": "5ad3994a604f3c001a3fe826", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "James Madison", "answer_start": 112}], "question": "Who wrote that it was possible to give equal power of self defense to each department?", "id": "5ad3994a604f3c001a3fe827", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Constitution", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "Which document explicitly indicates pre-eminence of the judicial branch of government?", "id": "5ad3994a604f3c001a3fe828", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Constitution", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "Which document explicitly indicates pre-eminence of the executive branch of government?", "id": "5ad3994a604f3c001a3fe829", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that \"it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Immediately following the civil war which branch of government was seen to have the greater amount of power?", "id": "56de445a4396321400ee273e", "answers": [{"text": "Congress", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the president", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "Between who and the Senate has dominance of one branch of government been a struggle?", "id": "5ad39bb0604f3c001a3fe8a3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Civil War", "answer_start": 224}], "question": "After which war did Republicans hold a minority in Congress?", "id": "5ad39bb0604f3c001a3fe8a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Civil War", "answer_start": 224}], "question": "After which war did Democrats hold a majority in Congress?", "id": "5ad39bb0604f3c001a3fe8a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tenure of Office Act", "answer_start": 458}], "question": "Which act was passed to make Congress subordinate to the President?", "id": "5ad39bb0604f3c001a3fe8a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the president", "answer_start": 407}], "question": "The Tenure of Office Act says Congress is subordinate to who?", "id": "5ad39bb0604f3c001a3fe8a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Throughout America's history dominance of one of the three branches has essentially been a see-saw struggle between Congress and the president. Both have had periods of great power and weakness such as immediately after the Civil War when republicans had a majority in Congress and were able to pass major legislation and shoot down most of the president's vetoes. They also passed acts to essentially make the president subordinate to Congress, such as the Tenure of Office Act. Johnson's later impeachment also cost the presidency much political power. However the president has also exercised greater power largely during the 20th century. Both Roosevelts greatly expanded the powers of the president and wielded great power during their terms."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many bills did George Washington veto?", "id": "56de4529cffd8e1900b4b75d", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many bills did James Monroe veto?", "id": "56de4529cffd8e1900b4b75e", "answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many bills did Andrew Jackson veto", "id": "56de4529cffd8e1900b4b75f", "answers": [{"text": "twelve", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the seventh President of the United States?", "id": "56de4529cffd8e1900b4b760", "answers": [{"text": "Andrew Jackson", "answer_start": 377}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "George Washington", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "Which president vetoed six bills?", "id": "5ad39d1e604f3c001a3fe8c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Andrew Jackson", "answer_start": 377}], "question": "Who was the last president to use veto as a political weapon?", "id": "5ad39d1e604f3c001a3fe8c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "twelve", "answer_start": 515}], "question": "How many bills did Andrew Jackson veto to make him the least likely president to veto a bill?", "id": "5ad39d1e604f3c001a3fe8c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Andrew Jackson", "answer_start": 377}], "question": "Who stated \"Andrew Jackson has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!\"?", "id": "5ad39d1e604f3c001a3fe8ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Andrew Jackson", "answer_start": 377}], "question": "Who defied the Supreme Court by enforcing Supreme Court Removal?", "id": "5ad39d1e604f3c001a3fe8cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed twelve bills\u2014more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes (\"Indian Removal\"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), \"John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many of Andrew Johnson's veto's were over turned by Congress", "id": "56de466e4396321400ee2757", "answers": [{"text": "fifteen", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What act did congress pass that gave the senate the right to approve the dismissal of a cabinet official?", "id": "56de466e4396321400ee2758", "answers": [{"text": "Tenure of Office Act", "answer_start": 460}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Civil War", "answer_start": 119}], "question": "After which war did Congress begin using power to counterbalance the President?", "id": "5ad39da6604f3c001a3fe8f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Andrew Johnson", "answer_start": 202}], "question": "Who vetoed several bills passed by the Radical Democrats?", "id": "5ad39da6604f3c001a3fe8f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "twenty-nine", "answer_start": 363}], "question": "How many of Johnson's fifteen vetoes did Congress override?", "id": "5ad39da6604f3c001a3fe8f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fifteen", "answer_start": 342}], "question": "How many of Congress' 29 vetoes did Johnson override?", "id": "5ad39da6604f3c001a3fe8f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tenure of Office Act", "answer_start": 460}], "question": "Through which act did Jackson attempt to curb presidential power?", "id": "5ad39da6604f3c001a3fe8f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some of Jackson's successors made no use of the veto power, while others used it intermittently. It was only after the Civil War that presidents began to use the power to truly counterbalance Congress. Andrew Johnson, a Democrat, vetoed several Reconstruction bills passed by the \"Radical Republicans.\" Congress, however, managed to override fifteen of Johnson's twenty-nine vetoes. Furthermore, it attempted to curb the power of the presidency by passing the Tenure of Office Act. The Act required Senate approval for the dismissal of senior Cabinet officials. When Johnson deliberately violated the Act, which he felt was unconstitutional (Supreme Court decisions later vindicated such a position), the House of Representatives impeached him; he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the first president to veto over 400 bills?", "id": "56de471ccffd8e1900b4b76f", "answers": [{"text": "Grover Cleveland", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Under which President was the Tenure of Office Act repealed? ", "id": "56de471ccffd8e1900b4b770", "answers": [{"text": "Grover Cleveland", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "damage", "answer_start": 55}], "question": "What did Cleveland's impeachment do to the presidency?", "id": "5ad3a323604f3c001a3fea4f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Johnson", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who's impeachment was perceived as having helped the presidency?", "id": "5ad3a323604f3c001a3fea50", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Congress", "answer_start": 120}], "question": "Which body of government because subordinate to the presidency?", "id": "5ad3a323604f3c001a3fea51", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Johnson", "answer_start": 339}], "question": "After Grover Cleveland, who was the first Democratic President?", "id": "5ad3a323604f3c001a3fea52", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Grover Cleveland", "answer_start": 280}], "question": "Who was the first Republican President after Johnson?", "id": "5ad3a323604f3c001a3fea53", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Johnson's impeachment was perceived to have done great damage to the presidency, which came to be almost subordinate to Congress. Some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead, with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming a de facto Prime Minister. Grover Cleveland, the first Democratic President following Johnson, attempted to restore the power of his office. During his first term, he vetoed over four hundred bills\u2014twice as many bills as his twenty-one predecessors combined. He also began to suspend bureaucrats who were appointed as a result of the patronage system, replacing them with more \"deserving\" individuals. The Senate, however, refused to confirm many new nominations, instead demanding that Cleveland turn over the confidential records relating to the suspensions. Cleveland steadfastly refused, asserting, \"These suspensions are my executive acts ... I am not responsible to the Senate, and I am unwilling to submit my actions to them for judgment.\" Cleveland's popular support forced the Senate to back down and confirm the nominees. Furthermore, Congress finally repealed the controversial Tenure of Office Act that had been passed during the Johnson Administration. Overall, this meant that Cleveland's Administration marked the end of presidential subordination."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which President attempted to pack the supreme court?", "id": "56de485ccffd8e1900b4b787", "answers": [{"text": "Franklin Roosevelt", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority during the great depression?", "id": "56de485ccffd8e1900b4b789", "answers": [{"text": "Congress", "answer_start": 377}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "twentieth-century presidents", "answer_start": 8}], "question": "Which presidents have tried to decrease the power of the presidential office?", "id": "5ad3a3c6604f3c001a3fea6d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Theodore Roosevelt", "answer_start": 99}], "question": "Who claimed the president was not permitted to do whatever wasn't allowed by law?", "id": "5ad3a3c6604f3c001a3fea6e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt", "answer_start": 298}], "question": "Who failed to have considerable power during the Great Depression?", "id": "5ad3a3c6604f3c001a3fea6f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt", "answer_start": 298}], "question": "Who had considerable power during the Great Recession?", "id": "5ad3a3c6604f3c001a3fea70", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Roosevelt", "answer_start": 806}], "question": "Who introduced a plan to decrease the number of Supreme Court seats for the president to fill?", "id": "5ad3a3c6604f3c001a3fea71", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law\u2014in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression. Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a \"Court Packing\" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Under what basis did Richard Nixon assert an expansion of the power of the President?", "id": "56de48f7cffd8e1900b4b793", "answers": [{"text": "national security", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Richard Nixon", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who used the Supreme Court as a basis for expansion of power?", "id": "5ad3a4a3604f3c001a3fea8b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nixon", "answer_start": 246}], "question": "Who claimed that executive privilege did not shield him from legislative oversight?", "id": "5ad3a4a3604f3c001a3fea8c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nixon", "answer_start": 246}], "question": "Which president refused to spend money that was appropriated by the Supreme Court?", "id": "5ad3a4a3604f3c001a3fea8d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Watergate tapes", "answer_start": 632}], "question": "Into which tapes was there an ongoing civil investigation?", "id": "5ad3a4a3604f3c001a3fea8e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nixon", "answer_start": 246}], "question": "Which president followed Congress' plan for appropriated government programs?", "id": "5ad3a4a3604f3c001a3fea8f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Richard Nixon used national security as a basis for his expansion of power. He asserted, for example, that \"the inherent power of the President to safeguard the security of the nation\" authorized him to order a wiretap without a judge's warrant. Nixon also asserted that \"executive privilege\" shielded him from all legislative oversight; furthermore, he impounded federal funds (that is to say, he refused to spend money that Congress had appropriated for government programs). In the specific cases aforementioned, however, the Supreme Court ruled against Nixon. This was also because of an ongoing criminal investigation into the Watergate tapes, even though they acknowledged the general need for executive privilege. Since then, Nixon's successors have sometimes asserted that they may act in the interests of national security or that executive privilege shields them from Congressional oversight. Though such claims have in general been more limited than Nixon's, one may still conclude that the presidency's power has been greatly augmented since the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What term is used when one branch of government must get approval from at least one other branch of government?", "id": "56de4bd44396321400ee27a8", "answers": [{"text": "checks and balances", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "powers are shared among different branches", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "What does combination of powers mean?", "id": "5ad3a050604f3c001a3fe98b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "checks and balances", "answer_start": 296}], "question": "What does not apply to the judicial branch?", "id": "5ad3a050604f3c001a3fe98c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "checks and balances", "answer_start": 296}], "question": "What does not apply to any branch of government?", "id": "5ad3a050604f3c001a3fe98d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "unilaterally", "answer_start": 151}], "question": "Branches are free to act in which way on all issues?", "id": "5ad3a050604f3c001a3fe98e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "checks and balances", "answer_start": 296}], "question": "The Judicial branch of government is the only one to which what is applied?", "id": "5ad3a050604f3c001a3fe98f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "It is said[by whom?] on one side of this debate that separation of powers means that powers are shared among different branches; no one branch may act unilaterally on issues (other than perhaps minor questions), but must obtain some form of agreement across branches. That is, it is argued that \"checks and balances\" apply to the Judicial branch as well as to the other branches."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who has congress delegated the responsibility of establishing the rules of conduct for the courts to? ", "id": "56de4ce74396321400ee27b2", "answers": [{"text": "the Supreme Court", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the first view", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "The regulation of Congress is an example of what?", "id": "5ad39f4a604f3c001a3fe955", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Congress", "answer_start": 261}], "question": "While Supreme Court holds these powers, who does it delegate them to?", "id": "5ad39f4a604f3c001a3fe956", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts,", "answer_start": 36}], "question": "In practice, what is delegated to Congress?", "id": "5ad39f4a604f3c001a3fe957", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "delegation", "answer_start": 415}], "question": "What is Congress unable to withdraw?", "id": "5ad39f4a604f3c001a3fe958", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "An example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can withdraw that delegation at any time."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who may license and regulate attorneys in Florida?", "id": "56de4d6c4396321400ee27bf", "answers": [{"text": "the Florida Supreme Court", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who sets the procedures to be followed in the Florida court system?", "id": "56de4d6c4396321400ee27c0", "answers": [{"text": "the Florida Supreme Court", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Florida Supreme Court", "answer_start": 77}], "question": "In which supreme court is an example of the third view at the State level?", "id": "5ad39e61604f3c001a3fe917", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Florida Supreme Court", "answer_start": 77}], "question": "Where is an example of the second view at the National level found?", "id": "5ad39e61604f3c001a3fe918", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Florida Supreme Court", "answer_start": 224}], "question": "Which court is the only one able to set rules for procedures in State courts?", "id": "5ad39e61604f3c001a3fe919", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Florida Supreme Court", "answer_start": 114}], "question": "Which court is the only one able to regulate attorneys appearing before the Supreme Court?", "id": "5ad39e61604f3c001a3fe91a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Florida Supreme Court", "answer_start": 77}], "question": "Which court is the only one able to license attorneys appearing before New Hampshire Supreme Court?", "id": "5ad39e61604f3c001a3fe91b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The State of New Hampshire also follows this system.[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "judiciary", "answer_start": 23}], "question": "Which branch may be historically claimed to be the strongest of the branches of government?", "id": "5ad39b2c604f3c001a3fe899", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "power to exercise judicial review", "answer_start": 103}], "question": "Which power of the judiciary is explicitly granted in the Constitution?", "id": "5ad39b2c604f3c001a3fe89a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "twice", "answer_start": 342}], "question": "How many times prior to Dred Scott v. Sandford had the Supreme Court exercised its power to strike down congressional acts?", "id": "5ad39b2c604f3c001a3fe89b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "twice", "answer_start": 342}], "question": "How many times before World War I has the Supreme Court exercised its power to strike down congressional acts?", "id": "5ad39b2c604f3c001a3fe89c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "congressional", "answer_start": 298}], "question": "Before the Civil War, the Marbury had exercised its power to strike down what type of acts only twice?", "id": "5ad39b2c604f3c001a3fe89d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "One may claim that the judiciary has historically been the weakest of the three branches. In fact, its power to exercise judicial review\u2014its sole meaningful check on the other two branches\u2014is not explicitly granted by the U.S Constitution. The U.S. Supreme Court exercised its power to strike down congressional acts as unconstitutional only twice prior to the Civil War: in Marbury v. Madison (1803) and Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857). The Supreme Court has since then made more extensive use of judicial review."}, {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "separation of powers", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "What do many political scientists think is a factor in an unlimited degree in American exceptionalism?", "id": "5ad3a0e1604f3c001a3fe9bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "John W. Kingdon", "answer_start": 161}], "question": "Who claimed that separation of powers deteriorated the unique political structure in the US?", "id": "5ad3a0e1604f3c001a3fe9be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "separation of powers", "answer_start": 422}], "question": "What do many political scientists attribute the large number of active interest groups in the US to?", "id": "5ad3a0e1604f3c001a3fe9bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "separation of powers", "answer_start": 422}], "question": "What does John W. Kingdon attribute the small number of interest groups in the US to?", "id": "5ad3a0e1604f3c001a3fe9c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "John W. Kingdon", "answer_start": 161}], "question": "Who attributes the small number of active interest groups to the separation of powers?", "id": "5ad3a0e1604f3c001a3fe9c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Many political scientists believe that separation of powers is a decisive factor in what they see as a limited degree of American exceptionalism. In particular, John W. Kingdon made this argument, claiming that separation of powers contributed to the development of a unique political structure in the United States. He attributes the unusually large number of interest groups active in the United States, in part, to the separation of powers; it gives groups more places to try to influence, and creates more potential group activity. He also cites its complexity as one of the reasons for lower citizen participation.[citation needed]"}]}, {"title": "Architecture", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What is the latin word for architecture?", "id": "56de29c64396321400ee2617", "answers": [{"text": "Architectural", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what language does the word \"architecture\" have its origins?", "id": "56e4607b39bdeb1400347930", "answers": [{"text": "Greek", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two words is \"architecture\" a combination of?", "id": "56e4607b39bdeb1400347931", "answers": [{"text": "\u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9- \"chief\" and \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \"builder\"", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Architecture involves the creation of what?", "id": "56e4607b39bdeb1400347932", "answers": [{"text": "buildings and other physical structures", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Aside from symbolizing cultures, what else are architectural works thought of as?", "id": "56e4607b39bdeb1400347933", "answers": [{"text": "as works of art", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can extant architectural works be used to identify?", "id": "56e4607b39bdeb1400347934", "answers": [{"text": "Historical civilizations", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "arkhitekton", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "What is the french word for architecture?", "id": "5acf951e77cf76001a68535c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "chief", "answer_start": 97}], "question": " What is the Italian word for architecture?", "id": "5acf951e77cf76001a68535d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Architecture", "answer_start": 0}], "question": " What do you call the destruction of buildings?", "id": "5acf951e77cf76001a68535e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Architectural works", "answer_start": 244}], "question": "What structures never be viewed as both works of art and symbols of certain cultures?", "id": "5acf951e77cf76001a68535f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "architectural achievements", "answer_start": 428}], "question": "Civilizations from the past will never be identified by what surviving structures?", "id": "5acf951e77cf76001a685360", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd arkhitekton \"architect\", from \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9- \"chief\" and \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \"builder\") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the oldest architecture plans that has survived?", "id": "56de2b2d4396321400ee261d", "answers": [{"text": "De architectura", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who created the oldest surviving architecture plans?", "id": "56de2b2d4396321400ee261e", "answers": [{"text": "Roman architect Vitruvius", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Vitruvius create these plans?", "id": "56de2b2d4396321400ee261f", "answers": [{"text": "1st century AD.", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the three principles every plan should consider?", "id": "56de2b2d4396321400ee2620", "answers": [{"text": "firmness, commodity and delight.", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the first known extant writing about architecture called?", "id": "56e462c98c00841900fbaf6f", "answers": [{"text": "De architectura", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the author of  De architectura?", "id": "56e462c98c00841900fbaf70", "answers": [{"text": "Vitruvius", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Vitruvius' profession?", "id": "56e462c98c00841900fbaf71", "answers": [{"text": "architect", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were Vitruvius' three principles for a well made building?", "id": "56e462c98c00841900fbaf72", "answers": [{"text": "firmitas, utilitas, venustas", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the commonly seen English translation of the three principles?", "id": "56e462c98c00841900fbaf73", "answers": [{"text": "firmness, commodity and delight", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "De architectura", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "What is the youngest architecture plans that has survived?", "id": "5acf961377cf76001a685394", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vitruvius", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "Who created the most recent surviving architecture plans?", "id": "5acf961377cf76001a685395", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "What was written in the 2nd century AD?", "id": "5acf961377cf76001a685396", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "delight", "answer_start": 327}], "question": " What was Vitruvius' fourth principles for a well made building?", "id": "5acf961377cf76001a685397", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "firmitas, utilitas, venustas", "answer_start": 228}], "question": " What is the commonly seen French translation of the three principles?", "id": "5acf961377cf76001a685398", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation \u2013 firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "When were the styles of arts created?", "id": "56de2c48cffd8e1900b4b610", "answers": [{"text": "16th century", "answer_start": 645}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects?", "id": "56de2c48cffd8e1900b4b611", "answers": [{"text": "Vasari", "answer_start": 679}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By the 18th century which languages was Vasaris book translated in?", "id": "56de2c48cffd8e1900b4b612", "answers": [{"text": "Italian, French, Spanish and English", "answer_start": 801}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Vitruvius's mind, whose responsibility was it to see the principles carried out?", "id": "56e4644d8c00841900fbaf79", "answers": [{"text": "architect", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote De Re Aedificatoria?", "id": "56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7a", "answers": [{"text": "Leon Battista Alberti", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Leon Battista Alberti consider most important for beauty?", "id": "56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7b", "answers": [{"text": "proportion", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ideal proportion did Alberti promote?", "id": "56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7c", "answers": [{"text": "the Golden mean", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what century did \"style\" as an artistic concept arise?", "id": "56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7d", "answers": [{"text": "16th", "answer_start": 645}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "style in the arts", "answer_start": 599}], "question": "What was created in the 17th century? ", "id": "5acf99ad77cf76001a6853e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vasari", "answer_start": 679}], "question": "Who wrote Lives of the Least Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects?", "id": "5acf99ad77cf76001a6853e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Italian, French, Spanish and English", "answer_start": 801}], "question": "By the 16th century which languages was Vasaris book translated in?", "id": "5acf99ad77cf76001a6853e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "architect", "answer_start": 28}], "question": "In Vitruvius's mind, whose responsibility was it to see the principles rejected?", "id": "5acf99ad77cf76001a6853e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Leon Battista Alberti", "answer_start": 115}], "question": " Who wrote Re Re Aedificatoria?", "id": "5acf99ad77cf76001a6853e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who wrote the book Contrasts?", "id": "56de2cf84396321400ee262f", "answers": [{"text": "Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Contrasts written in?", "id": "56de2cf84396321400ee2630", "answers": [{"text": "1836", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Pugin's book?", "id": "56e464f48c00841900fbaf83", "answers": [{"text": "Contrasts", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Contrasts written?", "id": "56e464f48c00841900fbaf84", "answers": [{"text": "1836", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What world did Pugin dislike?", "id": "56e464f48c00841900fbaf85", "answers": [{"text": "modern, industrial world", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of architecture did Pugin consider truly Christian?", "id": "56e464f48c00841900fbaf86", "answers": [{"text": "Gothic", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Contrasts", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "What book was written in the 18th century? ", "id": "5acf9bfc77cf76001a68548e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "Who wrote Contrasts in the 17th century?", "id": "5acf9bfc77cf76001a68548f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "19th century", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "When did Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin paint the artwork called Contrasts?", "id": "5acf9bfc77cf76001a685490", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "modern", "answer_start": 127}], "question": " What world did Pugin like?", "id": "5acf9bfc77cf76001a685491", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gothic", "answer_start": 221}], "question": " What type of architecture did Pugin consider truly non-Christian?", "id": "5acf9bfc77cf76001a685492", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only \"true Christian form of architecture.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who wrote Seven Lamps of Architecture?", "id": "56de2d214396321400ee2633", "answers": [{"text": "John Ruskin", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the author of Seven Lamps of Architecture?", "id": "56e472028c00841900fbaf8b", "answers": [{"text": "John Ruskin", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Ruskin's career? ", "id": "56e472028c00841900fbaf8c", "answers": [{"text": "art critic", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was  Seven Lamps of Architecture published?", "id": "56e472028c00841900fbaf8d", "answers": [{"text": "1849", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What, according to Ruskin, should looking at architecture contribute to its viewer?", "id": "56e472028c00841900fbaf8e", "answers": [{"text": "to his mental health, power, and pleasure", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "John Ruskin", "answer_start": 37}], "question": " Who wrote Eight Lamps of Architecture?", "id": "5acf9c5077cf76001a6854b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "19th-century", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "When did John Ruskin write the Seven Lamps of Architecture?", "id": "5acf9c5077cf76001a6854b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "John Ruskin", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "What book came out in the 18th century?", "id": "5acf9c5077cf76001a6854b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "art critic", "answer_start": 25}], "question": "What subject did John Ruskin teach in college?", "id": "5acf9c5077cf76001a6854b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "John Ruskin", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "Who said \"art which never disposes and adorns the edifices\"", "id": "5acf9c5077cf76001a6854b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the \"art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them\" contributes \"to his mental health, power, and pleasure\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Does Ruskin believe all buildings are works of architecture?", "id": "56de2d84cffd8e1900b4b62c", "answers": [{"text": "not", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was most significant in architecture according to Ruskin?", "id": "56e4731e8c00841900fbaf93", "answers": [{"text": "the aesthetic", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To be true architecture in Ruskin's opinion what should be done to a structure?", "id": "56e4731e8c00841900fbaf94", "answers": [{"text": "it is in some way \"adorned\"", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What features at minimum did Ruskin insist on for a building to be considered functional?", "id": "56e4731e8c00841900fbaf95", "answers": [{"text": "string courses or rustication", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ruskin", "answer_start": 176}], "question": "Who believes all buildings are works of architecture?", "id": "5acf9cb577cf76001a6854dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "aesthetic", "answer_start": 16}], "question": " What was least significant in architecture according to Ruskin?", "id": "5acf9cb577cf76001a6854dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "adorned", "answer_start": 162}], "question": "To be true architecture in Ruskin's opinion what should never be done to a structure?", "id": "5acf9cb577cf76001a6854de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "string courses or rustication", "answer_start": 250}], "question": "What features at maximum did Ruskin insist on for a building to be considered functional?", "id": "5acf9cb577cf76001a6854df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way \"adorned\". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What century was the architect Le Corbusier in?", "id": "56de2db3cffd8e1900b4b62e", "answers": [{"text": "20th-century", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction? ", "id": "56e4744d39bdeb140034793a", "answers": [{"text": "Le Corbusier", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Le Corbusier 's profession?", "id": "56e4744d39bdeb140034793b", "answers": [{"text": "Architect", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Le Corbusier live and write?", "id": "56e4744d39bdeb140034793c", "answers": [{"text": "20th-century", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of him did Le Corbusier say proper architecture touched?", "id": "56e4744d39bdeb140034793d", "answers": [{"text": "heart", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What state of emotion did Le Corbusier say architecture put him in?", "id": "56e4744d39bdeb140034793e", "answers": [{"text": "I am happy", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "20th-century", "answer_start": 89}], "question": "What century was the architect Le Corbusier born?", "id": "5acf9d2177cf76001a685508", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Le Corbusier", "answer_start": 112}], "question": "Who disagreed on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction?", "id": "5acf9d2177cf76001a685509", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "architect", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "What job did Le Corbusier quit?", "id": "5acf9d2177cf76001a68550a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Le Corbusier", "answer_start": 112}], "question": "Who said \"You don't employ stone, wood, and concrete\"", "id": "5acf9d2177cf76001a68550b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Le Corbusier", "answer_start": 112}], "question": "Who said \"I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is not Architecture\"", "id": "5acf9d2177cf76001a68550c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: \"You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What term replaced Vitruvius' term \"utility\"?", "id": "56de2e2d4396321400ee2644", "answers": [{"text": "Function", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to being practically useful what other aspects did a building need in order to be considered functional?", "id": "56e4756e8c00841900fbaf99", "answers": [{"text": "aesthetic, psychological and cultural", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function replace?", "id": "56e4756e8c00841900fbaf9a", "answers": [{"text": "Vitruvius", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What aspects of a building were considered part of the larger concept of function?", "id": "56e4756e8c00841900fbaf9b", "answers": [{"text": "all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the reactions to the idea that function should come before other concerns?", "id": "56e4756e8c00841900fbaf9c", "answers": [{"text": "both popularity and skepticism", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "function", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "What term replaced Vitruvius' term \"nonutility\"?", "id": "5acf9df677cf76001a68554c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "utility", "answer_start": 234}], "question": "What was the term \"criteria\" replaced by? ", "id": "5acf9df677cf76001a68554d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vitruvius", "answer_start": 222}], "question": "Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function not replace?", "id": "5acf9df677cf76001a68554e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building", "answer_start": 287}], "question": "What aspects of a building were considered part of the smaller concept of function?", "id": "5acf9df677cf76001a68554f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "both popularity and skepticism", "answer_start": 119}], "question": "What were the reactions to the idea that function should never come before other concerns?", "id": "5acf9df677cf76001a685550", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of \"function\" in place of Vitruvius' \"utility\". \"Function\" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are some philosophies that modern architects use?", "id": "56de2f73cffd8e1900b4b63c", "answers": [{"text": "rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Rationalism and empiricism are examples of what?", "id": "56e478328c00841900fbafa7", "answers": [{"text": "philosophies", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Aside from the architects what did the philosophies influence?", "id": "56e478328c00841900fbafa9", "answers": [{"text": "their approach to building design", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which philosophy followed structuralism?", "id": "56e478328c00841900fbafaa", "answers": [{"text": "poststructuralism", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rationalism, empiricism, structuralism", "answer_start": 104}], "question": "What are some philosophies that ancient architects use?", "id": "5acf9f1977cf76001a6855a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "philosophies", "answer_start": 10}], "question": " Rationalism and empiricism are not examples of what?", "id": "5acf9f1977cf76001a6855a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "poststructuralism", "answer_start": 144}], "question": " Which philosophy came before structuralism?", "id": "5acf9f1977cf76001a6855a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "their approach", "answer_start": 66}], "question": " Aside from the architects what did the rationalism influence?", "id": "5acf9f1977cf76001a6855a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the conecept, Sustainable architecture used?", "id": "56de308f4396321400ee266e", "answers": [{"text": "late 20th century", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 20th century?", "id": "56e4793839bdeb140034794e", "answers": [{"text": "sustainability", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what should a building be friendly?", "id": "56e4793839bdeb140034794f", "answers": [{"text": "environment", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sort of power sources should a building not overuse if the building is to be considered environmentally friendly?", "id": "56e4793839bdeb1400347950", "answers": [{"text": "non-sustainable power sources", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "late 20th century", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "When was the conecept, unsustainable architecture used?", "id": "5acfa14d77cf76001a6855e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sustainability", "answer_start": 135}], "question": "What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 19th century?", "id": "5acfa14d77cf76001a6855e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "environment", "answer_start": 379}], "question": "To what should a building be not friendly?", "id": "5acfa14d77cf76001a6855ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "non-sustainable power sources", "answer_start": 450}], "question": "What sort of power sources should a building always overuse if the building is to be considered environmentally friendly?", "id": "5acfa14d77cf76001a6855eb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be done?", "id": "56de3176cffd8e1900b4b654", "answers": [{"text": "shelter, security, worship", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Oral traditions allowed what to become formalized in human cultures?", "id": "56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb0", "answers": [{"text": "knowledge", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was building considered?", "id": "56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb1", "answers": [{"text": "a craft", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the most valued type of building craft called?", "id": "56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb2", "answers": [{"text": "architecture", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Aside from skills, what is required in order to have the means for building?", "id": "56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb3", "answers": [{"text": "building materials", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "shelter, security, worship", "answer_start": 58}], "question": " What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be demolished?", "id": "5acfa19577cf76001a685602", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "knowledge", "answer_start": 187}], "question": "Oral traditions disallowed what to become formalized in human cultures?", "id": "5acfa19577cf76001a685603", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a craft", "answer_start": 275}], "question": " What was building never considered?", "id": "5acfa19577cf76001a685604", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "architecture", "answer_start": 289}], "question": " What was the least valued type of building craft called?", "id": "5acfa19577cf76001a685605", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "building materials", "answer_start": 113}], "question": "Aside from skills, what is not required in order to have the means for building?", "id": "5acfa19577cf76001a685606", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and \"architecture\" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of buildings are are built mostly through out the world?", "id": "56de326dcffd8e1900b4b65e", "answers": [{"text": "vernacular buildings", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the economy begin to expand?", "id": "56de326dcffd8e1900b4b660", "answers": [{"text": "a surplus in production", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Through what process is it thought that the first architectural achievements were made?", "id": "56e47fc539bdeb1400347954", "answers": [{"text": "trial and error", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a popular type of architecture that still exists around the planet?", "id": "56e47fc539bdeb1400347955", "answers": [{"text": "vernacular", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what environment were many of the first human settlements?", "id": "56e47fc539bdeb1400347956", "answers": [{"text": "rural", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sort of an effect did a growing economy have on human settlements?", "id": "56e47fc539bdeb1400347957", "answers": [{"text": "urbanization", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what speed did urban settlements sometimes expand?", "id": "56e47fc539bdeb1400347958", "answers": [{"text": "rapidly", "answer_start": 581}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "vernacular", "answer_start": 227}], "question": "What type of buildings are not built mostly through out the world?", "id": "5acfa1d377cf76001a68560c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "surplus in production", "answer_start": 451}], "question": " Why did the economy stop expanding?", "id": "5acfa1d377cf76001a68560d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "trial and error", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "Through what process is it thought that the first architectural achievements were not made?", "id": "5acfa1d377cf76001a68560e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "vernacular", "answer_start": 312}], "question": "What is a popular type of architecture that doesn't exist around the planet?", "id": "5acfa1d377cf76001a68560f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "urbanization", "answer_start": 514}], "question": " In what environment were many of the latest human settlements?", "id": "5acfa1d377cf76001a685610", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of \u00c7atal H\u00f6y\u00fck in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What civilizations used the divine and supernatural in their architecture?", "id": "56de3b6e4396321400ee26b4", "answers": [{"text": "Egypt and Mesopotamia", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are two examples of past civilizations?", "id": "56e481598c00841900fbafc3", "answers": [{"text": "Egypt and Mesopotamia", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what did these civilizations have ties that to were shown off by their architecture?", "id": "56e481598c00841900fbafc4", "answers": [{"text": "the divine and the supernatural", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does architectural monumentality often represent?", "id": "56e481598c00841900fbafc5", "answers": [{"text": "political power", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Egypt and Mesopotamia", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "What civilizations didn't use the divine and supernatural in their architecture?", "id": "5acfa1f777cf76001a68561e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Egypt and Mesopotamia", "answer_start": 48}], "question": " What are three examples of past civilizations?", "id": "5acfa1f777cf76001a68561f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "divine and the supernatural", "answer_start": 140}], "question": "To what did these civilizations have ties that to weren't shown off by their architecture?", "id": "5acfa1f777cf76001a685620", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "political power", "answer_start": 267}], "question": " What does architectural monumentality never represent?", "id": "5acfa1f777cf76001a685621", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Name one Asian architectural writer.", "id": "56de3d0b4396321400ee26c6", "answers": [{"text": "Kao Gong Ji", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country produced the Kao Gong Ji?", "id": "56e4839b39bdeb1400347968", "answers": [{"text": "China", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Kao Gong Ji written?", "id": "56e4839b39bdeb1400347969", "answers": [{"text": "7th\u20135th centuries BCE", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What architectural writing came from Sri Lanka?", "id": "56e4839b39bdeb140034796a", "answers": [{"text": "Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "India produced which early architectural text?", "id": "56e4839b39bdeb140034796b", "answers": [{"text": "Shilpa Shastras", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kao Gong Ji", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "Who wrote late Asian writings?", "id": "5acfa2f177cf76001a685678", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "China", "answer_start": 64}], "question": " What country rejected the Kao Gong Ji?", "id": "5acfa2f177cf76001a685679", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kao Gong Ji", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "What was written in 4th century BCE?", "id": "5acfa2f177cf76001a68567a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra", "answer_start": 143}], "question": " What religious writing came from Sri Lanka?", "id": "5acfa2f177cf76001a68567b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Shilpa Shastras", "answer_start": 106}], "question": " India produced which modern architectural text?", "id": "5acfa2f177cf76001a68567c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th\u20135th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What religion led to architectural changes in many Asian countries?", "id": "56de3d844396321400ee26d0", "answers": [{"text": "pantheistic religion", "answer_start": 458}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which cultures architecture showed a lot of diversity?", "id": "56de3d844396321400ee26d1", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhist architecture", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Hindu temple architecture begin being produced?", "id": "56e4849a8c00841900fbafd3", "answers": [{"text": "3rd century BCE", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Hindu temple architecture try to express?", "id": "56e4849a8c00841900fbafd4", "answers": [{"text": "the macrocosm and the microcosm", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the source of the concepts in Hindu temple architecture?", "id": "56e4849a8c00841900fbafd5", "answers": [{"text": "the Shastras", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of architectural is especially known for its regional differences", "id": "56e4849a8c00841900fbafd6", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhist", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of religious theology affected landscape related architecture in Asia?", "id": "56e4849a8c00841900fbafd7", "answers": [{"text": "pantheistic religion", "answer_start": 458}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pantheistic religion", "answer_start": 458}], "question": " What religion led to architectural changes in many English countries?", "id": "5acfa33e77cf76001a685694", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Buddhist architecture", "answer_start": 174}], "question": " Which cultures architecture showed a lot of similarities?", "id": "5acfa33e77cf76001a685695", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3rd century BCE", "answer_start": 299}], "question": " When did Muslim temple architecture begin being produced?", "id": "5acfa33e77cf76001a685696", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "macrocosm and the microcosm", "answer_start": 404}], "question": " What does Hindu temple architecture try to hide?", "id": "5acfa33e77cf76001a685697", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Buddhist", "answer_start": 97}], "question": "What type of architectural is especially known for its non-regional differences", "id": "5acfa33e77cf76001a685698", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What cultures architecture inspired Islamic architecture to use pointed arch's?", "id": "56de3de54396321400ee26d5", "answers": [{"text": "European architecture", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Islamic architecture first seen?", "id": "56e485f58c00841900fbafdd", "answers": [{"text": "7th century CE", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to forms from the ancient Middle East, what other place's forms had an effect on Islamic architecture?", "id": "56e485f58c00841900fbafde", "answers": [{"text": "Byzantium", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other parts of the society's needs did architecture fill?", "id": "56e485f58c00841900fbafdf", "answers": [{"text": "religious and social needs", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of arch design from Islamic architecture affected European architects?", "id": "56e485f58c00841900fbafe0", "answers": [{"text": "pointed arch", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of buildings were took the most effort to build?", "id": "56de3f07cffd8e1900b4b702", "answers": [{"text": "abbeys and cathedrals.", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the most important buildings of the time?", "id": "56e4878a39bdeb1400347978", "answers": [{"text": "abbeys and cathedrals", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two groups spread knowledge of architecture in Europe?", "id": "56e4878a39bdeb1400347979", "answers": [{"text": "clerics and tradesmen", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What style is Gothic?", "id": "56e4878a39bdeb140034797a", "answers": [{"text": "pan-European", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another pan-European style?", "id": "56e4878a39bdeb140034797b", "answers": [{"text": "Romanesque", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the clerics and tradesmen start spreading architectural information?", "id": "56e4878a39bdeb140034797c", "answers": [{"text": "900 CE onwards", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "abbeys and cathedrals", "answer_start": 59}], "question": " What type of buildings were took the least effort to build?", "id": "5acfae5477cf76001a685824", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "abbeys and cathedrals", "answer_start": 59}], "question": " What were the least important buildings of the time?", "id": "5acfae5477cf76001a685825", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "clerics and tradesmen", "answer_start": 131}], "question": " What three groups spread knowledge of architecture in Europe?", "id": "5acfae5477cf76001a685826", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pan-European", "answer_start": 217}], "question": " What style is pre-Gothic?", "id": "5acfae5477cf76001a685827", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Romanesque", "answer_start": 237}], "question": " What is another pre-European style?", "id": "5acfae5477cf76001a685828", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was Renaissance Humanism developed?", "id": "56de3fd84396321400ee2702", "answers": [{"text": "1400", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Classical learning revival begin?", "id": "56e48c5d39bdeb1400347982", "answers": [{"text": "1400 onwards", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What continent did this revival take place on?", "id": "56e48c5d39bdeb1400347983", "answers": [{"text": "Europe", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name for the time period?", "id": "56e48c5d39bdeb1400347984", "answers": [{"text": "Renaissance", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Renaissance Humanism emphasize?", "id": "56e48c5d39bdeb1400347985", "answers": [{"text": "role of the individual", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What three vocations were not really considered separate from each other at that time?", "id": "56e48c5d39bdeb1400347986", "answers": [{"text": "artist, architect and engineer", "answer_start": 447}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Renaissance Humanism", "answer_start": 124}], "question": "What was developed before 1400?", "id": "5acfaf0977cf76001a685842", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1400", "answer_start": 34}], "question": " When did the Classical learning revival ed?", "id": "5acfaf0977cf76001a685843", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Europe", "answer_start": 15}], "question": " What state did this revival take place in?", "id": "5acfaf0977cf76001a685844", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Renaissance", "answer_start": 3}], "question": " What was the name for the time period before this?", "id": "5acfaf0977cf76001a685845", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "individual", "answer_start": 384}], "question": " What didn't Renaissance Humanism emphasize?", "id": "5acfaf0977cf76001a685846", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects \u2013 Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio \u2013 and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What sort of considerations does architectural design take into account? ", "id": "56e461c28c00841900fbaf69", "answers": [{"text": "functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In architecture what aspects are planned and designed?", "id": "56e461c28c00841900fbaf6a", "answers": [{"text": "form, space and ambience", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Aside from planning and design what other types of aspects does architecture involve?", "id": "56e461c28c00841900fbaf6b", "answers": [{"text": "pragmatic aspects", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations", "answer_start": 87}], "question": "What sort of considerations does architectural design never take into account?", "id": "5acf954877cf76001a685366", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "form, space and ambience", "answer_start": 51}], "question": " In architecture what aspects are never planned and designed?", "id": "5acf954877cf76001a685367", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "aesthetic considerations", "answer_start": 136}], "question": "Aside from planning and design what other types of aspects does architecture never involve?", "id": "5acf954877cf76001a685368", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Architecture has to do with planning and designing form, space and ambience to reflect functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology, and of light and shadow. Often, conflicting requirements must be resolved. The practice of Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures, including scheduling, cost estimation and construction administration. Documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and technical specifications, defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who said that architecture was able extend beyond function?", "id": "56e476b139bdeb1400347944", "answers": [{"text": "Nunzia Rondanini", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what way did Nunzia Rondanini believe architecture moved past mere functionality?", "id": "56e476b139bdeb1400347945", "answers": [{"text": "Through its aesthetic dimension", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What could, in Rondanini's opinion, architecture \"stimulate and influence\"?", "id": "56e476b139bdeb1400347946", "answers": [{"text": "social life", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What shouldn't architecture be assumed to promote, according to Rondanini?", "id": "56e476b139bdeb1400347947", "answers": [{"text": "social development", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does architecture share with other sciences?", "id": "56e476b139bdeb1400347948", "answers": [{"text": "functional aspects", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nunzia Rondanini", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who said that architecture wasn't able extend beyond function?", "id": "5acf9e6477cf76001a685568", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Through its aesthetic dimension", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "In what way did Nunzia Rondanini not believe architecture moved past mere functionality?", "id": "5acf9e6477cf76001a685569", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "social life", "answer_start": 249}], "question": "What couldn't, in Rondanini's opinion, architecture \"stimulate and influence\"?", "id": "5acf9e6477cf76001a68556a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "social development", "answer_start": 319}], "question": "What should architecture be assumed to promote, according to Rondanini?", "id": "5acf9e6477cf76001a68556b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "functional aspects", "answer_start": 87}], "question": " How does architecture differ from other sciences?", "id": "5acf9e6477cf76001a68556c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Nunzia Rondanini stated, \"Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.'"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is a reactionary thing to limit formalism's meaning to?", "id": "56e477998c00841900fbafa1", "answers": [{"text": "art for art's sake", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sort of quest lacks purpose?", "id": "56e477998c00841900fbafa2", "answers": [{"text": "quest for perfection or originality", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ends up being reduced in quality by this quest?", "id": "56e477998c00841900fbafa3", "answers": [{"text": "form", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "art for art's sake", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "What is a reactionary thing to expand formalism's meaning to?", "id": "5acf9e8d77cf76001a68557c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "quest for perfection or originality", "answer_start": 129}], "question": " What sort of quest defines purpose?", "id": "5acf9e8d77cf76001a68557d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "form", "answer_start": 180}], "question": " What ends up being maximized in quality by this quest?", "id": "5acf9e8d77cf76001a68557e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "From what ideals did Classical architecture emerge?", "id": "56e482018c00841900fbafc9", "answers": [{"text": "civic ideals", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "These civic ideas allowed what to come into being?", "id": "56e482018c00841900fbafcb", "answers": [{"text": "new building types", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ideals were Greek and Roman Classical architecture not based on?", "id": "56e482018c00841900fbafcc", "answers": [{"text": "religious or empirical ones", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What owes its development to the Classical orders?", "id": "56e482018c00841900fbafcd", "answers": [{"text": "Architectural \"style\"", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "civic ideals", "answer_start": 106}], "question": " From what ideals did Classical architecture not come from?", "id": "5acfa22477cf76001a685626", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "new building types", "answer_start": 163}], "question": " These civic ideas allowed what to not come into being?", "id": "5acfa22477cf76001a685627", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "religious or empirical ones", "answer_start": 131}], "question": "What ideals were Greek and Roman Classical architecture based on?", "id": "5acfa22477cf76001a685628", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Architectural \"style\"", "answer_start": 191}], "question": " What doesn't owe its development to the Classical orders?", "id": "5acfa22477cf76001a685629", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural \"style\" developed in the form of the Classical orders."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When were architectural writings first made?", "id": "56e4831739bdeb140034795e", "answers": [{"text": "ancient time", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Aside from general advice what did the texts contain?", "id": "56e4831739bdeb140034795f", "answers": [{"text": "specific formal prescriptions", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another term for specific formal prescriptions?", "id": "56e4831739bdeb1400347960", "answers": [{"text": "canons", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Vitruvius write his canons?", "id": "56e4831739bdeb1400347961", "answers": [{"text": "1st-century BCE", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a significant early architectural canonical type?", "id": "56e4831739bdeb1400347962", "answers": [{"text": "religious", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ancient time", "answer_start": 46}], "question": " When were architectural writings last made?", "id": "5acfa27f77cf76001a68565c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "specific formal prescriptions or canons", "answer_start": 105}], "question": " Aside from general advice what did the texts not contain?", "id": "5acfa27f77cf76001a68565d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "canons", "answer_start": 138}], "question": " What is another term for specific informal prescriptions?", "id": "5acfa27f77cf76001a68565e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Architect Vitruvius", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "Who wrote canons in 2nd century BCE?", "id": "5acfa27f77cf76001a68565f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "religious", "answer_start": 316}], "question": " What is an insignificant early architectural canonical type?", "id": "5acfa27f77cf76001a685660", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What organizations were created by Medieval craftsmen?", "id": "56e486e739bdeb1400347970", "answers": [{"text": "guilds", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What records of the guilds are still in existence?", "id": "56e486e739bdeb1400347971", "answers": [{"text": "written contracts", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the main thing the contracts were had to do with?", "id": "56e486e739bdeb1400347972", "answers": [{"text": "ecclesiastical buildings", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another term for master mason?", "id": "56e486e739bdeb1400347973", "answers": [{"text": "Magister lathomorum", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "guilds", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "What organizations were not created by Medieval craftsmen?", "id": "5acfae2b77cf76001a68581c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "written contracts", "answer_start": 99}], "question": " What records of the guilds are no longer in existence?", "id": "5acfae2b77cf76001a68581d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ecclesiastical buildings", "answer_start": 160}], "question": " What was the least important thing the contracts were had to do with?", "id": "5acfae2b77cf76001a68581e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Magister lathomorum", "answer_start": 254}], "question": " What is another term for trainer mason?", "id": "5acfae2b77cf76001a68581f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What aspects of buildings did science and engineering have an effect on?", "id": "56e48d5b8c00841900fbafe6", "answers": [{"text": "proportions and structure", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who still could handle the structural calculations for designing at that time?", "id": "56e48d5b8c00841900fbafe7", "answers": [{"text": "generalist", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "proportions and structure", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "What aspects of buildings did engineering not have an effect on?", "id": "5acfafd677cf76001a68586a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "proportions and structure", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "What aspects of buildings did science not have an effect on?", "id": "5acfafd677cf76001a68586b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "generalist", "answer_start": 314}], "question": "Who still couldn't handle the structural calculations for designing at that time?", "id": "5acfafd677cf76001a68586c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A revival of the Classical style in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering which affected the proportions and structure of buildings. At this stage, it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What two fields began to grow apart?", "id": "56e48e3239bdeb140034798c", "answers": [{"text": "architecture and engineering", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did architects often neglect in their pursuit of aesthetics?", "id": "56e48e3239bdeb140034798d", "answers": [{"text": "technical aspects of building design", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was a term for an architect who catered to the wealthy?", "id": "56e48e3239bdeb140034798e", "answers": [{"text": "\"gentleman architect\"", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did 19th century formal architectural training neglect?", "id": "56e48e3239bdeb140034798f", "answers": [{"text": "context and feasibility", "answer_start": 760}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did most architects learn their trade?", "id": "56e48e3239bdeb1400347990", "answers": [{"text": "in the offices of other architects", "answer_start": 840}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "architecture and engineering", "answer_start": 95}], "question": " What two fields got closer?", "id": "5acfb00a77cf76001a68587a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "architecture and engineering", "answer_start": 95}], "question": " What three fields began to grow apart?", "id": "5acfb00a77cf76001a68587b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "technical aspects of building design", "answer_start": 246}], "question": " What did architects often favor in their pursuit of aesthetics?", "id": "5acfb00a77cf76001a68587c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "gentleman architect", "answer_start": 316}], "question": " What was a term for an architect who catered to the poor?", "id": "5acfb00a77cf76001a68587d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "context and feasibility", "answer_start": 760}], "question": " What did 18th century formal architectural training neglect?", "id": "5acfb00a77cf76001a68587e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the \"gentleman architect\" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What started with the Industrial Revolution?", "id": "56e48edf39bdeb1400347996", "answers": [{"text": "mass production and consumption", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What became cheap enough for the middle class to buy?", "id": "56e48edf39bdeb1400347997", "answers": [{"text": "ornamented products", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the middle class?", "id": "56e48edf39bdeb1400347998", "answers": [{"text": "Aesthetics", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mass production and consumption", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "What ended with the Industrial Revolution?", "id": "5acfb03577cf76001a685884", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ornamented products", "answer_start": 147}], "question": " What became cheap enough for the lower class to buy?", "id": "5acfb03577cf76001a685885", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Aesthetics", "answer_start": 93}], "question": " As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the upper class?", "id": "5acfb03577cf76001a685886", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Aesthetics", "answer_start": 93}], "question": " As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the lower class?", "id": "5acfb03577cf76001a685887", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of books did housebuilders use?", "id": "56e48f5d39bdeb140034799d", "answers": [{"text": "pattern books and architectural journals", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of design did these texts allow the builders to incorporate?", "id": "56e48f5d39bdeb140034799e", "answers": [{"text": "current architectural design", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pattern books and architectural journals", "answer_start": 155}], "question": "What kind of books did housebuilders reject?", "id": "5acfb06777cf76001a68588c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "current architectural design", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "What type of design did these texts allow the builders to reject?", "id": "5acfb06777cf76001a68588d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals."}, {"qas": [{"question": "At what century's start did revivalist fall into disfavor? ", "id": "56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a2", "answers": [{"text": "20th", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What new type of architecture was starting to come into being at this time?", "id": "56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a3", "answers": [{"text": "Modern Architecture", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Deutscher Werkbund get its start?", "id": "56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a4", "answers": [{"text": "1907", "answer_start": 284}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the point of the Deutscher Werkbund?", "id": "56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a5", "answers": [{"text": "to produce better quality machine made objects", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1919 what school opened in Weimar, Germany?", "id": "56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a6", "answers": [{"text": "the Bauhaus school", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "20th", "answer_start": 28}], "question": " At what century's end did revivalist fall into disfavor?", "id": "5acfb0a077cf76001a6858a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Modern Architecture", "answer_start": 206}], "question": "What old type of architecture was starting to come into being at this time?", "id": "5acfb0a077cf76001a6858a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1907", "answer_start": 284}], "question": "When did the Deutscher Werkbund end?", "id": "5acfb0a077cf76001a6858a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Deutscher Werkbund", "answer_start": 254}], "question": "What started in 1970?", "id": "5acfb0a077cf76001a6858a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bauhaus school", "answer_start": 434}], "question": " In 1919 what business opened in Weimar, Germany?", "id": "5acfb0a077cf76001a6858a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis\u2014the apex\u2014of art, craft, and technology."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of movement was modern architecture in the beginning?", "id": "56e4b61539bdeb14003479ac", "answers": [{"text": "avant-garde movement", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the new movement meant to suit the needs of?", "id": "56e4b61539bdeb14003479ad", "answers": [{"text": "the middle and working classes", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose needs were no longer relevant to the new style?", "id": "56e4b61539bdeb14003479ae", "answers": [{"text": "the rapidly declining aristocratic order", "answer_start": 461}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sort of details did the Modernists' want in their buildings?", "id": "56e4b61539bdeb14003479af", "answers": [{"text": "functionalist", "answer_start": 639}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What details did Modernists' do away with?", "id": "56e4b61539bdeb14003479b0", "answers": [{"text": "historical references and ornament", "answer_start": 592}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "avant-garde", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "What kind of movement was prehistoric architecture in the beginning?", "id": "5acfb0eb77cf76001a6858b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "avant-garde", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "What kind of movement was modern architecture in the ending?", "id": "5acfb0eb77cf76001a6858b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "middle and working classes", "answer_start": 331}], "question": " Who was the old movement meant to suit the needs of?", "id": "5acfb0eb77cf76001a6858ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "historical styles", "answer_start": 430}], "question": " What details did Modernists' encourage?", "id": "5acfb0eb77cf76001a6858bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was instrumental in creating Organic architecture?", "id": "56e4b69439bdeb14003479b6", "answers": [{"text": "Frank Lloyd Wright", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are two of Wright's designs?", "id": "56e4b69439bdeb14003479b7", "answers": [{"text": "Robie House and Fallingwater", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Wright's intention regarding humans and nature?", "id": "56e4b69439bdeb14003479b8", "answers": [{"text": "to promote harmony", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Frank Lloyd Wright", "answer_start": 19}], "question": " Who was instrumental in rejecting Organic architecture?", "id": "5acfb12277cf76001a6858c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Frank Lloyd Wright", "answer_start": 19}], "question": " Who was instrumental in creating inorganic architecture?", "id": "5acfb12277cf76001a6858c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Robie House and Fallingwater", "answer_start": 236}], "question": " What are four of Wright's designs?", "id": "5acfb12277cf76001a6858c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "human habitation and the natural world", "answer_start": 171}], "question": "Wright wanted to promote disharmony in what two groups?", "id": "5acfb12277cf76001a6858c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed Organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What made it possible to design architecture through new means and methods?", "id": "56e4c33039bdeb14003479bc", "answers": [{"text": "the Industrial Revolution", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What new type of construction allowed the making of skyscrapers?", "id": "56e4c33039bdeb14003479bd", "answers": [{"text": "steel-frame construction", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What style came after Modernism?", "id": "56e4c33039bdeb14003479be", "answers": [{"text": "International Style", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of International Style?", "id": "56e4c33039bdeb14003479bf", "answers": [{"text": "Twin Towers", "answer_start": 529}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who designed the Twin Towers?", "id": "56e4c33039bdeb14003479c0", "answers": [{"text": "Minoru Yamasaki", "answer_start": 586}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Industrial Revolution", "answer_start": 311}], "question": "What made it impossible to design architecture through new means and methods?", "id": "5acfb16777cf76001a6858c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "steel-frame construction", "answer_start": 344}], "question": " What old type of construction allowed the making of skyscrapers?", "id": "5acfb16777cf76001a6858c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "International", "answer_start": 464}], "question": " What style came before Modernism?", "id": "5acfb16777cf76001a6858ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Minoru Yamasaki", "answer_start": 586}], "question": " Who designed the Triplet Towers?", "id": "5acfb16777cf76001a6858cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Twin Towers", "answer_start": 529}], "question": " What is an example of Domestic Style?", "id": "5acfb16777cf76001a6858cc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution, including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-rise superstructures. By mid-century, Modernism had morphed into the International Style, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What aspect of historical styles did a lot of architects find lacking in modernist styles?", "id": "56e4c3f339bdeb14003479c6", "answers": [{"text": "decorative richness", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were three architects who influenced Brutalism?", "id": "56e4c3f339bdeb14003479c7", "answers": [{"text": "Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What material was used in Brutalist structures?", "id": "56e4c3f339bdeb14003479c8", "answers": [{"text": "unfinished concrete", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who disagreed with the aesthetic of Brutalism?", "id": "56e4c3f339bdeb14003479c9", "answers": [{"text": "postwar generation", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "decorative richness", "answer_start": 61}], "question": "What aspect of historical styles did a lot of architects find booming in modernist styles?", "id": "5acfb19177cf76001a6858d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen", "answer_start": 210}], "question": " Who were three architects who discouraged Brutalism?", "id": "5acfb19177cf76001a6858d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "unfinished concrete", "answer_start": 370}], "question": " What material was never used in Brutalist structures?", "id": "5acfb19177cf76001a6858d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "postwar generation", "answer_start": 415}], "question": " Who agreed with the aesthetic of Brutalism?", "id": "5acfb19177cf76001a6858d5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after WWII, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, buildings with expressive sculptural facades made of unfinished concrete. But an even new younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and Brutalism for being too austere, standardized, monotone, and not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What school was a response to Brutalism?", "id": "56e4c4a539bdeb14003479ce", "answers": [{"text": "the school of metaphoric architecture", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are two examples of metaphoric architecture?", "id": "56e4c4a539bdeb14003479cf", "answers": [{"text": "biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture based after design wise?", "id": "56e4c4a539bdeb14003479d0", "answers": [{"text": "nature", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of architecture do some consider metaphoric architecture to be a development of?", "id": "56e4c4a539bdeb14003479d1", "answers": [{"text": "expressionist architecture", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Brutalism", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "What school was a warm aesthetic of modernism", "id": "5acfb1de77cf76001a685900", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture", "answer_start": 139}], "question": " What are two examples of non-metaphoric architecture?", "id": "5acfb1de77cf76001a685901", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nature", "answer_start": 191}], "question": "What are biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture not based after design wise?", "id": "5acfb1de77cf76001a685902", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "expressionist", "answer_start": 397}], "question": "What type of architecture does nobody consider metaphoric architecture to be a development of?", "id": "5acfb1de77cf76001a685903", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture, which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of postmodernism, others consider it to be a school in its own right and a later development of expressionist architecture."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the start of the  architectural phenomenology movement?", "id": "56e4cced8c00841900fbafeb", "answers": [{"text": "the late 1950s and 1960s", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was  architectural phenomenology reacting to?", "id": "56e4cced8c00841900fbafec", "answers": [{"text": "modernism", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the architectural phenomenologists hoping to expand?", "id": "56e4cced8c00841900fbafed", "answers": [{"text": "human experience", "answer_start": 377}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who called postmodern architecture a \"decorated shed\"?", "id": "56e4cced8c00841900fbafee", "answers": [{"text": "Robert Venturi", "answer_start": 693}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term did Venturi use for brutalist and mondernist buildings?", "id": "56e4cced8c00841900fbafef", "answers": [{"text": "\"ducks\"", "answer_start": 910}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1950s and 1960s", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "When was the end of the architectural phenomenology movement?", "id": "5acfb20d77cf76001a68591a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "architectural phenomenology", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "What happened in the early 1950s?", "id": "5acfb20d77cf76001a68591b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "modernism", "answer_start": 130}], "question": " What was architectural phenomenology not reacting to?", "id": "5acfb20d77cf76001a68591c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "human experience", "answer_start": 377}], "question": " What were the architectural phenomenologists hoping to stay away from?", "id": "5acfb20d77cf76001a68591d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Robert Venturi", "answer_start": 693}], "question": " Who called postmodern architecture a \"decorated building\"?", "id": "5acfb20d77cf76001a68591e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism, with architects like Charles Moore in the USA, Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway, and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti in Italy, who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents. Postmodernism produced a style that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials, with the aesthetics of older pre-modern and non-modern styles, from high classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles. Robert Venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a \"decorated shed\" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside), and upheld it against modernist and brutalist \"ducks\" (buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "About when did architecture begin specializing?", "id": "56e4cdc339bdeb14003479d6", "answers": [{"text": "Since the 1980s", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who can no longer design a large structure?", "id": "56e4cdc339bdeb14003479d8", "answers": [{"text": "one person", "answer_start": 782}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two architectural movements have come under criticism for their focus on individuality? ", "id": "56e4cdc339bdeb14003479d9", "answers": [{"text": "Modernism and Postmodernism", "answer_start": 823}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1980s", "answer_start": 10}], "question": " About when did architecture stop specializing?", "id": "5acfb25577cf76001a685924", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "complexity of buildings began to increase", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "What happened before the 1980s?", "id": "5acfb25577cf76001a685925", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1980s", "answer_start": 10}], "question": "When did complexity of buildings began to decrease? ", "id": "5acfb25577cf76001a685926", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Modernism and Postmodernism", "answer_start": 823}], "question": "What two architectural movements have never faced criticism for their focus on individuality?", "id": "5acfb25577cf76001a685927", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Since the 1980s, as the complexity of buildings began to increase (in terms of structural systems, services, energy and technologies), the field of architecture became multi-disciplinary with specializations for each project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods. In addition, there has been an increased separation of the 'design' architect [Notes 1] from the 'project' architect who ensures that the project meets the required standards and deals with matters of liability.[Notes 2] The preparatory processes for the design of any large building have become increasingly complicated, and require preliminary studies of such matters as durability, sustainability, quality, money, and compliance with local laws. A large structure can no longer be the design of one person but must be the work of many. Modernism and Postmodernism have been criticised by some members of the architectural profession who feel that successful architecture is not a personal, philosophical, or aesthetic pursuit by individualists; rather it has to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to create liveable environments, with the design process being informed by studies of behavioral, environmental, and social sciences."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What issue has moved to the forefront in recent years?", "id": "56e4ceac8c00841900fbaff5", "answers": [{"text": "Environmental sustainability", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do architecture schools look at more and more nowadays?", "id": "56e4ceac8c00841900fbaff6", "answers": [{"text": "the environment", "answer_start": 579}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first to design architecture environmentally?", "id": "56e4ceac8c00841900fbaff7", "answers": [{"text": "Frank Lloyd Wright", "answer_start": 644}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was known for focusing on the environment in the 1960s?", "id": "56e4ceac8c00841900fbaff8", "answers": [{"text": "Buckminster Fuller", "answer_start": 680}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What organization's rating system promotes sustainability?", "id": "56e4ceac8c00841900fbaff9", "answers": [{"text": "The U.S. Green Building Council", "answer_start": 1130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Environmental sustainability", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What issue has moved to the forefront in past years?", "id": "5acfb28f77cf76001a685936", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the environment", "answer_start": 579}], "question": " What do architecture schools look at less and less nowadays?", "id": "5acfb28f77cf76001a685937", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Frank Lloyd Wright", "answer_start": 644}], "question": " Who was the last to design architecture environmentally?", "id": "5acfb28f77cf76001a685938", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Buckminster Fuller", "answer_start": 680}], "question": " Who was known for focusing on the environment in the 1970s?", "id": "5acfb28f77cf76001a685939", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "U.S. Green Building Council's LEED", "answer_start": 1134}], "question": "What organization's rating system discourages sustainability?", "id": "5acfb28f77cf76001a68593a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue, with profound effect on the architectural profession. Many developers, those who support the financing of buildings, have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost. Major examples of this can be found in Passive solar building design, greener roof designs, biodegradable materials, and more attention to a structure's energy usage. This major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment. Sustainability in architecture was pioneered by Frank Lloyd Wright, in the 1960s by Buckminster Fuller and in the 1970s by architects such as Ian McHarg and Sim Van der Ryn in the US and Brenda and Robert Vale in the UK and New Zealand. There has been an acceleration in the number of buildings which seek to meet green building sustainable design principles. Sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques. The U.S. Green Building Council's LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system has been instrumental in this."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are three new movements that have a focus on sustainability?", "id": "56e4cfd839bdeb14003479de", "answers": [{"text": "New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kinds of buildings and building developments are the new movements not in favor of?", "id": "56e4cfd839bdeb14003479df", "answers": [{"text": "solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl.", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are three things the new movements try to achieve?", "id": "56e4cfd839bdeb14003479e0", "answers": [{"text": "smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What older architectural movements do the newer movements not go along with?", "id": "56e4cfd839bdeb14003479e1", "answers": [{"text": "modernist and globally uniform architecture", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "What are three old movements that have a focus on sustainability?", "id": "5acfb2be77cf76001a68595c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl", "answer_start": 342}], "question": "What kinds of buildings and building developments are the old movements not in favor of?", "id": "5acfb2be77cf76001a68595d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design", "answer_start": 190}], "question": " What are three things the old movements try to achieve?", "id": "5acfb2be77cf76001a68595e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "modernist and globally uniform architecture", "answer_start": 270}], "question": "What older architectural movements do the older movements not go along with?", "id": "5acfb2be77cf76001a68595f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction, that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design. This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture, as well as leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl."}]}, {"title": "Human_Development_Index", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Which three statistics does the HDI compile?", "id": "56de2c7c4396321400ee2625", "answers": [{"text": "life expectancy, education, and income per capita", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy?", "id": "56de2c7c4396321400ee2626", "answers": [{"text": "longer", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who developed the HDI?", "id": "56de2c7c4396321400ee2628", "answers": [{"text": "Mahbub ul Haq", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What entity publishes the HDI?", "id": "56de2c7c4396321400ee2629", "answers": [{"text": "United Nations Development Programme", "answer_start": 524}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy at birth?", "id": "56de3d98cffd8e1900b4b6c9", "answers": [{"text": "longer", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators", "answer_start": 62}], "question": " Which three statistics does the HDI ignore?", "id": "5ad0b90e645df0001a2d0172", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "longer", "answer_start": 292}], "question": "Does a low ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy?", "id": "5ad0b90e645df0001a2d0173", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mahbub ul Haq", "answer_start": 386}], "question": " Who rejected the HDI?", "id": "5ad0b90e645df0001a2d0174", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United Nations Development Programme", "answer_start": 524}], "question": " What entity rejects the HDI?", "id": "5ad0b90e645df0001a2d0175", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "longer", "answer_start": 260}], "question": "Does a low ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy at birth?", "id": "5ad0b90e645df0001a2d0176", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the life expectancy at birth is longer, the education period is longer, and the income per capita is higher. The HDI was developed by the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq, often framed in terms of whether people are able to \"be\" and \"do\" desirable things in their life, and was published by the United Nations Development Programme."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did the Human Development Report introduce the IHDI?", "id": "56de2d2acffd8e1900b4b624", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does IHDI stand for?", "id": "56de2d2acffd8e1900b4b625", "answers": [{"text": "Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which measures the potential development, the HDI or the IHDI?", "id": "56de3e1bcffd8e1900b4b6d6", "answers": [{"text": "the HDI", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "What happened in 2001?", "id": "5ad0b948645df0001a2d017c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index", "answer_start": 48}], "question": " What does IHDI2 stand for?", "id": "5ad0b948645df0001a2d017d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "HDI", "answer_start": 242}], "question": " Which measures the potential underdevelopment, the HDI or the IHDI?", "id": "5ad0b948645df0001a2d017f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that \"the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality),\" and \"the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality).\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Mahbub ul Haq devise and launch the HDI?", "id": "56de2e934396321400ee2646", "answers": [{"text": "1990", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was initially opposed to the idea of creating the HDI?", "id": "56de2e934396321400ee2648", "answers": [{"text": "Amartya Sen", "answer_start": 566}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Mahbub ul Haq was hoping to shift the focus of development economics to what type of policies?", "id": "56de2e934396321400ee2649", "answers": [{"text": "people-centered policies", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report?", "id": "56de3e61cffd8e1900b4b6e6", "answers": [{"text": "1990", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1990", "answer_start": 191}], "question": "In what year did Mahbub ul Haq reject the HDI?", "id": "5ad0b983645df0001a2d0184", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Amartya Sen", "answer_start": 566}], "question": " Who was initially agreeing to the idea of creating the HDI?", "id": "5ad0b983645df0001a2d0185", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "people-centered policies", "answer_start": 305}], "question": " Mahbub ul Haq didn't want to shift the focus of development economics to what type of policies?", "id": "5ad0b983645df0001a2d0186", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1990", "answer_start": 191}], "question": "Which year was used for estimates in the 2001 report?", "id": "5ad0b983645df0001a2d0187", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Development Reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose \"to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies\". To produce the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq formed a group of development economists including Paul Streeten, Frances Stewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, Sudhir Anand, and Meghnad Desai. Working alongside Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, they worked on capabilities and functions that provided the underlying conceptual framework. Haq was sure that a simple composite measure of human development was needed in order to convince the public, academics, and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being. Sen initially opposed this idea, but he soon went on to help Haq develop the Index. Sen was worried that it was going to be difficult to capture the full complexity of human capabilities in a single index, but Haq persuaded him that only a single number would shift the immediate attention of politicians from economic to human well-being."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does LE stand for?", "id": "56de2ee04396321400ee2650", "answers": [{"text": "Life expectancy at birth", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does MYS stand for?", "id": "56de2ee04396321400ee2651", "answers": [{"text": "Mean years of schooling", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does EYS stand for?", "id": "56de2ee04396321400ee2652", "answers": [{"text": "Expected years of schooling", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does GNIpc stand for?", "id": "56de2ee04396321400ee2653", "answers": [{"text": "Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Life expectancy at birth", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What does LI stand for?", "id": "5ad0caa5645df0001a2d0380", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mean years of schooling", "answer_start": 34}], "question": " What does MIS stand for?", "id": "5ad0caa5645df0001a2d0381", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Expected years of schooling", "answer_start": 131}], "question": " What does EYES stand for?", "id": "5ad0caa5645df0001a2d0382", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita", "answer_start": 240}], "question": " What does GNLpc stand for?", "id": "5ad0caa5645df0001a2d0383", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "LE: Life expectancy at birth\nMYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools)\nEYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life)\nGNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What entity makes the defining formula for the HDI well-known?", "id": "56de2f34cffd8e1900b4b63a", "answers": [{"text": "the United Nations Development Programme", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the United Nations Development Programme", "answer_start": 47}], "question": " What entity makes the defining formula for the HDMI well-known?", "id": "5ad0cac9645df0001a2d0392", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United Nations Development Programme", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "What does UNDD stand for? ", "id": "5ad0cac9645df0001a2d0393", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). In general, to transform a raw variable, say , into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what date was the 2015 Human Development Report released?", "id": "56de2f784396321400ee2658", "answers": [{"text": "December 14, 2015", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which year was used for estimates in the 2015 report?", "id": "56de2f784396321400ee2659", "answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "What happened on December 15, 2015", "id": "5ad0cb4d645df0001a2d039e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December 14, 2015", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "On what date was the 2005 Human Development Report released?", "id": "5ad0cb4d645df0001a2d039f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The 2015 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on December 14, 2015, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2014. Below is the list of the \"very high human development\" countries:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what date was the 2014 Human Development Report released?", "id": "56de2fa0cffd8e1900b4b63e", "answers": [{"text": "July 24, 2014", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which year was used for estimates in the 2014 report?", "id": "56de2fa0cffd8e1900b4b63f", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "July 24, 2014", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "On what date was the 2010 Human Development Report released?", "id": "5ad0ccaa645df0001a2d03ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 156}], "question": " Which year was used for estimates in the 2004 report?", "id": "5ad0ccaa645df0001a2d03ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What was released on July 25 2014", "id": "5ad0ccaa645df0001a2d03ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on July 24, 2014, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013. Below is the list of the \"very high human development\" countries:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does the IHDI specifically take into account?", "id": "56de2fedcffd8e1900b4b642", "answers": [{"text": "Inequality", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does the IHDI measure the \"average\" or the \"potential\" level of human development? ", "id": "56de2fedcffd8e1900b4b643", "answers": [{"text": "the average level", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "inequality", "answer_start": 139}], "question": " What does the HIHDI specifically take into account?", "id": "5ad0ccc0645df0001a2d03b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "average level", "answer_start": 76}], "question": " Does the IHDI measure the \"unaverage\" or the \"lack of potential\" level of human development?", "id": "5ad0ccc0645df0001a2d03b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a \"measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?", "id": "56de30cdcffd8e1900b4b64f", "answers": [{"text": "Cuba", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is the top quartile of HDI considered \"high\" or \"very high\" human development?", "id": "56de30cdcffd8e1900b4b650", "answers": [{"text": "very high", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cuba", "answer_start": 215}], "question": "Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HIDI (but missing HIHDI)?", "id": "5ad0cd40645df0001a2d03d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "very high", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "s the top quartile of HDI considered \"low\" or \"very low\" human development?", "id": "5ad0cd40645df0001a2d03d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Countries in the top quartile of HDI (\"very high human development\" group) with a missing IHDI: New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2014 report?", "id": "56de3178cffd8e1900b4b659", "answers": [{"text": "lack of necessary data", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2014 report?", "id": "56de412c4396321400ee2710", "answers": [{"text": "North Korea", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lack of necessary data", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2013 report?", "id": "5ad0cd5f645df0001a2d03dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "What year were all countries included?", "id": "5ad0cd5f645df0001a2d03de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some countries were not included for various reasons, primarily the lack of necessary data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2014 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, Somalia, India, Pakistan, South Sudan, and Tuvalu."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what date was the 2013 Human Development Report released?", "id": "56de31984396321400ee2672", "answers": [{"text": "March 14, 2013", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which year was used for estimates in the 2013 report?", "id": "56de31984396321400ee2673", "answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 157}], "question": " Which year was used for estimates in the 2014 report?", "id": "5ad0cdb8645df0001a2d03f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The 2013 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on March 14, 2013, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2012. Below is the list of the \"very high human development\" countries:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Does the IHDI measure the \"average\" or the \"potential\" level of human development?", "id": "56de31f34396321400ee2680", "answers": [{"text": "the average level", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "average level of human", "answer_start": 76}], "question": "Does the IHDI measure the \"abnormal\" or the \"lack of potential\" level of human development?", "id": "5ad0ce6f645df0001a2d042a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What does the HIDI stand for? ", "id": "5ad0ce6f645df0001a2d042b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a \"measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2011 report?", "id": "56de43294396321400ee2736", "answers": [{"text": "unavailability of certain crucial data", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2011 report?", "id": "56de43294396321400ee2738", "answers": [{"text": "North Korea", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "unavailability of certain crucial data", "answer_start": 65}], "question": "What is not the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2011 report?", "id": "5ad0cfc9645df0001a2d0482", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "unavailability of certain crucial data", "answer_start": 65}], "question": "What is not the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2012 report?", "id": "5ad0cfc9645df0001a2d0483", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "North Korea", "answer_start": 186}], "question": " Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2012 report?", "id": "5ad0cfc9645df0001a2d0484", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2011 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, South Sudan, Somalia and Tuvalu."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what date was the 2010 Human Development Report released?", "id": "56de4347cffd8e1900b4b741", "answers": [{"text": "November 4, 2010", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which year was used for estimates in the 2010 report?", "id": "56de4347cffd8e1900b4b742", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "November 4, 2010", "answer_start": 92}], "question": " On what date was the 2012 Human Development Report released?", "id": "5ad0cfe5645df0001a2d0488", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United Nations Development Program", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "What was released on November 5, 2010?", "id": "5ad0cfe5645df0001a2d0489", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 159}], "question": " Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report?", "id": "5ad0cfe5645df0001a2d048a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The 2010 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on November 4, 2010, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2010. Below is the list of the \"very high human development\" countries:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "In the IHDI, inequality is factored into what three human development dimensions?", "id": "56de43cdcffd8e1900b4b746", "answers": [{"text": "income, life expectancy, and education", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "income, life expectancy, and education", "answer_start": 198}], "question": "In the IHDI, inequality is never factored into what three human development dimensions?", "id": "5ad0d0c0645df0001a2d04be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The 2010 Human Development Report was the first to calculate an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI), which factors in inequalities in the three basic dimensions of human development (income, life expectancy, and education). Below is a list of countries in the top quartile by IHDI:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2010 report?", "id": "56de44f14396321400ee2742", "answers": [{"text": "unavailability of certain crucial data", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Caribbean nation protested its exclusion from the 2010 report?", "id": "56de44f14396321400ee2743", "answers": [{"text": "Cuba", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ranking has Cuba been given since the situation with the missing data was addressed?", "id": "56de44f14396321400ee2745", "answers": [{"text": "High Human Development country", "answer_start": 650}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "unavailability of certain crucial data", "answer_start": 65}], "question": "What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2012 report?", "id": "5ad0d219645df0001a2d0514", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cuba", "answer_start": 440}], "question": "Which Caribbean nation agreed with its exclusion from the 2010 report?", "id": "5ad0d219645df0001a2d0515", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "High Human Development country", "answer_start": 650}], "question": "What ranking has Cuba been given since the situation with the complete data was addressed?", "id": "5ad0d219645df0001a2d0516", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2010 report. Cuba lodged a formal protest at its lack of inclusion. The UNDP explained that Cuba had been excluded due to the lack of an \"internationally reported figure for Cuba\u2019s Gross National Income adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity\". All other indicators for Cuba were available, and reported by the UNDP, but the lack of one indicator meant that no ranking could be attributed to the country. The situation has been addressed and, in later years, Cuba has ranked as a High Human Development country."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what date was the 2009 Human Development Report released?", "id": "56de45944396321400ee274a", "answers": [{"text": "October 5, 2009", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What period is covered by the 2009 Human Development Report?", "id": "56de45944396321400ee274b", "answers": [{"text": "period up to 2007", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was another title for the 2009 Human Development Report?", "id": "56de45944396321400ee274c", "answers": [{"text": "Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What new category was added in the 2009 Human Development Report?", "id": "56de45944396321400ee274d", "answers": [{"text": "very high human development", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does the 2009 Human Development Report refer to countries that rank \"very high\"?", "id": "56de45944396321400ee274e", "answers": [{"text": "developed countries", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "October 5, 2009", "answer_start": 58}], "question": " On what date was the 2008 Human Development Report released?", "id": "5ad0d264645df0001a2d0542", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "period up to 2007", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "What period is covered by the 2008 Human Development Report?", "id": "5ad0d264645df0001a2d0543", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development", "answer_start": 124}], "question": " What was another title for the 2008 Human Development Report?", "id": "5ad0d264645df0001a2d0544", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "very high human development", "answer_start": 242}], "question": "What new category was added in the 2008 Human Development Report?", "id": "5ad0d264645df0001a2d0545", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "developed countries", "answer_start": 312}], "question": "How does the 2008 Human Development Report refer to countries that rank \"very high\"?", "id": "5ad0d264645df0001a2d0546", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The 2009 Human Development Report by UNDP was released on October 5, 2009, and covers the period up to 2007. It was titled \"Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development\". The top countries by HDI were grouped in a new category called \"very high human development\". The report refers to these countries as developed countries. They are:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What three reasons were mentioned for countries being excluded?", "id": "56de45d84396321400ee2754", "answers": [{"text": "being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication", "answer_start": 62}], "question": " What four reasons were mentioned for countries being excluded?", "id": "5ad0d272645df0001a2d054c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some countries were not included for various reasons, such as being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication. Besides the states with limited recognition, the following states were also not included."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of update was released on December 18, 2008?", "id": "56de46cb4396321400ee275e", "answers": [{"text": "statistical update", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the index published on December 18, 2008 lacking?", "id": "56de46cb4396321400ee275f", "answers": [{"text": "an accompanying Human Development Report", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What period was covered by the statistical update index released in December of 2008?", "id": "56de46cb4396321400ee2760", "answers": [{"text": "up to 2006", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "statistical update", "answer_start": 63}], "question": " What type of update was released on December 18, 2004?", "id": "5ad0d2a2645df0001a2d054e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "substantial adjustments", "answer_start": 281}], "question": " What was the index published on December 18, 2008 complete?", "id": "5ad0d2a2645df0001a2d054f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "up to 2006", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "What period was covered by the statistical update index released in December of 2002?", "id": "5ad0d2a2645df0001a2d0550", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A new index was released on December 18, 2008. This so-called \"statistical update\" covered the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying Human Development Report. The update is relevant due to newly released estimates of purchasing power parities (PPP), implying substantial adjustments for many countries, resulting in changes in HDI values and, in many cases, HDI ranks."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what date was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report released?", "id": "56de47f7cffd8e1900b4b77d", "answers": [{"text": "November 27, 2007", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the focus of the 2007/2008 Human Development Report?", "id": "56de47f7cffd8e1900b4b77e", "answers": [{"text": "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most recent year that was included in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report?", "id": "56de47f7cffd8e1900b4b77f", "answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The HDI in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report is for what year?", "id": "56de47f7cffd8e1900b4b780", "answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report launched?", "id": "56de47f7cffd8e1900b4b781", "answers": [{"text": "Bras\u00edlia, Brazil", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "November 27, 2007", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "On what date was the 2008/2009 Human Development Report released?", "id": "5ad0d2f5645df0001a2d0560", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Human Development Report for 2007/2008", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What came out on November 26, 2007?", "id": "5ad0d2f5645df0001a2d0561", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "What was the focus of the 2005/2009 Human Development Report?", "id": "5ad0d2f5645df0001a2d0562", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 286}], "question": "What is the most recent year that was included in the 2008/2009 Human Development Report?", "id": "5ad0d2f5645df0001a2d0563", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bras\u00edlia, Brazil", "answer_start": 59}], "question": " Where was the 2008/2009 Human Development Report launched?", "id": "5ad0d2f5645df0001a2d0564", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Human Development Report for 2007/2008 was launched in Bras\u00edlia, Brazil, on November 27, 2007. Its focus was on \"Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world.\" Most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier, thus indicating an HDI for 2005. Not all UN member states choose to or are able to provide the necessary statistics."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which countries experienced a decrease in HDI?", "id": "56de48cc4396321400ee276d", "answers": [{"text": "high income countries", "answer_start": 284}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "high income countries", "answer_start": 284}], "question": " Which countries experienced an increase in HDI?", "id": "5ad0d308645df0001a2d0574", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The report showed a small increase in world HDI in comparison with last year's report. This rise was fueled by a general improvement in the developing world, especially of the least developed countries group. This marked improvement at the bottom was offset with a decrease in HDI of high income countries."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Under what number does a country need to fall in order to be considered a \"low development\" country?", "id": "56de494dcffd8e1900b4b795", "answers": [{"text": "0.5", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On which continent are all 22 of the low development countries located?", "id": "56de494dcffd8e1900b4b796", "answers": [{"text": "Africa", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Gabon's ranking?", "id": "56de494dcffd8e1900b4b797", "answers": [{"text": "119th", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is South Africa's ranking?", "id": "56de494dcffd8e1900b4b798", "answers": [{"text": "121st", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the two highest ranking Sub-Saharan countries?", "id": "56de494dcffd8e1900b4b799", "answers": [{"text": "Gabon and South Africa", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "0.5", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "Under what number does a country need to fall in order to be considered a \"high development\" country?", "id": "5ad0d375645df0001a2d0592", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Africa", "answer_start": 111}], "question": "On which continent are all 23 of the low development countries located?", "id": "5ad0d375645df0001a2d0593", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "119th", "answer_start": 197}], "question": " What is Pabon's ranking?", "id": "5ad0d375645df0001a2d0594", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "121st", "answer_start": 207}], "question": " What is North Africa's ranking?", "id": "5ad0d375645df0001a2d0595", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gabon and South Africa", "answer_start": 162}], "question": " What are the two lowest ranking Sub-Saharan countries?", "id": "5ad0d375645df0001a2d0596", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent \"low development\". All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st, respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the \"medium development\" group."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What number indicates the minimum score for a country to be considered a \"high development\" country?", "id": "56de4a81cffd8e1900b4b7b5", "answers": [{"text": "0.8", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which South American country was included among the seven promoted countries?", "id": "56de4a81cffd8e1900b4b7b7", "answers": [{"text": "Brazil", "answer_start": 448}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the largest country that was included among the seven promoted countries?", "id": "56de4a81cffd8e1900b4b7b8", "answers": [{"text": "Russia", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "0.8", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "What number indicates the minimum score for a country to be considered a \"low development\" country?", "id": "5ad0d3a5645df0001a2d05b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Brazil", "answer_start": 448}], "question": "Which North American country was included among the seven promoted countries?", "id": "5ad0d3a5645df0001a2d05b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Russia", "answer_start": 474}], "question": "What is the smallest country that was included among the seven promoted countries?", "id": "5ad0d3a5645df0001a2d05b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A HDI of 0.8 or more is considered to represent \"high development\". This includes all developed countries, such as those in North America, Western Europe, Oceania, and Eastern Asia, as well as some developing countries in Eastern Europe, Central and South America, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and the oil-rich Arabian Peninsula. Seven countries were promoted to this category this year, leaving the \"medium development\" group: Albania, Belarus, Brazil, Libya, Macedonia, Russia and Saudi Arabia."}, {"qas": [{"question": "If there is a decrease in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present?", "id": "56de4adf4396321400ee278c", "answers": [{"text": "red arrows", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If there is an increase in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present?", "id": "56de4adf4396321400ee278d", "answers": [{"text": "green arrows", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If a country's ranking does not change, which indicator will be present?", "id": "56de4adf4396321400ee278e", "answers": [{"text": "Blue dash", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "red arrows", "answer_start": 104}], "question": "If there is an increase in a country's ranking, which indicator will be not present?", "id": "5ad0d3eb645df0001a2d05b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "green", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "If there is an increase in a country's ranking, which indicator will not be present?", "id": "5ad0d3eb645df0001a2d05b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Blue", "answer_start": 205}], "question": "If a country's ranking does change, which indicator will be present?", "id": "5ad0d3eb645df0001a2d05b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On the following table, green arrows () represent an increase in ranking over the previous study, while red arrows () represent a decrease in ranking. They are followed by the number of spaces they moved. Blue dashes () represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which country has been ranked highest the most number of times?", "id": "56de4b6dcffd8e1900b4b7c5", "answers": [{"text": "Norway", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which country has received the top rank twice?", "id": "56de4b6dcffd8e1900b4b7c9", "answers": [{"text": "Iceland", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Norway", "answer_start": 94}], "question": "Which country has been ranked lowest the most number of times?", "id": "5ad0d3fd645df0001a2d05c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Iceland", "answer_start": 224}], "question": " Which country has received the bottom rank twice?", "id": "5ad0d3fd645df0001a2d05c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest twelve times, Canada eight times, followed by Japan which has been ranked highest three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The HDI has been criticized for focusing exclusively on what?", "id": "56de4c68cffd8e1900b4b7d5", "answers": [{"text": "national performance and ranking", "answer_start": 347}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Has the HDI been criticized for being biased towards Western or towards Eastern models of development?", "id": "56de4c68cffd8e1900b4b7d6", "answers": [{"text": "Western", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The HDI has been criticized for lack of what type of perspective on development?", "id": "56de4c68cffd8e1900b4b7d7", "answers": [{"text": "global", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Critics of the HDI cite its focus on which: egalitarianism or authoritarianism?", "id": "56de4c68cffd8e1900b4b7d9", "answers": [{"text": "egalitarianism", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "national performance and ranking", "answer_start": 347}], "question": "The HIDI has been criticized for focusing exclusively on what?", "id": "5ad0d4a5645df0001a2d0604", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Western", "answer_start": 146}], "question": "Has the HDI been criticized for being biased towards Northern or towards Southern models of development?", "id": "5ad0d4a5645df0001a2d0605", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "global", "answer_start": 421}], "question": "The HDI has been criticized for lack of what type of perspective on nondevelopment?", "id": "5ad0d4a5645df0001a2d0606", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "egalitarianism", "answer_start": 116}], "question": " Critics of the HIDI cite its focus on which: egalitarianism or authoritarianism?", "id": "5ad0d4a5645df0001a2d0607", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so-called \"Western models of development\", failure to include any ecological considerations, lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of 'low', 'medium', 'high' or 'very high' human development countries."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many economists were cited as pointing out data errors in the HDI?", "id": "56de4ded4396321400ee27c3", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the UNDP respond to the criticism of its report?", "id": "56de4ded4396321400ee27c5", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 940}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which magazine publication carried a statement from the Human Development Report Office in January, 2011?", "id": "56de4ded4396321400ee27c6", "answers": [{"text": "The Economist", "answer_start": 1096}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 217}], "question": "How many economists were cited as pointing out data errors in the HIDI?", "id": "5ad0d4d2645df0001a2d060c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 940}], "question": " In what year did the ULNDP respond to the criticism of its report?", "id": "5ad0d4d2645df0001a2d060d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Economist", "answer_start": 1096}], "question": "Which magazine publication carried a statement from the Human Development Report Office in January, 2012?", "id": "5ad0d4d2645df0001a2d060e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They identified three sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresholds to classify a country\u2019s development status and conclude that 11%, 21% and 34% of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error, respectively. The authors suggest that the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because - they claim - the cut-off values seem arbitrary, can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, and have the potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large.[citation needed] In 2010 the UNDP reacted to the criticism and updated the thresholds to classify nations as low, medium, and high human development countries. In a comment to The Economist in early January 2011, the Human Development Report Office responded to a January 6, 2011 article in the magazine which discusses the Wolff et al. paper. The Human Development Report Office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for the calculation of the HDI and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by Wolff et al. in that it generates a system for continuous updating of the human development categories whenever formula or data revisions take place."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many countries were included in the 2009 HDI?", "id": "56de4ea54396321400ee27ce", "answers": [{"text": "182", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many countries were included in the 2010 HDI?", "id": "56de4ea54396321400ee27cf", "answers": [{"text": "169", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "182", "answer_start": 255}], "question": "How many countries were included in the 2008 HDI?", "id": "5ad0d4f6645df0001a2d062c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "169", "answer_start": 310}], "question": " How many countries were included in the 2011 HDI?", "id": "5ad0d4f6645df0001a2d062d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries."}, {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The green arrows (), red arrows (), and blue dashes ()", "answer_start": 6}], "question": "What represents not changing rank?", "id": "5ad0cd27645df0001a2d03c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The changes in rank", "answer_start": 88}], "question": "What is relative to the HDI list?", "id": "5ad0cd27645df0001a2d03c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Note: The green arrows (), red arrows (), and blue dashes () represent changes in rank. The changes in rank are not relative to the HDI list above, but are according to the source (p. 168) calculated with the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data."}, {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "blue dashes", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "What dashes do not represent changes in rank? ", "id": "5ad0ce1d645df0001a2d041b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the 2012 report", "answer_start": 150}], "question": "What was published in 2001?", "id": "5ad0ce1d645df0001a2d041c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Note: The green arrows (), red arrows (), and blue dashes () represent changes in rank when compared to the new 2012 data HDI for 2011 \u2013 published in the 2012 report."}, {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "HDI", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "What is the abbreviation for \"very low human development\" ", "id": "5ad0ceb8645df0001a2d0445", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"very high human development\"", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "What does HDMI mean? ", "id": "5ad0ceb8645df0001a2d0446", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Countries in the top quartile of HDI (\"very high human development\" group) with a missing IHDI: New Zealand, Chile, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Andorra, Qatar, Barbados, United Arab Emirates, and Seychelles."}, {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "Which year was used for estimates in the 2012 report?", "id": "5ad0cec7645df0001a2d044a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The 2011 Human Development Report was released on 2 November 2011, and calculated HDI values based on estimates for 2011. Below is the list of the \"very high human development\" countries (equal to the top quartile):"}, {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "green arrows (), red arrows", "answer_start": 10}], "question": "What arrows do not represent changes in rank", "id": "5ad0cee3645df0001a2d0456", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Note: The green arrows (), red arrows (), and blue dashes () represent changes in rank when compared to the 2011 HDI data for 2010 \u2013 published in the 2011 report (p. 131)."}, {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Human Development Index", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "What does HIMI stand for? ", "id": "5ad0cf7a645df0001a2d046e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "IHDI", "answer_start": 97}], "question": "What's the abbreviation for Human non development index?", "id": "5ad0cf7a645df0001a2d046f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Below is a list of countries in the top quartile by Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). According to the report, the IHDI is a \"measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account.\""}, {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "blue dashes", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "What dashes do not represent changes in rank?", "id": "5ad0cf89645df0001a2d0473", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Note: The green arrows (), red arrows (), and blue dashes () represent changes in rank when compared to the 2011 HDI list, for countries listed in both rankings."}, {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Barbados", "answer_start": 252}], "question": "Which Caribbean nation is in the bottom quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?", "id": "5ad0cf93645df0001a2d0480", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Countries in the top quartile of HDI (\"very high human development\" group) with a missing IHDI include: New Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, Andorra, Brunei, Malta, Qatar, Bahrain, Chile, Argentina and Barbados."}, {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "green arrows (), red arrows", "answer_start": 10}], "question": "What arrows do not represent changes in rank?", "id": "5ad0d0dc645df0001a2d04c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Note: The green arrows (), red arrows (), and blue dashes () represent changes in rank when compared to the 2010 HDI list, for countries listed in both rankings."}, {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "being a non-UN member", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "Why were all countries included?", "id": "5ad0d2bc645df0001a2d055e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some countries were not included for various reasons, such as being a non-UN member, unable, or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication. Besides the states with limited recognition, the following states were also not included."}]}, {"title": "Southern_Europe", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What is another term for southern Europe", "id": "56de31d34396321400ee2676", "answers": [{"text": "Mediterranean Europe", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name for the stretch of land on which Spain and Portugal are located?", "id": "56de31d34396321400ee2677", "answers": [{"text": "Iberian peninsula", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What nations are sometimes included in the scope of southern Europe?", "id": "56de31d34396321400ee2678", "answers": [{"text": "Balkan countries", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What area of France is considered a part of Mediterranean Europe?", "id": "56de31d34396321400ee2679", "answers": [{"text": "southern France", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Iberian peninsula", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "What is the name for the stretch of land on which France and Greece are located", "id": "5a6316cf68151a001a9221c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mediterranean Europe", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "What is another name for northern Europe", "id": "5a6316cf68151a001a9221c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Balkan countries", "answer_start": 233}], "question": "What peninsulas are sometimes included in the scope of southern Europe?", "id": "5a6316cf68151a001a9221c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "southern France", "answer_start": 165}], "question": "What area of France is considered a part of the Balkan countries?", "id": "5a6316cf68151a001a9221c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Balkan countries", "answer_start": 233}], "question": "What countries have the same historical, political, economic, and cultural backgrounds as the rest of southern Europe?", "id": "5a6316cf68151a001a9221c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some definitions of southern Europe, also known as Mediterranean Europe, include the countries of the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal), the Italian peninsula, southern France and Greece. Other definitions sometimes include the Balkan countries of southeast Europe, which are geographically in the southern part of Europe, but which have different historical, political, economic, and cultural backgrounds."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are three characteristics that can be employed to characterize southern Europe?", "id": "56de3455cffd8e1900b4b674", "answers": [{"text": "political, economic, and cultural attributes", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are three aspects of the environment of southern Europe that can be used to distinguish the region?", "id": "56de3455cffd8e1900b4b675", "answers": [{"text": "geography, climate, and flora", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "political, economic, and cultural attributes", "answer_start": 71}], "question": "What are three characteristics that can be employed to characterize natural features?", "id": "5a6318cd68151a001a9221ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "geography, climate, and flora", "answer_start": 183}], "question": "What are three aspects of the environment of Southern Asia that can be used to distinguish the region?", "id": "5a6318cd68151a001a9221cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Southern Europe", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "What can be defined by its industries?", "id": "5a6318cd68151a001a9221d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "southern Europe", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "What area is defined by it's genealogy?", "id": "5a6318cd68151a001a9221d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "political, economic, and cultural attributes", "answer_start": 71}], "question": "What methods can be used to define the southern Mediterranean?", "id": "5a6318cd68151a001a9221d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Different methods can be used to define southern Europe, including its political, economic, and cultural attributes. Southern Europe can also be defined by its natural features \u2014 its geography, climate, and flora."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of climate is exemplary of southern Europe?", "id": "56de350b4396321400ee269a", "answers": [{"text": "The Mediterranean climate", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which parts of Turkey are characterized by a Mediterranean climate?", "id": "56de350b4396321400ee269b", "answers": [{"text": "Western and Southern coastal regions", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are two broad categories of similarity among countries which have a Mediterranean climate?", "id": "56de350b4396321400ee269c", "answers": [{"text": "vegetations and landscapes", "answer_start": 406}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mediterranean climate", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "What climate is that of all of Europe?", "id": "5a631a8968151a001a9221d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Portugal, Spain, Southeast France, Italy, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Greece", "answer_start": 184}], "question": "What countries have varying vegetations and landscapes?", "id": "5a631a8968151a001a9221d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Western and Southern coastal regions", "answer_start": 268}], "question": "Which parts of Greece are characterized by a Mediterranean climate?", "id": "5a631a8968151a001a9221da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "vegetations and landscapes", "answer_start": 406}], "question": "What are two broad categories of similarity among forests which have a Mediterranean climate?", "id": "5a631a8968151a001a9221db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pine forests and olive trees", "answer_start": 480}], "question": "What kind of vegetation grows in the Mediterranean?", "id": "5a631a8968151a001a9221dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Southern Europe's most emblematic climate is that of the Mediterranean climate, which has become a typically known characteristic of the area. The Mediterranean climate covers much of Portugal, Spain, Southeast France, Italy, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Greece, the Western and Southern coastal regions of Turkey as well as the Mediterranean islands. Those areas of Mediterranean climate present similar vegetations and landscapes throughout, including dry hills, small plains, pine forests and olive trees."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where do colder areas occur within southern Europe?", "id": "56de35834396321400ee26a2", "answers": [{"text": "mountain ranges of Spain and Italy", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are more moist areas found in southern Europe?", "id": "56de35834396321400ee26a3", "answers": [{"text": "north coast of Spain", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term can be used to describe the wet area of North Spain?", "id": "56de35834396321400ee26a4", "answers": [{"text": "Atlantic climate", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mountain ranges of Spain and Italy", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "Where do colder areas occur within northern Europe?", "id": "5a631bef68151a001a9221e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "north coast of Spain", "answer_start": 155}], "question": "Where are dry areas found in southern Europe?", "id": "5a631bef68151a001a9221e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Atlantic climate", "answer_start": 197}], "question": "What term can be used to describe the wet area of Northern Europe?", "id": "5a631bef68151a001a9221e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "wetter", "answer_start": 190}], "question": "The east coast of Spain experiences what kind of climate?", "id": "5a631bef68151a001a9221e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Southern European countries", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "Where have cooler climates recently began to warm up?", "id": "5a631bef68151a001a9221e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Cooler climates can be found in certain parts of Southern European countries, for example within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy. Additionally, the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is a word that can be used to describe the plant life of southern Europe?", "id": "56de368d4396321400ee26a8", "answers": [{"text": "phytochoria", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who coined the term phytochoria?", "id": "56de368d4396321400ee26a9", "answers": [{"text": "Armen Takhtajan", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Armen Takhtajan", "answer_start": 98}], "question": "Who coined the term Submediterranean?", "id": "5a631d6668151a001a9221ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "phytochoria", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "What is a word that can be used to describe the animal life of southern Europe?", "id": "5a631d6668151a001a9221ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Submediterranean climate regions", "answer_start": 137}], "question": "What is found on the southern coast of Bosnia?", "id": "5a631d6668151a001a9221ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mediterranean Region", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "In what region are southern Europe's coasts found?", "id": "5a631d6668151a001a9221ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "much of Southern Europe", "answer_start": 193}], "question": "Where are the arctic and subarctic climate regions in Europe found?", "id": "5a631d6668151a001a9221f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Southern Europe's flora is that of the Mediterranean Region, one of the phytochoria recognized by Armen Takhtajan. The Mediterranean and Submediterranean climate regions in Europe are found in much of Southern Europe, mainly in Southern Portugal, most of Spain, the southern coast of France, Italy, the Croatian coast, much of Bosnia, Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia, Greece, and the Mediterranean islands."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What era started when Ancient Greek cities became self-governing entities?", "id": "56de3741cffd8e1900b4b67e", "answers": [{"text": "classical antiquity", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the different governments forming in Ancient Greece?", "id": "56de3741cffd8e1900b4b67f", "answers": [{"text": "city-states", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was responsible for the bringing Greek culture as far as Asia?", "id": "56de3741cffd8e1900b4b680", "answers": [{"text": "Alexander the Great", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "classical antiquity", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "What era started when Alexander the Great became a self governing entity?", "id": "5a631e5568151a001a9221f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "city-states", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "What was the name of the different governments forming in Ancient Asia?", "id": "5a631e5568151a001a9221f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alexander the Great", "answer_start": 163}], "question": "Who was responsible for bringing Asian culture to the Greek?", "id": "5a631e5568151a001a9221f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "throughout Asia", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "Where did Alexander go to spread city-states?", "id": "5a631e5568151a001a9221f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "classical antiquity", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "What period began with Alexander the Great?", "id": "5a631e5568151a001a9221fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The period known as classical antiquity began with the rise of the city-states of Ancient Greece. Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of Alexander the Great, spreading throughout Asia."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where was the headquarters of the Western Roman Empire?", "id": "56de37c0cffd8e1900b4b684", "answers": [{"text": "Rome", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the headquarters of the Eastern Roman Empire?", "id": "56de37c0cffd8e1900b4b685", "answers": [{"text": "Constantinople", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which tribes brought down the Western Roman Empire?", "id": "56de37c0cffd8e1900b4b686", "answers": [{"text": "Germanic", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year is considered the transition between the classical period and the Middle Ages?", "id": "56de37c0cffd8e1900b4b687", "answers": [{"text": "AD 476", "answer_start": 409}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what year was the Roman Empire split into two sections?", "id": "56de37c0cffd8e1900b4b688", "answers": [{"text": "300 AD", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Roman Empire", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What empire dominated northern Europe?", "id": "5a631f1268151a001a922200", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rome", "answer_start": 247}], "question": "Where was the headquarters of the northern Roman Empire?", "id": "5a631f1268151a001a922201", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Constantinople", "answer_start": 291}], "question": "Where were the headquarters of the Germanic Roman Empire?", "id": "5a631f1268151a001a922202", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Germanic", "answer_start": 326}], "question": "Which tribes built up the Western Roman Empire?", "id": "5a631f1268151a001a922203", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "300 AD", "answer_start": 172}], "question": "By what year was the Germanic Empire split into two sections?", "id": "5a631f1268151a001a922204", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on Roman law and Roman legions. It promoted trade, tolerance, and Greek culture. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire based in Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople. The attacks of the Germanic peoples of northern Europe led to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the Middle Ages."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the Eastern Roman Empire in the Middle Ages called by contemporary scholars?", "id": "56de3937cffd8e1900b4b692", "answers": [{"text": "the Byzantine Empire", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who took over the remains of the Western Roman Empire?", "id": "56de3937cffd8e1900b4b693", "answers": [{"text": "Germanic peoples", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Germanic people create in place of the Western Roman Empire?", "id": "56de3937cffd8e1900b4b694", "answers": [{"text": "kingdoms and empires of their own", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Byzantine Empire", "answer_start": 111}], "question": "What is the Western Roman Empire in the Middle ages called by contemporary scholars?", "id": "5a63202a68151a001a92220a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Germanic peoples", "answer_start": 148}], "question": "Who took over the remains of the Eastern Roman Empire?", "id": "5a63202a68151a001a92220b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "kingdoms and empires of their own", "answer_start": 262}], "question": "What did Roman people create in place of the Western Roman Empire?", "id": "5a63202a68151a001a92220c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Byzantine Empire", "answer_start": 111}], "question": "What Empire was located in Western Europe?", "id": "5a63202a68151a001a92220d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eastern Roman Empire", "answer_start": 28}], "question": "What empire doubled in size during the middle ages?", "id": "5a63202a68151a001a92220e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire survived, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire. In Western Europe, Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the period of armed incursions undertaken in the name of Christianity?", "id": "56de3a30cffd8e1900b4b69c", "answers": [{"text": "the Crusades", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Crusaders invade Constantinople?", "id": "56de3a30cffd8e1900b4b69d", "answers": [{"text": "1204", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two cities benefited greatly from the activities of Crusaders?", "id": "56de3a30cffd8e1900b4b69e", "answers": [{"text": "Genoa and Venice", "answer_start": 619}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of another activity like the Crusades occuring on the Iberian peninsula?", "id": "56de3a30cffd8e1900b4b69f", "answers": [{"text": "The Reconquista", "answer_start": 669}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What empire was destroyed by the Sack of Constantinople?", "id": "56de3a30cffd8e1900b4b6a0", "answers": [{"text": "the Byzantine Empire", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Crusades", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "What is the name of the period of peaceful incursions undertaken in the name of Christianity?", "id": "5a6321a568151a001a922214", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1204", "answer_start": 357}], "question": "When did the Byzantine Empire invade Constantinople?", "id": "5a6321a568151a001a922215", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Genoa and Venice", "answer_start": 619}], "question": "Which two cities were demolished by the crusaders?", "id": "5a6321a568151a001a922216", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Reconquista", "answer_start": 669}], "question": "What was the name of another activity like the Crusades occurring in the eastern Mediterranean?", "id": "5a6321a568151a001a922217", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Byzantine Empire", "answer_start": 387}], "question": "What empire was destroyed Christian Rule?", "id": "5a6321a568151a001a922218", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The period known as the Crusades, a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the Levant back into Christian rule, began. Several Crusader states were founded in the eastern Mediterranean. These were all short-lived. The Crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of Europe. Their Sack of Constantinople in 1204 brought an abrupt end to the Byzantine Empire. Though it would later be re-established, it would never recover its former glory. The Crusaders would establish trade routes that would develop into the Silk Road and open the way for the merchant republics of Genoa and Venice to become major economic powers. The Reconquista, a related movement, worked to reconquer Iberia for Christendom."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What era was characterized by turmoil in Europe?", "id": "56de3aeccffd8e1900b4b6ae", "answers": [{"text": "The Late Middle Ages", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What disease plagued Europe during the Late Middle Ages?", "id": "56de3aeccffd8e1900b4b6af", "answers": [{"text": "the Black Death", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which new regime appeared in the Balkan region during the Late Middle Ages?", "id": "56de3aeccffd8e1900b4b6b0", "answers": [{"text": "the Ottoman Empire", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Ottoman Empire conquer Constantinople?", "id": "56de3aeccffd8e1900b4b6b1", "answers": [{"text": "1453", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Late Middle Ages", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What era was characterized by the Ottoman Empire?", "id": "5a63236668151a001a92221e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Black Death", "answer_start": 87}], "question": "What disease plagued former Byzatine lands in the Late Middle Ages?", "id": "5a63236668151a001a92221f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Ottoman Empire", "answer_start": 319}], "question": "Which new regime appeared in the Constantinople region during the Late Middle Ages?", "id": "5a63236668151a001a922220", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1453", "answer_start": 472}], "question": "When did the Ottoman Empire liberate Constantinople from the Balkans?", "id": "5a63236668151a001a922221", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest", "answer_start": 198}], "question": "What kept states of Europe in a famine?", "id": "5a63236668151a001a922222", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Late Middle Ages represented a period of upheaval in Europe. The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted. Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period. In the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire, a Turkish state originating in Anatolia, encroached steadily on former Byzantine lands, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the start of the period known as the Renaissance?", "id": "56de3ba64396321400ee26b8", "answers": [{"text": "14th century", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what city did the Renaissance begin?", "id": "56de3ba64396321400ee26b9", "answers": [{"text": "Florence", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What areas of knowledge were subject to much debate during the Renaissance?", "id": "56de3ba64396321400ee26ba", "answers": [{"text": "science and theology", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The encounter with Arabic knowledge put Renaissance thinkers back in touch with the teachings of which ancient civilizations?", "id": "56de3ba64396321400ee26bb", "answers": [{"text": "Greek and Roman", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "14th century", "answer_start": 25}], "question": "When was the start of the period known as Greek and Roman?", "id": "5a63251e68151a001a922228", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Florence", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "What city discovered lost Arabic texts?", "id": "5a63251e68151a001a922229", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "science and theology", "answer_start": 193}], "question": "What areas of knowledge stagnated during the Renaissance?", "id": "5a63251e68151a001a92222a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Greek and Roman", "answer_start": 289}], "question": "The encounter with the Florence printing press put Renaissance thinkers back in touch with the teachings of which civilizations?", "id": "5a63251e68151a001a92222b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arabic texts", "answer_start": 224}], "question": "What brought about rediscovery of printing press knowledge?", "id": "5a63251e68151a001a92222c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Beginning roughly in the 14th century in Florence, and later spreading through Europe with the development of the printing press, a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology, with the Arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which countries initiated the Age of Exploration following the Reconquista?", "id": "56de45f5cffd8e1900b4b765", "answers": [{"text": "Portugal and Spain", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did religious conflict end in Europe?", "id": "56de45f5cffd8e1900b4b766", "answers": [{"text": "1648", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Between which two nations was the Treaty of the Pyrenees signed?", "id": "56de45f5cffd8e1900b4b767", "answers": [{"text": "Spain and France", "answer_start": 459}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which scientist developed a means of viewing space?", "id": "56de45f5cffd8e1900b4b768", "answers": [{"text": "Galileo Galilei", "answer_start": 764}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was responsible for creating the first radio?", "id": "56de45f5cffd8e1900b4b769", "answers": [{"text": "Guglielmo Marconi", "answer_start": 945}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Portugal and Spain", "answer_start": 19}], "question": "Which countries initiated the Peace of Westphalia following the Reconquista?", "id": "5a63277968151a001a92223c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1648", "answer_start": 249}], "question": "When did revolutions end in Europe?", "id": "5a63277968151a001a92223d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spain and France", "answer_start": 459}], "question": "Between which two nations was the Thirty Years's War signed?", "id": "5a63277968151a001a92223e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Galileo Galilei", "answer_start": 764}], "question": "Which scientist developed a means of ending wars?", "id": "5a63277968151a001a92223f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Leonardo da Vinci", "answer_start": 884}], "question": "Who was responsible for creating the most famous continent?", "id": "5a63277968151a001a922240", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the Age of Discovery that established direct links with Africa, the Americas, and Asia, while religious wars continued to be fought in Europe, which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia. The Spanish crown maintained its hegemony in Europe and was the leading power on the continent until the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees, which ended a conflict between Spain and France that had begun during the Thirty Years' War. An unprecedented series of major wars and political revolutions took place around Europe and indeed the world in the period between 1610 and 1700. Observers at the time, and many historians since, have argued that wars caused the revolutions. Galileo Galilei, invented the telescope and the thermometer which allowed him to observe and describe the solar system. Leonardo da Vinci painted the most famous work in the world. Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What resulted from Europe's exploration of the New World?", "id": "56de48464396321400ee2764", "answers": [{"text": "the rise of colonial empires", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What institution of mercantilism was established with New World colonies?", "id": "56de48464396321400ee2765", "answers": [{"text": "the Columbian Exchange", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What replaced agriculture as the focus of European economy with the establishment of overseas colonies?", "id": "56de48464396321400ee2766", "answers": [{"text": "manufacturing", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Aside from the activities of colonies, what other event fostered the transition from agriculture to manufacturing?", "id": "56de48464396321400ee2767", "answers": [{"text": "the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "colonial empires", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "What resulted from Europe's Columbian exchange?", "id": "5a63296468151a001a922246", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Columbian Exchange", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "What institution of mercantilism was established with Great Britain?", "id": "5a63296468151a001a922247", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "manufacturing", "answer_start": 233}], "question": "What replaced colonial empires as the focus of European economy with the establishment of overseas colonies?", "id": "5a63296468151a001a922248", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain", "answer_start": 158}], "question": "Aside from the activities of colonies what other even fostered the transition from manufacturing to agriculture?", "id": "5a63296468151a001a922249", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution", "answer_start": 118}], "question": "What allowed a new economy based on subsistence agriculture?", "id": "5a63296468151a001a92224a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "European overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires, producing the Columbian Exchange. The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain, allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When were there many struggles for independence or overthrowing prevailing governments?", "id": "56de498bcffd8e1900b4b79f", "answers": [{"text": "between 1815 and 1871", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From whom did Balkan states start retaking their independence?", "id": "56de498bcffd8e1900b4b7a0", "answers": [{"text": "the Ottoman Empire", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Rome conquered?", "id": "56de498bcffd8e1900b4b7a1", "answers": [{"text": "1870", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What phrase is used to describe the period marked by competition for extant lands?", "id": "56de498bcffd8e1900b4b7a2", "answers": [{"text": "The Age of Empire", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "between 1815 and 1871", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "When were there many struggles for Italy?", "id": "5a63433e68151a001a9222be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Ottoman Empire", "answer_start": 150}], "question": "From whom did nation Roman start retaking their independence?", "id": "5a63433e68151a001a9222bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1870", "answer_start": 228}], "question": "What year was known as The Age of the Empire?", "id": "5a63433e68151a001a9222c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The capture of Rome", "answer_start": 205}], "question": "What ended the Papal revolutionary attempt?", "id": "5a63433e68151a001a9222c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Age of Empire", "answer_start": 326}], "question": "What phrase is used to describe the period marked by nation states?", "id": "5a63433e68151a001a9222c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The period between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars. Balkan nations began to regain independence from the Ottoman Empire. Italy unified into a nation state. The capture of Rome in 1870 ended the Papal temporal power. Rivalry in a scramble for empires spread in what is known as The Age of Empire."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did World War I begin?", "id": "56de4a06cffd8e1900b4b7ad", "answers": [{"text": "1914", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did a victor emerge in World War I?", "id": "56de4a06cffd8e1900b4b7af", "answers": [{"text": "1918", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what event did the major Allied powers assert their conditions at the end of the war?", "id": "56de4a06cffd8e1900b4b7b0", "answers": [{"text": "the Paris Peace Conference", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1914", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "In what year did World War II begin?", "id": "5a632d0368151a001a922250", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1918", "answer_start": 180}], "question": "When did a stalemate occur in World War I?", "id": "5a632d0368151a001a922251", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Paris Peace Conference", "answer_start": 193}], "question": "At what event did the major Central Powers assert their conditions at the end of the war?", "id": "5a632d0368151a001a922252", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Treaty of Versailles", "answer_start": 289}], "question": "What is an example of a treaty precipitated by the rise of nationalism?", "id": "5a632d0368151a001a922253", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Big Four", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "Who imposed their ideas about climate control?", "id": "5a632d0368151a001a922254", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The outbreak of World War I in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe as the Great Powers took up sides. The Allies defeated the Central Powers in 1918. During the Paris Peace Conference the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, especially the Treaty of Versailles."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which group took control in 1933?", "id": "56de4d554396321400ee27b5", "answers": [{"text": "The Nazi regime", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the Nazis?", "id": "56de4d554396321400ee27b6", "answers": [{"text": "Adolf Hitler", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which country did Hitler align Germany with?", "id": "56de4d554396321400ee27b7", "answers": [{"text": "Italy", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the leader of Italy when World War II started?", "id": "56de4d554396321400ee27b8", "answers": [{"text": "Mussolini", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the military partnership between countries aligned with the Soviet Union called?", "id": "56de4d554396321400ee27b9", "answers": [{"text": "the Warsaw Pact", "answer_start": 593}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Nazi regime", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Which group was dominated by the Soviet Unioin in 1933?", "id": "5a632f1a68151a001a92225a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Italy", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "Which country did Hitler form the European Economic Community with?", "id": "5a632f1a68151a001a92225b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mussolini", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "Who was the leader of the continent when World War II started?", "id": "5a632f1a68151a001a92225c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Warsaw Pact", "answer_start": 593}], "question": "What was the military partnership between countries aligned with Yugoslavia called?", "id": "5a632f1a68151a001a92225d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Iron Curtain", "answer_start": 232}], "question": "What divided the Nazi regime?", "id": "5a632f1a68151a001a92225e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and along with Mussolini's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. The countries in Southeastern Europe were dominated by the Soviet Union and became communist states. The major non-communist Southern European countries joined a US-led military alliance (NATO) and formed the European Economic Community amongst themselves. The countries in the Soviet sphere of influence joined the military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact and the economic bloc called Comecon. Yugoslavia was neutal."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does EU stand for?", "id": "56de4fd0cffd8e1900b4b7f1", "answers": [{"text": "European Union", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the European Union tasked with managing?", "id": "56de4fd0cffd8e1900b4b7f2", "answers": [{"text": "market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did communism fall in allies of the Soviet Union?", "id": "56de4fd0cffd8e1900b4b7f3", "answers": [{"text": "1989", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the USSR dissolve?", "id": "56de4fd0cffd8e1900b4b7f4", "answers": [{"text": "1991", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Croatia admitted to the European Union?", "id": "56de4fd0cffd8e1900b4b7f5", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 712}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism", "answer_start": 239}], "question": "What Soviet Union tasked with managing?", "id": "5a63379768151a001a922264", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1989", "answer_start": 418}], "question": "When did democracy fall in allies of the Soviet Union?", "id": "5a63379768151a001a922265", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1991", "answer_start": 474}], "question": "When did the EU dissovle?", "id": "5a63379768151a001a922266", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 712}], "question": "In what year was Croatia admitted to the communist party?", "id": "5a63379768151a001a922267", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The European Union (EU)", "answer_start": 89}], "question": "What involved the division of formerly communist European countries?", "id": "5a63379768151a001a922268", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Italy became a major industrialized country again, due to its post-war economic miracle. The European Union (EU) involved the division of powers, with taxation, health and education handled by the nation states, while the EU had charge of market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism. The Soviet economic and political system collapsed, leading to the end of communism in the satellite countries in 1989, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself in 1991. As a consequence, Europe's integration deepened, the continent became depolarised, and the European Union expanded to subsequently include many of the formerly communist European countries \u2013 Romania and Bulgaria (2007) and Croatia (2013)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the most common group of languages spoken in Mediterranean Europe?", "id": "56de50ed4396321400ee27e3", "answers": [{"text": "Romance languages", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the three main areas of southern Europe where Italian speakers can be found?", "id": "56de50ed4396321400ee27e4", "answers": [{"text": "Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where can people who speak Catalan be found?", "id": "56de50ed4396321400ee27e5", "answers": [{"text": "eastern Spain", "answer_start": 613}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language is spoken in northwest Spain?", "id": "56de50ed4396321400ee27e6", "answers": [{"text": "Galician", "answer_start": 632}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people in Spain and Gibraltar are Spanish speakers?", "id": "56de50ed4396321400ee27e7", "answers": [{"text": "over 40 million", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Romance languages", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "What is the most common group of languages spoken in Catalan?", "id": "5a63394c68151a001a92226e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican", "answer_start": 339}], "question": "What are the three main areas of southern Europe where Latin speakers can be found?", "id": "5a63394c68151a001a92226f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "over 40 million", "answer_start": 407}], "question": "How many people in Spain and France are Spanish speakers?", "id": "5a63394c68151a001a922270", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "over 50 million people", "answer_start": 313}], "question": "How many people speak Italian in Europe?", "id": "5a63394c68151a001a922271", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Romance languages", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "What languages are emblematic of northern Europe?", "id": "5a63394c68151a001a922272", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The most widely spoken family of languages in southern Europe are the Romance languages, the heirs of Latin, which have spread from the Italian peninsula, and are emblematic of Southwestern Europe. (See the Latin Arch.) By far the most common romance languages in Southern Europe are: Italian, which is spoken by over 50 million people in Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican; and Spanish, which is spoken by over 40 million people in Spain and Gibraltar. Other common romance languages include: Romanian, which is spoken in Romania and Moldova; Portuguese, which is spoken in Portugal; Catalan, which is spoken in eastern Spain; and Galician, which is spoken in northwestern Spain."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is another term for Greek?", "id": "56de515e4396321400ee27f3", "answers": [{"text": "Hellenic", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Outside of Greece itself, in what other nation is Greek a major language?", "id": "56de515e4396321400ee27f4", "answers": [{"text": "Cyprus", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hellenic", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What is another term for Cyprus?", "id": "5a633af868151a001a922278", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cyprus", "answer_start": 94}], "question": "In what other nation is Icelandic a major language?", "id": "5a633af868151a001a922279", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "other European counties", "answer_start": 185}], "question": "Where are small varieties of Latin spoken in small communities?", "id": "5a633af868151a001a92227a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Greece", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "In what country is Greek spoken by the wealthy?", "id": "5a633af868151a001a92227b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Greek part of Cyprus", "answer_start": 76}], "question": "What part of Cyprus is known for its many languages?", "id": "5a633af868151a001a92227c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Hellenic languages or Greek language are widely spoken in Greece and in the Greek part of Cyprus. Additionally, other varieties of Greek are spoken in small communities in parts of other European counties."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What language is used in Macedonia?", "id": "56de51f9cffd8e1900b4b7ff", "answers": [{"text": "Macedonian", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do people speak in Bulgaria?", "id": "56de51f9cffd8e1900b4b800", "answers": [{"text": "Bulgarian", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Slovene is a major language in what country?", "id": "56de51f9cffd8e1900b4b802", "answers": [{"text": "Slovenia", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Serbian", "answer_start": 84}], "question": "What is the most common Slavic language? ", "id": "5a633c6468151a001a922282", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bulgaria", "answer_start": 157}], "question": "Where is Bulgarian ale made?", "id": "5a633c6468151a001a922283", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bosnia", "answer_start": 201}], "question": "Where is Croatian the second most common language?", "id": "5a633c6468151a001a922284", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Several South Slavic languages", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What languages are spoken by millions of people in Northern Europe?", "id": "5a633c6468151a001a922285", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Serbian", "answer_start": 84}], "question": "What language is spoken in both Serbia and Croatia?", "id": "5a633c6468151a001a922286", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Several South Slavic languages are spoken by millions of people in Southern Europe. Serbian is spoken in Serbia, Bosnia, and Croatia; Bulgarian is spoken in Bulgaria; Croatian is spoken in Croatia and Bosnia; Bosnian is spoken in Bosnia; Slovene is spoken in Slovenia; and Macedonian is spoken in Macedonia."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is considered a de facto second language in Mediterranean Europe?", "id": "56de53534396321400ee2807", "answers": [{"text": "English", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides English, what other language is spoken in Gibraltar?", "id": "56de53534396321400ee2809", "answers": [{"text": "Spanish", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides English, what other language is spoken in Malta?", "id": "56de53534396321400ee280a", "answers": [{"text": "Maltese", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "English", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What language is considered a defacto first langauge in Mediterranean Europe?", "id": "5a633d8368151a001a92228c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spanish", "answer_start": 181}], "question": "What language is the third most common in Malta?", "id": "5a633d8368151a001a92228d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "English", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What language is the most common in Southern Europe?", "id": "5a633d8368151a001a92228e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Maltese", "answer_start": 214}], "question": "What language is the third most common in Gibraltar?", "id": "5a633d8368151a001a92228f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Southern Europe", "answer_start": 135}], "question": "Where does English have a large presence as a primary language?", "id": "5a633d8368151a001a922290", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "English is used as a second language in parts of Southern Europe. As a primary language, however, English has only a small presence in Southern Europe, only in Gibraltar (alongside Spanish) and Malta (secondary to Maltese)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What language can be found used in Kosovo and Albania?", "id": "56de560a4396321400ee281d", "answers": [{"text": "Albanian", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of language is Maltese?", "id": "56de560a4396321400ee281e", "answers": [{"text": "Semitic", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Basque Country located?", "id": "56de560a4396321400ee281f", "answers": [{"text": "northern Spain and southwestern France", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Albanian", "answer_start": 55}], "question": "What language is spoken in Cyprus?", "id": "5a633e6468151a001a922296", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Semitic", "answer_start": 140}], "question": "What type of language is Albanian?", "id": "5a633e6468151a001a922297", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "northern Spain and southwestern France", "answer_start": 262}], "question": "Where is Malta located?", "id": "5a633e6468151a001a922298", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Maltese", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "What is the second most common language in Albania?", "id": "5a633e6468151a001a922299", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Maltese", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "What is the second most common language in the Basque Country?", "id": "5a633e6468151a001a92229a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "There are other language groupings in Southern Europe. Albanian is spoken in Albania, Kosovo, Macedoonia, and parts of Greece. Maltese is a Semitic language that is the official language of Malta. The Basque language is spoken in the Basque Country, a region in northern Spain and southwestern France."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the main faith practiced in southern Europe?", "id": "56de56f64396321400ee2825", "answers": [{"text": "Christianity", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Romans make Christianity their official religion?", "id": "56de56f64396321400ee2826", "answers": [{"text": "380 AD", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What denomination of Christianity is common in the western part of southern Europe?", "id": "56de56f64396321400ee2827", "answers": [{"text": "Roman Catholic", "answer_start": 539}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which denomination of Christianity is more common in the eastern part of Mediterranean Europe?", "id": "56de56f64396321400ee2828", "answers": [{"text": "Greek Orthodox", "answer_start": 647}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christianity", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "What is the main faith practiced in western Europe?", "id": "5a63406b68151a001a9222a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "380 AD", "answer_start": 219}], "question": "When did the Romans say that Christianity was true? ", "id": "5a63406b68151a001a9222a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Roman Catholic", "answer_start": 539}], "question": "What denomination of Christianity was common in Constantinople?", "id": "5a63406b68151a001a9222a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Greek Orthodox", "answer_start": 647}], "question": "Which denomination of Christianity was most common during the Roman Empire?", "id": "5a63406b68151a001a9222a3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Due to the historical break of the Christian Church", "answer_start": 227}], "question": "Why are different branches of Christianity spread evenly over Europe?", "id": "5a63406b68151a001a9222a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The predominant religion is southern Europe is Christianity. Christianity spread throughout Southern Europe during the Roman Empire, and Christianity was adopted as the official religion of the Roman Empire in the year 380 AD. Due to the historical break of the Christian Church into the western half based in Rome and the eastern half based in Constantinople, different branches of Christianity are prodominent in different parts of Europe. Christians in the western half of Southern Europe \u2014 e.g., Portugal, Spain, Italy \u2014 are generally Roman Catholic. Christians in the eastern half of Southern Europe \u2014 e.g., Greece, Macedonia \u2014 are generally Greek Orthodox."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What term is used by the UNO to divide groups of nations?", "id": "56de58b94396321400ee283b", "answers": [{"text": "regions", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the reason for the UNO's division into regions?", "id": "56de58b94396321400ee283c", "answers": [{"text": "statistical convenience", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What smaller unit makes up the southern Europe region?", "id": "56de58b94396321400ee283d", "answers": [{"text": "sub-regions", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "regions", "answer_start": 116}], "question": "What term is used by the UNO to divide groups of cities?", "id": "5a6341f368151a001a9222aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "statistical convenience", "answer_start": 373}], "question": "What is the reason for the UNO's official works?", "id": "5a6341f368151a001a9222ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sub-regions", "answer_start": 424}], "question": "What smaller units are recorded in newspaper publications?", "id": "5a6341f368151a001a9222ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings", "answer_start": 125}], "question": "What does not imply a religious affiliation?", "id": "5a6341f368151a001a9222ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United Nations Organization", "answer_start": 45}], "question": "Who groups countries according to political affiliation?", "id": "5a6341f368151a001a9222ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "For its official works and publications, the United Nations Organization groups countries under a classification of regions. The assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories by the United Nations. Southern Europe, as grouped for statistical convenience by the United Nations (the sub-regions according to the UN), includes following countries and territories:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does TDM stand for?", "id": "56de58e4cffd8e1900b4b82e", "answers": [{"text": "Tourism Decision Metrics", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which group uses TDM as a metric?", "id": "56de58e4cffd8e1900b4b82f", "answers": [{"text": "European Travel Commission", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "European Travel Commission", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Which group uses European regions as a metric?", "id": "5a63430c68151a001a9222b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "European Travel Commission", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who divides the mountainous regions?", "id": "5a63430c68151a001a9222b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tourism Decision Metrics (TDM) model", "answer_start": 71}], "question": "What model shows countries grouped by population?", "id": "5a63430c68151a001a9222b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Southern/Mediterranean Europe", "answer_start": 139}], "question": "What region does Ireland belong to? ", "id": "5a63430c68151a001a9222b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "European Travel Commission", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who divides the Asian region?", "id": "5a63430c68151a001a9222b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "European Travel Commission divides the European region on the basis of Tourism Decision Metrics (TDM) model. Countries which belong to the Southern/Mediterranean Europe are:"}]}, {"title": "BBC_Television", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What is the acronym for British Broadcasting Corporation?", "id": "56de61a3cffd8e1900b4b838", "answers": [{"text": "BBC", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Under what auspices does the BBC exist?", "id": "56de61a3cffd8e1900b4b839", "answers": [{"text": "Royal charter", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the BBC start creating its own programming?", "id": "56de61a3cffd8e1900b4b83a", "answers": [{"text": "1932", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did the BBC being its regular TV broadcasts?", "id": "56de61a3cffd8e1900b4b83b", "answers": [{"text": "2 November 1936", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what country is the BBC headquartered?", "id": "56de61a3cffd8e1900b4b83c", "answers": [{"text": "United Kingdom", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Royal", "answer_start": 148}], "question": "What type of charter has the BBC operated under since 1932?", "id": "5a8310f7e60761001a2eb359", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "television programmes", "answer_start": 187}], "question": "The BBC has produced what since 1927?", "id": "5a8310f7e60761001a2eb35a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the start of its regular service of television broadcasts", "answer_start": 243}], "question": "What does the date of 3 November 1926 signify?", "id": "5a8310f7e60761001a2eb35b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "British Broadcasting Corporation", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "What is BCB Television a service of?", "id": "5a8310f7e60761001a2eb35c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation, which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal charter since 1927, has produced television programmes from its own since 1932, although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of viewership across the UK is constituted by the BBC?", "id": "56de620fcffd8e1900b4b842", "answers": [{"text": "30%", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "commercial advertising", "answer_start": 66}], "question": "What are BBC channels broadcast without?", "id": "5a831244e60761001a2eb373", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "30%", "answer_start": 133}], "question": "How much UK viewing do domestic BCB channels account for?", "id": "5a831244e60761001a2eb374", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a television licence", "answer_start": 183}], "question": "What are commercial services funded by?", "id": "5a831244e60761001a2eb375", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The domestic TV BBC television channels are broadcast without any commercial advertising and collectively they account for more than 30% of all UK viewing. The services are funded by a television licence."}, {"qas": [{"question": "As a result of shows that the BBC itself creates, it is one of the biggest what?", "id": "56de626d4396321400ee2866", "answers": [{"text": "television production companies", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United Kingdom", "answer_start": 193}], "question": "Where does the BBC operate several station networks?", "id": "5a83141fe60761001a2eb379", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "television networks, television stations", "answer_start": 25}], "question": "What two terms are there distinction between?", "id": "5a83141fe60761001a2eb37a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The BBC", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What ranks as one of the United Kingdom's largest television production companies?", "id": "5a83141fe60761001a2eb37b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The BBC operates several television networks, television stations (although there is generally very little distinction between the two terms in the UK), and related programming services in the United Kingdom. As well as being a broadcaster, the corporation also produces a large number of its own programmes in-house, thereby ranking as one of the world's largest television production companies."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what date was the first TV show seen in the UK?", "id": "56de62fc4396321400ee2869", "answers": [{"text": "30 September 1929", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From where was the first TV show in the UK broadcasted?", "id": "56de62fc4396321400ee286a", "answers": [{"text": "Long Acre, London", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many lines made up the picture on Britain's earliest TV broadcasts?", "id": "56de62fc4396321400ee286b", "answers": [{"text": "30", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Baird cease showing its programs on BBC?", "id": "56de62fc4396321400ee286c", "answers": [{"text": "June 1932", "answer_start": 751}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were both audio and video first broadcasted at the same time?", "id": "56de62fc4396321400ee286d", "answers": [{"text": "30 March 1930", "answer_start": 466}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Britain's first television broadcast", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "What was made on 29 September 1930?", "id": "5a8315c1e60761001a2eb3b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the electromechanical system", "answer_start": 164}], "question": "What was used, created by Logie John Baird, to make the Britain's first television broadcast?", "id": "5a8315c1e60761001a2eb3b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Simultaneous transmission of sound and picture", "answer_start": 403}], "question": "What was achieved on 30 March 1932?", "id": "5a8315c1e60761001a2eb3b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1930", "answer_start": 548}], "question": "What year did BBC radio go off the air?", "id": "5a8315c1e60761001a2eb3b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Baird broadcasts via the BBC", "answer_start": 706}], "question": "What continued until June 1930?", "id": "5a8315c1e60761001a2eb3b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Baird Television Ltd. made Britain's first television broadcast, on 30 September 1929 from its studio in Long Acre, London, via the BBC's London transmitter, using the electromechanical system pioneered by John Logie Baird. This system used a vertically-scanned image of 30 lines \u2013 just enough resolution for a close-up of one person, and with a bandwidth low enough to use existing radio transmitters. Simultaneous transmission of sound and picture was achieved on 30 March 1930, by using the BBC's new twin transmitter at Brookmans Park. By late 1930, 30 minutes of morning programmes were broadcast Monday to Friday, and 30 minutes at midnight on Tuesdays and Fridays, after BBC radio went off the air. Baird broadcasts via the BBC continued until June 1932."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where was the BBC's first studio located?", "id": "56de66ce4396321400ee2889", "answers": [{"text": "Broadcasting House, London", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the medium that brought the BBC's signal to the transmitter?", "id": "56de66ce4396321400ee288a", "answers": [{"text": "telephone line", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term characterizes the type of broadcast made by the BBC prior to late 1935?", "id": "56de66ce4396321400ee288b", "answers": [{"text": "electromechanical", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the BBC's second studio located?", "id": "56de66ce4396321400ee288c", "answers": [{"text": "16 Portland Place, London", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the BBC first change studios?", "id": "56de66ce4396321400ee288d", "answers": [{"text": "February 1934", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "its own regular television programming", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "What did the BBC begin on 30 August 1932?", "id": "5a83182ce60761001a2eb3e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "16 Portland Place, London", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "Where did the studio move to in February 1935?", "id": "5a83182ce60761001a2eb3e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "11 September 1935", "answer_start": 334}], "question": "When were 35-line images broadcast until?", "id": "5a83182ce60761001a2eb3e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "30-line images", "answer_start": 236}], "question": "What was carried from medium wave transmitters to telephone lines?", "id": "5a83182ce60761001a2eb3e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Brookmans Park", "answer_start": 312}], "question": "What park were the telephone lines located in?", "id": "5a83182ce60761001a2eb3e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. The studio moved to larger quarters in 16 Portland Place, London, in February 1934, and continued broadcasting the 30-line images, carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at Brookmans Park, until 11 September 1935, by which time advances in all-electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts obsolete."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where did the BBC continue broadcasting from in October of 1936?", "id": "56de679e4396321400ee2893", "answers": [{"text": "Alexandra Palace", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What frequency band was used by the BBC starting in 1936?", "id": "56de679e4396321400ee2894", "answers": [{"text": "VHF", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many lines did the Baird transmission contain?", "id": "56de679e4396321400ee2895", "answers": [{"text": "240", "answer_start": 426}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many lines did the Marconi-EMI transmission contain?", "id": "56de679e4396321400ee2896", "answers": [{"text": "405", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what days did the BBC provide regular broadcasts?", "id": "56de679e4396321400ee2897", "answers": [{"text": "Monday to Saturday", "answer_start": 598}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "regular BBC television broadcasts", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "What officially resumed on 1 August 1936?", "id": "5a831a9be60761001a2eb3ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alexandra Palace", "answer_start": 179}], "question": "What housed scenery offices and make-up stores?", "id": "5a831a9be60761001a2eb3ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "on alternate weeks", "answer_start": 402}], "question": "On what schedule were the 405-line Baird system and the 240-line Marconi system used?", "id": "5a831a9be60761001a2eb3ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "high-definition", "answer_start": 549}], "question": "What type of service was broadcast from 15:00 to 21:00?", "id": "5a831a9be60761001a2eb3f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the transmitter", "answer_start": 301}], "question": "What was broadcasting on the VFH band?", "id": "5a831a9be60761001a2eb3f1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After a series of test transmissions and special broadcasts that began in August, regular BBC television broadcasts officially resumed on 1 October 1936, from a converted wing of Alexandra Palace in London, which housed two studios, various scenery stores, make-up areas, dressing rooms, offices, and the transmitter itself, now broadcasting on the VHF band. BBC television initially used two systems, on alternate weeks: the 240-line Baird intermediate film system and the 405-line Marconi-EMI system, each making the BBC the world's first regular high-definition television service, broadcasting Monday to Saturday from 15:00 to 16:00 and 21:00 to 22:00."}, {"qas": [{"question": "For how long did the BBC alternate different broadcasting systems?", "id": "56de69b84396321400ee28a7", "answers": [{"text": "six months", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of camera was used to broadcast live shows under the Baird system?", "id": "56de69b84396321400ee28a8", "answers": [{"text": "Farnsworth image dissector", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Baird system officially abandoned?", "id": "56de69b84396321400ee28a9", "answers": [{"text": "13 February 1937", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "six months", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "How long did two systems run on a trial basis for?", "id": "5a83202ae60761001a2eb415", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mechanical camera", "answer_start": 151}], "question": "What type of camera did the Baird image dissector use?", "id": "5a83202ae60761001a2eb416", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Baird system, which used a mechanical camera for filmed programming and Farnsworth image dissector", "answer_start": 120}], "question": "What ended on Saturday 17 February 1933?", "id": "5a83202ae60761001a2eb417", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The two systems were to run on a trial basis for six months; early television sets supported both resolutions. However, the Baird system, which used a mechanical camera for filmed programming and Farnsworth image dissector cameras for live programming, proved too cumbersome and visually inferior, and ended with closedown (at 22:00) on Saturday 13 February 1937. "}, {"qas": [{"question": "How far from its studio could the BBC's broadcast originally reach?", "id": "56de6a2e4396321400ee28ad", "answers": [{"text": "40 kilometres", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year were BBC broadcasts seen in the United States?", "id": "56de6a2e4396321400ee28ae", "answers": [{"text": "1938", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company did the U.S. engineers who saw the BBC broadcast work for?", "id": "56de6a2e4396321400ee28af", "answers": [{"text": "RCA", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the RCA employees use in order to receive the BBC signal?", "id": "56de6a2e4396321400ee28b0", "answers": [{"text": "a British television set", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the station's range", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "What was 40 kilometers away from the Alexandra Palace transmitter?", "id": "5a83215fe60761001a2eb425", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "transmissions", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "What was picked up in 1940 by engineers at RCA in New York?", "id": "5a83215fe60761001a2eb426", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a British television set.", "answer_start": 290}], "question": "What were engineers experimenting with in Alexandra?", "id": "5a83215fe60761001a2eb427", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Initially, the station's range was officially a 40 kilometres radius of the Alexandra Palace transmitter\u2014in practice, however, transmissions could be picked up a good deal further away, and on one occasion in 1938 were picked up by engineers at RCA in New York, who were experimenting with a British television set."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where was the BBC's transmitter located in 1930?", "id": "56de7613cffd8e1900b4b944", "answers": [{"text": "Brookmans Park", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the BBC start broadcasting under the name BBC One?", "id": "56de7613cffd8e1900b4b945", "answers": [{"text": "2 August 1932", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the title of the first show seen on the BBC?", "id": "56de7613cffd8e1900b4b946", "answers": [{"text": "Opening of the BBC Television Service", "answer_start": 622}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which members of British royalty were seen on the BBC in May of 1937?", "id": "56de7613cffd8e1900b4b947", "answers": [{"text": "King George VI and Queen Elizabeth", "answer_start": 727}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the BBC cease broadcasts due to World War II?", "id": "56de7613cffd8e1900b4b948", "answers": [{"text": "September 1939", "answer_start": 913}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1929", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "What year did 30-line television broadcasts by Logie John Baird begin?", "id": "5a832318e60761001a2eb43f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2 August 1932", "answer_start": 316}], "question": "When was BBC One established? ", "id": "5a832318e60761001a2eb440", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Regularly scheduled electronically scanned television", "answer_start": 367}], "question": "What began on 2 November 1935?", "id": "5a832318e60761001a2eb441", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth", "answer_start": 713}], "question": "What broadcast event took place in September 1939?", "id": "5a832318e60761001a2eb442", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "service to be suspended", "answer_start": 886}], "question": "What happened to service in May of 1939?", "id": "5a832318e60761001a2eb443", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Mechanically scanned, 30-line television broadcasts by John Logie Baird began in 1929, using the BBC transmitter in London, and by 1930 a regular schedule of programmes was transmitted from the BBC antenna in Brookmans Park. Television production was switched from Baird's company to what is now known as BBC One on 2 August 1932, and continued until September 1935. Regularly scheduled electronically scanned television began from Alexandra Palace in London on 2 November 1936, to just a few hundred viewers in the immediate area. The first programme broadcast \u2013 and thus the first ever, on a dedicated TV channel \u2013 was \"Opening of the BBC Television Service\" at 15:00. The first major outside broadcast was the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in May 1937. The service was reaching an estimated 25,000\u201340,000 homes before the outbreak of World War II which caused the service to be suspended in September 1939. The VHF broadcasts would have provided an ideal radio beacon for German bombers homing in on London, and the engineers and technicians of the service would be needed for the war effort, in particular the radar programme."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did the British fear could provide guidance to the German air force?", "id": "56de7997cffd8e1900b4b954", "answers": [{"text": "VHF transmissions", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of the military did many people working for the BBC end up serving in?", "id": "56de7997cffd8e1900b4b955", "answers": [{"text": "the radar programme", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the final thing shown on the BBC before it was shut down for the war?", "id": "56de7997cffd8e1900b4b956", "answers": [{"text": "Mickey's Gala Premier", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did most people mistakenly remember the last broadcast as having ended?", "id": "56de7997cffd8e1900b4b957", "answers": [{"text": "before the end of the cartoon", "answer_start": 598}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1 September 1939", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What day did Britain declare war on Germany?", "id": "5a8326f2e60761001a2eb449", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1933", "answer_start": 463}], "question": "What year was Mickey's Gala Premier written?", "id": "5a8326f2e60761001a2eb44a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "VHF transmissions would act as a beacon to enemy aircraft homing in on London.", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "What was the station concerned about with regard to VHF transmissions?", "id": "5a8326f2e60761001a2eb44b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "engineers", "answer_start": 297}], "question": "What were many of the television service's technical radar staff needed for in the war effort?", "id": "5a8326f2e60761001a2eb44c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On 1 September 1939, two days before Britain declared war on Germany, the station was taken off air with little warning; the government was concerned that the VHF transmissions would act as a beacon to enemy aircraft homing in on London. Also, many of the television service's technical staff and engineers would be needed for the war effort, in particular on the radar programme. The last programme transmitted was a Mickey Mouse cartoon, Mickey's Gala Premier (1933), which was followed by test transmissions; this account refuted the popular memory according to which broadcasting was suspended before the end of the cartoon."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many TVs were made between 1936 and the start of the war in 1939?", "id": "56de79d34396321400ee293b", "answers": [{"text": "18,999", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "18,999", "answer_start": 69}], "question": "How many television sets had been manufactured by 1939?", "id": "5a832794e60761001a2eb45b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "September 1939", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "When did production of radio sets end?", "id": "5a832794e60761001a2eb45c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the war", "answer_start": 173}], "question": "What caused the halt in production of radio sets?", "id": "5a832794e60761001a2eb45d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to figures from Britain's Radio Manufacturers Association, 18,999 television sets had been manufactured from 1936 to September 1939, when production was halted by the war."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the first person to speak on BBC when it was turned back on following World War II?", "id": "56de7a464396321400ee293f", "answers": [{"text": "Jasmine Bligh", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did BBC return to the air after World War II?", "id": "56de7a464396321400ee2940", "answers": [{"text": "7 June 1946", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the decade following the war, where did a large portion of the BBC move to?", "id": "56de7a464396321400ee2941", "answers": [{"text": "Lime Grove Studios", "answer_start": 432}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What character was featured in the cartoon aired the day BBC broadcasting was restored?", "id": "56de7a464396321400ee2942", "answers": [{"text": "Mickey Mouse", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BBC Television", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What returned on 6 June 1947?", "id": "5a8328fee60761001a2eb475", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one of the original announcers", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "Who was Alexandra Bligh?", "id": "5a8328fee60761001a2eb476", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lime Grove Studios", "answer_start": 432}], "question": "What studio did the channel switch to in 1946 from Alexandra Place?", "id": "5a8328fee60761001a2eb477", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mickey Mouse", "answer_start": 214}], "question": "What 1950's cartoon aired the day BBC returned?", "id": "5a8328fee60761001a2eb478", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15:00. Jasmine Bligh, one of the original announcers, made the first announcement, saying, 'Good afternoon everybody. How are you? Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh?'. The Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later.[unreliable source?] Alexandra Palace was the home base of the channel until the early 1950s when the majority of production moved into the newly acquired Lime Grove Studios.[original research?]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What city received BBC signals starting in 1949?", "id": "56de7aaa4396321400ee2947", "answers": [{"text": "Birmingham", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which facility brought the BBC's transmissions to Birmingham?", "id": "56de7aaa4396321400ee2948", "answers": [{"text": "Sutton Coldfield transmitting station", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of image was broadcasted by the BBC by the mid-'50s?", "id": "56de7aaa4396321400ee2949", "answers": [{"text": "405-line interlaced image", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what frequency band was the BBC broadcasting in thie 1950s?", "id": "56de7aaa4396321400ee294a", "answers": [{"text": "VHF", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1949", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "What year was broadcast coverage extended to Sutton?", "id": "5a832af9e60761001a2eb499", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sutton", "answer_start": 86}], "question": "The Coldfield Birmingham transmitting station helped cover what area in 1949?", "id": "5a832af9e60761001a2eb49a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a 405-line interlaced image on VHF", "answer_start": 192}], "question": "What did postwar coverage consist of?", "id": "5a832af9e60761001a2eb49b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Postwar broadcast coverage was extended to Birmingham in 1949 with the opening of the Sutton Coldfield transmitting station, and by the mid-1950s most of the country was covered, transmitting a 405-line interlaced image on VHF.[original research?]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the BBC changed to in 1960?", "id": "56de7c51cffd8e1900b4b972", "answers": [{"text": "BBC tv", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the BBC's main competitor?", "id": "56de7c51cffd8e1900b4b973", "answers": [{"text": "ITV", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What program debuted on November 23, 1963?", "id": "56de7c51cffd8e1900b4b974", "answers": [{"text": "Doctor Who", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the BBC broadcast from following World War II?", "id": "56de7c51cffd8e1900b4b975", "answers": [{"text": "Alexandra Palace", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "resumed from Alexandra Palace", "answer_start": 25}], "question": "What happened with television transmissions in 1964?", "id": "5a8349eae60761001a2eb513", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BBC tv", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "What was BBC Service Television renamed in 1960?", "id": "5a8349eae60761001a2eb514", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Doctor Who", "answer_start": 396}], "question": "What show was introduced on 23 November 1973 at 16:16?", "id": "5a8349eae60761001a2eb515", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "competed with", "answer_start": 263}], "question": "What did the BBC do with the network, IVT?", "id": "5a8349eae60761001a2eb516", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Television transmissions resumed from Alexandra Palace in 1946. The BBC Television Service (renamed \"BBC tv\" in 1960) showed popular programming, including drama, comedies, documentaries, game shows, and soap operas, covering a wide range of genres and regularly competed with ITV to become the channel with the highest ratings for that week. The channel also introduced the science fiction show Doctor Who on 23 November 1963 - at 17:16 - which went on to become one of Britain's most iconic and beloved television programmes."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the first station launched after the original BBC?", "id": "56de7cb6cffd8e1900b4b97a", "answers": [{"text": "ITV", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the third network started in the UK?", "id": "56de7cb6cffd8e1900b4b97b", "answers": [{"text": "BBC2", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What prevented BBC2 from broadcasting on its scheduled launch date?", "id": "56de7cb6cffd8e1900b4b97c", "answers": [{"text": "massive power failure", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the cause of the power outage?", "id": "56de7cb6cffd8e1900b4b97d", "answers": [{"text": "Battersea Power Station", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who served as MC for the first BBC2 broadcast?", "id": "56de7cb6cffd8e1900b4b97e", "answers": [{"text": "Denis Tuohy", "answer_start": 503}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BBC1", "answer_start": 19}], "question": "What channel was launched that caused BBC TV to be renamed BBC2?", "id": "5a834bdae60761001a2eb52f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "20 April 1964", "answer_start": 214}], "question": "When was BBC2 launched?", "id": "5a834bdae60761001a2eb530", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "London", "answer_start": 302}], "question": "Where did the fire at Battersea Station Power cause a massive power failure?", "id": "5a834bdae60761001a2eb531", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A videotape made on the opening night was rediscovered", "answer_start": 355}], "question": "What was discovered in 2003 by an ITV technician?", "id": "5a834bdae60761001a2eb532", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BBC2", "answer_start": 533}], "question": "What was the first channel to use UHF and 405-line pictures?", "id": "5a834bdae60761001a2eb533", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "BBC TV was renamed BBC1 in 1964, after the launch of BBC2 (now BBC Two), the third television station (ITV was the second) for the UK; its remit, to provide more niche programming. The channel was due to launch on 20 April 1964, but was put off the air by a massive power failure that affected much of London, caused by a fire at Battersea Power Station. A videotape made on the opening night was rediscovered in 2003 by a BBC technician. In the end the launch went ahead the following night, hosted by Denis Tuohy holding a candle. BBC2 was the first British channel to use UHF and 625-line pictures, giving higher definition than the existing VHF 405-line system."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the first station to show programs in color?", "id": "56de7dd64396321400ee2969", "answers": [{"text": "BBC Two", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the other two major British stations start color programming?", "id": "56de7dd64396321400ee296a", "answers": [{"text": "15 November 1969", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What types of programs were not shown on BBC Two?", "id": "56de7dd64396321400ee296b", "answers": [{"text": "soap opera or standard news programming", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first controller of BBC2?", "id": "56de7dd64396321400ee296c", "answers": [{"text": "Sir David Attenborough", "answer_start": 625}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kinds of programs did Attenborough favor?", "id": "56de7dd64396321400ee296d", "answers": [{"text": "documentaries", "answer_start": 684}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BBC Two became the first television channel in Europe to broadcast regularly in colour", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "What happened on 1 July 1969?", "id": "5a834d86e60761001a2eb54d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "625-line colour broadcasts", "answer_start": 243}], "question": "What did BBC One and ITV begin on 15 November 1967?", "id": "5a834d86e60761001a2eb54e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sir David Attenborough", "answer_start": 625}], "question": "Who commissioned Horizon and The Ascent of Civilisation? ", "id": "5a834d86e60761001a2eb54f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "range of programmes intended to be eclectic and diverse", "answer_start": 411}], "question": "What does BBC Two air along with soap operas and standard news programming?", "id": "5a834d86e60761001a2eb550", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On 1 July 1967, BBC Two became the first television channel in Europe to broadcast regularly in colour, using the West German PAL system that is still in use today although being gradually superseded by digital systems. (BBC One and ITV began 625-line colour broadcasts simultaneously on 15 November 1969). Unlike other terrestrial channels, BBC Two does not have soap opera or standard news programming, but a range of programmes intended to be eclectic and diverse (although if a programme has high audience ratings it is often eventually repositioned to BBC One). The different remit of BBC2 allowed its first controller, Sir David Attenborough to commission the first heavyweight documentaries and documentary series such as Civilisation, The Ascent of Man and Horizon."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the first broadcast of Tom and Jerry on BBC One?", "id": "56de7e1d4396321400ee2973", "answers": [{"text": "1967", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the final broadcast of Tom and Jerry?", "id": "56de7e1d4396321400ee2974", "answers": [{"text": "2000", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many episodes of Tom and Jerry were shown in the evenings?", "id": "56de7e1d4396321400ee2975", "answers": [{"text": "2", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what channel was Tom and Jerry sometimes shown in the mornings?", "id": "56de7e1d4396321400ee2976", "answers": [{"text": "CBBC", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tom and Jerry cartoons", "answer_start": 8}], "question": "What cartoons first aired in 1976?", "id": "5a834fb0e60761001a2eb55f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CBBC", "answer_start": 144}], "question": "What channel showed the cartoons every morning?", "id": "5a834fb0e60761001a2eb560", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2 episodes", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "How many episodes were shown in the mornings?", "id": "5a834fb0e60761001a2eb561", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1967 Tom and Jerry cartoons first aired on BBC One, with around 2 episodes shown every evening at 17:00, with occasional morning showings on CBBC. The BBC stopped airing the famous cartoon duo in 2000."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which group did David Attenborough join while on sabbatical?", "id": "56de7eb84396321400ee297b", "answers": [{"text": "BBC Natural History Unit", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the BBC Natural History Unit come into existence?", "id": "56de7eb84396321400ee297c", "answers": [{"text": "the 1950s", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some shows that Attenborough created with the BBC Natural History Unit?", "id": "56de7eb84396321400ee297d", "answers": [{"text": "Life on Earth, The Private Life of Plants, The Blue Planet, The Life of Mammals, Planet Earth and Frozen Planet", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "David Attenborough", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who joined the BBC History Unit?", "id": "5a8351a3e60761001a2eb577", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "David Attenborough", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who wrote Life on Earth, The Private Life of Plants, The Blue Planet, The Life of Mammals, Planet Earth and Frozen Planet?", "id": "5a8351a3e60761001a2eb578", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1950s", "answer_start": 151}], "question": "When did David Attenborough take his sabbatical leave?", "id": "5a8351a3e60761001a2eb579", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "David Attenborough was later granted sabbatical leave from his job as Controller to work with the BBC Natural History Unit which had existed since the 1950s. This unit is now famed throughout the world for producing high quality programmes with Attenborough such as Life on Earth, The Private Life of Plants, The Blue Planet, The Life of Mammals, Planet Earth and Frozen Planet."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many different areas does BBC One accommodate with customized broadcasting?", "id": "56de81084396321400ee2989", "answers": [{"text": "fifteen", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which parts of the UK have more control over their BBC broadcasts?", "id": "56de81084396321400ee298a", "answers": [{"text": "Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who hosts shows on BBC broadcasts outside of England?", "id": "56de81084396321400ee298b", "answers": [{"text": "local announcers", "answer_start": 529}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of coverage might take precedence over standard BBC programming?", "id": "56de81084396321400ee298c", "answers": [{"text": "major local events", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fifteen regions", "answer_start": 128}], "question": "How many regions is BBC Two's output split up into?", "id": "5a835387e60761001a2eb587", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "London", "answer_start": 571}], "question": "What city are the announcers of Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland mostly from?", "id": "5a835387e60761001a2eb588", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "variations also occur within the BBC One and BBC Two schedules", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "What occurs between national and local BBC schedules?", "id": "5a835387e60761001a2eb589", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "National and regional variations also occur within the BBC One and BBC Two schedules. England's BBC One output is split up into fifteen regions (such as South West and East), which exist mainly to produce local news programming, but also occasionally opt out of the network to show programmes of local importance (such as major local events). The other nations of the United Kingdom (Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) have been granted more autonomy from the English network; for example, programmes are mostly introduced by local announcers, rather than by those in London. BBC One and BBC Two schedules in the other UK nations can vary immensely from BBC One and BBC Two in England."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of a political show shown on BBC in Northern Ireland?", "id": "56de818dcffd8e1900b4b998", "answers": [{"text": "Give My Head Peace", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of a Scottish soap opera?", "id": "56de818dcffd8e1900b4b999", "answers": [{"text": "River City", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language does BBC Scotland provide programming for?", "id": "56de818dcffd8e1900b4b99a", "answers": [{"text": "Gaelic", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a well-known Gaelic program?", "id": "56de818dcffd8e1900b4b99b", "answers": [{"text": "E\u00f2rpa and D\u00e8 a-nis?", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of a show from Northern Ireland broadcast all over the United Kingdom?", "id": "56de818dcffd8e1900b4b99c", "answers": [{"text": "Patrick Kielty Almost Live", "answer_start": 852}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "politically fuelled", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "What type of program is Give My Head Peace, produced by BBC Scotland?", "id": "5a835545e60761001a2eb5ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "talk show", "answer_start": 842}], "question": "What type o program is Patrick Kielty Almost Live, shown on BBC Scotland?", "id": "5a835545e60761001a2eb5b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "E\u00f2rpa and D\u00e8 a-nis", "answer_start": 470}], "question": "What popular children's show does BBC Wales produce for its Gaelic-speaking viewers?", "id": "5a835545e60761001a2eb5b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "soap opera", "answer_start": 106}], "question": "What type of program is River City, produced by BBC Northern Ireland?", "id": "5a835545e60761001a2eb5c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "comedy series", "answer_start": 784}], "question": "What type of program is Chewin' the Fat, shown on BBC Northern Ireland?", "id": "5a835545e60761001a2eb5c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Programmes, such as the politically fuelled Give My Head Peace (produced by BBC Northern Ireland) and the soap opera River City (produced by BBC Scotland), have been created specifically to cater for some viewers in their respective nations, who may have found programmes created for English audiences irrelevant. BBC Scotland produces daily programmes for its Gaelic-speaking viewers, including current affairs, political and children's programming such as the popular E\u00f2rpa and D\u00e8 a-nis?. BBC Wales also produces a large amount of Welsh language programming for S4C, particularly news, sport and other programmes, especially the soap opera Pobol y Cwm ('People of the Valley'). The UK nations also produce a number of programmes that are shown across the UK, such as BBC Scotland's comedy series Chewin' the Fat, and BBC Northern Ireland's talk show Patrick Kielty Almost Live."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How much of its programming must the BBC obtain from other content producers?", "id": "56de822bcffd8e1900b4b9a2", "answers": [{"text": "25%", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a popular American show that was shown on the BBC?", "id": "56de822bcffd8e1900b4b9a4", "answers": [{"text": "The Simpsons", "answer_start": 553}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a television show from Australia that was shown on the BBC?", "id": "56de822bcffd8e1900b4b9a5", "answers": [{"text": "Neighbours", "answer_start": 593}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Simpsons from the United States and Neighbours from Australia", "answer_start": 553}], "question": "What programs have been imported from English speaking countries and are currently shown?", "id": "5a835750e60761001a2eb5d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "25%", "answer_start": 349}], "question": "Based on the Independent Broadcasting Act, how much output is required to be from independent British production companies?", "id": "5a835750e60761001a2eb5d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1990", "answer_start": 424}], "question": "What year was the Independent Broadcasting Act written?", "id": "5a835750e60761001a2eb5d5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The BBC is also renowned for its production of costume dramas, such as Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice and contemporary social dramas such as Boys from the Blackstuff and Our Friends in the North. The BBC has come under pressure to commission more programmes from independent British production companies, and indeed is legally required to source 25% of its output from such companies by the terms of the Broadcasting Act 1990. Programmes have also been imported mainly from English-speaking countries: notable\u2014though no longer shown\u2014examples include The Simpsons from the United States and Neighbours from Australia. Because of the availability of programmes in English, few programmes need use sub-titles or dubbing unlike much European television."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of service was Ceefax?", "id": "56de826ccffd8e1900b4b9ac", "answers": [{"text": "teletext", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Ceefax launched?", "id": "56de826ccffd8e1900b4b9ad", "answers": [{"text": "1974", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the modern replacement for Ceefax?", "id": "56de826ccffd8e1900b4b9ae", "answers": [{"text": "BBCi", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ceefax", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "What service was launched in 1947?", "id": "5a835951e60761001a2eb5ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1974", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "When did Ceefax make the full transition to digital television?", "id": "5a835951e60761001a2eb5ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BBCi", "answer_start": 290}], "question": "Ceefex replaced what interactive service?", "id": "5a835951e60761001a2eb5ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The BBC also introduced Ceefax, the first teletext service, starting in 1974. This service allows BBC viewers to view textual information such as the latest news on their television. CEEFAX has not made a full transition to digital television, instead being replaced by the new interactive BBCi service."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the BBC say it would start using a satellite to transit its signal?", "id": "56de83354396321400ee29b1", "answers": [{"text": "May 2003", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the satellite from which the BBC's signal was sent?", "id": "56de83354396321400ee29b2", "answers": [{"text": "Astra 2D satellite", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Due to delays, when was the actual date of the BBC's move to satellite broadcasts?", "id": "56de83354396321400ee29b3", "answers": [{"text": "14 July", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money was the move to satellite worth to the station over the following half decade?", "id": "56de83354396321400ee29b4", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a385 million", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "it intended to transmit all eight of its domestic television channels (including the 15 regional variations of BBC 1) unencrypted from the Astra 2D satellite.", "answer_start": 97}], "question": "What did BBC announce in May 2003?", "id": "5a835a15e60761001a2eb607", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u00a385 million", "answer_start": 296}], "question": "How much money was the move estimated to save over the next 15 years?", "id": "5a835a15e60761001a2eb608", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "14 July", "answer_start": 88}], "question": "When did the switch to the Astra 2D satellite begin?", "id": "5a835a15e60761001a2eb609", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In March 2003 the BBC announced that from the end of May 2003 (subsequently deferred to 14 July) it intended to transmit all eight of its domestic television channels (including the 15 regional variations of BBC 1) unencrypted from the Astra 2D satellite. This move was estimated to save the BBC \u00a385 million over the next five years."}, {"qas": [{"question": "With the right tools, what area could get free BBC broadcasts from Astra 2D?", "id": "56de83cecffd8e1900b4b9c0", "answers": [{"text": "Western Europe", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some entities that have taken issue with the possibility that BBC programming was being viewed for free?", "id": "56de83cecffd8e1900b4b9c1", "answers": [{"text": "Hollywood studios and sporting organisations", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what service were some shows removed as a result of issues over rights?", "id": "56de83cecffd8e1900b4b9c2", "answers": [{"text": "Sky Digital", "answer_start": 529}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are two specific broadcasts suspended on Sky Digital?", "id": "56de83cecffd8e1900b4b9c3", "answers": [{"text": "Scottish Premier League and Scottish Cup football", "answer_start": 559}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Astra 2A", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "What was smaller than the footprint of the Astra 2D satellite?", "id": "5a835b79e60761001a2eb617", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "concern about the unencrypted signal leaking out.", "answer_start": 421}], "question": "What concerns with Western Europe did \"free-to-air\" bring up?", "id": "5a835b79e60761001a2eb618", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "some broadcasts being made unavailable", "answer_start": 483}], "question": "What happened to some programs on the Digital Sky Platform?", "id": "5a835b79e60761001a2eb619", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "While the \"footprint\" of the Astra 2D satellite was smaller than that of Astra 2A, from which it was previously broadcast encrypted, it meant that viewers with appropriate equipment were able to receive BBC channels \"free-to-air\" over much of Western Europe. Consequently, some rights concerns have needed to be resolved with programme providers such as Hollywood studios and sporting organisations, which have expressed concern about the unencrypted signal leaking out. This led to some broadcasts being made unavailable on the Sky Digital platform, such as Scottish Premier League and Scottish Cup football, while on other platforms such broadcasts were not disrupted. Later, when rights contracts were renewed, this problem was resolved."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the 50th anniversary of BBC news broadcasts?", "id": "56de848f4396321400ee29c9", "answers": [{"text": "5 July 2004", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what form of media was a retrospective of the BBC's news broadcasts released to commemorate its 50th anniversary?", "id": "56de848f4396321400ee29ca", "answers": [{"text": "DVD", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what format were the BBC's first new bulletins shown?", "id": "56de848f4396321400ee29cb", "answers": [{"text": "Newsreel", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What reality series was awarded a BAFTA in 2005?", "id": "56de848f4396321400ee29cc", "answers": [{"text": "Little Angels", "answer_start": 671}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5 July 2004", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What was the date the BBC celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of its television newsreel?", "id": "5a836086e60761001a2eb627", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "special edition", "answer_start": 515}], "question": "What kind of edition of Times Radio was produced?", "id": "5a836086e60761001a2eb628", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Little Angels", "answer_start": 671}], "question": "What series won a BATFA award?", "id": "5a836086e60761001a2eb629", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Little Angels", "answer_start": 704}], "question": "What was the first reality television show on BBC?", "id": "5a836086e60761001a2eb62a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On 5 July 2004, the BBC celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of its television news bulletins (although it had produced the Television Newsreel for several years before 1954). This event was marked by the release of a DVD, which showed highlights of the BBC's television coverage of significant events over the half-century, as well as changes in the format of the BBC television news; from the newsreel format of the first BBC Television News bulletins, to the 24-hour, worldwide news coverage available in 2004. A special edition of Radio Times was also produced, as well as a special section of the BBC News Online website. In 2005 the pioneering BBC television series Little Angels won a BAFTA award. Little Angels was the first reality parenting show and its most famous episode saw Welsh actress Jynine James try to cope with the tantrums of her six-year-old son."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the leader of BBC Television in 2006?", "id": "56de84e34396321400ee29d7", "answers": [{"text": "Jana Bennett", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did BBC Television get absorbed into?", "id": "56de84e34396321400ee29d8", "answers": [{"text": "BBC Vision", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused the move of BBC Television into the BBC VIsion unit?", "id": "56de84e34396321400ee29d9", "answers": [{"text": "the onset of new media outlets and technology", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BBC Television", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "BBC Vision was absorbed into what?", "id": "5a8361d5e60761001a2eb639", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "What year was Jana Bennett the leader of BBC Vision?", "id": "5a8361d5e60761001a2eb63a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the onset of new media outlets and technology.", "answer_start": 190}], "question": "What caused the moved of BBC Vision into the BBC Television unit?", "id": "5a8361d5e60761001a2eb63b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The BBC Television department headed by Jana Bennett was absorbed into a new, much larger group; BBC Vision, in late 2006. The new group was part of larger restructuring within the BBC with the onset of new media outlets and technology."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the BBC start exploring the use of internet streaming?", "id": "56de85214396321400ee29dd", "answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was full coverage of the BBC's standard programming launched in online stream format?", "id": "56de85214396321400ee29de", "answers": [{"text": "November 2008", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "November", "answer_start": 95}], "question": "In what month of 2008 did the BBC begin to experiment with live streaming?", "id": "5a8362f3e60761001a2eb649", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 104}], "question": "What year were all channels able to be streamed online?", "id": "5a8362f3e60761001a2eb64a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2008, the BBC began experimenting with live streaming of certain channels in the UK, and in November 2008, all standard BBC television channels were made available to watch online."}, {"qas": [{"question": "As of early 2016, what BBC show has been sold outside of the country the most times?", "id": "56de858d4396321400ee29e3", "answers": [{"text": "Keeping Up Appearances", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many sales of Keeping Up Appearances have been made to non-British buyers?", "id": "56de858d4396321400ee29e4", "answers": [{"text": "nearly 1000", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who announced the status of Keeping Up Appearances as the most exported BBC show?", "id": "56de858d4396321400ee29e5", "answers": [{"text": "BBC Worldwide", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the corporation's most exported television programme", "answer_start": 83}], "question": "What was confirmed about Keeping Up With Appearances?", "id": "5a83667ee60761001a2eb669", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2016", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "How many times was Keeping Up Appearances sold to overseas broadcasters?", "id": "5a83667ee60761001a2eb66a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In February 2016, it was confirmed by BBC Worldwide that Keeping Up Appearances is the corporation's most exported television programme, being sold nearly 1000 times to overseas broadcasters."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How often are people required to remit the TV license fee?", "id": "56de85e94396321400ee29ea", "answers": [{"text": "annually", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do the BBC's non-domestic channels generate revenue?", "id": "56de85e94396321400ee29eb", "answers": [{"text": "advertisements and subscription", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "annually", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "How often is a broadcast licence fee paid by viewers of BBC domestic channels?", "id": "5a837712e60761001a2eb743", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The BBC's international television channels", "answer_start": 275}], "question": "What is it that subscriptions pay for?", "id": "5a837712e60761001a2eb744", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The BBC domestic television channels do not broadcast advertisements; they are instead funded by a television licence fee which TV viewers are required to pay annually. This includes viewers who watch real-time streams of the BBC's channels online or via their mobile phone. The BBC's international television channels are funded by advertisements and subscription."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did BBC Vision change back to BBC Television?", "id": "56de86914396321400ee29f9", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the current head of BBC Television?", "id": "56de86914396321400ee29fa", "answers": [{"text": "Danny Cohen", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the four responsibilities of BBC Television?", "id": "56de86914396321400ee29fb", "answers": [{"text": "commissioning, producing, scheduling and broadcasting", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Television", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "What was BBC Vision formerly known as for a few years in the early 21st century?", "id": "5a83781fe60761001a2eb747", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Danny Cohen", "answer_start": 311}], "question": "Who is the person who commissioning all programming on the BBC's television channels?", "id": "5a83781fe60761001a2eb748", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Television", "answer_start": 144}], "question": "What is responsible for scheduling all programs?", "id": "5a83781fe60761001a2eb749", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "As a division within the BBC, Television was formerly known as BBC Vision for a few years in the early 21st century, until its name reverted to Television in 2013. It is responsible for the commissioning, producing, scheduling and broadcasting of all programming on the BBC's television channels, and is led by Danny Cohen."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did BBC Japan begin broadcasting?", "id": "56de86d2cffd8e1900b4b9e0", "answers": [{"text": "December 2004", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did BBC Japan shut down?", "id": "56de86d2cffd8e1900b4b9e1", "answers": [{"text": "April 2006", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the genre of BBC Japan?", "id": "56de86d2cffd8e1900b4b9e2", "answers": [{"text": "general entertainment", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a general entertainment channel", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "What was BBC Japanese considered? ", "id": "5a8378e2e60761001a2eb74d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "operations", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "What folded after a Japanese distributor ceased?", "id": "5a8378e2e60761001a2eb74e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BBC Japan", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What ran from April 2004 until December 2006?", "id": "5a8378e2e60761001a2eb74f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "BBC Japan was a general entertainment channel, which operated between December 2004 and April 2006. It ceased operations after its Japanese distributor folded."}]}, {"title": "Arnold_Schwarzenegger", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What's Arnold Schwarzenegger's birth date?", "id": "56de6331cffd8e1900b4b850", "answers": [{"text": "July 30, 1947", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's Arnold Schwarzenegger's middle name?", "id": "56de6331cffd8e1900b4b851", "answers": [{"text": "Alois", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many terms did Schwarzenegger serve as California's governor?", "id": "56de6331cffd8e1900b4b852", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (/\u02c8\u0283w\u0254\u02d0rts\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0261\u0259r/; German: [\u02c8a\u0250\u032fn\u0254lt \u02c8al\u0254\u028fs \u02c8\u0283va\u0250\u032ftsn\u0329\u02cc\u025b\u0261\u0250]; born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian-American actor, filmmaker, businessman, investor, author, philanthropist, activist, former professional bodybuilder and politician. He served two terms as the 38th Governor of California from 2003 until 2011."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How old was Schwarzenegger when he started bodybuilding?", "id": "56de64f9cffd8e1900b4b858", "answers": [{"text": "15", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many times was Schwarzenegger awarded the Mr. Olympia title?", "id": "56de64f9cffd8e1900b4b859", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For which film from 1982 did Schwarzenegger first gain fame?", "id": "56de64f9cffd8e1900b4b85a", "answers": [{"text": "Conan the Barbarian", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Schwarzenegger when he won Mr. Universe?", "id": "56de64f9cffd8e1900b4b85b", "answers": [{"text": "20", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What nickname did Schwarzenegger's co-stars call him by during his acting career?", "id": "56de64f9cffd8e1900b4b85c", "answers": [{"text": "Arnie", "answer_start": 1098}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger began weight training at the age of 15. He won the Mr. Universe title at age 20 and went on to win the Mr. Olympia contest seven times. Schwarzenegger has remained a prominent presence in bodybuilding and has written many books and articles on the sport. He is widely considered to be among the greatest bodybuilders of all times as well as its biggest icon. Schwarzenegger gained worldwide fame as a Hollywood action film icon. His breakthrough film was the sword-and-sorcery epic Conan the Barbarian in 1982, which was a box-office hit and resulted in a sequel. In 1984, he appeared in James Cameron's science-fiction thriller film The Terminator, which was a massive critical and box-office success. Schwarzenegger subsequently reprised the Terminator character in the franchise's later installments in 1991, 2003, and 2015. He appeared in a number of successful films, such as Commando (1985), The Running Man (1987), Predator (1987), Twins (1988), Total Recall (1990), Kindergarten Cop (1990) and True Lies (1994). He was nicknamed the \"Austrian Oak\" in his bodybuilding days, \"Arnie\" during his acting career, and \"The Governator\" (a portmanteau of \"Governor\" and \"The Terminator\", one of his best-known movie roles)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year marked the end of Schwarzenegger's second term in the governor's office?", "id": "56de6660cffd8e1900b4b86c", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What political party did Schwarzenegger belong to?", "id": "56de6660cffd8e1900b4b86d", "answers": [{"text": "Republican", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What governor did Schwarzenegger replace?", "id": "56de6660cffd8e1900b4b86e", "answers": [{"text": "Gray Davis", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What date marked the start of Schwarzenegger's second gubernatorial term?", "id": "56de6660cffd8e1900b4b86f", "answers": [{"text": "January 5, 2007", "answer_start": 477}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As a Republican, he was first elected on October 7, 2003, in a special recall election to replace then-Governor Gray Davis. Schwarzenegger was sworn in on November 17, to serve the remainder of Davis's term. Schwarzenegger was then re-elected on November 7, 2006, in California's 2006 gubernatorial election, to serve a full term as governor, defeating Democrat Phil Angelides, who was California State Treasurer at the time. Schwarzenegger was sworn in for his second term on January 5, 2007. In 2011, Schwarzenegger completed his second term as governor."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What country was Schwarzenegger born in?", "id": "56de677dcffd8e1900b4b87e", "answers": [{"text": "Austria", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Schwarzenegger's mother's maiden name?", "id": "56de677dcffd8e1900b4b87f", "answers": [{"text": "Jadrny", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Schwarzenegger's father's first name?", "id": "56de677dcffd8e1900b4b880", "answers": [{"text": "Gustav", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Schwarzenegger's dad's job in their town?", "id": "56de677dcffd8e1900b4b881", "answers": [{"text": "chief of police", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger was born in Thal, a village bordering the city of Graz in Styria, Austria and christened Arnold Alois. His parents were Gustav Schwarzenegger (August 17, 1907 \u2013 December 13, 1972), and Aurelia Schwarzenegger (n\u00e9e Jadrny; July 29, 1922 \u2013 August 2, 1998). Gustav was the local chief of police, and had served in World War II as a Hauptfeldwebel after voluntarily joining the Nazi Party in 1938, though he was discharged in 1943 following a bout of malaria. He married Arnold's mother on October 20, 1945;\u2013 he was 38, and she was 23 years old. According to Schwarzenegger, both of his parents were very strict: \"Back then in Austria it was a very different world, if we did something bad or we disobeyed our parents, the rod was not spared.\" He grew up in a Roman Catholic family who attended Mass every Sunday."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was Schwarzenegger's older brother's name?", "id": "56de6e7c4396321400ee28bf", "answers": [{"text": "Meinhard", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What appliance did Schwarzenegger's family buy that he called a highlight of his youth?", "id": "56de6e7c4396321400ee28c0", "answers": [{"text": "refrigerator", "answer_start": 1027}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Gustav had a preference for his elder son, Meinhard (July 17, 1946 \u2013 May 20, 1971), over Arnold. His favoritism was \"strong and blatant,\" which stemmed from unfounded suspicion that Arnold was not his biological child. Schwarzenegger has said his father had \"no patience for listening or understanding your problems.\" Schwarzenegger had a good relationship with his mother and kept in touch with her until her death. In later life, Schwarzenegger commissioned the Simon Wiesenthal Center to research his father's wartime record, which came up with no evidence of Gustav's being involved in atrocities, despite Gustav's membership in the Nazi Party and SA. Schwarzenegger's father's background received wide press attention during the 2003 California recall campaign. At school, Schwarzenegger was apparently in the middle but stood out for his \"cheerful, good-humored and exuberant\" character. Money was a problem in their household; Schwarzenegger recalled that one of the highlights of his youth was when the family bought a refrigerator."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What sport Schwarzenegger played led to a trip to the gym that sparked his love of weightlifting?", "id": "56de6f77cffd8e1900b4b8ba", "answers": [{"text": "soccer", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who starred in the first movie Schwarzenegger remembers seeing?", "id": "56de6f77cffd8e1900b4b8bb", "answers": [{"text": "John Wayne", "answer_start": 2155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What job did Schwarzenegger's father want him to pursue?", "id": "56de6f77cffd8e1900b4b8bc", "answers": [{"text": "police officer", "answer_start": 942}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of Schwarzenegger's bodybuilding idols died in 2000?", "id": "56de6f77cffd8e1900b4b8bd", "answers": [{"text": "Steve Reeves", "answer_start": 1155}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As a boy, Schwarzenegger played several sports, heavily influenced by his father. He picked up his first barbell in 1960, when his soccer coach took his team to a local gym. At the age of 14, he chose bodybuilding over soccer as a career. Schwarzenegger has responded to a question asking if he was 13 when he started weightlifting: \"I actually started weight training when I was 15, but I'd been participating in sports, like soccer, for years, so I felt that although I was slim, I was well-developed, at least enough so that I could start going to the gym and start Olympic lifting.\" However, his official website biography claims: \"At 14, he started an intensive training program with Dan Farmer, studied psychology at 15 (to learn more about the power of mind over body) and at 17, officially started his competitive career.\" During a speech in 2001, he said, \"My own plan formed when I was 14 years old. My father had wanted me to be a police officer like he was. My mother wanted me to go to trade school.\" Schwarzenegger took to visiting a gym in Graz, where he also frequented the local movie theaters to see bodybuilding idols such as Reg Park, Steve Reeves, and Johnny Weissmuller on the big screen. When Reeves died in 2000, Schwarzenegger fondly remembered him: \"As a teenager, I grew up with Steve Reeves. His remarkable accomplishments allowed me a sense of what was possible, when others around me didn't always understand my dreams. Steve Reeves has been part of everything I've ever been fortunate enough to achieve.\" In 1961, Schwarzenegger met former Mr. Austria Kurt Marnul, who invited him to train at the gym in Graz. He was so dedicated as a youngster that he broke into the local gym on weekends, when it was usually closed, so that he could train. \"It would make me sick to miss a workout... I knew I couldn't look at myself in the mirror the next morning if I didn't do it.\" When Schwarzenegger was asked about his first movie experience as a boy, he replied: \"I was very young, but I remember my father taking me to the Austrian theaters and seeing some newsreels. The first real movie I saw, that I distinctly remember, was a John Wayne movie.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did Schwarzenegger's brother die?", "id": "56de708bcffd8e1900b4b8d4", "answers": [{"text": "1971", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Meinhard's son named?", "id": "56de708bcffd8e1900b4b8d5", "answers": [{"text": "Patrick", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused Schwarzenegger's father Gustav's death?", "id": "56de708bcffd8e1900b4b8d6", "answers": [{"text": "stroke", "answer_start": 383}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first woman Schwarzenegger was serious about?", "id": "56de708bcffd8e1900b4b8d7", "answers": [{"text": "Barbara Baker", "answer_start": 794}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On May 20, 1971, his brother, Meinhard, died in a car accident. Meinhard had been drinking and was killed instantly. Schwarzenegger did not attend his funeral. Meinhard was due to marry Erika Knapp, and the couple had a three-year-old son, Patrick. Schwarzenegger would pay for Patrick's education and help him to emigrate to the United States. Gustav died the following year from a stroke. In Pumping Iron, Schwarzenegger claimed that he did not attend his father's funeral because he was training for a bodybuilding contest. Later, he and the film's producer said this story was taken from another bodybuilder for the purpose of showing the extremes that some would go to for their sport and to make Schwarzenegger's image more cold and machine-like in order to fan controversy for the film. Barbara Baker, his first serious girlfriend, has said he informed her of his father's death without emotion and that he never spoke of his brother. Over time, he has given at least three versions of why he was absent from his father's funeral."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What magazine revealed the details of Schwarzenegger's childhood punishments in 2004?", "id": "56de70eacffd8e1900b4b8e6", "answers": [{"text": "Fortune", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In an interview with Fortune in 2004, Schwarzenegger told how he suffered what \"would now be called child abuse\" at the hands of his father: \"My hair was pulled. I was hit with belts. So was the kid next door. It was just the way it was. Many of the children I've seen were broken by their parents, which was the German-Austrian mentality. They didn't want to create an individual. It was all about conforming. I was one who did not conform, and whose will could not be broken. Therefore, I became a rebel. Every time I got hit, and every time someone said, 'you can't do this,' I said, 'this is not going to be for much longer, because I'm going to move out of here. I want to be rich. I want to be somebody.'\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which bodybuilding title did Schwarzenegger call his \"ticket to America\"?", "id": "56de719c4396321400ee2909", "answers": [{"text": "Mr. Universe", "answer_start": 592}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which competition did Schwarzenegger go AWOL to participate in?", "id": "56de719c4396321400ee290a", "answers": [{"text": "Junior Mr. Europe", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Schwarzenegger take an airplane for the first time ever?", "id": "56de719c4396321400ee290b", "answers": [{"text": "1966", "answer_start": 750}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what city was the 1966 NABBA Mr. Universe competition held?", "id": "56de719c4396321400ee290c", "answers": [{"text": "London", "answer_start": 804}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger served in the Austrian Army in 1965 to fulfill the one year of service required at the time of all 18-year-old Austrian males. During his army service, he won the Junior Mr. Europe contest. He went AWOL during basic training so he could take part in the competition and spent a week in military prison: \"Participating in the competition meant so much to me that I didn't carefully think through the consequences.\" He won another bodybuilding contest in Graz, at Steirer Hof Hotel (where he had placed second). He was voted best built man of Europe, which made him famous. \"The Mr. Universe title was my ticket to America \u2013 the land of opportunity, where I could become a star and get rich.\" Schwarzenegger made his first plane trip in 1966, attending the NABBA Mr. Universe competition in London. He would come in second in the Mr. Universe competition, not having the muscle definition of American winner Chester Yorton."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which of the bodybuilders Schwarzenegger idolized as a kid did he meet in 1966?", "id": "56de7296cffd8e1900b4b91c", "answers": [{"text": "Reg Park", "answer_start": 648}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which part of his body did Schwarzenegger work to develop with Coach Bennett?", "id": "56de7296cffd8e1900b4b91d", "answers": [{"text": "legs", "answer_start": 459}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many total times has Schwarzenegger won the Mr. Universe title?", "id": "56de7296cffd8e1900b4b91e", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 944}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who owned the gym Schwarzenegger worked in during the late sixties?", "id": "56de7296cffd8e1900b4b91f", "answers": [{"text": "Rolf Putziger", "answer_start": 1025}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Charles \"Wag\" Bennett, one of the judges at the 1966 competition, was impressed with Schwarzenegger and he offered to coach him. As Schwarzenegger had little money, Bennett invited him to stay in his crowded family home above one of his two gyms in Forest Gate, London, England. Yorton's leg definition had been judged superior, and Schwarzenegger, under a training program devised by Bennett, concentrated on improving the muscle definition and power in his legs. Staying in the East End of London helped Schwarzenegger improve his rudimentary grasp of the English language. Also in 1966, Schwarzenegger had the opportunity to meet childhood idol Reg Park, who became his friend and mentor. The training paid off and, in 1967, Schwarzenegger won the title for the first time, becoming the youngest ever Mr. Universe at the age of 20. He would go on to win the title a further three times. Schwarzenegger then flew back to Munich, training for four to six hours daily, attending business school and working in a health club (Rolf Putziger's gym where he worked and trained from 1966\u20131968), returning in 1968 to London to win his next Mr. Universe title. He frequently told Roger C. Field, his English coach and friend in Munich at that time, \"I'm going to become the greatest actor!\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "How old was Schwarzenegger when he started hoping he'd move to America?", "id": "56de73b2cffd8e1900b4b924", "answers": [{"text": "10", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Schwarzenegger when he moved to the U.S.?", "id": "56de73b2cffd8e1900b4b925", "answers": [{"text": "21", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what state did Schwarzenegger claim his first Mr. Olympia title?", "id": "56de73b2cffd8e1900b4b926", "answers": [{"text": "New York", "answer_start": 639}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the name of the professional wrestler who designed the first logo for Gold's Gym?", "id": "56de73b2cffd8e1900b4b927", "answers": [{"text": "Ric Drasin", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger, who dreamed of moving to the U.S. since the age of 10, and saw bodybuilding as the avenue through which to do so, realized his dream by moving to the United States in September 1968 at the age of 21, speaking little English. There he trained at Gold's Gym in Venice, Los Angeles, California, under Joe Weider. From 1970 to 1974, one of Schwarzenegger's weight training partners was Ric Drasin, a professional wrestler who designed the original Gold's Gym logo in 1973. Schwarzenegger also became good friends with professional wrestler Superstar Billy Graham. In 1970, at age 23, he captured his first Mr. Olympia title in New York, and would go on to win the title a total of seven times."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What magazine called Schwarzenegger America's most famous immigrant?", "id": "56de73fd4396321400ee2939", "answers": [{"text": "LA Weekly", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Immigration law firm Siskind & Susser have stated that Schwarzenegger may have been an illegal immigrant at some point in the late 1960s or early 1970s because of violations in the terms of his visa. LA Weekly would later say in 2002 that Schwarzenegger is the most famous immigrant in America, who \"overcame a thick Austrian accent and transcended the unlikely background of bodybuilding to become the biggest movie star in the world in the 1990s\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What's the title of Schwarzenegger's 1977 book?", "id": "56de7471cffd8e1900b4b93a", "answers": [{"text": "Arnold: The Education of a Bodybuilder", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what college did Schwarzenegger study but not receive his degree?", "id": "56de7471cffd8e1900b4b93b", "answers": [{"text": "Santa Monica College", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1977, Schwarzenegger's autobiography/weight-training guide Arnold: The Education of a Bodybuilder was published and became a huge success. After taking English classes at Santa Monica College in California, he earned a BA by correspondence from the University of Wisconsin\u2013Superior, where he graduated with a degree in international marketing of fitness and business administration in 1979."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does TM stand for?", "id": "56de74decffd8e1900b4b93e", "answers": [{"text": "Transcendental Meditation", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What psychological problem did Schwarzenegger say he struggled with?", "id": "56de74decffd8e1900b4b93f", "answers": [{"text": "anxiety", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "He tells that during this time he ran into a friend who told him that he was teaching Transcendental Meditation (TM), which prompted Schwarzenegger to reveal he had been struggling with anxiety for the first time in his life: \"Even today, I still benefit from [the year of TM] because I don't merge and bring things together and see everything as one big problem.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What bodybuilding competition is named after Schwarzenegger?", "id": "56de7567cffd8e1900b4b942", "answers": [{"text": "the Arnold Classic", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger is considered among the most important figures in the history of bodybuilding, and his legacy is commemorated in the Arnold Classic annual bodybuilding competition. Schwarzenegger has remained a prominent face in the bodybuilding sport long after his retirement, in part because of his ownership of gyms and fitness magazines. He has presided over numerous contests and awards shows."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How frequently did Schwarzenegger write a column for Muscle & Fitness and Flex?", "id": "56de771dcffd8e1900b4b94e", "answers": [{"text": "monthly", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the magazines Schwarzenegger wrote for pledge to contribute to physical fitness initiatives each year when he was Governor?", "id": "56de771dcffd8e1900b4b94f", "answers": [{"text": "$250,000", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What position did Schwarzenegger briefly hold at Muscle & Fitness and Flex?", "id": "56de771dcffd8e1900b4b950", "answers": [{"text": "executive editor", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "For many years, he wrote a monthly column for the bodybuilding magazines Muscle & Fitness and Flex. Shortly after being elected Governor, he was appointed executive editor of both magazines, in a largely symbolic capacity. The magazines agreed to donate $250,000 a year to the Governor's various physical fitness initiatives. When the deal, including the contract that gave Schwarzenegger at least $1 million a year, was made public in 2005, many criticized it as being a conflict of interest since the governor's office made decisions concerning regulation of dietary supplements in California. Consequently, Schwarzenegger relinquished the executive editor role in 2005. American Media Inc., which owns Muscle & Fitness and Flex, announced in March 2013 that Schwarzenegger had accepted their renewed offer to be executive editor of the magazines."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What bodybuilding title did Schwarzenegger win in 1965?", "id": "56de7b7fcffd8e1900b4b968", "answers": [{"text": "Junior Mr. Europe", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many times did Schwarzenegger win the Mr. Olympia title?", "id": "56de7b7fcffd8e1900b4b969", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "One of the first competitions he won was the Junior Mr. Europe contest in 1965. He won Mr. Europe the following year, at age 19. He would go on to compete in, and win, many bodybuilding contests. His bodybuilding victories included five Mr. Universe (4 \u2013 NABBA [England], 1 \u2013 IFBB [USA]) wins, and seven Mr. Olympia wins, a record which would stand until Lee Haney won his eighth consecutive Mr. Olympia title in 1991."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In 2011, how much time each day did Schwarzenegger say he lifted weights? ", "id": "56de7d2d4396321400ee2967", "answers": [{"text": "half an hour", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger continues to work out even today. When asked about his personal training during the 2011 Arnold Classic he said that he was still working out a half an hour with weights every day."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what competition did Schwarzenegger have to lift over 500 pounds while balancing on foot rests?", "id": "56de80edcffd8e1900b4b98e", "answers": [{"text": "Munich stone-lifting contest", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1967, Schwarzenegger won the Munich stone-lifting contest, in which a stone weighing 508 German pounds (254 kg/560 lbs.) is lifted between the legs while standing on two foot rests."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did Schwarzenegger first try to win the Mr. Olympia title?", "id": "56de81a14396321400ee299b", "answers": [{"text": "1969", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who won Mr. Olympia 1969?", "id": "56de81a14396321400ee299c", "answers": [{"text": "Sergio Oliva", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At which year's Mr. Olympia contest did Schwarzenegger become the youngest person to win the title?", "id": "56de81a14396321400ee299d", "answers": [{"text": "1970", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Schwarzenegger when he won Mr. Olympia in 1970?", "id": "56de81a14396321400ee299e", "answers": [{"text": "23", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger's goal was to become the greatest bodybuilder in the world, which meant becoming Mr. Olympia. His first attempt was in 1969, when he lost to three-time champion Sergio Oliva. However, Schwarzenegger came back in 1970 and won the competition, making him the youngest ever Mr. Olympia at the age of 23, a record he still holds to this day."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Schwarzenegger beat to win his sixth Mr. Olympia in a row?", "id": "56de82394396321400ee29a3", "answers": [{"text": "Franco Columbu", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Schwarzenegger quit competing as a professional bodybuilder?", "id": "56de82394396321400ee29a4", "answers": [{"text": "1975", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Schwarzenegger's last competition before retirement?", "id": "56de82394396321400ee29a5", "answers": [{"text": "Mr. Olympia", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "He continued his winning streak in the 1971\u201374 competitions. In 1975, Schwarzenegger was once again in top form, and won the title for the sixth consecutive time, beating Franco Columbu. After the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest, Schwarzenegger announced his retirement from professional bodybuilding."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the bodybuilding film Schwarzenegger starred in?", "id": "56de82c84396321400ee29ab", "answers": [{"text": "Pumping Iron", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much time did Schwarzenegger have to train for the 1975 Mr. Olympia competition?", "id": "56de82c84396321400ee29ac", "answers": [{"text": "three months", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who co-starred with Schwarzenegger in the film Stay Hungry?", "id": "56de82c84396321400ee29ad", "answers": [{"text": "Jeff Bridges", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Months before the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest, filmmakers George Butler and Robert Fiore persuaded Schwarzenegger to compete, in order to film his training in the bodybuilding documentary called Pumping Iron. Schwarzenegger had only three months to prepare for the competition, after losing significant weight to appear in the film Stay Hungry with Jeff Bridges. Lou Ferrigno proved not to be a threat, and a lighter-than-usual Schwarzenegger convincingly won the 1975 Mr. Olympia."}, {"qas": [{"question": "For what Hollywood role was Schwarzenegger training in 1980?", "id": "56de83454396321400ee29b9", "answers": [{"text": "Conan", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many weeks did Schwarzenegger spend getting ready for the 1980 Mr. Olympia contest?", "id": "56de83454396321400ee29ba", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 635}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many times did Schwarzenegger win Mr. Olympia before retiring for good?", "id": "56de83454396321400ee29bb", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 635}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger came out of retirement, however, to compete in the 1980 Mr. Olympia. Schwarzenegger was training for his role in Conan, and he got into such good shape because of the running, horseback riding and sword training, that he decided he wanted to win the Mr. Olympia contest one last time. He kept this plan a secret, in the event that a training accident would prevent his entry and cause him to lose face. Schwarzenegger had been hired to provide color commentary for network television, when he announced at the eleventh hour that while he was there: \"Why not compete?\" Schwarzenegger ended up winning the event with only seven weeks of preparation. After being declared Mr. Olympia for a seventh time, Schwarzenegger then officially retired from competition."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Schwarzenegger write that he used anabolic steroid because they were \"helpful\"?", "id": "56de8411cffd8e1900b4b9cc", "answers": [{"text": "1977", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger has admitted to using performance-enhancing anabolic steroids while they were legal, writing in 1977 that \"steroids were helpful to me in maintaining muscle size while on a strict diet in preparation for a contest. I did not use them for muscle growth, but rather for muscle maintenance when cutting up.\" He has called the drugs \"tissue building.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What German doctor was sued by Schwarzenegger?", "id": "56de84a84396321400ee29d1", "answers": [{"text": "Dr. Willi Heepe", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the court award Schwarzenegger in the case against Heepe?", "id": "56de84a84396321400ee29d2", "answers": [{"text": "$10,000", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which U.S. tabloid settled out of court with Schwarzenegger in 1999?", "id": "56de84a84396321400ee29d3", "answers": [{"text": "The Globe", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1999, Schwarzenegger sued Dr. Willi Heepe, a German doctor who publicly predicted his early death on the basis of a link between his steroid use and his later heart problems. As the doctor had never examined him personally, Schwarzenegger collected a US$10,000 libel judgment against him in a German court. In 1999, Schwarzenegger also sued and settled with The Globe, a U.S. tabloid which had made similar predictions about the bodybuilder's future health."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was Schwarzenegger's first film role?", "id": "56de86024396321400ee29ef", "answers": [{"text": "Hercules", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What last name was Schwarzenegger going by when he starred in Hercules in New York?  ", "id": "56de86024396321400ee29f0", "answers": [{"text": "Strong", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1973, who directed Schwarzenegger as a hit-man in The Long Goodbye?", "id": "56de86024396321400ee29f1", "answers": [{"text": "Robert Altman", "answer_start": 362}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Schwarzenegger's role in Stay Hungry led to a Golden Globe win in what category?", "id": "56de86024396321400ee29f2", "answers": [{"text": "New Male Star of the Year", "answer_start": 530}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What adjective did Schwarzenegger say agents used to describe his body?", "id": "56de86024396321400ee29f3", "answers": [{"text": "weird", "answer_start": 750}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger wanted to move from bodybuilding into acting, finally achieving it when he was chosen to play the role of Hercules in 1970's Hercules in New York. Credited under the name \"Arnold Strong,\" his accent in the film was so thick that his lines were dubbed after production. His second film appearance was as a deaf mute hit-man for the mob in director Robert Altman's The Long Goodbye (1973), which was followed by a much more significant part in the film Stay Hungry (1976), for which he was awarded a Golden Globe for New Male Star of the Year. Schwarzenegger has discussed his early struggles in developing his acting career. \"It was very difficult for me in the beginning \u2013 I was told by agents and casting people that my body was 'too weird', that I had a funny accent, and that my name was too long. You name it, and they told me I had to change it. Basically, everywhere I turned, I was told that I had no chance.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did Schwarzenegger purchase the rights to the film Pumping Iron?", "id": "56de8a8c4396321400ee29ff", "answers": [{"text": "1991", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Schwarzenegger play Jayne Mansfield's husband in a film?", "id": "56de8a8c4396321400ee2a00", "answers": [{"text": "1980", "answer_start": 599}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What role did Schwarzenegger miss out on because of his height?", "id": "56de8a8c4396321400ee2a01", "answers": [{"text": "The Incredible Hulk", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What 1979 comedy film featured Schwarzenegger, Kirk Douglas, and Ann-Margret?", "id": "56de8a8c4396321400ee2a02", "answers": [{"text": "The Villain", "answer_start": 583}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger drew attention and boosted his profile in the bodybuilding film Pumping Iron (1977), elements of which were dramatized; in 1991, he purchased the rights to the film, its outtakes, and associated still photography. In 1977, he also appeared in an episode of the ABC situation comedy The San Pedro Beach Bums. Schwarzenegger auditioned for the title role of The Incredible Hulk, but did not win the role because of his height. Later, Lou Ferrigno got the part of Dr. David Banner's alter ego. Schwarzenegger appeared with Kirk Douglas and Ann-Margret in the 1979 comedy The Villain. In 1980, he starred in a biographical film of the 1950s actress Jayne Mansfield as Mansfield's husband, Mickey Hargitay."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the title of the sequel to Conan the Barbarian?", "id": "56de8b184396321400ee2a07", "answers": [{"text": "Conan the Destroyer", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the first Terminator movie released?", "id": "56de8b184396321400ee2a08", "answers": [{"text": "1984", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who directed The Terminator?", "id": "56de8b184396321400ee2a09", "answers": [{"text": "James Cameron", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger's breakthrough film was the sword-and-sorcery epic Conan the Barbarian in 1982, which was a box-office hit. This was followed by a sequel, Conan the Destroyer, in 1984, although it was not as successful as its predecessor. In 1983, Schwarzenegger starred in the promotional video, Carnival in Rio. In 1984, he made his first appearance as the eponymous character, and what some would say was his acting career's signature role, in James Cameron's science fiction thriller film The Terminator. Following this, Schwarzenegger made Red Sonja in 1985."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What other action star was an international hit in the 1980s?", "id": "56de8b764396321400ee2a0d", "answers": [{"text": "Sylvester Stallone", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Schwarzenegger's film The Running Man released?", "id": "56de8b764396321400ee2a0e", "answers": [{"text": "1987", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the 1980s, audiences had an appetite for action films, with both Schwarzenegger and Sylvester Stallone becoming international stars. Schwarzenegger's roles reflected his sense of humor, separating him from more serious action hero films, such as the alternative universe poster for Terminator 2: Judgment Day starring Stallone in the comedy thriller Last Action Hero. He made a number of successful films, such as Commando (1985), Raw Deal (1986), The Running Man (1987), Predator (1987), and Red Heat (1988)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What's the title of the comedy movie Schwarzenegger starred in with Danny DeVito in 1988?", "id": "56de8c374396321400ee2a11", "answers": [{"text": "Twins", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Schwarzenegger make from the film Total Recall, on top of 15% of gross?", "id": "56de8c374396321400ee2a12", "answers": [{"text": "$10 million", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What 1992 TV movie did Schwarzenegger direct?", "id": "56de8c374396321400ee2a13", "answers": [{"text": "Christmas in Connecticut", "answer_start": 530}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "An episode of what well-known TV series was Schwarzenegger's directorial debut?", "id": "56de8c374396321400ee2a14", "answers": [{"text": "Tales from the Crypt", "answer_start": 452}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Twins (1988), a comedy with Danny DeVito, also proved successful. Total Recall (1990) netted Schwarzenegger $10 million and 15% of the film's gross. A science fiction script, the film was based on the Philip K. Dick short story \"We Can Remember It for You Wholesale\". Kindergarten Cop (1990) reunited him with director Ivan Reitman, who directed him in Twins. Schwarzenegger had a brief foray into directing, first with a 1990 episode of the TV series Tales from the Crypt, entitled \"The Switch\", and then with the 1992 telemovie Christmas in Connecticut. He has not directed since."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What Schwarzenegger film was 1991's highest-grossing movie?", "id": "56de8d06cffd8e1900b4b9ea", "answers": [{"text": "Terminator 2: Judgment Day", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What organization named Schwarzenegger the \"International Star of the Decade\" in 1993?", "id": "56de8d06cffd8e1900b4b9eb", "answers": [{"text": "the National Association of Theatre Owners", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What 1994 film brought Schwarzenegger back together with director James Cameron?", "id": "56de8d06cffd8e1900b4b9ec", "answers": [{"text": "True Lies", "answer_start": 445}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger's commercial peak was his return as the title character in 1991's Terminator 2: Judgment Day, which was the highest-grossing film of 1991. In 1993, the National Association of Theatre Owners named him the \"International Star of the Decade\". His next film project, the 1993 self-aware action comedy spoof Last Action Hero, was released opposite Jurassic Park, and did not do well at the box office. His next film, the comedy drama True Lies (1994), was a popular spy film, and saw Schwarzenegger reunited with James Cameron."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was Schwarzenegger's second film with co-star Danny DeVito?", "id": "56de8e84cffd8e1900b4b9f0", "answers": [{"text": "Junior", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the third Terminator movie make domestically alone?", "id": "56de8e84cffd8e1900b4b9f2", "answers": [{"text": "$150 million", "answer_start": 962}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "That same year, the comedy Junior was released, the last of Schwarzenegger's three collaborations with Ivan Reitman and again co-starring Danny DeVito. This film brought him his second Golden Globe nomination, this time for Best Actor \u2013 Musical or Comedy. It was followed by the action thriller Eraser (1996), the Christmas comedy Jingle All The Way (1996), and the comic book-based Batman & Robin (1997), in which he played the villain Mr. Freeze. This was his final film before taking time to recuperate from a back injury. Following the critical failure of Batman & Robin, his film career and box office prominence went into decline. He returned with the supernatural thriller End of Days (1999), later followed by the action films The 6th Day (2000) and Collateral Damage (2002), both of which failed to do well at the box office. In 2003, he made his third appearance as the title character in Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines, which went on to earn over $150 million domestically."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many feet tall was the proposed statue of Schwarzenegger?", "id": "56de8ef74396321400ee2a19", "answers": [{"text": "82", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the cultural association that wanted to build a Terminator statue?", "id": "56de8ef74396321400ee2a1a", "answers": [{"text": "Forum Stadtpark", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In tribute to Schwarzenegger in 2002, Forum Stadtpark, a local cultural association, proposed plans to build a 25-meter (82 ft) tall Terminator statue in a park in central Graz. Schwarzenegger reportedly said he was flattered, but thought the money would be better spent on social projects and the Special Olympics."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which 2005 movie featured Schwarzenegger as himself?", "id": "56de8fcccffd8e1900b4b9f7", "answers": [{"text": "The Kid & I", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "His film appearances after becoming Governor of California included a three-second cameo appearance in The Rundown, and the 2004 remake of Around the World in 80 Days. In 2005, he appeared as himself in the film The Kid & I. He voiced Baron von Steuben in the Liberty's Kids episode \"Valley Forge\". He had been rumored to be appearing in Terminator Salvation as the original T-800; he denied his involvement, but he ultimately did appear briefly via his image being inserted into the movie from stock footage of the first Terminator movie. Schwarzenegger appeared in Sylvester Stallone's The Expendables, where he made a cameo appearance."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What's the name of the comic book character modeled on Schwarzenegger?", "id": "56de91054396321400ee2a1d", "answers": [{"text": "the Governator", "answer_start": 575}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What famous comic book writer did Schwarzenegger work with on the Governator?", "id": "56de91054396321400ee2a1e", "answers": [{"text": "Stan Lee", "answer_start": 715}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Schwarzenegger said he was reading scripts that included the one for what WWII film based on a true story?", "id": "56de91054396321400ee2a1f", "answers": [{"text": "With Wings as Eagles", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote the screenplay for With Wings as Eagles?", "id": "56de91054396321400ee2a20", "answers": [{"text": "Randall Wallace", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In January 2011, just weeks after leaving office in California, Schwarzenegger announced that he was reading several new scripts for future films, one of them being the World War II action drama With Wings as Eagles, written by Randall Wallace, based on a true story. On March 6, 2011, at the Arnold Seminar of the Arnold Classic, Schwarzenegger revealed that he was being considered for several films, including sequels to The Terminator and remakes of Predator and The Running Man, and that he was \"packaging\" a comic book character. The character was later revealed to be the Governator, star of the comic book and animated series of the same name. Schwarzenegger inspired the character and co-developed it with Stan Lee, who would have produced the series. Schwarzenegger would have voiced the Governator."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what date in 2011 was the hold on Schwarzenegger's movie projects announced?", "id": "56de924b4396321400ee2a25", "answers": [{"text": "May 20", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "2013's The Last Stand marked Schwarzenegger's first starring role in how long?", "id": "56de924b4396321400ee2a26", "answers": [{"text": "10 years", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first film Schwarzenegger co-starred in with Sylvester Stallone?", "id": "56de924b4396321400ee2a27", "answers": [{"text": "Escape Plan", "answer_start": 488}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the title of the fifth film in the Terminator franchise?", "id": "56de924b4396321400ee2a28", "answers": [{"text": "Terminator Genisys", "answer_start": 714}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Terminator Genisys debut?", "id": "56de924b4396321400ee2a29", "answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 736}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On May 20, 2011, Schwarzenegger's entertainment counsel announced that all movie projects currently in development were being halted: \"Schwarzenegger is focusing on personal matters and is not willing to commit to any production schedules or timelines\". On July 11, 2011, it was announced that Schwarzenegger was considering a comeback film despite his legal problems. He appeared in The Expendables 2 (2012), and starred in The Last Stand (2013), his first leading role in 10 years, and Escape Plan (2013), his first co-starring role alongside Sylvester Stallone. He starred in Sabotage, released in March 2014, and appeared in The Expendables 3, released in August 2014. He starred in the fifth Terminator movie Terminator Genisys in 2015 and will reprise his role as Conan the Barbarian in The Legend of Conan."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Schwarzenegger speak at the Republican National Convention?", "id": "56de92a3cffd8e1900b4b9fa", "answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger has been a registered Republican for many years. As an actor, his political views were always well known as they contrasted with those of many other prominent Hollywood stars, who are generally considered to be a liberal and Democratic-leaning community. At the 2004 Republican National Convention, Schwarzenegger gave a speech and explained why he was a Republican:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the title of the anti-drug music video Schwarzenegger appeared in under the Reagan administration's sponsorship?", "id": "56de93f94396321400ee2a35", "answers": [{"text": "\"Stop the Madness\"", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what presidential election year did Schwarzenegger make a name for himself as a prominent Republican?", "id": "56de93f94396321400ee2a36", "answers": [{"text": "1988", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which candidate did Schwarzenegger appear with at a presidential campaign rally?", "id": "56de93f94396321400ee2a37", "answers": [{"text": "George H.W. Bush", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1985, Schwarzenegger appeared in \"Stop the Madness\", an anti-drug music video sponsored by the Reagan administration. He first came to wide public notice as a Republican during the 1988 presidential election, accompanying then-Vice President George H.W. Bush at a campaign rally."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What nickname did George H.W. Bush give to Schwarzenegger?", "id": "56de94c84396321400ee2a41", "answers": [{"text": "Conan the Republican", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger's first political appointment was as chairman of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, on which he served from 1990 to 1993. He was nominated by George H. W. Bush, who dubbed him \"Conan the Republican\". He later served as Chairman for the California Governor's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports under Governor Pete Wilson."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did Schwarzenegger's interview with Talk magazine take place?", "id": "56de981ccffd8e1900b4ba15", "answers": [{"text": "1999", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which media source said Schwarzenegger was trying to deal with rumors that he might run for governor of California?", "id": "56de981ccffd8e1900b4ba16", "answers": [{"text": "The Hollywood Reporter", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In an interview with Talk magazine in late 1999, Schwarzenegger was asked if he thought of running for office. He replied, \"I think about it many times. The possibility is there, because I feel it inside.\" The Hollywood Reporter claimed shortly after that Schwarzenegger sought to end speculation that he might run for governor of California. Following his initial comments, Schwarzenegger said, \"I'm in show business \u2013 I am in the middle of my career. Why would I go away from that and jump into something else?\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "The episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno where Schwarzenegger announced his candidacy for Governor aired on what date?", "id": "56de98ddcffd8e1900b4ba1d", "answers": [{"text": "August 6, 2003", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many debates did Schwarzenegger participate in before the 2003 California recall election?", "id": "56de98ddcffd8e1900b4ba1e", "answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 549}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger announced his candidacy in the 2003 California recall election for Governor of California on the August 6, 2003 episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. Schwarzenegger had the most name recognition in a crowded field of candidates, but he had never held public office and his political views were unknown to most Californians. His candidacy immediately became national and international news, with media outlets dubbing him the \"Governator\" (referring to The Terminator movies, see above) and \"The Running Man\" (the name of another one of his films), and calling the recall election \"Total Recall\" (yet another movie starring Schwarzenegger). Schwarzenegger declined to participate in several debates with other recall replacement candidates, and appeared in only one debate on September 24, 2003."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of the October 2003 vote was in favor of a recall?", "id": "56de9a164396321400ee2a45", "answers": [{"text": "55.4%", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Schwarzenegger's closest rival in the gubernatorial race of 2003?", "id": "56de9a164396321400ee2a46", "answers": [{"text": "Cruz Bustamante", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By about what number of votes did Schwarzenegger win the 2003 recall election in California?", "id": "56de9a164396321400ee2a47", "answers": [{"text": "1.3 million", "answer_start": 496}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of the vote did Schwarzenegger's opponent Bustamante receive?", "id": "56de9a164396321400ee2a48", "answers": [{"text": "31%", "answer_start": 428}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first governor of California who had been born in a foreign country?", "id": "56de9a164396321400ee2a49", "answers": [{"text": "John G. Downey", "answer_start": 694}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On October 7, 2003, the recall election resulted in Governor Gray Davis being removed from office with 55.4% of the Yes vote in favor of a recall. Schwarzenegger was elected Governor of California under the second question on the ballot with 48.6% of the vote to choose a successor to Davis. Schwarzenegger defeated Democrat Cruz Bustamante, fellow Republican Tom McClintock, and others. His nearest rival, Bustamante, received 31% of the vote. In total, Schwarzenegger won the election by about 1.3 million votes. Under the regulations of the California Constitution, no runoff election was required. Schwarzenegger was the second foreign-born governor of California after Irish-born Governor John G. Downey in 1862."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What politician threatened to start working to recall Schwarzenegger right after he was elected?", "id": "56debd5a3277331400b4d6fd", "answers": [{"text": "Willie Brown", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Saturday Night Live sketch was Schwarzenegger referencing when he called opposing politicians \"girlie men\"?", "id": "56debd5a3277331400b4d6fe", "answers": [{"text": "Hans and Franz", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As soon as Schwarzenegger was elected governor, Willie Brown said he would start a drive to recall the governor. Schwarzenegger was equally entrenched in what he considered to be his mandate in cleaning up gridlock. Building on a catchphrase from the sketch \"Hans and Franz\" from Saturday Night Live (which partly parodied his bodybuilding career), Schwarzenegger called the Democratic State politicians \"girlie men\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what month of 2005 did Schwarzenegger hold a special election?", "id": "56debe163277331400b4d701", "answers": [{"text": "November", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of Schwarzenegger's ballot initiatives were defeated in the special election of 2005?", "id": "56debe163277331400b4d702", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger's early victories included repealing an unpopular increase in the vehicle registration fee as well as preventing driver's licenses being given out to illegal immigrants, but later he began to feel the backlash when powerful state unions began to oppose his various initiatives. Key among his reckoning with political realities was a special election he called in November 2005, in which four ballot measures he sponsored were defeated. Schwarzenegger accepted personal responsibility for the defeats and vowed to continue to seek consensus for the people of California. He would later comment that \"no one could win if the opposition raised 160 million dollars to defeat you\". The U.S. Supreme Court later found the public employee unions' use of compulsory fundraising during the campaign had been illegal in Knox v. Service Employees International Union, Local 1000."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Schwarzenegger choose as Chief of Staff?", "id": "56debe573277331400b4d705", "answers": [{"text": "Susan Kennedy", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger then went against the advice of fellow Republican strategists and appointed a Democrat, Susan Kennedy, as his Chief of Staff. Schwarzenegger gradually moved towards a more politically moderate position, determined to build a winning legacy with only a short time to go until the next gubernatorial election."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In the 2006 gubernatorial election, who did Schwarzenegger run against?", "id": "56debf69c65bf219000b3d2b", "answers": [{"text": "Phil Angelides", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which city was Gavin Newsom mayor of when he said Schwarzenegger was turning Democrat?", "id": "56debf69c65bf219000b3d2d", "answers": [{"text": "San Francisco", "answer_start": 564}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger ran for re-election against Democrat Phil Angelides, the California State Treasurer, in the 2006 elections, held on November 7, 2006. Despite a poor year nationally for the Republican party, Schwarzenegger won re-election with 56.0% of the vote compared with 38.9% for Angelides, a margin of well over one million votes. In recent years, many commentators have seen Schwarzenegger as moving away from the right and towards the center of the political spectrum. After hearing a speech by Schwarzenegger at the 2006 Martin Luther King, Jr. breakfast, San Francisco mayor Gavin Newsom said that, \"[H]e's becoming a Democrat [\u2026 H]e's running back, not even to the center. I would say center-left\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What political office did people speculate Schwarzenegger might try for in 2010?", "id": "56debfd9c65bf219000b3d31", "answers": [{"text": "United States Senate", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "It was rumored that Schwarzenegger might run for the United States Senate in 2010, as his governorship would be term-limited by that time. This turned out to be false."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What author claimed Schwarzenegger is power-obsessed?", "id": "56dec0e23277331400b4d707", "answers": [{"text": "Wendy Leigh", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's Schwarzenegger's father-in-law's name?", "id": "56dec0e23277331400b4d708", "answers": [{"text": "Sargent Shriver", "answer_start": 805}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Schwarzenegger shows up as the President of the United States in what 2007 animated movie?", "id": "56dec0e23277331400b4d709", "answers": [{"text": "The Simpsons Movie", "answer_start": 1094}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Wendy Leigh, who wrote an unofficial biography on Schwarzenegger, claims he plotted his political rise from an early age using the movie business and bodybuilding as building blocks to escape a depressing home. Leigh portrays Schwarzenegger as obsessed with power and quotes him as saying, \"I wanted to be part of the small percentage of people who were leaders, not the large mass of followers. I think it is because I saw leaders use 100% of their potential \u2013 I was always fascinated by people in control of other people.\" Schwarzenegger has said that it was never his intention to enter politics, but he says, \"I married into a political family. You get together with them and you hear about policy, about reaching out to help people. I was exposed to the idea of being a public servant and Eunice and Sargent Shriver became my heroes.\" Eunice Kennedy Shriver was sister of John F. Kennedy, and mother-in-law to Schwarzenegger; Sargent Shriver is husband to Eunice and father-in-law to Schwarzenegger. He cannot run for president as he is not a natural born citizen of the United States. In The Simpsons Movie (2007), he is portrayed as the president, and in the Sylvester Stallone movie, Demolition Man (1993, ten years before his first run for political office), it is revealed that a constitutional amendment passed which allowed Schwarzenegger to become president."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did Schwarzenegger become a naturalized citizen of the United States?", "id": "56dec1673277331400b4d70d", "answers": [{"text": "1983", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what country besides the U.S. is Schwarzenegger a citizen?", "id": "56dec1673277331400b4d70e", "answers": [{"text": "Austrian", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger is a dual Austrian/United States citizen. He holds Austrian citizenship by birth and has held U.S. citizenship since becoming naturalized in 1983. Being Austrian and thus European, he was able to win the 2007 European Voice campaigner of the year award for taking action against climate change with the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 and plans to introduce an emissions trading scheme with other US states and possibly with the EU."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Schwarzenegger finally endorse in the 2008 Republican primary?", "id": "56dec2483277331400b4d711", "answers": [{"text": "John McCain", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which candidate withdrew from the presidential race in January of 2008?", "id": "56dec2483277331400b4d712", "answers": [{"text": "Rudy Giuliani", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On which two major issues did McCain and Schwarzenegger publicly agree?", "id": "56dec2483277331400b4d713", "answers": [{"text": "the environment and economy", "answer_start": 811}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger's endorsement in the Republican primary of the 2008 U.S. presidential election was highly sought; despite being good friends with candidates Rudy Giuliani and Senator John McCain, Schwarzenegger remained neutral throughout 2007 and early 2008. Giuliani dropped out of the presidential race on January 30, 2008, largely because of a poor showing in Florida, and endorsed McCain. Later that night, Schwarzenegger was in the audience at a Republican debate at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in California. The following day, he endorsed McCain, joking, \"It's Rudy's fault!\" (in reference to his friendships with both candidates and that he could not make up his mind). Schwarzenegger's endorsement was thought to be a boost for Senator McCain's campaign; both spoke about their concerns for the environment and economy."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What group awarded Schwarzenegger the title of one of the 11 \"worst governors\" in a 2010 report?", "id": "56dec2c73277331400b4d717", "answers": [{"text": "Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In its April 2010 report, Progressive ethics watchdog group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington named Schwarzenegger one of 11 \"worst governors\" in the United States because of various ethics issues throughout Schwarzenegger's term as governor."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was Schwarzenegger's highest approval rating during his stint as governor?", "id": "56dec3cc3277331400b4d71b", "answers": [{"text": "89%", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Schwarzenegger's approval rating on the day his time in office ended?", "id": "56dec3cc3277331400b4d71c", "answers": [{"text": "23%", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although he began his tenure as governor with record high approval ratings (as high as 89% in December 2003), he left office with a record low 23%, only one percent higher than that of Gray Davis's when he was recalled in October 2003."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the controversy around Schwarzenegger's first gubernatorial campaign nicknamed?", "id": "56dec4913277331400b4d71f", "answers": [{"text": "Gropegate", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many women spoke out publicly about misconduct on Schwarzenegger's part?", "id": "56dec4913277331400b4d720", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which newspaper broke the story about Schwarzenegger's alleged sexual misconduct?", "id": "56dec4913277331400b4d721", "answers": [{"text": "Los Angeles Times", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During his initial campaign for governor, allegations of sexual and personal misconduct were raised against Schwarzenegger, dubbed \"Gropegate\". Within the last five days before the election, news reports appeared in the Los Angeles Times recounting allegations of sexual misconduct from several individual women, six of whom eventually came forward with their personal stories."}, {"qas": [{"question": "One woman accused Schwarzenegger of trying to remove what item of clothing?", "id": "56dec571c65bf219000b3d33", "answers": [{"text": "bathing suit", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Three of the women claimed he had grabbed their breasts, a fourth said he placed his hand under her skirt on her buttock. A fifth woman claimed Schwarzenegger tried to take off her bathing suit in a hotel elevator, and the last said he pulled her onto his lap and asked her about a sex act."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What magazine published an interview quoting Schwarzenegger calling marijuana a \"leaf\"?", "id": "56dec6913277331400b4d725", "answers": [{"text": "GQ", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What drug does the documentary Pumping Iron show Schwarzenegger using?", "id": "56dec6913277331400b4d726", "answers": [{"text": "marijuana", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger admitted that he has \"behaved badly sometimes\" and apologized, but also stated that \"a lot of [what] you see in the stories is not true\". This came after an interview in adult magazine Oui from 1977 surfaced, in which Schwarzenegger discussed attending sexual orgies and using substances such as marijuana. Schwarzenegger is shown smoking a marijuana joint after winning Mr. Olympia in the 1975 documentary film Pumping Iron. In an interview with GQ magazine in October 2007, Schwarzenegger said, \"[Marijuana] is not a drug. It's a leaf. My drug was pumping iron, trust me.\" His spokesperson later said the comment was meant to be a joke."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who sued Schwarzenegger and two of his employees for libel, settling in 2006?", "id": "56dec7983277331400b4d729", "answers": [{"text": "Anna Richardson", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What movie was Schwarzenegger promoting when the alleged incident took place?", "id": "56dec7983277331400b4d72a", "answers": [{"text": "The 6th Day", "answer_start": 461}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What paper did Richardson claim was used by Schwarzenegger's publicist and aide to discredit her?", "id": "56dec7983277331400b4d72b", "answers": [{"text": "Los Angeles Times", "answer_start": 528}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "British television personality Anna Richardson settled a libel lawsuit in August 2006 against Schwarzenegger, his top aide, Sean Walsh, and his publicist, Sheryl Main. A joint statement read: \"The parties are content to put this matter behind them and are pleased that this legal dispute has now been settled.\" Richardson claimed they tried to tarnish her reputation by dismissing her allegations that Schwarzenegger touched her breast during a press event for The 6th Day in London. She claimed Walsh and Main libeled her in a Los Angeles Times article when they contended she encouraged his behavior."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did Austria outlaw the death penalty?", "id": "56dec8773277331400b4d72f", "answers": [{"text": "1968", "answer_start": 655}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which member of Austrian parliament wanted Schwarzenegger to lose his Austrian citizenship?", "id": "56dec8773277331400b4d730", "answers": [{"text": "Peter Pilz", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger became a naturalized U.S. citizen on September 17, 1983. Shortly before he gained his citizenship, he asked the Austrian authorities for the right to keep his Austrian citizenship, as Austria does not usually allow dual citizenship. His request was granted, and he retained his Austrian citizenship. In 2005, Peter Pilz, a member of the Austrian Parliament from the Austrian Green Party, demanded that Parliament revoke Schwarzenegger's Austrian citizenship due to his decision not to prevent the executions of Donald Beardslee and Stanley Williams, causing damage of reputation to Austria, where the death penalty has been abolished since 1968. This demand was based on Article 33 of the Austrian Citizenship Act that states: \"A citizen, who is in the public service of a foreign country, shall be deprived of his citizenship, if he heavily damages the reputation or the interests of the Austrian Republic.\" Pilz claimed that Schwarzenegger's actions in support of the death penalty (prohibited in Austria under Protocol 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights) had indeed done damage to Austria's reputation. Schwarzenegger explained his actions by referring to the fact that his only duty as Governor of California was to prevent an error in the judicial system."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What date marked the first law restricting greenhouse gas emissions?", "id": "56dec9fa3277331400b4d733", "answers": [{"text": "September 27, 2006", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The regulations pertain to emissions from utilities, manufacturing plants, and what other entity?", "id": "56dec9fa3277331400b4d734", "answers": [{"text": "refineries", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year has Schwarzenegger set as the deadline for California to show a 25% reduction in emissions?", "id": "56dec9fa3277331400b4d735", "answers": [{"text": "2020", "answer_start": 585}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On September 27, 2006 Schwarzenegger signed a bill creating the nation's first cap on greenhouse gas emissions. The law set new regulations on the amount of emissions utilities, refineries and manufacturing plants are allowed to release into the atmosphere. Schwarzenegger also signed a second global warming bill that prohibits large utilities and corporations in California from making long-term contracts with suppliers who do not meet the state's greenhouse gas emission standards. The two bills are part of a plan to reduce California's emissions by 25 percent to 1990s levels by 2020. In 2005, Schwarzenegger issued an executive order calling to reduce greenhouse gases to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What region of the U.S. has California partnered with on the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative?", "id": "56decc79c65bf219000b3d35", "answers": [{"text": "the Northeast", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What green technology did Schwarzenegger have installed at home to reduce his carbon footprint? ", "id": "56decc79c65bf219000b3d36", "answers": [{"text": "solar panels", "answer_start": 716}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the Greenhouse Gas Initiative go into effect?", "id": "56decc79c65bf219000b3d37", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What particular pollutant was Schwarzenegger addressing with his 2006 executive order?", "id": "56decc79c65bf219000b3d38", "answers": [{"text": "carbon dioxide emissions", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger signed another executive order on October 17, 2006 allowing California to work with the Northeast's Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. They plan to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by issuing a limited amount of carbon credits to each power plant in participating states. Any power plants that exceed emissions for the amount of carbon credits will have to purchase more credits to cover the difference. The plan took effect in 2009. In addition to using his political power to fight global warming, the governor has taken steps at his home to reduce his personal carbon footprint. Schwarzenegger has adapted one of his Hummers to run on hydrogen and another to run on biofuels. He has also installed solar panels to heat his home."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what city was the SAE World Congress held in 2009?", "id": "56deccb0c65bf219000b3d3d", "answers": [{"text": "Detroit", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In respect of his contribution to the direction of the US motor industry, Schwarzenegger was invited to open the 2009 SAE World Congress in Detroit, on April 20, 2009."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What article, section, and clause of the Constitution requires U.S. presidents to be natural-born citizens?", "id": "56dece3bc65bf219000b3d3f", "answers": [{"text": "Article II, Section I, Clause V", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2013, what newspaper claimed Schwarzenegger was considering a presidential campaign?", "id": "56dece3bc65bf219000b3d40", "answers": [{"text": "the New York Post", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Michael Dorf is a law professor at what school?", "id": "56dece3bc65bf219000b3d41", "answers": [{"text": "Columbia University", "answer_start": 447}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In October 2013, the New York Post reported that Schwarzenegger was exploring a future run for president. The former California governor would face a constitutional hurdle; Article II, Section I, Clause V nominally prevents individuals who are not natural-born citizens of the United States from assuming the office. He has reportedly been lobbying legislators about a possible constitutional change, or filing a legal challenge to the provision. Columbia University law professor Michael Dorf observed that Schwarzenegger's possible lawsuit could ultimately win him the right to run for the office, noting, \"The law is very clear, but it\u2019s not 100 percent clear that the courts would enforce that law rather than leave it to the political process.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where would Schwarzenegger write down his goals?", "id": "56decebc3277331400b4d739", "answers": [{"text": "index cards", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Schwarzenegger became a millionaire by what age?", "id": "56decebc3277331400b4d73a", "answers": [{"text": "30", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger has had a highly successful business career. Following his move to the United States, Schwarzenegger became a \"prolific goal setter\" and would write his objectives at the start of the year on index cards, like starting a mail order business or buying a new car \u2013 and succeed in doing so. By the age of 30, Schwarzenegger was a millionaire, well before his career in Hollywood. His financial independence came from his success as a budding entrepreneur with a series of successful business ventures and investments."}, {"qas": [{"question": "With which of his friends did Schwarzenegger start a bricklaying company?", "id": "56decf643277331400b4d73d", "answers": [{"text": "Franco Columbu", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What natural disaster in 1971 contributed to the success of Schwarzenegger's business?", "id": "56decf643277331400b4d73e", "answers": [{"text": "San Fernando earthquake", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1968, Schwarzenegger and fellow bodybuilder Franco Columbu started a bricklaying business. The business flourished thanks to the pair's marketing savvy and an increased demand following the 1971 San Fernando earthquake. Schwarzenegger and Columbu used profits from their bricklaying venture to start a mail order business, selling bodybuilding and fitness-related equipment and instructional tapes."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How much did Schwarzenegger pay for the first apartment building he bought?", "id": "56decfc63277331400b4d741", "answers": [{"text": "$10,000", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger rolled profits from the mail order business and his bodybuilding competition winnings into his first real estate investment venture: an apartment building he purchased for $10,000. He would later go on to invest in a number of real estate holding companies."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What restaurant chain did Schwarzenegger invest in?", "id": "56ded0573277331400b4d743", "answers": [{"text": "Planet Hollywood", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Schwarzenegger withdraw from involvement with Planet Hollywood?", "id": "56ded0573277331400b4d744", "answers": [{"text": "2000", "answer_start": 278}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other successful theme restaurant chain was Planet Hollywood modeled on?", "id": "56ded0573277331400b4d745", "answers": [{"text": "the Hard Rock Cafe", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger was a founding celebrity investor in the Planet Hollywood chain of international theme restaurants (modeled after the Hard Rock Cafe) along with Bruce Willis, Sylvester Stallone and Demi Moore. Schwarzenegger severed his financial ties with the business in early 2000. Schwarzenegger said the company had not had the success he had hoped for, claiming he wanted to focus his attention on \"new US global business ventures\" and his movie career."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What investment firm does Schwarzenegger maintain partial ownership of?", "id": "56ded12cc65bf219000b3d45", "answers": [{"text": "Dimensional Fund Advisors", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city hosts Arnold's Sports Festival each year?", "id": "56ded12cc65bf219000b3d46", "answers": [{"text": "Columbus, Ohio", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the name of Schwarzenegger's film production company?", "id": "56ded12cc65bf219000b3d47", "answers": [{"text": "Oak Productions, Inc.", "answer_start": 778}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What renowned publishing company partners with Schwarzenegger in Fitness Publications?", "id": "56ded12cc65bf219000b3d48", "answers": [{"text": "Simon & Schuster", "answer_start": 858}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "He also invested in a shopping mall in Columbus, Ohio. He has talked about some of those who have helped him over the years in business: \"I couldn't have learned about business without a parade of teachers guiding me... from Milton Friedman to Donald Trump... and now, Les Wexner and Warren Buffett. I even learned a thing or two from Planet Hollywood, such as when to get out! And I did!\" He has significant ownership in Dimensional Fund Advisors, an investment firm. Schwarzenegger is also the owner of Arnold's Sports Festival, which he started in 1989 and is held annually in Columbus, Ohio. It is a festival that hosts thousands of international health and fitness professionals which has also expanded into a three-day expo. He also owns a movie production company called Oak Productions, Inc. and Fitness Publications, a joint publishing venture with Simon & Schuster."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What's the name of the restaurant Schwarzenegger opened with his wife?", "id": "56ded1eac65bf219000b3d4d", "answers": [{"text": "Schatzi On Main", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Schwarzenegger restaurant located?", "id": "56ded1eac65bf219000b3d4e", "answers": [{"text": "Santa Monica", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the literal translation of the word \"schatzi\"?", "id": "56ded1eac65bf219000b3d4f", "answers": [{"text": "little treasure", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Schwarzenegger sell Schatzi on Main?", "id": "56ded1eac65bf219000b3d50", "answers": [{"text": "1998", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1992, Schwarzenegger and his wife opened a restaurant in Santa Monica called Schatzi On Main. Schatzi literally means \"little treasure,\" colloquial for \"honey\" or \"darling\" in German. In 1998, he sold his restaurant."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Schwarzenegger and Maria Shriver separate?", "id": "56ded2bbc65bf219000b3d55", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the price tag for the private jet Schwarzenegger bought in 1997?", "id": "56ded2bbc65bf219000b3d57", "answers": [{"text": "$38 million", "answer_start": 701}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger's net worth had been conservatively estimated at $100\u2013$200 million. After separating from his wife, Maria Shriver, in 2011, it has been estimated that his net worth has been approximately $400 million, and even as high as $800 million, based on tax returns he filed in 2006. Over the years as an investor, he invested his bodybuilding and movie earnings in an array of stocks, bonds, privately controlled companies, and real estate holdings worldwide, making his net worth as an accurate estimation difficult to calculate, particularly in light of declining real estate values owing to economic recessions in the U.S. and Europe since the late 2000s. In June 1997, Schwarzenegger spent $38 million of his own money on a private Gulfstream jet. Schwarzenegger once said of his fortune, \"Money doesn't make you happy. I now have $50 million, but I was just as happy when I had $48 million.\" He has also stated, \"I've made many millions as a businessman many times over.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Schwarzenegger's former girlfriend Barbara Outland Baker publish her memoir?", "id": "56ded3dac65bf219000b3d5b", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 626}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Baker say Schwarzenegger didn't understand when she first met him?", "id": "56ded3dac65bf219000b3d5c", "answers": [{"text": "polite society", "answer_start": 1509}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What historical event did Baker and Schwarzenegger watch on TV together on their first date?", "id": "56ded3dac65bf219000b3d5d", "answers": [{"text": "the first Apollo Moon landing", "answer_start": 1220}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1969, Schwarzenegger met Barbara Outland (later Barbara Outland Baker), an English teacher he lived with until 1974. Schwarzenegger talked about Barbara in his memoir in 1977: \"Basically it came down to this: she was a well-balanced woman who wanted an ordinary, solid life, and I was not a well-balanced man, and hated the very idea of ordinary life.\" Baker has described Schwarzenegger as \"[a] joyful personality, totally charismatic, adventurous, and athletic\" but claims towards the end of the relationship he became \"insufferable \u2013 classically conceited \u2013 the world revolved around him\". Baker published her memoir in 2006, entitled Arnold and Me: In the Shadow of the Austrian Oak. Although Baker, at times, painted an unflattering portrait of her former lover, Schwarzenegger actually contributed to the tell-all book with a foreword, and also met with Baker for three hours. Baker claims, for example, that she only learned of his being unfaithful after they split, and talks of a turbulent and passionate love life. Schwarzenegger has made it clear that their respective recollection of events can differ. The couple first met six to eight months after his arrival in the U.S \u2013 their first date was watching the first Apollo Moon landing on television. They shared an apartment in Santa Monica for three and a half years, and having little money, would visit the beach all day, or have barbecues in the back yard. Although Baker claims that when she first met him, he had \"little understanding of polite society\" and she found him a turn-off, she says, \"He's as much a self-made man as it's possible to be \u2013 he never got encouragement from his parents, his family, his brother. He just had this huge determination to prove himself, and that was very attractive \u2026 I'll go to my grave knowing Arnold loved me.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the hairdresser's assistant Schwarzenegger fell for in July of 1977?", "id": "56ded4883277331400b4d749", "answers": [{"text": "Sue Moray", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Schwarzenegger first meet Maria Shriver?", "id": "56ded4883277331400b4d74a", "answers": [{"text": "the Robert F. Kennedy Tennis Tournament", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What month and year did Moray make Schwarzenegger choose between her and Shriver?", "id": "56ded4883277331400b4d74b", "answers": [{"text": "August 1978", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger met his next paramour, Sue Moray, a Beverly Hills hairdresser's assistant, on Venice Beach in July 1977. According to Moray, the couple led an open relationship: \"We were faithful when we were both in LA \u2026 but when he was out of town, we were free to do whatever we wanted.\" Schwarzenegger met Maria Shriver at the Robert F. Kennedy Tennis Tournament in August 1977, and went on to have a relationship with both women until August 1978, when Moray (who knew of his relationship with Shriver) issued an ultimatum."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is Maria Shriver's relation to President John F. Kennedy", "id": "56ded5bbc65bf219000b3d64", "answers": [{"text": "niece", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Massachusetts town was the setting for the wedding between Shriver and Schwarzenegger?", "id": "56ded5bbc65bf219000b3d65", "answers": [{"text": "Hyannis", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many children did Schwarzenegger and Shriver have together?", "id": "56ded5bbc65bf219000b3d66", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Schwarzenegger reportedly begin dating shortly after his separation?", "id": "56ded5bbc65bf219000b3d67", "answers": [{"text": "Heather Milligan", "answer_start": 892}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On April 26, 1986, Schwarzenegger married television journalist Maria Shriver, niece of President John F. Kennedy, in Hyannis, Massachusetts. The Rev. John Baptist Riordan performed the ceremony at St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church. They have four children: Katherine Eunice Schwarzenegger (born December 13, 1989 in Los Angeles); Christina Maria Aurelia Schwarzenegger (born July 23, 1991 in Los Angeles); Patrick Arnold Shriver Schwarzenegger (born September 18, 1993 in Los Angeles); and Christopher Sargent Shriver Schwarzenegger (born September 27, 1997 in Los Angeles). Schwarzenegger lives in a 11,000-square-foot (1,000 m2) home in Brentwood. The divorcing couple currently own vacation homes in Sun Valley, Idaho and Hyannis Port, Massachusetts. They attended St. Monica's Catholic Church. Following their separation, it is reported that Schwarzenegger is dating physical therapist Heather Milligan."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How long were Schwarzenegger and Shriver married?", "id": "56ded6593277331400b4d751", "answers": [{"text": "25 years", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What newspaper broke the story about Schwarzenegger's child with another woman?", "id": "56ded6593277331400b4d752", "answers": [{"text": "the Los Angeles Times", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On May 9, 2011, Shriver and Schwarzenegger ended their relationship after 25 years of marriage, with Shriver moving out of the couple's Brentwood mansion. On May 16, 2011, the Los Angeles Times revealed that Schwarzenegger had fathered a son more than fourteen years earlier with an employee in their household, Mildred Patricia 'Patty' Baena. \"After leaving the governor's office I told my wife about this event, which occurred over a decade ago,\" Schwarzenegger said in a statement issued to The Times. In the statement, Schwarzenegger did not mention that he had confessed to his wife only after Shriver had confronted him with the information, which she had done after confirming with the housekeeper what she had suspected about the child."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Baena worked for the Schwarzenegger/Shriver family for how many years?", "id": "56ded70f3277331400b4d755", "answers": [{"text": "20", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the first name of Schwarzenegger's son with Baena?", "id": "56ded70f3277331400b4d756", "answers": [{"text": "Joseph", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Schwarzenegger bought Baena and their son a four-bedroom house in what year?", "id": "56ded70f3277331400b4d757", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 795}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Fifty-year-old Baena, of Guatemalan origin, was employed by the family for 20 years and retired in January 2011. The pregnant Baena was working in the home while Shriver was pregnant with the youngest of the couple\u2019s four children. Baena's son with Schwarzenegger, Joseph, was born on October 2, 1997; Shriver gave birth to Christopher on September 27, 1997. Schwarzenegger says it took seven or eight years before he found out that he had fathered a child with his housekeeper. It wasn't until the boy \"started looking like me, that's when I kind of got it. I put things together,\" the action star and former California governor, told 60 Minutes. Schwarzenegger has taken financial responsibility for the child \"from the start and continued to provide support.\" KNX 1070 radio reported that in 2010 he bought a new four-bedroom house, with a pool, for Baena and their son in Bakersfield, about 112 miles (180 km) north of Los Angeles. Baena separated from her husband, Rogelio, in 1997, a few months after Joseph's birth, and filed for divorce in 2008. Baena's ex-husband says that the child's birth certificate was falsified and that he plans to sue Schwarzenegger for engaging in conspiracy to falsify a public document, a serious crime in California."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which attorney did Schwarzenegger consult to handle his divorce?", "id": "56ded8093277331400b4d75b", "answers": [{"text": "Bob Kaufman", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of the two kept their family home in Brentwood?", "id": "56ded8093277331400b4d75c", "answers": [{"text": "Schwarzenegger", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Schwarzenegger's initial divorce petition failed to provide for attorney's fee reimbursement and what other condition of divorce?", "id": "56ded8093277331400b4d75d", "answers": [{"text": "spousal support", "answer_start": 479}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger has consulted an attorney, Bob Kaufman. Kaufman has earlier handled divorce cases for celebrities such as Jennifer Aniston and Reese Witherspoon. Schwarzenegger will keep the Brentwood home as part of their divorce settlement and Shriver has purchased a new home nearby so that the children may travel easily between their parents' homes. They will share custody of the two minor children. Schwarzenegger came under fire after the initial petition did not include spousal support and a reimbursement of attorney's fees. However, he claims this was not intentional and that he signed the initial documents without having properly read them. Schwarzenegger has filed amended divorce papers remedying this."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What actress claimed she also carried on an affair with Schwarzenegger while he was with Shriver?", "id": "56ded8513277331400b4d761", "answers": [{"text": "Brigitte Nielsen", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After the scandal, actress Brigitte Nielsen came forward and stated that she too had an affair with Schwarzenegger while he was in a relationship with Shriver, saying, \"Maybe I wouldn't have got into it if he said 'I'm going to marry Maria' and this is dead serious, but he didn't, and our affair carried on.\" When asked in 2014 \"Of all the things you are famous for \u2026 which are you least proud of?\", Schwarzenegger replied \"I'm least proud of the mistakes I made that caused my family pain and split us up\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What word describes an aortic valve with two rather than three leaflets?", "id": "56ded8b43277331400b4d765", "answers": [{"text": "bicuspid", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Schwarzenegger underwent heart valve replacement in what year?", "id": "56ded8b43277331400b4d766", "answers": [{"text": "1997", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger was born with a bicuspid aortic valve, an aortic valve with only two leaflets (a normal aortic valve has three leaflets). Schwarzenegger opted in 1997 for a replacement heart valve made of his own transplanted tissue; medical experts predicted he would require heart valve replacement surgery in the following two to eight years as his valve would progressively degrade. Schwarzenegger apparently opted against a mechanical valve, the only permanent solution available at the time of his surgery, because it would have sharply limited his physical activity and capacity to exercise."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which of Schwarzenegger's sons was with him when he had a motorcycle accident in 2006?", "id": "56ded9b5c65bf219000b3d77", "answers": [{"text": "Patrick", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On January 8, 2006, while Schwarzenegger was riding his Harley Davidson motorcycle in Los Angeles, with his son Patrick in the sidecar, another driver backed into the street he was riding on, causing him and his son to collide with the car at a low speed. While his son and the other driver were unharmed, the governor sustained a minor injury to his lip, requiring 15 stitches. \"No citations were issued\", said Officer Jason Lee, a Los Angeles Police Department spokesman. Schwarzenegger did not obtain his motorcycle license until July 3, 2006."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What bone did Schwarzenegger break while on a ski trip in 2006?", "id": "56deda17c65bf219000b3d7b", "answers": [{"text": "right femur", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Schwarzenegger vacationing when he broke his leg?", "id": "56deda17c65bf219000b3d7c", "answers": [{"text": "Sun Valley, Idaho", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger tripped over his ski pole and broke his right femur while skiing in Sun Valley, Idaho, with his family on December 23, 2006. On December 26, 2006, he underwent a 90-minute operation in which cables and screws were used to wire the broken bone back together. He was released from the St. John's Health Center on December 30, 2006."}, {"qas": [{"question": "At what airport was Schwarzenegger's jet forced to make an emergency landing in 2009?", "id": "56deda76c65bf219000b3d81", "answers": [{"text": "Van Nuys Airport", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger's private jet made an emergency landing at Van Nuys Airport on June 19, 2009, after the pilot reported smoke coming from the cockpit, according to a statement released by the governor's press secretary. No one was harmed in the incident."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How tall does Schwarzenegger claim to be?", "id": "56dedb693277331400b4d769", "answers": [{"text": "6'2\"", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Assemblyman playfully tried to measure Schwarzenegger's height?", "id": "56dedb693277331400b4d76a", "answers": [{"text": "Herb Wesson", "answer_start": 549}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How tall did Men's Health magazine report Schwarzenegger to be in a 1999 issue?", "id": "56dedb693277331400b4d76b", "answers": [{"text": "5'10\"", "answer_start": 989}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger's official height of 6'2\" (1.88 m) has been brought into question by several articles. In his bodybuilding days in the late 1960s, he was measured to be 6'1.5\" (1.87 m), a height confirmed by his fellow bodybuilders. However, in 1988 both the Daily Mail and Time Out magazine mentioned that Schwarzenegger appeared noticeably shorter. Prior to running for Governor, Schwarzenegger's height was once again questioned in an article by the Chicago Reader. As Governor, Schwarzenegger engaged in a light-hearted exchange with Assemblyman Herb Wesson over their heights. At one point, Wesson made an unsuccessful attempt to, in his own words, \"settle this once and for all and find out how tall he is\" by using a tailor's tape measure on the Governor. Schwarzenegger retaliated by placing a pillow stitched with the words \"Need a lift?\" on the five-foot-five inch (165 cm) Wesson's chair before a negotiating session in his office. Bob Mulholland also claimed Schwarzenegger was 5'10\" (1.78 m) and that he wore risers in his boots. In 1999, Men's Health magazine stated his height was 5'10\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What's the title of Schwarzenegger's autobiography?", "id": "56dedbce3277331400b4d76f", "answers": [{"text": "Total Recall", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Schwarzenegger name the chapter of the book that addresses his extramarital affair?", "id": "56dedbce3277331400b4d770", "answers": [{"text": "\"The Secret\"", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Schwarzenegger's autobiography released?", "id": "56dedbce3277331400b4d771", "answers": [{"text": "October 2012", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger's autobiography, Total Recall, was released in October 2012. He devotes one chapter called \"The Secret\" to his extramarital affair. The majority of his book is about his successes in the three major chapters in his life: bodybuilder, actor, and Governor of California."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did AM General grant Schwarzenegger's wish for a street-legal Humvee?", "id": "56dedc703277331400b4d775", "answers": [{"text": "1992", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to the Humvee, what other vehicle manufactured by AM General was Schwarzenegger first to own?", "id": "56dedc703277331400b4d776", "answers": [{"text": "Hummers", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Schwarzenegger was the first civilian to purchase a Humvee. He was so enamored by the vehicle that he lobbied the Humvee's manufacturer, AM General, to produce a street-legal, civilian version, which they did in 1992; the first two Hummers they sold were also purchased by Schwarzenegger."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What color is the exterior of Schwarzenegger's Bugatti Veyron Grand Sport Vitesse?", "id": "56dedcef3277331400b4d779", "answers": [{"text": "silver", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "He was in the news in 2014 for buying a rare Bugatti Veyron Grand Sport Vitesse. He was spotted and filmed in 2015 Summer in his car, silver painted with bright aluminium forged wheels. Schwarzenegger's Bugatti has its interior adorned in dark brown leather."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many pounds does one of Schwarzenegger's Hummers weigh?", "id": "56dede26c65bf219000b3d83", "answers": [{"text": "6,300", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Schwarzenegger spend to convert a Hummer to run on hydrogen?", "id": "56dede26c65bf219000b3d84", "answers": [{"text": "$21,000", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Schwarzenegger name his plan to build hydrogen refueling stations throughout California?", "id": "56dede26c65bf219000b3d85", "answers": [{"text": "California Hydrogen Highway Network", "answer_start": 505}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What governmental department contributed a grant to Schwarzenegger's hydrogen fuel project?", "id": "56dede26c65bf219000b3d86", "answers": [{"text": "U.S. Department of Energy", "answer_start": 555}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Hummers that Schwarzenegger bought 1992 are so large \u2013 each weighs 6,300 lb (2,900 kg) and is 7 feet (2.1 m) wide \u2013 that they are classified as large trucks, and U.S. fuel economy regulations do not apply to them. During the gubernatorial recall campaign he announced that he would convert one of his Hummers to burn hydrogen. The conversion was reported to have cost about US$21,000. After the election, he signed an executive order to jump-start the building of hydrogen refueling plants called the California Hydrogen Highway Network, and gained a U.S. Department of Energy grant to help pay for its projected US$91,000,000 cost. California took delivery of the first H2H (Hydrogen Hummer) in October 2004."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What nonprofit did Schwarzenegger found in 1995?", "id": "56dedef03277331400b4d78b", "answers": [{"text": "the Inner City Games Foundation", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Schwarzenegger was the spokesperson for the Special Olympic games held in what city in China?", "id": "56dedef03277331400b4d78c", "answers": [{"text": "Shanghai", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many schools across the country is ICG active in?", "id": "56dedef03277331400b4d78d", "answers": [{"text": "400", "answer_start": 640}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Arnold Schwarzenegger has been involved with the Special Olympics for many years after they were founded by his ex-mother-in-law, Eunice Kennedy Shriver. In 2007, Schwarzenegger was the official spokesperson for the Special Olympics which were held in Shanghai, China. Schwarzenegger believes that quality school opportunities should be made available to children who might not normally be able to access them. In 1995, he founded the Inner City Games Foundation (ICG) which provides cultural, educational and community enrichment programming to youth. ICG is active in 15 cities around the country and serves over 250,000 children in over 400 schools countrywide. He has also been involved with After-School All-Stars, and founded the Los Angeles branch in 2002. ASAS is an after school program provider, educating youth about health, fitness and nutrition."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What school within the University of Southern California does the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy belong to?", "id": "56dedfc3c65bf219000b3d9d", "answers": [{"text": "the USC Sol Price School of Public Policy", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy founded?", "id": "56dedfc3c65bf219000b3d9e", "answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What position does Schwarzenegger hold with the Institute?", "id": "56dedfc3c65bf219000b3d9f", "answers": [{"text": "chairman", "answer_start": 539}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2012, Schwarzenegger helped to found the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy, which is a part of the USC Sol Price School of Public Policy at the University of Southern California. The Institute's mission is to \"[advance] post-partisanship, where leaders put people over political parties and work together to find the best ideas and solutions to benefit the people they serve,\" and to \"seek to influence public policy and public debate in finding solutions to the serious challenges we face.\" Schwarzenegger serves as chairman of the Institute."}]}, {"title": "Plymouth", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "In kilometers, what is the distance from Plymouth to Exeter?", "id": "56de64cf4396321400ee2875", "answers": [{"text": "60", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many miles away from London is Plymouth?", "id": "56de64cf4396321400ee2876", "answers": [{"text": "190", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What river borders Plymouth on the west?", "id": "56de64cf4396321400ee2877", "answers": [{"text": "Tamar", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what county is Plymouth located?", "id": "56de64cf4396321400ee2878", "answers": [{"text": "Devon", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what body of water do the rivers Tamar and Plym converge?", "id": "56de64cf4396321400ee2879", "answers": [{"text": "Plymouth Sound", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Plymouth (i/\u02c8pl\u026am\u0259\u03b8/) is a city on the south coast of Devon, England, about 37 miles (60 km) south-west of Exeter and 190 miles (310 km) west-south-west of London, between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west where they join Plymouth Sound to form the boundary with Cornwall."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the location of the earliest settlement near Plymouth?", "id": "56de65324396321400ee287f", "answers": [{"text": "Mount Batten", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Plymouth's original name?", "id": "56de65324396321400ee2880", "answers": [{"text": "Sutton", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Pilgrim Fathers sail from Plymouth?", "id": "56de65324396321400ee2881", "answers": [{"text": "1620", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the siege of Plymouth end during the English Civil War?", "id": "56de65324396321400ee2882", "answers": [{"text": "1646", "answer_start": 532}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the colony founded by the Pilgrim Fathers in the New World?", "id": "56de65324396321400ee2883", "answers": [{"text": "Plymouth Colony", "answer_start": 334}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Plymouth's early history extends to the Bronze Age, when a first settlement emerged at Mount Batten. This settlement continued as a trading post for the Roman Empire, until it was surpassed by the more prosperous village of Sutton, now called Plymouth. In 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers departed Plymouth for the New World and established Plymouth Colony \u2013 the second English settlement in what is now the United States of America. During the English Civil War the town was held by the Parliamentarians and was besieged between 1642 and 1646."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What nearby settlement built ships for the Royal Navy?", "id": "56de664ccffd8e1900b4b862", "answers": [{"text": "Devonport", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Plymouth become a city?", "id": "56de664ccffd8e1900b4b863", "answers": [{"text": "1928", "answer_start": 569}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term used to describe the attacks on Plymouth during the Second World War?", "id": "56de664ccffd8e1900b4b864", "answers": [{"text": "Plymouth Blitz", "answer_start": 717}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Plymstock incorporated?", "id": "56de664ccffd8e1900b4b865", "answers": [{"text": "1967", "answer_start": 899}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Plymouth and Devonport, what location was merged into a county borough in 1914?", "id": "56de664ccffd8e1900b4b866", "answers": [{"text": "East Stonehouse", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Throughout the Industrial Revolution, Plymouth grew as a commercial shipping port, handling imports and passengers from the Americas, and exporting local minerals (tin, copper, lime, china clay and arsenic) while the neighbouring town of Devonport became a strategic Royal Naval shipbuilding and dockyard town. In 1914 three neighbouring independent towns, viz., the county borough of Plymouth, the county borough of Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse were merged to form a single County Borough. The combined town took the name of Plymouth which, in 1928, achieved city status. The city's naval importance later led to its targeting and partial destruction during World War II, an act known as the Plymouth Blitz. After the war the city centre was completely rebuilt and subsequent expansion led to the incorporation of Plympton and Plymstock along with other outlying suburbs in 1967."}, {"qas": [{"question": "As of 2014, what was the population of Plymouth?", "id": "56de66c1cffd8e1900b4b874", "answers": [{"text": "261,546", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does Plymouth rank in population among the cities of the UK?", "id": "56de66c1cffd8e1900b4b875", "answers": [{"text": "30th", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many members of Parliament represent Plymouth?", "id": "56de66c1cffd8e1900b4b876", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what city does Plymouth's ferry to Spain terminate?", "id": "56de66c1cffd8e1900b4b877", "answers": [{"text": "Santander", "answer_start": 358}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What institution of higher education is based in Plymouth?", "id": "56de66c1cffd8e1900b4b878", "answers": [{"text": "Plymouth University", "answer_start": 525}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city is home to 261,546 (mid-2014 est.) people, making it the 30th most populous built-up area in the United Kingdom. It is governed locally by Plymouth City Council and is represented nationally by three MPs. Plymouth's economy remains strongly influenced by shipbuilding and seafaring including ferry links to Brittany (Roscoff and St Malo) and Spain (Santander), but has tended toward a service-based economy since the 1990s. It has the largest operational naval base in Western Europe \u2013 HMNB Devonport and is home to Plymouth University."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the location cited by Ptolemy that is believed to have been located near modern Plymouth?", "id": "56de67e0cffd8e1900b4b888", "answers": [{"text": "TAMARI OSTIA", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where have Middle Iron Age remnants been found?", "id": "56de67e0cffd8e1900b4b889", "answers": [{"text": "Mount Batten", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does 'TAMARI OSTIA' mean?", "id": "56de67e0cffd8e1900b4b88a", "answers": [{"text": "mouth/estuaries of the Tamar", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Upper Palaeolithic deposits, including bones of Homo sapiens, have been found in local caves, and artefacts dating from the Bronze Age to the Middle Iron Age have been found at Mount Batten showing that it was one of the main trading ports of the country at that time. An unidentified settlement named 'TAMARI OSTIA' (mouth/estuaries of the Tamar) is listed in Ptolemy's Geographia and is presumed to be located in the area of the modern city."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what century were sailors obligated to relocate from Plympton due to silting?", "id": "56de68a54396321400ee289d", "answers": [{"text": "11th", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Sutton mean in the Old English language?", "id": "56de68a54396321400ee289e", "answers": [{"text": "south town", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the first written reference to Plymouth made?", "id": "56de68a54396321400ee289f", "answers": [{"text": "1211", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During whose reign was the former town of Sutton referred to as Plymouth?", "id": "56de68a54396321400ee28a0", "answers": [{"text": "King Henry VI", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did 'Plym Mouth' mean?", "id": "56de68a54396321400ee28a1", "answers": [{"text": "mouth of the River Plym", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The settlement of Plympton, further up the River Plym than the current Plymouth, was also an early trading port, but the river silted up in the early 11th century and forced the mariners and merchants to settle at the current day Barbican near the river mouth. At the time this village was called Sutton, meaning south town in Old English. The name Plym Mouth, meaning \"mouth of the River Plym\" was first mentioned in a Pipe Roll of 1211. The name Plymouth first officially replaced Sutton in a charter of King Henry VI in 1440. See Plympton for the derivation of the name Plym."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year during the Hundred Years' War did the French assault Plymouth?", "id": "56de69b2cffd8e1900b4b88e", "answers": [{"text": "1340", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who set fire to Plymouth in 1403?", "id": "56de69b2cffd8e1900b4b88f", "answers": [{"text": "Breton raiders", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the fortification later known as Drake's Fort constructed?", "id": "56de69b2cffd8e1900b4b890", "answers": [{"text": "1596", "answer_start": 1034}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Before Plymouth dockyard was built, where was the fleet located?", "id": "56de69b2cffd8e1900b4b891", "answers": [{"text": "Sutton Pool", "answer_start": 408}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Parliament pass a notable law that led to the building of fortifications in Plymouth?", "id": "56de69b2cffd8e1900b4b892", "answers": [{"text": "1512", "answer_start": 520}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the Hundred Years' War a French attack (1340) burned a manor house and took some prisoners, but failed to get into the town. In 1403 the town was burned by Breton raiders. In the late fifteenth century a 'castle quadrate' was constructed close to the area now known as The Barbican; it included four round towers, one at each corner, as featured on the city coat of arms. The castle served to protect Sutton Pool, which is where the fleet was based in Plymouth prior to the establishment of Plymouth Dockyard. In 1512 an Act of Parliament was passed for further fortifying Plymouth, and a series of fortifications were then built, including defensive walls at the entrance to Sutton Pool (across which a chain would be extended in time of danger). Defences on St Nicholas Island also date from this time, and a string of six artillery blockhouses were built, including one on Fishers Nose at the south-eastern corner of the Hoe. This location was further strengthened by the building of a fort (later known as Drake's Fort) in 1596, which itself went on to provide the site for the Citadel, established in the 1660s (see below)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What notable slave trader was based out of Plymouth?", "id": "56de6ac44396321400ee28b5", "answers": [{"text": "Sir John Hawkins", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who served as Plymouth's mayor in 1593?", "id": "56de6ac44396321400ee28b6", "answers": [{"text": "Sir Francis Drake", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Drake battle the Spanish Armada?", "id": "56de6ac44396321400ee28b7", "answers": [{"text": "1588", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Pilgrim Fathers depart Plymouth?", "id": "56de6ac44396321400ee28b8", "answers": [{"text": "1620", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the settlement founded by the Pilgrim Fathers?", "id": "56de6ac44396321400ee28b9", "answers": [{"text": "Plymouth Colony", "answer_start": 500}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the 16th century locally produced wool was the major export commodity. Plymouth was the home port for successful maritime traders, among them Sir John Hawkins, who led England's first foray into the Atlantic slave trade, as well as Sir Francis Drake, Mayor of Plymouth in 1581 and 1593. According to legend, Drake insisted on completing his game of bowls on the Hoe before engaging the Spanish Armada in 1588. In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers set sail for the New World from Plymouth, establishing Plymouth Colony \u2013 the second English colony in what is now the United States of America."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which faction did Plymouth support during the English Civil War?", "id": "56de6bdacffd8e1900b4b898", "answers": [{"text": "Parliamentarians", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For how many years was Plymouth under siege during the English Civil War?", "id": "56de6bdacffd8e1900b4b899", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the last battle for Plymouth during the English Civil War end?", "id": "56de6bdacffd8e1900b4b89a", "answers": [{"text": "Freedom Fields Park", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Charles II ascend to the throne?", "id": "56de6bdacffd8e1900b4b89b", "answers": [{"text": "1660", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What locale was used to house imprisoned Parliamentarians after the restoration of Charles II?", "id": "56de6bdacffd8e1900b4b89c", "answers": [{"text": "Drake's Island", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the Royalists. The last major attack by the Royalist was by Sir Richard Grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards Plymouth, but they were defeated by the Plymothians at Freedom Fields Park. The civil war ended as a Parliamentary win, but monarchy was restored by King Charles II in 1660, who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on Drake's Island. Construction of the Royal Citadel began in 1665, after the Restoration; it was armed with cannon facing both out to sea and into the town, rumoured to be a reminder to residents not to oppose the Crown. Mount Batten tower also dates from around this time."}, {"qas": [{"question": "During what century was Plymouth involved with the Atlantic slave trade?", "id": "56de6c80cffd8e1900b4b8a2", "answers": [{"text": "18th", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what century did Plymouth cease to be a vital trading port?", "id": "56de6c80cffd8e1900b4b8a3", "answers": [{"text": "17th", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Throughout the 17th century Plymouth had gradually lost its pre-eminence as a trading port. By the mid-17th century commodities manufactured elsewhere in England cost too much to transport to Plymouth and the city had no means of processing sugar or tobacco imports, although it did play a relatively small part in the Atlantic slave trade during the early 18th century."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was HMNB Davenport established?", "id": "56de6ceccffd8e1900b4b8a6", "answers": [{"text": "1690", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What river was adjacent to HMNB Davenport?", "id": "56de6ceccffd8e1900b4b8a7", "answers": [{"text": "River Tamar", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many male workers were present in Plymouth Dock circa 1712?", "id": "56de6ceccffd8e1900b4b8a8", "answers": [{"text": "318", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the 1733 population of Plymouth Dock?", "id": "56de6ceccffd8e1900b4b8a9", "answers": [{"text": "3,000", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what parish was HMNB Davenport located?", "id": "56de6ceccffd8e1900b4b8aa", "answers": [{"text": "Stoke Damerel", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the nearby parish of Stoke Damerel the first dockyard, HMNB Devonport, opened in 1690 on the eastern bank of the River Tamar. Further docks were built here in 1727, 1762 and 1793. The settlement that developed here was called \"Dock\" or \"Plymouth Dock\" at the time, and a new town, separate from Plymouth, grew up. In 1712 there were 318 men employed and by 1733 it had grown to a population of 3,000 people."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Along with coal and grain, what was the most important import in 18th century Plymouth?", "id": "56de6dafcffd8e1900b4b8b0", "answers": [{"text": "timber", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the new name given to Plymouth Dock in 1824?", "id": "56de6dafcffd8e1900b4b8b1", "answers": [{"text": "Devonport", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Plymouth and Devonport, what settlement comprised the Three Towns?", "id": "56de6dafcffd8e1900b4b8b2", "answers": [{"text": "Stonehouse", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What architect was noted for his neoclassical designs in Plymouth?", "id": "56de6dafcffd8e1900b4b8b3", "answers": [{"text": "John Foulston", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what street did many of the buildings designed by John Foulston reside?", "id": "56de6dafcffd8e1900b4b8b4", "answers": [{"text": "Union Street", "answer_start": 733}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Before the latter half of the 18th century, grain, timber and then coal were Plymouth's main imports. During this time the real source of wealth was from the neighbouring town of Plymouth Dock (renamed in 1824 to Devonport) and the major employer in the entire region was the dockyard. The Three Towns conurbation of Plymouth, Stonehouse and Devonport enjoyed some prosperity during the late 18th and early 19th century and were enriched by a series of neo-classical urban developments designed by London architect John Foulston. Foulston was important for both Devonport and Plymouth and was responsible for several grand public buildings, many now destroyed, including the Athenaeum, the Theatre Royal and Royal Hotel, and much of Union Street."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who founded Plymouth Porcelain?", "id": "56de7a53cffd8e1900b4b960", "answers": [{"text": "William Cookworthy", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Plymouth Porcelain founded?", "id": "56de7a53cffd8e1900b4b961", "answers": [{"text": "1768", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was William Cookworthy's profession?", "id": "56de7a53cffd8e1900b4b962", "answers": [{"text": "chemist", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the engineer involved in the construction of the Eddystone Lighthouse?", "id": "56de7a53cffd8e1900b4b963", "answers": [{"text": "John Smeaton", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Local chemist William Cookworthy established his somewhat short-lived Plymouth Porcelain venture in 1768 to exploit the recently discovered deposits of local China Clay - an industry which continues to make up a portion of the city income. As an associate and host of engineer John Smeaton he was indirectly involved with the development of the Eddystone Lighthouse."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In kilometers, how long was the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?", "id": "56de7ab54396321400ee294f", "answers": [{"text": "2", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the designer of the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?", "id": "56de7ab54396321400ee2950", "answers": [{"text": "John Rennie", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did construction finish on the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?", "id": "56de7ab54396321400ee2951", "answers": [{"text": "1841", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did construction commence on Plymouth Sound Breakwater?", "id": "56de7ab54396321400ee2952", "answers": [{"text": "1812", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Near which settlement were Palmerston forts built in the 1860s?", "id": "56de7ab54396321400ee2953", "answers": [{"text": "Devonport", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The 1-mile-long (2 km) Breakwater in Plymouth Sound was designed by John Rennie in order to protect the fleet moving in and out of Devonport; work started in 1812. Numerous technical difficulties and repeated storm damage meant that it was not completed until 1841, twenty years after Rennie's death. In the 1860s, a ring of Palmerston forts was constructed around the outskirts of Devonport, to protect the dockyard from attack from any direction."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What animal byproduct was imported to Plymouth in the 19th century?", "id": "56de7b394396321400ee2959", "answers": [{"text": "guano", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what settlement were the dockyards located?", "id": "56de7b394396321400ee295a", "answers": [{"text": "Devonport", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some of the greatest imports to Plymouth from the Americas and Europe during the latter half of the 19th century included maize, wheat, barley, sugar cane, guano, sodium nitrate and phosphate Aside from the dockyard in the town of Devonport, industries in Plymouth such as the gasworks, the railways and tramways and a number of small chemical works had begun to develop in the 19th century, continuing into the 20th century."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the primary base of the Royal navy during World War I?", "id": "56de7bfdcffd8e1900b4b96c", "answers": [{"text": "Scapa Flow", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sorts of ships were based in Davenport?", "id": "56de7bfdcffd8e1900b4b96d", "answers": [{"text": "escort vessels", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What location provided a base for flying boats?", "id": "56de7bfdcffd8e1900b4b96e", "answers": [{"text": "Mount Batten", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the First World War, Plymouth was the port of entry for many troops from around the Empire and also developed as a facility for the manufacture of munitions. Although major units of the Royal Navy moved to the safety of Scapa Flow, Devonport was an important base for escort vessels and repairs. Flying boats operated from Mount Batten."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What force used Sunderland flying boats out of Devonport?", "id": "56de7c7a4396321400ee295d", "answers": [{"text": "Royal Australian Air Force", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What military organization was based in Devonport until 1941?", "id": "56de7c7a4396321400ee295e", "answers": [{"text": "Western Approaches Command", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many attacks comprised the Plymouth Blitz?", "id": "56de7c7a4396321400ee295f", "answers": [{"text": "59", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many civilian deaths occurred as a result of the Plymouth Blitz?", "id": "56de7c7a4396321400ee2960", "answers": [{"text": "more than 1,000", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many homes were totally destroyed in the Plymouth Blitz?", "id": "56de7c7a4396321400ee2961", "answers": [{"text": "over 3,700", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the First World War, Devonport was the headquarters of Western Approaches Command until 1941 and Sunderland flying boats were operated by the Royal Australian Air Force. It was an important embarkation point for US troops for D-Day. The city was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe, in a series of 59 raids known as the Plymouth Blitz. Although the dockyards were the principal targets, much of the city centre and over 3,700 houses were completely destroyed and more than 1,000 civilians lost their lives. This was largely due to Plymouth's status as a major port Charles Church was hit by incendiary bombs and partially destroyed in 1941 during the Blitz, but has not been demolished, as it is now an official permanent monument to the bombing of Plymouth during World War II."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the author of the 1943 Plan for Plymouth?", "id": "56de7cefcffd8e1900b4b984", "answers": [{"text": "Sir Patrick Abercrombie", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the period 1951-1957, how many new houses were constructed yearly in Plymouth?", "id": "56de7cefcffd8e1900b4b985", "answers": [{"text": "over 1000", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the postwar period to 1964, how many houses were built in Plymouth?", "id": "56de7cefcffd8e1900b4b986", "answers": [{"text": "over 20,000", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Civic Centre built?", "id": "56de7cefcffd8e1900b4b987", "answers": [{"text": "1962", "answer_start": 610}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What English Heritage status does the Civic Centre possess?", "id": "56de7cefcffd8e1900b4b988", "answers": [{"text": "grade II", "answer_start": 850}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The redevelopment of the city was planned by Sir Patrick Abercrombie in his 1943 Plan for Plymouth whilst simultaneously working on the reconstruction plan for London. Between 1951 and 1957 over 1000 homes were completed every year mostly using innovative prefabricated systems of just three main types; by 1964 over 20,000 new homes had been built transforming the dense overcrowded and unsanitary slums of the pre-war city into a low density, dispersed suburbia. Most of the city centre shops had been destroyed and those that remained were cleared to enable a zoned reconstruction according to his plan. In 1962 the modernist high rise of the Civic Centre was constructed, an architecturally significant example of mid twentieth century civic slab-and-tower set piece allowed to fall into disrepair by its owner Plymouth City Council but recently grade II listed by English Heritage to prevent its demolition."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What aircraft carrier received maintenance at Devonport Dockyard?", "id": "56de80f54396321400ee2983", "answers": [{"text": "Ark Royal", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what year was the greater part of the army presence in Plymouth gone?", "id": "56de80f54396321400ee2984", "answers": [{"text": "1971", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What military unit is based in Plymouth?", "id": "56de80f54396321400ee2985", "answers": [{"text": "42 Commando of the Royal Marines", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Post-war, Devonport Dockyard was kept busy refitting aircraft carriers such as the Ark Royal and, later, nuclear submarines while new light industrial factories were constructed in the newly zoned industrial sector attracting rapid growth of the urban population. The army had substantially left the city by 1971, with barracks pulled down in the 1960s, however the city remains home to the 42 Commando of the Royal Marines."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what text was the presence of a settlement in the Plymouth area first recorded?", "id": "56de81824396321400ee2991", "answers": [{"text": "Domesday Book", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the Domesday Book compiled?", "id": "56de81824396321400ee2992", "answers": [{"text": "1086", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the Plymouth-area settlement recorded in the Domesday Book?", "id": "56de81824396321400ee2993", "answers": [{"text": "Sudtone", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Plymouth recognized as a town?", "id": "56de81824396321400ee2994", "answers": [{"text": "1254", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Parliament bestow a Charter on Plymouth?", "id": "56de81824396321400ee2995", "answers": [{"text": "1439", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first record of the existence of a settlement at Plymouth was in the Domesday Book in 1086 as Sudtone, Saxon for south farm, located at the present day Barbican. From Saxon times, it was in the hundred of Roborough. In 1254 it gained status as a town and in 1439, became the first town in England to be granted a Charter by Parliament. Between 1439 and 1934, Plymouth had a Mayor. In 1914 the county boroughs of Plymouth and Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse merged to form a single county borough of Plymouth. Collectively they were referred to as \"The Three Towns\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the first woman MP to take her seat in the British Parliament?", "id": "56df5a2b96943c1400a5d3f1", "answers": [{"text": "Nancy Astor", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what constituency was Nancy Astor elected?", "id": "56df5a2b96943c1400a5d3f2", "answers": [{"text": "Plymouth Sutton", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did Plymouth become a city?", "id": "56df5a2b96943c1400a5d3f3", "answers": [{"text": "18 October 1928", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Plymouth receive its first Lord Mayor?", "id": "56df5a2b96943c1400a5d3f4", "answers": [{"text": "1935", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What parish was incorporated into Plymouth in 1967?", "id": "56df5a2b96943c1400a5d3f5", "answers": [{"text": "Plymstock", "answer_start": 492}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1919 Nancy Astor was elected the first ever female member of parliament to take office in the British Houses of Parliament for the constituency of Plymouth Sutton. Taking over office from her husband Waldorf Astor, Lady Astor was a vibrantly active campaigner for her resident constituents . Plymouth was granted city status on 18 October 1928. The city's first Lord Mayor was appointed in 1935 and its boundaries further expanded in 1967 to include the town of Plympton and the parish of Plymstock."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What constituency did MP Michael Foot represent?", "id": "56df5a5596943c1400a5d3fb", "answers": [{"text": "Plymouth Devonport", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What position was Michael Foot noted to occupy in government?", "id": "56df5a5596943c1400a5d3fc", "answers": [{"text": "Secretary of State for Education", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What notable piece of legislation did Michael Foot contribute to?", "id": "56df5a5596943c1400a5d3fd", "answers": [{"text": "1974 Health and Safety at Work Act", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What party did Michael Foot become a leader of?", "id": "56df5a5596943c1400a5d3fe", "answers": [{"text": "Labour", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what town was Michael Foot born?", "id": "56df5a5596943c1400a5d3ff", "answers": [{"text": "Plymouth", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1945, Plymouth-born Michael Foot was elected Labour MP for the war-torn constituency of Plymouth Devonport and after serving as Secretary of State for Education and responsible for the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act, went on to become one of the most distinguished leaders of the Labour party."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the population of Plymouth in 1971?", "id": "56df5a598bc80c19004e4af3", "answers": [{"text": "250,000", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What document suggested that county boroughs be eliminated?", "id": "56df5a598bc80c19004e4af4", "answers": [{"text": "1971 Local Government White Paper", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What county did Plymouth unsuccessfully attempt to see created?", "id": "56df5a598bc80c19004e4af5", "answers": [{"text": "Tamarside", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did Plymouth's county status end?", "id": "56df5a598bc80c19004e4af6", "answers": [{"text": "1 April 1974", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What body proposed that Plymouth become a unitary council?", "id": "56df5a598bc80c19004e4af7", "answers": [{"text": "the Banham Commission", "answer_start": 671}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The 1971 Local Government White Paper proposed abolishing county boroughs, which would have left Plymouth, a town of 250,000 people, being administered from a council based at the smaller Exeter, on the other side of the county. This led to Plymouth lobbying for the creation of a Tamarside county, to include Plymouth, Torpoint, Saltash, and the rural hinterland. The campaign was not successful, and Plymouth ceased to be a county borough on 1 April 1974 with responsibility for education, social services, highways and libraries transferred to Devon County Council. All powers returned when the city become a unitary authority on 1 April 1998 under recommendations of the Banham Commission."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What European Parliamentary constitutency is Plymouth a part of?", "id": "56df5a5d96943c1400a5d406", "answers": [{"text": "South West England", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was elected for the Sutton and Devonport constitutency in 2015?", "id": "56df5a5d96943c1400a5d407", "answers": [{"text": "Gary Streeter", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As of 2015, what political party did all of Plymouth's MPs belong to?", "id": "56df5a5d96943c1400a5d408", "answers": [{"text": "Conservative", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What parliamentary constitutency was represented by Johnny Mercer?", "id": "56df5a5d96943c1400a5d409", "answers": [{"text": "Moor View", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Plymouth is represented by the three constituencies of Plymouth Moor View, Plymouth Sutton and Devonport and South West Devon and within the European Parliament as South West England. In the 2015 general election all three constituencies returned Conservative MPs, who were Oliver Colvile (for Devon South West), Gary Streeter (for Sutton and Devonport) and Johnny Mercer for Moor View."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many wards in Plymouth elect two councillors?", "id": "56df5a628bc80c19004e4afd", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many members are on the Plymouth council?", "id": "56df5a628bc80c19004e4afe", "answers": [{"text": "57", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What fraction of the Plymouth council is elected each year?", "id": "56df5a628bc80c19004e4aff", "answers": [{"text": "a third", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With what French city is Plymouth twinned?", "id": "56df5a628bc80c19004e4b00", "answers": [{"text": "Brest", "answer_start": 619}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Plymouth twin with Plymouth in the United States?", "id": "56df5a628bc80c19004e4b01", "answers": [{"text": "2001", "answer_start": 749}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The City of Plymouth is divided into 20 wards, 17 of which elect three councillors and the other three electing two councillors, making up a total council of 57. Each year a third of the council is up for election for three consecutive years \u2013 there are no elections on the following \"fourth\" year, which is when County Council elections take place. The total electorate for Plymouth was 188,924 in April 2015. The local election of 7 May 2015 resulted in a political composition of 28 Labour councillors, 26 Conservative and 3 UKIP resulting in a Labour administration. Plymouth City Council is formally twinned with: Brest, France (1963), Gdynia, Poland (1976), Novorossiysk, Russia (1990) San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain (1990) and Plymouth, United States (2001)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What monarch bestowed the first Lord Mayor on Plymouth?", "id": "56df5e0896943c1400a5d444", "answers": [{"text": "King George V", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many councillors choose the Lord Mayor?", "id": "56df5e0896943c1400a5d445", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What officeholder selects the Deputy Lord Mayor?", "id": "56df5e0896943c1400a5d446", "answers": [{"text": "the Lord Mayor", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the current Lord Mayor of Plymouth?", "id": "56df5e0896943c1400a5d447", "answers": [{"text": "Dr John Mahony", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Plymouth was granted the dignity of Lord Mayor by King George V in 1935. The position is elected each year by a group of six councillors. It is traditional that the position of the Lord Mayor alternates between the Conservative Party and the Labour Party annually and that the Lord Mayor chooses the Deputy Lord Mayor. Conservative councillor Dr John Mahony is the incumbent for 2015\u201316."}, {"qas": [{"question": "At what street address is the Lord Mayor's residence located?", "id": "56df5e858bc80c19004e4b3d", "answers": [{"text": "3 Elliot Terrace", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who gave the Lord Mayor's official residence to Plymouth?", "id": "56df5e858bc80c19004e4b3e", "answers": [{"text": "Lady Astor", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what street is the Civic Centre office building located?", "id": "56df5e858bc80c19004e4b3f", "answers": [{"text": "Armada Way", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what month and year did the Civic Centre municipal office building become a listed building?", "id": "56df5e858bc80c19004e4b40", "answers": [{"text": "June 2007", "answer_start": 459}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Plymouth council estimate the cost to refurbish the Civic Centre municipal office building to be?", "id": "56df5e858bc80c19004e4b41", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a340m", "answer_start": 628}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Lord Mayor's official residence is 3 Elliot Terrace, located on the Hoe. Once a home of Waldorf and Nancy Astor, it was given by Lady Astor to the City of Plymouth as an official residence for future Lord Mayors and is also used today for civic hospitality, as lodgings for visiting dignitaries and High Court judges and it is also available to hire for private events. The Civic Centre municipal office building in Armada Way became a listed building in June 2007 because of its quality and period features, but has become the centre of a controversy as the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost \u00a340m to refurbish it, resulting in possible job losses."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What river is to the west of Plymouth?", "id": "56df5f6196943c1400a5d457", "answers": [{"text": "River Tamar", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To the east of Plymouth lies which river?", "id": "56df5f6196943c1400a5d458", "answers": [{"text": "River Plym", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The River Tamar is the boundary between Devon and what other county?", "id": "56df5f6196943c1400a5d459", "answers": [{"text": "Cornwall", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what body of water do the rivers Plym and Tamar meet?", "id": "56df5f6196943c1400a5d45a", "answers": [{"text": "Plymouth Sound", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Plymstock join the unitary authority of Plymouth?", "id": "56df5f6196943c1400a5d45b", "answers": [{"text": "1967", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Plymouth lies between the River Plym to the east and the River Tamar to the west; both rivers flow into the natural harbour of Plymouth Sound. Since 1967, the unitary authority of Plymouth has included the, once independent, towns of Plympton and Plymstock which lie along the east of the River Plym. The River Tamar forms the county boundary between Devon and Cornwall and its estuary forms the Hamoaze on which is sited Devonport Dockyard."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What estuary east of Plymouth is part of the River Plym?", "id": "56df5fcc96943c1400a5d46b", "answers": [{"text": "Cattewater", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Plymouth Breakwater open?", "id": "56df5fcc96943c1400a5d46c", "answers": [{"text": "1814", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What island is present in Plymouth Sound?", "id": "56df5fcc96943c1400a5d46d", "answers": [{"text": "Drake's Island", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How large is the Unitary Authority of Plymouth in square miles?", "id": "56df5fcc96943c1400a5d46e", "answers": [{"text": "30.83", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In meters, what is the highest point in the Plymouth Unitary Authority?", "id": "56df5fcc96943c1400a5d46f", "answers": [{"text": "155", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The River Plym, which flows off Dartmoor to the north-east, forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city called Cattewater. Plymouth Sound is protected from the sea by the Plymouth Breakwater, in use since 1814. In the Sound is Drake's Island which is seen from Plymouth Hoe, a flat public area on top of limestone cliffs. The Unitary Authority of Plymouth is 79.84 square kilometres (30.83 sq mi). The topography rises from sea level to a height, at Roborough, of about 509 feet (155 m) above Ordnance Datum (AOD)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What special designation does Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs possess?", "id": "56df60978bc80c19004e4b55", "answers": [{"text": "Site of Special Scientific Interest", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What stones form the headlands near Plymouth Sound?", "id": "56df60978bc80c19004e4b56", "answers": [{"text": "Lower Devonian slates", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Devonian slate, Middle Devonian limestone and limestone, what stone provides the geologic base of Plymouth?", "id": "56df60978bc80c19004e4b57", "answers": [{"text": "granite", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with shales, what is most of the city built on?", "id": "56df60978bc80c19004e4b58", "answers": [{"text": "Upper Devonian slates", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what reason is Plymouth Sound a Site of Special Scientific Interest?", "id": "56df60978bc80c19004e4b59", "answers": [{"text": "its geology", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Geologically, Plymouth has a mixture of limestone, Devonian slate, granite and Middle Devonian limestone. Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs is a Site of Special Scientific Interest, because of its geology. The bulk of the city is built upon Upper Devonian slates and shales and the headlands at the entrance to Plymouth Sound are formed of Lower Devonian slates, which can withstand the power of the sea."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Middle Devonian limestone exists between Plymstock and what location?", "id": "56df612c96943c1400a5d47f", "answers": [{"text": "Cremyll", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What location north of the city possesses granite?", "id": "56df612c96943c1400a5d480", "answers": [{"text": "Dartmoor", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What river was used to ferry granite from Dartmoor to Plymouth?", "id": "56df612c96943c1400a5d481", "answers": [{"text": "Tamar", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with West Hoe and Radford, where was Middle Devonian limestone quarried in the region?", "id": "56df612c96943c1400a5d482", "answers": [{"text": "Cattedown", "answer_start": 559}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What local stone was used in the construction of many Plymouth buildings?", "id": "56df612c96943c1400a5d483", "answers": [{"text": "limestone", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A band of Middle Devonian limestone runs west to east from Cremyll to Plymstock including the Hoe. Local limestone may be seen in numerous buildings, walls and pavements throughout Plymouth. To the north and north east of the city is the granite mass of Dartmoor; the granite was mined and exported via Plymouth. Rocks brought down the Tamar from Dartmoor include ores containing tin, copper, tungsten, lead and other minerals. There is evidence that the middle Devonian limestone belt at the south edge of Plymouth and in Plymstock was quarried at West Hoe, Cattedown and Radford."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what date was the publication of the Plan for Plymouth?", "id": "56df61a08bc80c19004e4b77", "answers": [{"text": "27 April 1944", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote the Plan for Plymouth?", "id": "56df61a08bc80c19004e4b78", "answers": [{"text": "Sir Patrick Abercrombie", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What street was intended to connect Plymouth Hoe to the railroad station?", "id": "56df61a08bc80c19004e4b79", "answers": [{"text": "Armada Way", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who headed the team that created the 'Vision for Plymouth'?", "id": "56df61a08bc80c19004e4b7a", "answers": [{"text": "David MacKay", "answer_start": 722}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many parks exist in Plymouth?", "id": "56df61a08bc80c19004e4b7b", "answers": [{"text": "28", "answer_start": 1208}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 27 April 1944 Sir Patrick Abercrombie's Plan for Plymouth to rebuild the bomb-damaged city was published; it called for demolition of the few remaining pre-War buildings in the city centre to make way for their replacement with wide, parallel, modern boulevards aligned east\u2013west linked by a north\u2013south avenue (Armada Way) linking the railway station with the vista of Plymouth Hoe. A peripheral road system connecting the historic Barbican on the east and Union Street to the west determines the principal form of the city centre, even following pedestrianisation of the shopping centre in the late 1980s, and continues to inform the present 'Vision for Plymouth' developed by a team led by Barcelona-based architect David MacKay in 2003 which calls for revivification of the city centre with mixed-use and residential. In suburban areas, post-War prefabs had already begun to appear by 1946, and over 1,000 permanent council houses were built each year from 1951\u201357 according to the Modernist zoned low-density garden city model advocated by Abercrombie. By 1964 over 20,000 new homes had been built, more than 13,500 of them permanent council homes and 853 built by the Admiralty. Plymouth is home to 28 parks with an average size of 45,638 square metres (491,240 sq ft). Its largest park is Central Park, with other sizeable green spaces including Victoria Park, Freedom Fields Park, Alexandra Park, Devonport Park and the Hoe."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What K\u00f6ppen climate classification does Plymouth possess?", "id": "56df623596943c1400a5d491", "answers": [{"text": "temperate oceanic", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In degrees Fahrenheit, what is Plymouth's annual mean temperature?", "id": "56df623596943c1400a5d492", "answers": [{"text": "52", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What month in Plymouth has the lowest temperatures?", "id": "56df623596943c1400a5d493", "answers": [{"text": "February", "answer_start": 503}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Up to how many centimeters of snow fell on Plymouth between 17 and 19 December 2010?", "id": "56df623596943c1400a5d494", "answers": [{"text": "20", "answer_start": 719}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with August, what is typically the hottest month in Plymouth?", "id": "56df623596943c1400a5d495", "answers": [{"text": "July", "answer_start": 1122}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Along with the rest of South West England, Plymouth has a temperate oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen Cfb) which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of England. This means a wide range of exotic plants can be grown. The annual mean temperature is approximately 11 \u00b0C (52 \u00b0F). Due to the modifying effect of the sea the seasonal range is less than in most other parts of the UK. As a result of this summer highs are lower than its southerly latitude should warrant, but as a contrast the coldest month of February has mean minimum temperatures as mild as between 3 and 4 \u00b0C (37 and 39 \u00b0F). Snow is rare, not usually equating to more than a few flakes, but there have been exclusions, namely the European winter storms of 2009-10 which, in early January, covered Plymouth in at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) of snow; more on higher ground. Another period of notable snow occurred from 17\u201319 December 2010 when up to 8 inches (20 cm) of snow fell through the period \u2013 though only 2 inches (5.1 cm) would lie at any one time due to melt. Over the 1961\u20131990 period, annual snowfall accumulation averaged less than 7 cm (3 in) per year. July and August are the warmest months with mean daily maxima over 19 \u00b0C (66 \u00b0F)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Along with convection, what provokes rain in the Plymouth area?", "id": "56df631296943c1400a5d4a9", "answers": [{"text": "Atlantic depressions", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with winter, in what season are Atlantic depressions most prevalent?", "id": "56df631296943c1400a5d4aa", "answers": [{"text": "autumn", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many inches of rain fall on Plymouth every year?", "id": "56df631296943c1400a5d4ab", "answers": [{"text": "39", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with March, what month has the fastest winds on average?", "id": "56df631296943c1400a5d4ac", "answers": [{"text": "November", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what direction do most of the winds blow on Plymouth?", "id": "56df631296943c1400a5d4ad", "answers": [{"text": "south-west", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection. The Atlantic depressions are more vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the south-west is from this source. Average annual rainfall is around 980 millimetres (39 in). November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, with June to August having the lightest winds. The predominant wind direction is from the south-west."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many hours of sunshine does the South West England region get each year?", "id": "56df638996943c1400a5d4b3", "answers": [{"text": "over 1,600", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What region of England benefits from the extension of the Azores High pressure area?", "id": "56df638996943c1400a5d4b4", "answers": [{"text": "South West England", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "South West England has a favoured location when the Azores High pressure area extends north-eastwards towards the UK, particularly in summer. Coastal areas have average annual sunshine totals over 1,600 hours."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In degrees Fahrenheit, what was the highest temperature achieved in Plymouth between 1971 and 2000?", "id": "56df640296943c1400a5d4c3", "answers": [{"text": "89", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what month and year did Plymouth see its highest temperature between 1971 and 2000?", "id": "56df640396943c1400a5d4c4", "answers": [{"text": "June 1976", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many days a year in Plymouth are over 77 \u00b0F?", "id": "56df640396943c1400a5d4c5", "answers": [{"text": "4.25", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In degrees Celsius, what was the coldest temperature recorded at Plymouth between 1971 and 2000?", "id": "56df640396943c1400a5d4c6", "answers": [{"text": "\u22128.8 \u00b0C", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what month and year did Plymouth see its lowest temperature between 1971 and 2000?", "id": "56df640396943c1400a5d4c7", "answers": [{"text": "January 1979", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Typically, the warmest day of the year (1971\u20132000) will achieve a temperature of 26.6 \u00b0C (80 \u00b0F), although in June 1976 the temperature reached 31.6 \u00b0C (89 \u00b0F), the site record. On average, 4.25 days of the year will report a maximum temperature of 25.1 \u00b0C (77 \u00b0F) or above. During the winter half of the year, the coldest night will typically fall to \u22124.1 \u00b0C (25 \u00b0F) although in January 1979 the temperature fell to \u22128.8 \u00b0C (16 \u00b0F). Typically, 18.6 nights of the year will register an air frost."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many students are studying at the University of Plymouth?", "id": "56df64688bc80c19004e4ba9", "answers": [{"text": "25,895", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does the University of Plymouth rank among British institutions of higher education in terms of number of enrolled students?", "id": "56df64688bc80c19004e4baa", "answers": [{"text": "22nd", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many staff members work for the University of Plymouth?", "id": "56df64688bc80c19004e4bab", "answers": [{"text": "3,000", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how much are the staff of the University of Plymouth paid yearly in total?", "id": "56df64688bc80c19004e4bac", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a3160 million", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the University of Plymouth established?", "id": "56df64688bc80c19004e4bad", "answers": [{"text": "1992", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The University of Plymouth enrolls 25,895 total students as of 2014/15 (22nd largest in the UK out of 165). It also employs 3,000 staff with an annual income of around \u00a3160 million. It was founded in 1992 from Polytechnic South West (formerly Plymouth Polytechnic) following the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. It has courses in maritime business, marine engineering, marine biology and Earth, ocean and environmental sciences, surf science, shipping and logistics. The university formed a joint venture with the fellow Devonian University of Exeter in 2000, establishing the Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry. The college is ranked 8th out of 30 universities in the UK in 2011 for medicine. Its dental school was established in 2006, which also provides free dental care in an attempt to improve access to dental care in the South West."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What institution of higher  education is colloquially known as Marjons?", "id": "56df64a68bc80c19004e4bb3", "answers": [{"text": "The University of St Mark & St John", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the academic specialty of the University of St Mark & St John?", "id": "56df64a68bc80c19004e4bb4", "answers": [{"text": "teacher training", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The University of St Mark & St John (known as \"Marjon\" or \"Marjons\") specialises in teacher training, and offers training across the country and abroad."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Along with City College Plymouth, what college calls Plymouth home?", "id": "56df650f8bc80c19004e4bbd", "answers": [{"text": "Plymouth College of Art", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many students are enrolled at City College Plymouth?", "id": "56df650f8bc80c19004e4bbe", "answers": [{"text": "26,000", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many years ago was Plymouth College of Art founded?", "id": "56df650f8bc80c19004e4bbf", "answers": [{"text": "153", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many independent art colleges exist in the United Kingdom?", "id": "56df650f8bc80c19004e4bc0", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many large colleges exist in Plymouth?", "id": "56df650f8bc80c19004e4bc1", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city is also home to two large colleges. The City College Plymouth provides courses from the most basic to Foundation degrees for approximately 26,000 students. Plymouth College of Art offers a selection of courses including media. It was started 153 years ago and is now one of only four independent colleges of art and design in the UK."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many state primary schools are in Plymouth?", "id": "56df65778bc80c19004e4bc7", "answers": [{"text": "71", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Plymouth has how many state secondary schools?", "id": "56df65778bc80c19004e4bc8", "answers": [{"text": "13", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many state grammar schools are based in Plymouth?", "id": "56df65778bc80c19004e4bc9", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the independent school in Plymouth?", "id": "56df65778bc80c19004e4bca", "answers": [{"text": "Plymouth College", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Aside from Plymouth High School for Girls and Devonport High School for Boys, what state grammar school is present in Plymouth?", "id": "56df65778bc80c19004e4bcb", "answers": [{"text": "Devonport High School for Girls", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools, 13 state secondary schools, eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools, Devonport High School for Girls, Devonport High School for Boys and Plymouth High School for Girls. There is also an independent school Plymouth College."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What maritime institution of higher education existed in Plymouth as of 1880?", "id": "56df660896943c1400a5d4d7", "answers": [{"text": "the Royal Naval Engineering College", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Royal Naval Engineering College shut its doors in Plymouth?", "id": "56df660896943c1400a5d4d8", "answers": [{"text": "1910", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Royal Naval Engineering College renamed in 1959?", "id": "56df660896943c1400a5d4d9", "answers": [{"text": "Dockyard Technical College", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Dockyard Technical College close?", "id": "56df660896943c1400a5d4da", "answers": [{"text": "1994", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After the Dockyard Technical College closed, where were classes relocated to?", "id": "56df660896943c1400a5d4db", "answers": [{"text": "University of Southampton", "answer_start": 399}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city was also home to the Royal Naval Engineering College; opened in 1880 in Keyham, it trained engineering students for five years before they completed the remaining two years of the course at Greenwich. The college closed in 1910, but in 1940 a new college opened at Manadon. This was renamed Dockyard Technical College in 1959 before finally closing in 1994; training was transferred to the University of Southampton."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What organization known as the MBA is based in Plymouth?", "id": "56df6adb5ca0a614008f99e1", "answers": [{"text": "Marine Biological Association", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Plymouth organization is named for Sir Alister Hardy?", "id": "56df6adb5ca0a614008f99e2", "answers": [{"text": "Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What marine facility is attached to the University of Plymouth?", "id": "56df6adb5ca0a614008f99e3", "answers": [{"text": "Marine Institute", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group are many of Plymouth's marine organizations a part of?", "id": "56df6adb5ca0a614008f99e4", "answers": [{"text": "Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the aquarium present in Plymouth?", "id": "56df6adb5ca0a614008f99e5", "answers": [{"text": "National Marine Aquarium", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Plymouth is home to the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA) which conducts research in all areas of the marine sciences. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory is an offshoot of the MBA. Together with the National Marine Aquarium, the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences, Plymouth University's Marine Institute and the Diving Diseases Research Centre, these marine-related organisations form the Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory, which focuses on global issues of climate change and sustainability. It monitors the effects of ocean acidity on corals and shellfish and reports the results to the UK government. It also cultivates algae that could be used to make biofuels or in the treatment of waste water by using technology such as photo-bioreactors. It works alongside the Boots Group to investigate the use of algae in skin care protects, taking advantage of the chemicals they contain that adapt to protect themselves from the sun."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the population of Plymouth unitary authority circa 2011?", "id": "56df6b6d5ca0a614008f99f5", "answers": [{"text": "256,384", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the population of Plymouth unitary authority circa 2001?", "id": "56df6b6d5ca0a614008f99f6", "answers": [{"text": "240,720", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people did the Plymouth unitary authority gain between 2001 and 2011?", "id": "56df6b6d5ca0a614008f99f7", "answers": [{"text": "15,664", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the average number of people in a Plymouth household?", "id": "56df6b6d5ca0a614008f99f8", "answers": [{"text": "2.3", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of Plymouth residents in 2011 were of Chinese ancestry?", "id": "56df6b6d5ca0a614008f99f9", "answers": [{"text": "0.5", "answer_start": 613}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "From the 2011 Census, the Office for National Statistics published that Plymouth's unitary authority area population was 256,384; 15,664 more people than that of the last census from 2001, which indicated that Plymouth had a population of 240,720. The Plymouth urban area had a population of 260,203 in 2011 (the urban sprawl which extends outside the authority's boundaries). The city's average household size was 2.3 persons. At the time of the 2011 UK census, the ethnic composition of Plymouth's population was 96.2% White (of 92.9% was White British), with the largest minority ethnic group being Chinese at 0.5%. The white Irish ethnic group saw the largest decline in its share of the population since the 2001 Census (-24%), while the Other Asian and Black African had the largest increases (360% and 351% respectively). This excludes the two new ethnic groups added to the 2011 census of Gypsy or Irish Traveller and Arab. The population rose rapidly during the second half of the 19th century, but declined by over 1.6% from 1931 to 1951."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of Devon's GVA does Plymouth comprise in 2013?", "id": "56df6bc656340a1900b29aec", "answers": [{"text": "25%", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Plymouth's 2013 GVA in millions of British Pounds?", "id": "56df6bc656340a1900b29aed", "answers": [{"text": "5,169", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Plymouth' per capita GVA in 2013?", "id": "56df6bc656340a1900b29aee", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a319,943", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the United Kingdom's average per capita GVA in 2013?", "id": "56df6bc656340a1900b29aef", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a323,755", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of Plymouth residents were unemployed in 2014?", "id": "56df6bc656340a1900b29af0", "answers": [{"text": "7.0%", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Plymouth's gross value added (a measure of the size of its economy) was 5,169 million GBP in 2013 making up 25% of Devon's GVA. Its GVA per person was \u00a319,943 and compared to the national average of \u00a323,755, was \u00a33,812 lower. Plymouth's unemployment rate was 7.0% in 2014 which was 2.0 points higher than the South West average and 0.8 points higher than the average for Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of Plymouth residents were suffering from poverty and deprivation in 2014?", "id": "56df6c5a56340a1900b29af6", "answers": [{"text": "26.2%", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As of 2014, what was the life expectancy of male Plymouth residents?", "id": "56df6c5a56340a1900b29af7", "answers": [{"text": "78.3 years", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As of 2014, what was the life expectancy of female Plymouth residents?", "id": "56df6c5a56340a1900b29af8", "answers": [{"text": "82.1", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Plymouth's life expectancy rank out of the regions of South West England?", "id": "56df6c5a56340a1900b29af9", "answers": [{"text": "lowest", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A 2014 profile by the National Health Service showed Plymouth had higher than average levels of poverty and deprivation (26.2% of population among the poorest 20.4% nationally). Life expectancy, at 78.3 years for men and 82.1 for women, was the lowest of any region in the South West of England."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many Plymouth residents are employed in defense?", "id": "56df6cb85ca0a614008f9a03", "answers": [{"text": "12,000", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many Plymouth residents are serving in the military?", "id": "56df6cb85ca0a614008f9a04", "answers": [{"text": "7,500", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Plymouth Gin first distilled?", "id": "56df6cb85ca0a614008f9a05", "answers": [{"text": "1793", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company produces Plymouth Gin?", "id": "56df6cb85ca0a614008f9a06", "answers": [{"text": "Plymouth Gin Distillery", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what decade was Plymouth Gin the most widely consumed in the world?", "id": "56df6cb85ca0a614008f9a07", "answers": [{"text": "the 1930s", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Because of its coastal location, the economy of Plymouth has traditionally been maritime, in particular the defence sector with over 12,000 people employed and approximately 7,500 in the armed forces. The Plymouth Gin Distillery has been producing Plymouth Gin since 1793, which was exported around the world by the Royal Navy. During the 1930s, it was the most widely distributed gin and has a controlled term of origin. Since the 1980s, employment in the defence sector has decreased substantially and the public sector is now prominent particularly in administration, health, education, medicine and engineering."}, {"qas": [{"question": "About what percentage of Plymouth's income comes from the Dockyard?", "id": "56df6d0556340a1900b29b06", "answers": [{"text": "10%", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Royal Navy base is present in Plymouth?", "id": "56df6d0556340a1900b29b07", "answers": [{"text": "Devonport Dockyard", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many maritime businesses operate in Plymouth?", "id": "56df6d0556340a1900b29b08", "answers": [{"text": "270", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people work in Tamar Science Park?", "id": "56df6d0556340a1900b29b09", "answers": [{"text": "500", "answer_start": 410}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a notable company based in Plymouth?", "id": "56df6d0556340a1900b29b0a", "answers": [{"text": "Hemsley Fraser", "answer_start": 520}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Devonport Dockyard is the UK's only naval base that refits nuclear submarines and the Navy estimates that the Dockyard generates about 10% of Plymouth's income. Plymouth has the largest cluster of marine and maritime businesses in the south west with 270 firms operating within the sector. Other substantial employers include the university with almost 3,000 staff, as well as the Tamar Science Park employing 500 people in 50 companies. Several employers have chosen to locate their headquarters in Plymouth, including Hemsley Fraser."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What notable shop is located in a grade II listed building?", "id": "56df6d765ca0a614008f9a0d", "answers": [{"text": "Pannier Market", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Pannier Market finished?", "id": "56df6d765ca0a614008f9a0e", "answers": [{"text": "1959", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Plymouth's national rank in retail floorspace?", "id": "56df6d765ca0a614008f9a0f", "answers": [{"text": "29th", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What notable location was named a grade II listed building in 1998?", "id": "56df6d765ca0a614008f9a10", "answers": [{"text": "Tinside Pool", "answer_start": 499}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the cost to restore Tinside Pool?", "id": "56df6d765ca0a614008f9a11", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a33.4 million", "answer_start": 637}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Plymouth has a post-war shopping area in the city centre with substantial pedestrianisation. At the west end of the zone inside a grade II listed building is the Pannier Market that was completed in 1959 \u2013 pannier meaning \"basket\" from French, so it translates as \"basket market\". In terms of retail floorspace, Plymouth is ranked in the top five in the South West, and 29th nationally. Plymouth was one of the first ten British cities to trial the new Business Improvement District initiative. The Tinside Pool is situated at the foot of the Hoe and became a grade II listed building in 1998 before being restored to its 1930s look for \u00a33.4 million."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of Plymouth Council's urban redevelopment project?", "id": "56df6dc656340a1900b29b18", "answers": [{"text": "\"Vision for Plymouth\"", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What architect is in charge of the \"\"Vision for Plymouth\"?", "id": "56df6dc656340a1900b29b19", "answers": [{"text": "David Mackay", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Plymouth Council, what body supports the \"Vision for Plymouth\"?", "id": "56df6dc656340a1900b29b1a", "answers": [{"text": "the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the population goal of the \"Vision for Plymouth\"?", "id": "56df6dc656340a1900b29b1b", "answers": [{"text": "300,000", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many residences does the \"Vision for Plymouth\" seek to build?", "id": "56df6dc656340a1900b29b1c", "answers": [{"text": "33,000", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Plymouth Council is currently undertaking a project of urban redevelopment called the \"Vision for Plymouth\" launched by the architect David Mackay and backed by both Plymouth City Council and the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce (PCC). Its projects range from shopping centres, a cruise terminal, a boulevard and to increase the population to 300,000 and build 33,000 dwellings."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Charles Cross car park removed?", "id": "56df6e3756340a1900b29b22", "answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what month and year was the grand opening of Drake Circus Shopping Centre?", "id": "56df6e3756340a1900b29b23", "answers": [{"text": "October 2006", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was TR2 built?", "id": "56df6e3756340a1900b29b24", "answers": [{"text": "Cattedown", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What prize did TR2 almost win?", "id": "56df6e3756340a1900b29b25", "answers": [{"text": "the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2003", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who spoke disparagingly about the Drake Circus Shopping Centre?", "id": "56df6e3756340a1900b29b26", "answers": [{"text": "David Mackay", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2004 the old Drake Circus shopping centre and Charles Cross car park were demolished and replaced by the latest Drake Circus Shopping Centre, which opened in October 2006. It received negative feedback before opening when David Mackay said it was already \"ten years out of date\". In contrast, the Theatre Royal's production and education centre, TR2, which was built on wasteland at Cattedown, was a runner-up for the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2003."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What location is proposed for the future home of the Plymouth City Council headquarters?", "id": "56df6e9556340a1900b29b30", "answers": [{"text": "the Bretonside bus station", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To connect Millbay to the city centre, what would need to be destroyed?", "id": "56df6e9556340a1900b29b31", "answers": [{"text": "the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city region is located near a ferry terminal?", "id": "56df6e9556340a1900b29b32", "answers": [{"text": "Millbay", "answer_start": 453}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There is a project involving the future relocation of Plymouth City Council's headquarters, the civic centre, to the current location of the Bretonside bus station; it would involve both the bus station and civic centre being demolished and a rebuilt together at the location with the land from the civic centre being sold off. Other suggestions include the demolition of the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena to create a canal \"boulevard\" linking Millbay to the city centre. Millbay is being regenerated with mixed residential, retail and office space alongside the ferry port."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the A38 called inside the city of Plymouth?", "id": "56df6fe956340a1900b29b48", "answers": [{"text": "The Parkway", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In miles, about how far away from Plymouth does the A38 connect to the M5?", "id": "56df6fe956340a1900b29b49", "answers": [{"text": "40", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What bridge connects Cornwall to Plymouth via the A38?", "id": "56df6fe956340a1900b29b4a", "answers": [{"text": "Tamar Bridge", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What park and ride service is located at George Junction?", "id": "56df6fe956340a1900b29b4b", "answers": [{"text": "Plymouth City Airport", "answer_start": 595}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who operates Milehouse park and ride?", "id": "56df6fe956340a1900b29b4c", "answers": [{"text": "First South West", "answer_start": 458}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The A38 dual-carriageway runs from east to west across the north of the city. Within the city it is designated as 'The Parkway' and represents the boundary between the urban parts of the city and the generally more recent suburban areas. Heading east, it connects Plymouth to the M5 motorway about 40 miles (65 km) away near Exeter; and heading west it connects Cornwall and Devon via the Tamar Bridge. Regular bus services are provided by Plymouth Citybus, First South West and Target Travel. There are three Park and ride services located at Milehouse, Coypool (Plympton) and George Junction (Plymouth City Airport), which are operated by First South West."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who operates the ferry to Spain?", "id": "56df705556340a1900b29b5a", "answers": [{"text": "Brittany Ferries", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does the ferry to France terminate?", "id": "56df705556340a1900b29b5b", "answers": [{"text": "Roscoff", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with MV Bretagne and MV Pont-Aven, what ferry operates between Plymouth and the continent?", "id": "56df705556340a1900b29b5c", "answers": [{"text": "MV Armorique", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A passenger ferry operates between Cremyll and what location?", "id": "56df705556340a1900b29b5d", "answers": [{"text": "Stonehouse", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Cremyll-Stonehouse ferry first operate?", "id": "56df705556340a1900b29b5e", "answers": [{"text": "1204", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A regular international ferry service provided by Brittany Ferries operates from Millbay taking cars and foot passengers directly to France (Roscoff) and Spain (Santander) on the three ferries, MV Armorique, MV Bretagne and MV Pont-Aven. There is a passenger ferry between Stonehouse and the Cornish hamlet of Cremyll, which is believed to have operated continuously since 1204. There is also a pedestrian ferry from the Mayflower Steps to Mount Batten, and an alternative to using the Tamar Bridge via the Torpoint Ferry (vehicle and pedestrian) across the River Tamar."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What local airport closed in 2011?", "id": "56df70c65ca0a614008f9a41", "answers": [{"text": "Plymouth City Airport", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In kilometers, how far away from the Plymouth city center was Plymouth City Airport?", "id": "56df70c65ca0a614008f9a42", "answers": [{"text": "6", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what year is the city airport planned to reopen?", "id": "56df70c65ca0a614008f9a44", "answers": [{"text": "2018", "answer_start": 739}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who intends to reopen the Plymouth City Airport?", "id": "56df70c65ca0a614008f9a45", "answers": [{"text": "FlyPlymouth", "answer_start": 691}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city's airport was Plymouth City Airport about 4 miles (6 km) north of the city centre. The airport was home to the local airline Air Southwest, which operated flights across the United Kingdom and Ireland. In June 2003, a report by the South West RDA was published looking at the future of aviation in the south-west and the possible closure of airports. It concluded that the best option for the south-west was to close Plymouth City Airport and expand Exeter International Airport and Newquay Cornwall Airport, although it did conclude that this was not the best option for Plymouth. In April 2011, it was announced that the airport would close, which it did on 23 December. However, FlyPlymouth plans to reopen the city airport by 2018, which will provide daily services to various destinations including London."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did Plymouth's railroad station open for service?", "id": "56df712e5ca0a614008f9a4f", "answers": [{"text": "1877", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who runs Plymouth's railroad station?", "id": "56df712e5ca0a614008f9a50", "answers": [{"text": "Great Western Railway", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with the Tamar Valley Line, what local train service operates in Plymouth?", "id": "56df712e5ca0a614008f9a51", "answers": [{"text": "Cornish Main Line", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many regional MPs have argued for the importance of Plymouth's train service?", "id": "56df712e5ca0a614008f9a52", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Trains from what network sometimes operate out of Plymouth's railroad station?", "id": "56df712e5ca0a614008f9a53", "answers": [{"text": "CrossCountry", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Plymouth railway station, which opened in 1877, is managed by Great Western Railway and also sees trains on the CrossCountry network. Smaller stations are served by local trains on the Tamar Valley Line and Cornish Main Line. First Great Western have come under fire recently, due to widespread rail service cuts across the south-west, which affect Plymouth greatly. Three MPs from the three main political parties in the region have lobbied that the train services are vital to its economy."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what date was the Dawlish sea wall damaged?", "id": "56df71d05ca0a614008f9a59", "answers": [{"text": "4 February 2014", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In feet, how much of the Dawlish sea wall was destroyed?", "id": "56df71d05ca0a614008f9a5a", "answers": [{"text": "130", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After the Dawlish sea wall was damaged, on what date did the line reopen?", "id": "56df71d05ca0a614008f9a5b", "answers": [{"text": "4 April 2014", "answer_start": 566}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what month and year did storms affect the coastal line near Dawlish?", "id": "56df71d05ca0a614008f9a5c", "answers": [{"text": "February 2014", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Exeter to Plymouth railway of the LSWR needs to be reopened to connect Cornwall and Plymouth to the rest of the UK railway system on an all weather basis. There are proposals to reopen the line from Tavistock to Bere Alston for a through service to Plymouth. On the night of 4 February 2014, amid high winds and extremely rough seas, part of the sea wall at Dawlish was breached washing away around 40 metres (130 ft) of the wall and the ballast under the railway immediately behind. The line was closed. Network Rail began repair work  and the line reopened on 4 April 2014. In the wake of widespread disruption caused by damage to the mainline track at Dawlish by coastal storms in February 2014, Network Rail are considering reopening the Tavistock to Okehampton and Exeter section of the line as an alternative to the coastal route."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many churches are present in Plymouth?", "id": "56df72255ca0a614008f9a6b", "answers": [{"text": "150", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Plymouth's Catholic cathedral built?", "id": "56df72255ca0a614008f9a6c", "answers": [{"text": "1858", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the oldest church in Plymouth?", "id": "56df72255ca0a614008f9a6d", "answers": [{"text": "St Andrew's", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What denomination does the oldest church in Plymouth belong to?", "id": "56df72255ca0a614008f9a6e", "answers": [{"text": "Anglican", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Methodist houses of worship exist in Plymouth?", "id": "56df72255ca0a614008f9a6f", "answers": [{"text": "over twenty", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Plymouth has about 150 churches and its Roman Catholic cathedral (1858) is in Stonehouse. The city's oldest church is St Andrew's (Anglican) located at the top of Royal Parade\u2014it is the largest parish church in Devon and has been a site of gathering since AD 800. The city also includes five Baptist churches, over twenty Methodist chapels, and thirteen Roman Catholic churches. In 1831 the first Brethren assembly in England, a movement of conservative non-denominational Evangelical Christians, was established in the city, so that Brethren are often called Plymouth Brethren, although the movement did not begin locally."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What Plymouth Jew was mentioned by Sir Francis Drake?", "id": "56df72a456340a1900b29b82", "answers": [{"text": "Moses", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Plymouth Synagogue constructed?", "id": "56df72a456340a1900b29b83", "answers": [{"text": "1762", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Plymouth Synagogue's listed grade?", "id": "56df72a456340a1900b29b84", "answers": [{"text": "Grade II*", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What community of Jews was Plymouth Synagogue built by?", "id": "56df72a456340a1900b29b85", "answers": [{"text": "Ashkenazi", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Plymouth has the first known reference to Jews in the South West from Sir Francis Drake's voyages in 1577 to 1580, as his log mentioned \"Moses the Jew\" \u2013 a man from Plymouth. The Plymouth Synagogue is a Listed Grade II* building, built in 1762 and is the oldest Ashkenazi Synagogue in the English speaking world. There are also places of worship for Islam, Bah\u00e1'\u00ed, Buddhism, Unitarianism, Chinese beliefs and Humanism."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of Plymouth's population call themselves Christian?", "id": "56df730c5ca0a614008f9a7f", "answers": [{"text": "58.1%", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of Plymouth residents follow Islam?", "id": "56df730c5ca0a614008f9a80", "answers": [{"text": "0.8%", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of Plymouth consists of non-religious people?", "id": "56df730c5ca0a614008f9a81", "answers": [{"text": "32.9%", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of people in the United Kingdom describe themselves as non-religious?", "id": "56df730c5ca0a614008f9a82", "answers": [{"text": "24.7%", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the percentage decline in Jewish residents of Plymouth between 2001 and 2011?", "id": "56df730c5ca0a614008f9a83", "answers": [{"text": "7%", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "58.1% of the population described themselves in the 2011 census return as being at least nominally Christian and 0.8% as Muslim with all other religions represented by less than 0.5% each. The portion of people without a religion is 32.9%; above the national average of 24.7%. 7.1% did not state their religious belief. Since the 2001 Census, the number of Christians and Jews has decreased (-16% and -7% respectively), while all other religions have increased and non-religious people have almost doubled in number."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was Union Street constructed?", "id": "56df736f5ca0a614008f9a8f", "answers": [{"text": "1815", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who performed at the New Palace Theatre in the 1930s?", "id": "56df736f5ca0a614008f9a90", "answers": [{"text": "Charlie Chaplin", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many pubs existed on Union Street in the 1930s?", "id": "56df736f5ca0a614008f9a91", "answers": [{"text": "30s", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group famously enjoyed themselves on Union Street?", "id": "56df736f5ca0a614008f9a92", "answers": [{"text": "sailors from the Royal Navy", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Built in 1815, Union Street was at the heart of Plymouth's historical culture. It became known as the servicemen's playground, as it was where sailors from the Royal Navy would seek entertainment of all kinds. During the 1930s, there were 30 pubs and it attracted such performers as Charlie Chaplin to the New Palace Theatre. It is now the late-night hub of Plymouth's entertainment strip, but has a reputation for trouble at closing hours."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What notable event occurs each August?", "id": "56df73c156340a1900b29b98", "answers": [{"text": "British Firework Championships", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what month and year was the world record for simultaneous fireworks broken?", "id": "56df73c156340a1900b29b99", "answers": [{"text": "August 2006", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who broke the world record for simultaneous fireworks?", "id": "56df73c156340a1900b29b9a", "answers": [{"text": "Roy Lowry", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What institution did Roy Lowry work for?", "id": "56df73c156340a1900b29b9b", "answers": [{"text": "University of Plymouth", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Music of the Night begin?", "id": "56df73c156340a1900b29b9c", "answers": [{"text": "1992", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Outdoor events and festivals are held including the annual British Firework Championships in August, which attracts tens of thousands of people across the waterfront. In August 2006 the world record for the most amount of simultaneous fireworks was surpassed, by Roy Lowry of the University of Plymouth, over Plymouth Sound. Since 1992 the Music of the Night has been performed in the Royal Citadel by the 29 Commando Regiment and local performers to raise money for local and military charities."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many people can fit in the Theatre Royal?", "id": "56df76f356340a1900b29bbc", "answers": [{"text": "1,315", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the capacity of Drum Theatre?", "id": "56df76f356340a1900b29bbd", "answers": [{"text": "200", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the cost of admission to the Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery?", "id": "56df76f356340a1900b29bbe", "answers": [{"text": "free", "answer_start": 503}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many galleries are present in the Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery?", "id": "56df76f356340a1900b29bbf", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 527}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the theater in the Plymouth Athenaeum close?", "id": "56df76f356340a1900b29bc0", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 730}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city's main theatres are the Theatre Royal (1,315 capacity), its Drum Theatre (200 capacity), and its production and creative learning centre, The TR2. The Plymouth Pavilions has multiple uses for the city staging music concerts, basketball matches and stand-up comedy. There are also three cinemas: Reel Cinema at Derrys Cross, Plymouth Arts Centre at Looe Street and a Vue cinema at the Barbican Leisure Park. The Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery is operated by Plymouth City Council allowing free admission \u2013 it has six galleries. The Plymouth Athenaeum, which includes a local interest library, is a society dedicated to the promotion of learning in the fields of science, technology, literature and art. From 1961 to 2009 it also housed a theatre."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What television station has its regional headquarters in Plymouth?", "id": "56df775f5ca0a614008f9ad1", "answers": [{"text": "BBC South West", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What regional ITV station serves Plymouth?", "id": "56df775f5ca0a614008f9ad2", "answers": [{"text": "ITV West Country", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did ITV Westcountry cease to operate?", "id": "56df775f5ca0a614008f9ad3", "answers": [{"text": "16 February 2009", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With what channel did ITV Westcountry merge?", "id": "56df775f5ca0a614008f9ad4", "answers": [{"text": "ITV West", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What BBC radio station operates in Plymouth?", "id": "56df775f5ca0a614008f9ad5", "answers": [{"text": "BBC Radio Devon", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Plymouth is the regional television centre of BBC South West. A team of journalists are headquartered at Plymouth for the ITV West Country regional station, after a merger with ITV West forced ITV Westcountry to close on 16 February 2009. The main local newspapers serving Plymouth are The Herald and Western Morning News with Radio Plymouth , BBC Radio Devon, Heart South West , and Pirate FM being the main local radio stations."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What football league team is located in Plymouth?", "id": "56df77c85ca0a614008f9ae5", "answers": [{"text": "Plymouth Argyle F.C.", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What level of the football league does Plymouth Argyle F.C. operate in?", "id": "56df77c85ca0a614008f9ae6", "answers": [{"text": "Football League Two", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the home field of Plymouth Argyle F.C.?", "id": "56df77c85ca0a614008f9ae7", "answers": [{"text": "Home Park", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the nickname of Plymouth Argyle F.C.?", "id": "56df77c85ca0a614008f9ae8", "answers": [{"text": "The Pilgrims", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What team plays its home games at Weston Mill?", "id": "56df77c85ca0a614008f9ae9", "answers": [{"text": "Vospers Oak Villa F.C.", "answer_start": 479}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Plymouth is home to Plymouth Argyle F.C., who play in the fourth tier of English football league known as Football League Two. The team's home ground is called Home Park and is located in Central Park. It links itself with the group of English non-conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620: its nickname is \"The Pilgrims\". The city also has four Non-League football clubs; Plymouth Parkway F.C. who play at Bolitho Park, Elburton Villa F.C. who play at Haye Road, Vospers Oak Villa F.C. who play at Weston Mill and Plymstock United F.C. who play at Deans Cross. All four clubs play in the South West Peninsula League."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What rugby union team is based in Plymouth?", "id": "56df782356340a1900b29be4", "answers": [{"text": "Plymouth Albion R.F.C.", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What British Basketball League team calls Plymouth home?", "id": "56df782356340a1900b29be5", "answers": [{"text": "Plymouth Raiders", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Plymouth Albion R.F.C. founded?", "id": "56df782356340a1900b29be6", "answers": [{"text": "1875", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where do the Plymouth Raiders play their home games?", "id": "56df782356340a1900b29be7", "answers": [{"text": "Plymouth Pavilions", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the Plymouth Raiders inaugurated?", "id": "56df782356340a1900b29be8", "answers": [{"text": "1983", "answer_start": 452}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Other sports clubs include Plymouth Albion R.F.C. and the Plymouth Raiders basketball club. Plymouth Albion Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club that was founded in 1875 and are currently competing in the third tier of Professional English Rugby . They play at the Brickfields. Plymouth Raiders play in the British Basketball League \u2013 the top tier of British basketball. They play at the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena and were founded in 1983. Plymouth cricket club was formed in 1843, the current 1st XI play in the Devon Premier League. Plymouth Devils are a speedway team in the British Premier League. Plymouth was home to an American football club, the Plymouth Admirals until 2010. Plymouth is also home to Plymouth Marjons Hockey Club, with their 1st XI playing in the National League last season."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the first Port of Plymouth Regatta?", "id": "56df785856340a1900b29bee", "answers": [{"text": "1823", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what month and year did Plymouth play host to the America's Cup World Series?", "id": "56df785856340a1900b29bef", "answers": [{"text": "September 2011", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For how many days did the America's Cup World Series take place in Plymouth?", "id": "56df785856340a1900b29bf0", "answers": [{"text": "nine", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Plymouth is an important centre for watersports, especially scuba diving and sailing. The Port of Plymouth Regatta is one of the oldest regattas in the world, and has been held regularly since 1823. In September 2011, Plymouth hosted the America's Cup World Series for nine days."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did Plymouth begin receiving water from South West Water?", "id": "56df7abd56340a1900b29c02", "answers": [{"text": "1973", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who provided Plymouth's water prior to 1973?", "id": "56df7abd56340a1900b29c03", "answers": [{"text": "Plymouth County Borough Corporation", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Drake's Leat open?", "id": "56df7abd56340a1900b29c04", "answers": [{"text": "24 April 1591", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From where did Drake's Leat draw water?", "id": "56df7abd56340a1900b29c05", "answers": [{"text": "River Meavy", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did construction finish on Devonport Leat?", "id": "56df7abd56340a1900b29c06", "answers": [{"text": "1801", "answer_start": 682}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Since 1973 Plymouth has been supplied water by South West Water. Prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by Plymouth County Borough Corporation. Before the 19th century two leats were built in order to provide drinking water for the town. They carried water from Dartmoor to Plymouth. A watercourse, known as Plymouth or Drake's Leat, was opened on 24 April 1591 to tap the River Meavy. The Devonport Leat was constructed to carry fresh drinking water to the expanding town of Devonport and its ever growing dockyard. It was fed by three Dartmoor rivers: The West Dart, Cowsic and Blackabrook. It seems to have been carrying water since 1797, but it was officially completed in 1801. It was originally designed to carry water to Devonport town, but has since been shortened and now carries water to Burrator Reservoir, which feeds most of the water supply of Plymouth. Burrator Reservoir is located about 5 miles (8 km) north of the city and was constructed in 1898 and expanded in 1928."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What body handles waste management in Plymouth?", "id": "56df7b3d56340a1900b29c0c", "answers": [{"text": "Plymouth City Council", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who oversees Plymouth's sewers?", "id": "56df7b3d56340a1900b29c0d", "answers": [{"text": "South West Water", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who distributes electricity in Plymouth?", "id": "56df7b3d56340a1900b29c0e", "answers": [{"text": "Western Power Distribution", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Langage Power Station come on line?", "id": "56df7b3d56340a1900b29c0f", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What settlement is Langage Power Station located near?", "id": "56df7b3d56340a1900b29c10", "answers": [{"text": "Plympton", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Plymouth City Council is responsible for waste management throughout the city and South West Water is responsible for sewerage. Plymouth's electricity is supplied from the National Grid and distributed to Plymouth via Western Power Distribution. On the outskirts of Plympton a combined cycle gas-powered station, the Langage Power Station, which started to produce electricity for Plymouth at the end of 2009."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Plymouth Borough Police begin operation?", "id": "56df7c9a56340a1900b29c1e", "answers": [{"text": "1836", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the police divisional headquarters located?", "id": "56df7c9a56340a1900b29c1f", "answers": [{"text": "Crownhill", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many fire stations are present in Plymouth?", "id": "56df7c9a56340a1900b29c20", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 445}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where in Plymouth is the Royal National Lifeboat Institution based?", "id": "56df7c9a56340a1900b29c21", "answers": [{"text": "Millbay Docks", "answer_start": 709}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What organization is the Plymouth Borough Police a part of?", "id": "56df7c9a56340a1900b29c22", "answers": [{"text": "Devon and Cornwall Constabulary", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Her Majesty's Courts Service provide a Magistrates' Court and a Combined Crown and County Court in the city. The Plymouth Borough Police, formed in 1836, eventually became part of Devon and Cornwall Constabulary. There are police stations at Charles Cross and Crownhill (the Divisional HQ) and smaller stations at Plympton and Plymstock. The city has one of the Devon and Cornwall Area Crown Prosecution Service Divisional offices. Plymouth has five fire stations located in Camel's Head, Crownhill, Greenbank, Plympton and Plymstock which is part of Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service. The Royal National Lifeboat Institution have an Atlantic 85 class lifeboat and Severn class lifeboat stationed at Millbay Docks."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is Plymouth's National Health Service hospital?", "id": "56df7cdc5ca0a614008f9b11", "answers": [{"text": "Derriford Hospital", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In kilometers, how far is Derriford Hospital from the Plymouth city center?", "id": "56df7cdc5ca0a614008f9b12", "answers": [{"text": "6", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What notable clinic is present in Derriford Hospital?", "id": "56df7cdc5ca0a614008f9b13", "answers": [{"text": "Royal Eye Infirmary", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What organization provides ambulance transport for Plymouth?", "id": "56df7cdc5ca0a614008f9b14", "answers": [{"text": "South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust headquartered?", "id": "56df7cdc5ca0a614008f9b15", "answers": [{"text": "Exeter", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Plymouth is served by Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust and the city's NHS hospital is Derriford Hospital 4 miles (6 km) north of the city centre. The Royal Eye Infirmary is located at Derriford Hospital. South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust operates in Plymouth and the rest of the south west; its headquarters are in Exeter."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did Ford Park Cemetery reopen?", "id": "56df7e625ca0a614008f9b41", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Efford, where else does the Plymouth City Council operate a cemetery?", "id": "56df7e625ca0a614008f9b42", "answers": [{"text": "Weston Mill", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the private cemetery in Plymouth?", "id": "56df7e625ca0a614008f9b43", "answers": [{"text": "Drake Memorial Park", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In lieu of headstones, what grave markers are used at Drake Memorial Park?", "id": "56df7e625ca0a614008f9b44", "answers": [{"text": "a brass plaque", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Ford Park Cemetery first operate?", "id": "56df7e625ca0a614008f9b45", "answers": [{"text": "mid-19th century", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The mid-19th century burial ground at Ford Park Cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford both with crematoria and chapels. There is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city, Drake Memorial Park which does not allow headstones to mark graves, but a brass plaque set into the ground."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was the Royal Citadel constructed?", "id": "56df7edd56340a1900b29c2e", "answers": [{"text": "1666", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the wake of what conflict was the Royal Citadel built?", "id": "56df7edd56340a1900b29c2f", "answers": [{"text": "English Civil War", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Smeaton's Tower first constructed?", "id": "56df7edd56340a1900b29c30", "answers": [{"text": "1759", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In kilometers, how far off the coast was Smeaton's Tower originally built?", "id": "56df7edd56340a1900b29c31", "answers": [{"text": "23", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What memorial commemorates the naval victory over the Spanish Armada?", "id": "56df7edd56340a1900b29c32", "answers": [{"text": "Armada Memorial", "answer_start": 686}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After the English Civil War the Royal Citadel was built in 1666 on the east end of Plymouth Hoe, to defend the port from naval attacks, suppress Plymothian Parliamentary leanings and to train the armed forces. Guided tours are available in the summer months. Further west is Smeaton's Tower, which was built in 1759 as a lighthouse on rocks 14 miles (23 km) off shore, but dismantled and the top two thirds rebuilt on the Hoe in 1877. It is open to the public and has views over the Plymouth Sound and the city from the lantern room. Plymouth has 20 war memorials of which nine are on The Hoe including: Plymouth Naval Memorial, to remember those killed in World Wars I and II, and the Armada Memorial, to commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the port once situated on the land occupied by present day Plymouth?", "id": "56df7f4056340a1900b29c3a", "answers": [{"text": "Sutton", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Pilgrim Fathers depart Plymouth for the Americas?", "id": "56df7f4056340a1900b29c3b", "answers": [{"text": "1620", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What monument commemorates the departure of the Pilgrim Fathers?", "id": "56df7f4056340a1900b29c3c", "answers": [{"text": "Mayflower Steps", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many marine species are present at the National Marine Aquarium?", "id": "56df7f4056340a1900b29c3d", "answers": [{"text": "400", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many listed buildings are present in the Barbican area?", "id": "56df7f4056340a1900b29c3e", "answers": [{"text": "100", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The early port settlement of Plymouth, called \"Sutton\", approximates to the area now referred to as the Barbican and has 100 listed buildings and the largest concentration of cobbled streets in Britain. The Pilgrim Fathers left for the New World in 1620 near the commemorative Mayflower Steps in Sutton Pool. Also on Sutton Pool is the National Marine Aquarium which displays 400 marine species and includes Britain's deepest aquarium tank."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What structure was referred to as a \"Palmerston's Folly\"?", "id": "56df7f755ca0a614008f9b61", "answers": [{"text": "Crownhill Fort", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what cardinal direction is Crownhill Fort located outside the city?", "id": "56df7f755ca0a614008f9b62", "answers": [{"text": "north", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who runs Crownhill Fort?", "id": "56df7f755ca0a614008f9b63", "answers": [{"text": "the Landmark Trust", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On the northern outskirts of the city, Crownhill Fort is a well restored example of a \"Palmerston's Folly\". It is owned by the Landmark Trust and is open to the public."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what cardinal direction outside Plymouth is Devonport located?", "id": "56df80585ca0a614008f9b77", "answers": [{"text": "west", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many waymarkers are present on the Devonport Heritage Trail?", "id": "56df80585ca0a614008f9b78", "answers": [{"text": "over 70", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "To the west of the city is Devonport, one of Plymouth's historic quarters. As part of Devonport's millennium regeneration project, the Devonport Heritage Trail has been introduced, complete with over 70 waymarkers outlining the route."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Visitors to what region's beaches often stop at Plymouth?", "id": "56df80a656340a1900b29c6c", "answers": [{"text": "south-east Cornwall", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Whitsand Bay and Cawsand, what Plymouth-area beaches are popular with tourists?", "id": "56df80a656340a1900b29c6d", "answers": [{"text": "Kingsand", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Visitors to what local valley often stop over in Plymouth?", "id": "56df80a656340a1900b29c6e", "answers": [{"text": "Tamar Valley", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Plymouth is often used as a base by visitors to Dartmoor, the Tamar Valley and the beaches of south-east Cornwall. Kingsand, Cawsand and Whitsand Bay are popular."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who designed the Roland Levinsky building?", "id": "56df81045ca0a614008f9b95", "answers": [{"text": "Henning Larsen", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Roland Levinsky building open?", "id": "56df81045ca0a614008f9b96", "answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of what university is the Roland Levinsky building a part?", "id": "56df81045ca0a614008f9b97", "answers": [{"text": "University of Plymouth", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What academic discipline at the university is based in the Roland Levinsky building?", "id": "56df81045ca0a614008f9b98", "answers": [{"text": "Arts", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of Plymouth is the Roland Levinsky building situated in?", "id": "56df81045ca0a614008f9b99", "answers": [{"text": "the city's central quarter", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Roland Levinsky building, the landmark building of the University of Plymouth, is located in the city's central quarter. Designed by leading architect Henning Larsen, the building was opened in 2008 and houses the University's Arts faculty. It has been consistently considered one of the UK's most beautiful university buildings."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are Plymouth residents commonly called?", "id": "56df81675ca0a614008f9ba7", "answers": [{"text": "Plymothians", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What colloquial term is used for Plymouth residents?", "id": "56df81685ca0a614008f9ba8", "answers": [{"text": "Janners", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After what figure are Janners named?", "id": "56df81685ca0a614008f9ba9", "answers": [{"text": "Cousin Jan", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Devon, Jan is another way of saying what common English name?", "id": "56df81685ca0a614008f9baa", "answers": [{"text": "John", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "People from Plymouth are known as Plymothians or less formally as Janners. Its meaning is described as a person from Devon, deriving from Cousin Jan (the Devon form of John), but more particularly in naval circles anyone from the Plymouth area."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the birthplace of Sir Francis Drake?", "id": "56df81eb5ca0a614008f9bbd", "answers": [{"text": "Tavistock", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Spanish nickname Sir Francis Drake?", "id": "56df81eb5ca0a614008f9bbe", "answers": [{"text": "El Draco", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Sir Francis Drake die?", "id": "56df81eb5ca0a614008f9bbf", "answers": [{"text": "1596", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Sir Francis Drake's cause of death?", "id": "56df81eb5ca0a614008f9bc0", "answers": [{"text": "dysentery", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What notable artist and Royal Academician was born in Plympton?", "id": "56df81eb5ca0a614008f9bc1", "answers": [{"text": "Sir Joshua Reynolds", "answer_start": 503}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Elizabethan navigator, Sir Francis Drake was born in the nearby town of Tavistock and was the mayor of Plymouth. He was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world and was known by the Spanish as El Draco meaning \"The Dragon\" after he raided many of their ships. He died of dysentery in 1596 off the coast of Puerto Rico. In 2002 a mission to recover his body and bring it to Plymouth was allowed by the Ministry of Defence. His cousin and contemporary John Hawkins was a Plymouth man. Painter Sir Joshua Reynolds, founder and first president of the Royal Academy was born and educated in nearby Plympton, now part of Plymouth. William Cookworthy born in Kingsbridge set up his successful porcelain business in the city and was a close friend of John Smeaton designer of the Eddystone Lighthouse. On 26 January 1786, Benjamin Robert Haydon, an English painter who specialised in grand historical pictures, was born here. The naturalist Dr William Elford Leach FRS, who did much to pave the way in Britain for Charles Darwin, was born at Hoe Gate in 1791."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What artist died in Plymouth in 2002?", "id": "56df827c56340a1900b29c98", "answers": [{"text": "Robert Lenkiewicz", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the creator of Mr Benn and King Rollo study?", "id": "56df827c56340a1900b29c99", "answers": [{"text": "Plymouth College of Art", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What genre of music does John Surman play?", "id": "56df827c56340a1900b29c9a", "answers": [{"text": "Jazz", "answer_start": 479}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What local figure played in the bands AMM and MIMEO?", "id": "56df827c56340a1900b29c9b", "answers": [{"text": "Keith Rowe", "answer_start": 645}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where do the family of Michael Foot live?", "id": "56df827c56340a1900b29c9c", "answers": [{"text": "Trematon Castle", "answer_start": 1110}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Antarctic explorers Robert Falcon Scott and Frank Bickerton both lived in the city. Artists include Beryl Cook whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth and Robert Lenkiewicz, whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy, sexual behaviour and suicide, lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002. Illustrator and creator of children's series Mr Benn and King Rollo, David McKee, was born and brought up in South Devon and trained at Plymouth College of Art. Jazz musician John Surman, born in nearby Tavistock, has close connections to the area, evidenced by his 2012 album Saltash Bells. The avant garde prepared guitarist Keith Rowe was born in the city before establishing the jazz free improvisation band AMM in London in 1965 and MIMEO in 1997. The musician and film director Cosmo Jarvis has lived in several towns in South Devon and has filmed videos in and around Plymouth. In addition, actors Sir Donald Sinden and Judi Trott. George Passmore of Turner Prize winning duo Gilbert and George was born in the city, as was Labour politician Michael Foot whose family reside at nearby Trematon Castle."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the occupation of Trevor Francis?", "id": "56df83025ca0a614008f9be1", "answers": [{"text": "footballer", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the current nationality of former Plymouth resident Chris Axworthy?", "id": "56df83025ca0a614008f9be2", "answers": [{"text": "Canadian", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What United States vice president did Donald Moffat play?", "id": "56df83025ca0a614008f9be3", "answers": [{"text": "Lyndon B. Johnson", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what film did Donald Moffat play President Bennett?", "id": "56df83025ca0a614008f9be4", "answers": [{"text": "Clear and Present Danger", "answer_start": 511}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Dawn French's job?", "id": "56df83025ca0a614008f9be5", "answers": [{"text": "comedian", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Notable athletes include swimmer Sharron Davies, diver Tom Daley, dancer Wayne Sleep, and footballer Trevor Francis. Other past residents include composer journalist and newspaper editor William Henry Wills, Ron Goodwin, and journalist Angela Rippon and comedian Dawn French. Canadian politician and legal scholar Chris Axworthy hails from Plymouth. America based actor Donald Moffat, whose roles include American Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson in the film The Right Stuff, and fictional President Bennett in Clear and Present Danger, was born in Plymouth."}]}, {"title": "Heresy", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What is heresy mainly at odds with?", "id": "56de6f914396321400ee28c3", "answers": [{"text": "established beliefs or customs", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a person called is practicing heresy?", "id": "56de6f914396321400ee28c4", "answers": [{"text": "A heretic", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Heresy", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is belief in a strongly held custom?", "id": "5a5a784e9c0277001abe712e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "heretic", "answer_start": 111}], "question": "Who is a person who believes in a strongly held custom?", "id": "5a5a784e9c0277001abe712f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "apostasy", "answer_start": 190}], "question": "What is the term for embracing ones religion?", "id": "5a5a784e9c0277001abe7130", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "blasphemy", "answer_start": 279}], "question": "What is an utterance or action concerning God?", "id": "5a5a784e9c0277001abe7131", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Heresy is any provocative belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs. A heretic is a proponent of such claims or beliefs. Heresy is distinct from both apostasy, which is the explicit renunciation of one's religion, principles or cause, and blasphemy, which is an impious utterance or action concerning God or sacred things."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What religions and idea of thought is heresy cited as being used frequently in?", "id": "56de6fdecffd8e1900b4b8c3", "answers": [{"text": "Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "important religious teachings", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "Blasphemy is the acceptance of what teachings?", "id": "5a5a874c9c0277001abe7136", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism", "answer_start": 199}], "question": "What religions no longer recognize blasphamy?", "id": "5a5a874c9c0277001abe7137", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The term is usually used to refer to violations of important religious teachings, but is used also of views strongly opposed to any generally accepted ideas. It is used in particular in reference to Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What cultures are listed as examples of discipline for being a heretic?", "id": "56de6fea4396321400ee28c9", "answers": [{"text": "Christian, Islamic and Jewish", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christian, Islamic and Jewish", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "What religions believe new ideas is punishable?", "id": "5a5a94c19c0277001abe713a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "excommunication, but even to the death penalty", "answer_start": 189}], "question": "What is the punishment for disagreeing with the church?", "id": "5a5a94c19c0277001abe713b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "excommunication", "answer_start": 189}], "question": "What punishment is nolonger used for heretics?", "id": "5a5a94c19c0277001abe713c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In certain historical Christian, Islamic and Jewish cultures, among others, espousing ideas deemed heretical has been and in some cases still is subjected not merely to punishments such as excommunication, but even to the death penalty."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What language does the term heresy find its roots in?", "id": "56de70004396321400ee28cd", "answers": [{"text": "Greek", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the relationship between the context heresy is used in for Christian, Jewish, or Islamic cultures?", "id": "56de70004396321400ee28ce", "answers": [{"text": "slightly different", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the head person of a heretical movement called?", "id": "56de70004396321400ee28cf", "answers": [{"text": "heresiarch", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the study of heresy?", "id": "56de70004396321400ee28d0", "answers": [{"text": "Heresiology", "answer_start": 539}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the original meaning of heresy when translated directly from its root word?", "id": "56de70004396321400ee28d1", "answers": [{"text": "\"choice\" or \"thing chosen\"", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"choice\" or \"thing chosen\",", "answer_start": 55}], "question": "What does heresey mean in Latin?", "id": "5a5aa93c9c0277001abe7140", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "heresy", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "What is the term for the process by wich a person learns to live a religious life?", "id": "5a5aa93c9c0277001abe7141", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christian, Jewish, or Islamic", "answer_start": 304}], "question": "What three religions have the same meaning for heresy?", "id": "5a5aa93c9c0277001abe7142", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Heresiology", "answer_start": 539}], "question": "Whhat is the sudy of how to live?", "id": "5a5aa93c9c0277001abe7143", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The term heresy is from Greek \u03b1\u1f35\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 originally meant \"choice\" or \"thing chosen\", but it came to mean the \"party or school of a man's choice\" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word \"heresy\" is usually used within a Christian, Jewish, or Islamic context, and implies slightly different meanings in each. The founder or leader of a heretical movement is called a heresiarch, while individuals who espouse heresy or commit heresy are known as heretics. Heresiology is the study of heresy."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many times is it suggested that you should warn people you are in disagreement with before parting ways?", "id": "56de7016cffd8e1900b4b8c6", "answers": [{"text": "two times", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term is used to describe an individual in the early Church that introduced discord?", "id": "56de7016cffd8e1900b4b8c7", "answers": [{"text": "divisive person", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What word is used when speaking of correct teachings in contrast to a false teacher?", "id": "56de7016cffd8e1900b4b8c8", "answers": [{"text": "sound", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two times", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "How many times should you punish a divisive person before seperating from them?", "id": "5a5ab76c9c0277001abe7148", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"heretic\"", "answer_start": 198}], "question": "What was another name for a diversive person in the Greek church?", "id": "5a5ab76c9c0277001abe7149", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dissension", "answer_start": 221}], "question": "What do all diversive people promote?", "id": "5a5ab76c9c0277001abe714a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sound", "answer_start": 272}], "question": "What word describes orthodox teaching?", "id": "5a5ab76c9c0277001abe714b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to Titus 3:10 a divisive person should be warned two times before separating from him. The Greek for the phrase \"divisive person\" became a technical term in the early Church for a type of \"heretic\" who promoted dissension. In contrast correct teaching is called sound not only because it builds up in the faith, but because it protects against the corrupting influence of false teachers."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What culture and religion did Fathers of the Church correlate with heresy?", "id": "56de70364396321400ee28d7", "answers": [{"text": "Jews and Judaism", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What religion were these Fathers of the Church?", "id": "56de70364396321400ee28d8", "answers": [{"text": "Orthodox Christianity", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who suggested that it were the Jews that brought dissension into Christianity?", "id": "56de70364396321400ee28d9", "answers": [{"text": "Tertullian", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jews and Judaism", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "Who identified Christians with heresey?", "id": "5a5ab9b19c0277001abe7150", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christians that refused to venerate religious images", "answer_start": 377}], "question": "Who dit Saint Peter refer to as Jews?", "id": "5a5ab9b19c0277001abe7151", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jews", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "Who did Tertullian say were the most heretical people?", "id": "5a5ab9b19c0277001abe7152", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jews", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "Who offered guidence to early Christians?", "id": "5a5ab9b19c0277001abe7153", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy. They saw deviations from Orthodox Christianity as heresies that were essentially Jewish in spirit. Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: \"From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that Jesus was not the Christ.]\" Saint Peter of Antioch referred to Christians that refused to venerate religious images as having \"Jewish minds\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who gave more exposure to the term heresy when attempting to descredit opponents during the early centuries of Christianity?", "id": "56de7066cffd8e1900b4b8cc", "answers": [{"text": "Irenaeus", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term did Irenaeus use to describe the Christian community's ideologies?", "id": "56de7066cffd8e1900b4b8cd", "answers": [{"text": "orthodox", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What concept did Irenaeus cite to help support his arguments?", "id": "56de7066cffd8e1900b4b8cf", "answers": [{"text": "apostolic succession", "answer_start": 448}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Irenaeus", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "Who was the first person to use the word heresy?", "id": "5a5abb109c0277001abe7158", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Contra Haereses", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "What did Irenaeus write in the 200's?", "id": "5a5abb109c0277001abe7159", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Irenaeus", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "Who wrote about their opponents in the 200's", "id": "5a5abb109c0277001abe715a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Irenaeus", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "Who used the word Orthodox to describe Gnostic teachings?", "id": "5a5abb109c0277001abe715b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "apostolic", "answer_start": 448}], "question": "What succession was first pointed out by Irenaeus?", "id": "5a5abb109c0277001abe715c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The use of the word \"heresy\" was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his 2nd century tract Contra Haereses (Against Heresies) to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community.[citation needed] He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as orthodox (from \u1f40\u03c1\u03b8\u03cc\u03c2, orthos \"straight\" + \u03b4\u03cc\u03be\u03b1, doxa \"belief\") and the Gnostics' teachings as heretical.[citation needed] He also pointed out the concept of apostolic succession to support his arguments."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the first Roman Emporor that was baptized?", "id": "56de708f4396321400ee28df", "answers": [{"text": "Constantine the Great", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Constantine the Great and Licinius pass to introduce toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire?", "id": "56de708f4396321400ee28e0", "answers": [{"text": "Edict of Milan", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the high priest in the College of Pontiffs called?", "id": "56de708f4396321400ee28e1", "answers": [{"text": "Pontifex Maximus", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the meetings called that were hosted by Constantine that helped enforce orthodoxy by Imperial authority?", "id": "56de708f4396321400ee28e2", "answers": [{"text": "the ecumenical councils", "answer_start": 510}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Constantine the Great", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who was the first Roman babtized?", "id": "5a5abce09c0277001abe7162", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christianity", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "What was Licinius intolerant of?", "id": "5a5abce09c0277001abe7163", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Edict of Milan\"", "answer_start": 137}], "question": "What Edict established freedom of religion in Rome?", "id": "5a5abce09c0277001abe7164", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Emperor", "answer_start": 243}], "question": "Who was high priest according to Christian tradition?", "id": "5a5abce09c0277001abe7165", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ecumenical", "answer_start": 514}], "question": "What council was first held by Arius?", "id": "5a5abce09c0277001abe7166", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Constantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the \"Edict of Milan\", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs (Collegium Pontificum) of all recognized religions in ancient Rome. To put an end to the doctrinal debate initiated by Arius, Constantine called the first of what would afterwards be called the ecumenical councils and then enforced orthodoxy by Imperial authority."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was the first usage of the term heresy in a legal context?", "id": "56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8dc", "answers": [{"text": "AD 380", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who intitiated Christianity to be a state church of the Roman Empire?", "id": "56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8dd", "answers": [{"text": "Thessalonica of Theodosius I", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the church lacking before the edict that would allow them to legally counter heresy?", "id": "56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8de", "answers": [{"text": "state-sponsored support", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did church authorities gain as a result of this edict?", "id": "56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8df", "answers": [{"text": "state powers of legal enforcement", "answer_start": 495}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What punishment is cited as church authorities being able to exact on individuals perceived as heretics?", "id": "56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8e0", "answers": [{"text": "death sentence", "answer_start": 658}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a legal context", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "In what context was the word hersey first ussed in the 3rd century?", "id": "5a5abf2c9c0277001abe716c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I,", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "What edict was passed in the 3rd century?", "id": "5a5abf2c9c0277001abe716d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christianity", "answer_start": 124}], "question": "What was made the official State religion in the 3rd century?", "id": "5a5abf2c9c0277001abe716e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Church", "answer_start": 379}], "question": "What did the edict give the state authority over?", "id": "5a5abf2c9c0277001abe716f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pronounce the death sentence upon those whom the church considered heretical.", "answer_start": 644}], "question": "What did the edict give the state the authority to do?", "id": "5a5abf2c9c0277001abe7170", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as \"heresy\". By this edict the state's authority and that of the Church became somewhat overlapping. One of the outcomes of this blurring of Church and state was the sharing of state powers of legal enforcement with church authorities. This reinforcement of the Church's authority gave church leaders the power to, in effect, pronounce the death sentence upon those whom the church considered heretical."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the first Christian individual to be sentenced to death by the church for heresy in Rome?", "id": "56de70e54396321400ee28e7", "answers": [{"text": "Priscillian", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to the people that sentenced Priscillian to death?", "id": "56de70e54396321400ee28e8", "answers": [{"text": "excommunicated", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What religion is an example of Protestants killing for conviction of heresy after the Reformation?", "id": "56de70e54396321400ee28e9", "answers": [{"text": "Catholics", "answer_start": 580}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the last known person to be sentenced to death for the crime of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church?", "id": "56de70e54396321400ee28ea", "answers": [{"text": "Cayetano Ripoll", "answer_start": 689}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what passage is cited as being one of the first known examples of using the word heresy?", "id": "56de70e54396321400ee28eb", "answers": [{"text": "Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter", "answer_start": 911}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "six years", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "For how many years was heresy an official crime?", "id": "5a5ac1339c0277001abe7176", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Priscillian", "answer_start": 119}], "question": "Who was put to death for socery in the 3rd century?", "id": "5a5ac1339c0277001abe7177", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siricius", "answer_start": 289}], "question": "Who excommunicated Priscillian?", "id": "5a5ac1339c0277001abe7178", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cayetano Ripoll", "answer_start": 689}], "question": "Who was executed for heresey in the 18th century?", "id": "5a5ac1339c0277001abe7179", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nag Hammadi", "answer_start": 911}], "question": "Who said Peter was the first to use the word heretical?", "id": "5a5ac1339c0277001abe717a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siricius, who opposed Priscillian's heresy, but \"believed capital punishment to be inappropriate at best and usually unequivocally evil\". For some years after the Reformation, Protestant churches were also known to execute those they considered heretics, including Catholics. The last known heretic executed by sentence of the Roman Catholic Church was Spanish schoolmaster Cayetano Ripoll in 1826. The number of people executed as heretics under the authority of the various \"ecclesiastical authorities\"[note 1] is not known.[note 2] One of the first examples of the word as translated from the Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter was\" they will cleave to the name of a dead man thinking that they will become pure. But they will become greatly defiled and they will fall into the name of error and into the hands of an evil cunning man and a manifold dogma, and they will be ruled heretically\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is thought of to spiritually cut one off from the Church even before excommunication?", "id": "56de71014396321400ee28f1", "answers": [{"text": "obstinate and willful manifest heresy", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What book gives the definition of a heretic as anyone that does not follow the Catholic Church or the orthodox holy faith?", "id": "56de71014396321400ee28f2", "answers": [{"text": "The Codex Justinianus", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What groups are cited as being considered heretical by the Church before the 11th century?", "id": "56de71014396321400ee28f3", "answers": [{"text": "Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group moved westward to give rise to the famous 11th and 12th century heresy in western Europe?", "id": "56de71014396321400ee28f4", "answers": [{"text": "Paulicians", "answer_start": 612}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What groups began to appear in northern Italy and southern France during the 11th century?", "id": "56de71014396321400ee28f5", "answers": [{"text": "Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars", "answer_start": 882}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "obstinate and willful manifest heresy", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "What is considered a reason to cut someone off from the church?", "id": "5a5ac2cd9c0277001abe7180", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "11th century", "answer_start": 411}], "question": "When did the Church stop dealing harshly with heritics?", "id": "5a5ac2cd9c0277001abe7181", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Manichaean sect of Paulicians", "answer_start": 593}], "question": "What sect was spreading west from the 1100's-1200's?", "id": "5a5ac2cd9c0277001abe7182", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "more organised groups such as the Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars were beginning to appear", "answer_start": 848}], "question": "What happened in northern Italy during the 1100's?", "id": "5a5ac2cd9c0277001abe7183", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines \"everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith\" a heretic. The Church had always dealt harshly with strands of Christianity that it considered heretical, but before the 11th century these tended to centre around individual preachers or small localised sects, like Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism. The diffusion of the almost Manichaean sect of Paulicians westwards gave birth to the famous 11th and 12th century heresies of Western Europe. The first one was that of Bogomils in modern day Bosnia, a sort of sanctuary between Eastern and Western Christianity. By the 11th century, more organised groups such as the Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars were beginning to appear in the towns and cities of northern Italy, southern France and Flanders."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what country did the Cathars grow to represent a popular movement?", "id": "56de71114396321400ee28fb", "answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was started by the Roman Catholic Church to dispense of the Cathars in Languedoc?", "id": "56de71114396321400ee28fc", "answers": [{"text": "The Cathar Crusade", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was a major reason and justification for the Europian wars of religion?", "id": "56de71114396321400ee28fd", "answers": [{"text": "Heresy", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Inquisition", "answer_start": 253}], "question": "What happened in Spain that led to more heresey?", "id": "5a5ac61d9c0277001abe7188", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cathars", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "What heresey spread to France?", "id": "5a5ac61d9c0277001abe7189", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cathar Crusade", "answer_start": 113}], "question": "What fight did the Cathar lead against the Catholic Church?", "id": "5a5ac61d9c0277001abe718a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "European wars of religion", "answer_start": 349}], "question": "What wars helped spread hereseies?", "id": "5a5ac61d9c0277001abe718b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas. The Cathar Crusade was initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc. Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition (Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis, Inquiry on Heretical Perversity) and for the European wars of religion associated with the Protestant Reformation."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was brought before the Inquisition for heresy but renounced his beliefs and thus remained under house arrest for life?", "id": "56de7126cffd8e1900b4b8e8", "answers": [{"text": "Galileo Galilei", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What belief did Galileo have at the time that appeared to be extremely heretical to the church?", "id": "56de7126cffd8e1900b4b8e9", "answers": [{"text": "the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Galileo Galilei", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who refused to change their views before the Inquisistion?", "id": "5a5acd7b9c0277001abe7190", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Inquisition", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "Who found Galileo guilty of heresy?", "id": "5a5acd7b9c0277001abe7191", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Galileo Galilei", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who was required to renounce that the earth was the center of the universe?", "id": "5a5acd7b9c0277001abe7192", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an opinion", "answer_start": 388}], "question": "What did the church say could be probale if declare contrary to Holy Scripture??", "id": "5a5acd7b9c0277001abe7193", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Galileo Galilei was brought before the Inquisition for heresy, but abjured his views and was sentenced to house arrest, under which he spent the rest of his life. Galileo was found \"vehemently suspect of heresy\", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Earth is not at its centre and moves, and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy Scripture. He was required to \"abjure, curse and detest\" those opinions."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who denounced Jewish People in many of his writings?", "id": "56de71424396321400ee2901", "answers": [{"text": "Pope St. Gregory", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the Jews described as enemies of?", "id": "56de71424396321400ee2902", "answers": [{"text": "Christ", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to Pope St. Gregory what religion must you be in order to be a heretic?", "id": "56de71424396321400ee2903", "answers": [{"text": "Jewish", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what culture of law were Jews and heretics often lumped together?", "id": "56de71424396321400ee2904", "answers": [{"text": "Roman-Christian law", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pope St. Gregory", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What pope defended Judaism and the Jewish people?", "id": "5a5ace739c0277001abe7198", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pope St. Gregory", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who described Christ as the enemy of the Jews?", "id": "5a5ace739c0277001abe7199", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "heresy", "answer_start": 241}], "question": "What did Pope St. Gregory call all Jewish teachings?", "id": "5a5ace739c0277001abe719a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jews", "answer_start": 379}], "question": "Who did Roman law indentify as heretics?", "id": "5a5ace739c0277001abe719b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: \"The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews.\" He labeled all heresy as \"Jewish\", claiming that Judaism would \"pollute [Catholics and] deceive them with sacrilegious seduction.\" The identification of Jews and heretics in particular occurred several times in Roman-Christian law,"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What area of Christianity commonly cited the first seven Ecumenical Councils in regards to heresy?", "id": "56de717acffd8e1900b4b8ee", "answers": [{"text": "Eastern Christianity", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After what two events did various Christian churches also begin using the first seven Ecumenical Councils to identify heresy?", "id": "56de717acffd8e1900b4b8ef", "answers": [{"text": "Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What beginning Christian heresies did the Orthodox Church also reject during this time?", "id": "56de717acffd8e1900b4b8f0", "answers": [{"text": "Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ecumenical Councils", "answer_start": 107}], "question": "Who decides if a belief is heretical in the Eastern Church?", "id": "5a5acfc49c0277001abe71a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Protestant Reformation", "answer_start": 176}], "question": "What reformation was caused by various heretical groups?", "id": "5a5acfc49c0277001abe71a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm", "answer_start": 403}], "question": "What early Christian beliefs does the Orthodox church not see as heresies?", "id": "5a5acfc49c0277001abe71a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Protestant Reformation", "answer_start": 172}], "question": "What caused the Great Schism?", "id": "5a5acfc49c0277001abe71a3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In Eastern Christianity heresy most commonly refers to those beliefs declared heretical by the first seven Ecumenical Councils.[citation needed] Since the Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation, various Christian churches have also used the concept in proceedings against individuals and groups those churches deemed heretical. The Orthodox Church also rejects the early Christian heresies such as Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the work called that Martin Luther created regarding Jews and heresy?", "id": "56de719ccffd8e1900b4b8f4", "answers": [{"text": "\"On the Jews and Their Lies\"", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term does Luther assign to the practice of Jewish Prayer?", "id": "56de719ccffd8e1900b4b8f5", "answers": [{"text": "blasphemous", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is said to be a special spiritual problem?", "id": "56de719ccffd8e1900b4b8f7", "answers": [{"text": "Jewish circumcision", "answer_start": 553}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"On the Jews and Their Lies\"", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "What did Martin Luther write in the 15th century?", "id": "5a5ad0c09c0277001abe71a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"blasphemous\"", "answer_start": 304}], "question": "What did Luther call Orthodox prayer?", "id": "5a5ad0c09c0277001abe71a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Martin Luther", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "Who called the popes heratics?", "id": "5a5ad0c09c0277001abe71aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Martin Luther", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "Who felt Jewish circumcision was spiritual?", "id": "5a5ad0c09c0277001abe71ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In his work \"On the Jews and Their Lies\" (1543), German Reformation leader Martin Luther claims that Jewish history was \"assailed by much heresy\", and that Christ the logos swept away the Jewish heresy and goes on to do so, \"as it still does daily before our eyes.\" He stigmatizes Jewish Prayer as being \"blasphemous\" (sic) and a lie, and vilifies Jews in general as being spiritually \"blind\" and \"surely possessed by all devils.\" Luther calls the members of the Orthodox Catholic Church \"papists\" and heretics, and has a special spiritual problem with Jewish circumcision."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What event in England during the 16th century had an outcome of many deaths for heresy?", "id": "56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b8fc", "answers": [{"text": "European Reformation", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what king's reign did 60 Protestants die for heresy?", "id": "56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b8fd", "answers": [{"text": "Henry VIII", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two notable figures are cited to have perished for refusing to give up the Church in England?", "id": "56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b8fe", "answers": [{"text": "Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Under which king were the heresy laws repealed in 1547?", "id": "56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b8ff", "answers": [{"text": "Edward VI", "answer_start": 452}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the last known person sentenced to death in England for heresy?", "id": "56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b900", "answers": [{"text": "1612", "answer_start": 1234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "European Reformation", "answer_start": 29}], "question": "What rformation took place in the 1600's", "id": "5a5ad1eb9c0277001abe71b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Henry VIII's", "answer_start": 140}], "question": "During who's reign were Catholics executed as heretics?", "id": "5a5ad1eb9c0277001abe71b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Henry VIII's", "answer_start": 140}], "question": "Who executed Protestants on political grounds?", "id": "5a5ad1eb9c0277001abe71b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher", "answer_start": 332}], "question": "What protestants were executed for not recognizing the kings supremecy?", "id": "5a5ad1eb9c0277001abe71b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Edward VI", "answer_start": 452}], "question": "Who repealed the heresey laws in the 15th century?", "id": "5a5ad1eb9c0277001abe71b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treason, notably Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher, for refusing to accept the king's supremacy over the Church in England. Under Edward VI, the heresy laws were repealed in 1547 only to be reintroduced in 1554 by Mary I; even so two radicals were executed in Edward's reign (one for denying the reality of the incarnation, the other for denying Christ's divinity). Under Mary, around two hundred and ninety people were burned at the stake between 1555 and 1558 after the restoration of papal jurisdiction. When Elizabeth I came to the throne, the concept of heresy was retained in theory but severely restricted by the 1559 Act of Supremacy and the one hundred and eighty or so Catholics who were executed in the forty-five years of her reign were put to death because they were considered members of \"...a subversive fifth column.\" The last execution of a \"heretic\" in England occurred under James VI and I in 1612. Although the charge was technically one of \"blasphemy\" there was one later execution in Scotland (still at that date an entirely independent kingdom) when in 1697 Thomas Aikenhead was accused, among other things, of denying the doctrine of the Trinity."}, {"qas": [{"question": "During which years did the execution of the Boston martyrs take place?", "id": "56de71ee4396321400ee2911", "answers": [{"text": "1659, 1660, and 1661", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which group was responsible for the deaths of the Boston martyrs?", "id": "56de71ee4396321400ee2912", "answers": [{"text": "Anglican Puritans", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What goal is cited as the reason these killings took place?", "id": "56de71ee4396321400ee2913", "answers": [{"text": "purer absolute theocracy", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What rival group did the Anglican Puritans want purged from their area?", "id": "56de71ee4396321400ee2914", "answers": [{"text": "Quaker sect", "answer_start": 518}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two groups viewed the Puritans themselves as nothing more than heresy?", "id": "56de71ee4396321400ee2915", "answers": [{"text": "Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox", "answer_start": 729}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Boston martyrs", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "Who was executed in the 16th entury?", "id": "5a5ad2d99c0277001abe71ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Anglican Puritans", "answer_start": 184}], "question": "Who held political and religious control of the American colonies?", "id": "5a5ad2d99c0277001abe71bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a \"purer absolute theocracy\"", "answer_start": 385}], "question": "What where the Quakers trying to achieve in the colonies?", "id": "5a5ad2d99c0277001abe71bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox communions", "answer_start": 729}], "question": "What communions also considered the Quakers heretical?", "id": "5a5ad2d99c0277001abe71bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the colony leaders were apparently hoping to achieve their vision of a \"purer absolute theocracy\" within their colony .[citation needed] As such, they perceived the teachings and practices of the rival Quaker sect as heretical, even to the point where laws were passed and executions were performed with the aim of ridding their colony of such perceived \"heresies\".[citation needed] It should be noticed that the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox communions generally regard the Puritans themselves as having been heterodox or heretical."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did the deaths of heretics under Christianity come to an end?", "id": "56de71ffcffd8e1900b4b906", "answers": [{"text": "1826", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the last heretic put to death under the Catholic Inquisition?", "id": "56de71ffcffd8e1900b4b907", "answers": [{"text": "Cayetano Ripoll", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The era of mass persecution and execution of heretics", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What ended in the 18th century?", "id": "5a5ad3319c0277001abe71c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cayetano Ripoll", "answer_start": 150}], "question": "Who was the last Catholic executed?", "id": "5a5ad3319c0277001abe71c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The era of mass persecution and execution of heretics under the banner of Christianity came to an end in 1826 with the last execution of a \"heretic\", Cayetano Ripoll, by the Catholic Inquisition."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Under which religion do charges of heresy still occur in modern times?", "id": "56de722fcffd8e1900b4b90a", "answers": [{"text": "Christian", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which religion is cited as having problems with modern biblical criticism?", "id": "56de722fcffd8e1900b4b90b", "answers": [{"text": "Protestant", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What belief of the Catholic Church criticizes writings without using the word heresy?", "id": "56de722fcffd8e1900b4b90c", "answers": [{"text": "Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "heresy", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "What charge is just as common in modern times?", "id": "5a5ad3d09c0277001abe71c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Protestant churches", "answer_start": 141}], "question": "What churches have issues with modern bibles>", "id": "5a5ad3d09c0277001abe71c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith", "answer_start": 252}], "question": "Who criticizes writing for being heretical?", "id": "5a5ad3d09c0277001abe71c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for \"ambiguities and errors\" without using the word \"heresy\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What event is stated as a reason why the word heretic is used less often in modern times?", "id": "56de723e4396321400ee291b", "answers": [{"text": "Spanish inquisition", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the author of the short story \"The Theologians\"?", "id": "56de723e4396321400ee291c", "answers": [{"text": "Jorge Luis Borges", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What subject does the question of who has a monopoly on spiritual truth regard?", "id": "56de723e4396321400ee291d", "answers": [{"text": "Christian heresy", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spanish inquisition", "answer_start": 99}], "question": "What event has made the word heresy common?", "id": "5a5ad4db9c0277001abe71cc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "who has a monopoly on spiritual truth", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "What do Christian heretics question?", "id": "5a5ad4db9c0277001abe71cd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jorge Luis Borges", "answer_start": 274}], "question": "Who wrote about heresey in the Christian church?", "id": "5a5ad4db9c0277001abe71ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "heretic", "answer_start": 78}], "question": "What word has many modern meanings?", "id": "5a5ad4db9c0277001abe71cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Perhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term heretic, such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often today. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short story \"The Theologians\" within the compilation Labyrinths."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What group did Sultan Selim the Grim label as heretics?", "id": "56de7251cffd8e1900b4b910", "answers": [{"text": "Shia Qizilbash", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What number of Christians did Selim the Grim equate to the killing of one Shiite?", "id": "56de7251cffd8e1900b4b911", "answers": [{"text": "70", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ottoman Sultan Selim the Grim", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who considered Christians more heretical than Shiite?", "id": "5a5ad57e9c0277001abe71d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ottoman Sultan Selim the Grim", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who killed 70 Christians?", "id": "5a5ad57e9c0277001abe71d5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "70 Christians", "answer_start": 169}], "question": "How many Christians needed to be killed to get an otherworldly reward?", "id": "5a5ad57e9c0277001abe71d6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Ottoman Sultan Selim the Grim, regarded the Shia Qizilbash as heretics, reportedly proclaimed that \"the killing of one Shiite had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of law is still in practice in which heresy results in execution?", "id": "56de725c4396321400ee2921", "answers": [{"text": "Sharia law", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What author was declared a heretic and had a bounty placed on his head by the government of Iran?", "id": "56de725c4396321400ee2922", "answers": [{"text": "Salman Rushdie", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sharia law", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "What did Salman Rushdie say was heretical?", "id": "5a5ad6679c0277001abe71da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "heresy", "answer_start": 84}], "question": "What is only punisable by death where Sharia law is practiced?", "id": "5a5ad6679c0277001abe71db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Iran", "answer_start": 189}], "question": "What country declare Sharia law in 1989?", "id": "5a5ad6679c0277001abe71dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In some modern day nations and regions in which Sharia law is ostensibly practiced, heresy remains an offense punishable by death. One example is the 1989 fatwa issued by the government of Iran, offering a substantial bounty for anyone who succeeds in the assassination of author Salman Rushdie, whose writings were declared as heretical."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does Orthodox Judaism regard Jews who depart from traditional practices as?", "id": "56de7280cffd8e1900b4b914", "answers": [{"text": "heretical", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What alignment within Orthodox Judaism view individuals as heretics that reject Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith?", "id": "56de7280cffd8e1900b4b915", "answers": [{"text": "right-wing groups", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which wing of Orthodox Judaism is stated as having a more tolerant view of Conservative Judaism?", "id": "56de7280cffd8e1900b4b917", "answers": [{"text": "The liberal wing", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Orthodox Judaism", "answer_start": 166}], "question": "Who denounces the teachings of Maimonides?", "id": "5a5ad8379c0277001abe71e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Orthodox Judaism", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who considers traditional jewish principles heretical?", "id": "5a5ad8379c0277001abe71e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism", "answer_start": 336}], "question": "Who doeas Conservative Judaism concider heretical?", "id": "5a5ad8379c0277001abe71e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "some theological and practical overlap", "answer_start": 569}], "question": "What overlaps in Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism?", "id": "5a5ad8379c0277001abe71e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Orthodox Judaism considers views on the part of Jews who depart from traditional Jewish principles of faith heretical. In addition, the more right-wing groups within Orthodox Judaism hold that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics. As such, most of Orthodox Judaism considers Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism heretical movements, and regards most of Conservative Judaism as heretical. The liberal wing of Modern Orthodoxy is more tolerant of Conservative Judaism, particularly its right wing, as there is some theological and practical overlap between these groups."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What term is used for the act of using Church of Scientology techniques in contrast to what Hubbard envisioned?", "id": "56de728f4396321400ee2925", "answers": [{"text": "squirreling", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What institution has prosecuted groups that practice outside the official Church without permission?", "id": "56de728f4396321400ee2926", "answers": [{"text": "The Religious Technology Center", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hubbard", "answer_start": 99}], "question": "Who reformed Scientology making splinter groups heretical?", "id": "5a5ad9109c0277001abe71e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "breakaway groups", "answer_start": 255}], "question": "Who accuses the Curch of Scientology of squirrelling?", "id": "5a5ad9109c0277001abe71e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Religious Technology Center", "answer_start": 208}], "question": "What organization has started several breakaway groups?", "id": "5a5ad9109c0277001abe71ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The act of using Church of Scientology techniques in a form different than originally described by Hubbard is referred to within Scientology as \"squirreling\" and is said by Scientologists to be high treason. The Religious Technology Center has prosecuted breakaway groups that have practiced Scientology outside the official Church without authorization."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What must be welcomed in areas for the term do be perceived as complimentary?", "id": "56de739f4396321400ee2929", "answers": [{"text": "innovation", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Isaac Asimov consider heresy as?", "id": "56de739f4396321400ee292a", "answers": [{"text": "an abstraction", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which type of heresy is the scientific community well equipped to defend itself against?", "id": "56de739f4396321400ee292c", "answers": [{"text": "endoheretics", "answer_start": 491}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has heresy within the scientific community repeatedly become?", "id": "56de739f4396321400ee292d", "answers": [{"text": "orthodoxy", "answer_start": 696}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "heresy", "answer_start": 301}], "question": "What term always has negatie overtones?", "id": "5a5adb7e9c0277001abe71ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Isaac Asimov", "answer_start": 277}], "question": "Who did not believe in heresy?", "id": "5a5adb7e9c0277001abe71ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "science orthodoxy", "answer_start": 688}], "question": "Who is not well equipped to deal with endoherectics?", "id": "5a5adb7e9c0277001abe71f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the scientific community", "answer_start": 523}], "question": "Who is powerless against endoheretics?", "id": "5a5adb7e9c0277001abe71f1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstraction, Asimov's views are in Forward: The Role of the Heretic. mentioning religious, political, socioeconomic and scientific heresies. He divided scientific heretics into endoheretics (those from within the scientific community) and exoheretics (those from without). Characteristics were ascribed to both and examples of both kinds were offered. Asimov concluded that science orthodoxy defends itself well against endoheretics (by control of science education, grants and publication as examples), but is nearly powerless against exoheretics. He acknowledged by examples that heresy has repeatedly become orthodoxy."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the title of the book published by Robert T. Bakker regarding mainstream opinion of dinosaurs?", "id": "56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b92c", "answers": [{"text": "The Dinosaur Heresies", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What criticism did Robert T. Bakker share about the paleontologist community regarding the last fifty years?", "id": "56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b92d", "answers": [{"text": "the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What film did Robert T. Bakker's book reportedly influence?", "id": "56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b92e", "answers": [{"text": "Jurassic Park", "answer_start": 513}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of poses did the book's illustrations portray dinosaurs as?", "id": "56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b92f", "answers": [{"text": "active poses", "answer_start": 583}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What label is associated with Robert T. Bakker as a result of his work?", "id": "56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b930", "answers": [{"text": "endoheretic", "answer_start": 692}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Robert T. Bakker", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "Who is a modern example of an exoheretic?", "id": "5a5adcad9c0277001abe71f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jurassic Park", "answer_start": 513}], "question": "What film did Bakker base his book off of?", "id": "5a5adcad9c0277001abe71f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dinosaur orthodoxy", "answer_start": 291}], "question": "What did Bakker criticize the paleontology community for spenting fifty years testing?", "id": "5a5adcad9c0277001abe71f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "new terminology", "answer_start": 381}], "question": "What did Bakker see as destabalizing?", "id": "5a5adcad9c0277001abe71f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. \"I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough.\" page 27 \"Most taxonomists, however, have viewed such new terminology as dangerously destabilizing to the traditional and well-known scheme...\" page 462. This book apparently influenced Jurassic Park. The illustrations by the author show dinosaurs in very active poses, in contrast to the traditional perception of lethargy. He is an example of a recent scientific endoheretic."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What label is associated with Immanuel Velikovsky due to his works outside the accepted discipline?", "id": "56de73eb4396321400ee2933", "answers": [{"text": "exoheretic", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What medium did Immanuel Velikovsky not publish his works in that is accepted practice?", "id": "56de73eb4396321400ee2934", "answers": [{"text": "scientific journals", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two examples of ideas from Immanuel Velikovsky are stated as to have gained some acceptance?", "id": "56de73eb4396321400ee2935", "answers": [{"text": "extinction event and punctuated equilibrium", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Immanuel Velikovsky", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who is a recent scientific endoheretic?", "id": "5a5add719c0277001abe71fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "scientific journals", "answer_start": 142}], "question": "What did Velikovsky publish in?", "id": "5a5add719c0277001abe71ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "extinction event and punctuated equilibrium", "answer_start": 258}], "question": "What ideas of Velvovsky are in disrepute?", "id": "5a5add719c0277001abe7200", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Immanuel Velikovsky", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who's work is widely excepted among scientest today?", "id": "5a5add719c0277001abe7201", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) has gained acceptance in recent decades."}, {"qas": [{"question": "By definition, what contrast does heresy depend on?", "id": "56de73fbcffd8e1900b4b936", "answers": [{"text": "an established orthodoxy", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What figure of speech is the word heresy commonly used as in present day scenarios?", "id": "56de73fbcffd8e1900b4b937", "answers": [{"text": "metaphors", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "heresy", "answer_start": 107}], "question": "What does orthodoxy depend on?", "id": "5a5ade449c0277001abe7206", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "heresy,", "answer_start": 313}], "question": "What term expands the definition of religion?", "id": "5a5ade449c0277001abe7207", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "heresy,", "answer_start": 313}], "question": "What points out the similarities between an individuals beliefs and mainstream beliefs?", "id": "5a5ade449c0277001abe7208", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a \"Wall Street heresy\" a \"Democratic heresy\" or a \"Republican heresy,\" are metaphors that invariably retain a subtext that links orthodoxies in geology or biology or any other field to religion. These expanded metaphoric senses allude to both the difference between the person's views and the mainstream and the boldness of such a person in propounding these views."}]}, {"title": "Warsaw_Pact", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "In which year was the Warsaw Pact established?", "id": "56de82f5cffd8e1900b4b9b2", "answers": [{"text": "1955", "answer_start": 573}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which nation formed the nucleus of the Warsaw Pact?", "id": "56de82f5cffd8e1900b4b9b3", "answers": [{"text": "Soviet Union", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which conflict was the impetus for the formation of the Pact?", "id": "56de82f5cffd8e1900b4b9b4", "answers": [{"text": "the Cold War", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Soviet allied countries were members of the Warsaw Pact?", "id": "56deff93c65bf219000b3eb7", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The acceptance of which country into NATO prompted the formation of the Warsaw Pact?", "id": "56deff93c65bf219000b3eb8", "answers": [{"text": "West Germany", "answer_start": 547}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Warsaw Pact", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What was formally known as the Pact of Friendship?", "id": "5ad54e6b5b96ef001a10ac6e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Warsaw Pact", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "Which treaty included the Soviet Union and eight Soviet satellite states?", "id": "5ad54e6b5b96ef001a10ac6f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "West Germany", "answer_start": 547}], "question": "The Paris Pacts of 1955 integrated whom into NATO?", "id": "5ad54e6b5b96ef001a10ac70", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1955", "answer_start": 573}], "question": "East Germany was integrated in NATO in what year?", "id": "5ad54e6b5b96ef001a10ac71", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the communist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the Paris Pacts of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which organization was in direct competition with the Warsaw Pact?", "id": "56de83744396321400ee29bf", "answers": [{"text": "NATO", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which nation saw the most significant Warsaw Pact military deployment? ", "id": "56de83744396321400ee29c0", "answers": [{"text": "Czechoslovakia", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the Polish revolutionary movement which the Warsaw Pact failed to suppress?", "id": "56de83744396321400ee29c1", "answers": [{"text": "Solidarity", "answer_start": 580}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which country saw the largest Warsaw Pact deployment? ", "id": "56deffef3277331400b4d87d", "answers": [{"text": "Czechoslovakia", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year did the Warsaw Pact cease to function effectively? ", "id": "56deffef3277331400b4d87e", "answers": [{"text": "1989", "answer_start": 525}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the Polish labor movement which successfully defied the Warsaw Pact?", "id": "56deffef3277331400b4d87f", "answers": [{"text": "Solidarity", "answer_start": 580}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "NATO", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "There was direct confrontation between the Warsaw Pact and which organization?", "id": "5ad54f595b96ef001a10ac80", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Czechoslovakia", "answer_start": 385}], "question": "Which nation saw the most significant Warsaw Pact economic deployment?", "id": "5ad54f595b96ef001a10ac81", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Pact", "answer_start": 473}], "question": "Who functioned successfully when the Revolutions of 1989 spread through Easter Europe?", "id": "5ad54f595b96ef001a10ac82", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Solidarity", "answer_start": 580}], "question": "What was the name of the Albanian revolutionary movement which the Warsaw Pact failed to suppress?", "id": "5ad54f595b96ef001a10ac83", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsaw Pact's largest military engagement was Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (with the participation of all Pact nations except Romania and Albania). The Pact failed to function when the Revolutions of 1989 spread through Eastern Europe, beginning with the Solidarity movement in Poland and its success in June 1989."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In which country did the Warsaw Pact dissolution meeting take place?", "id": "56de83e34396321400ee29c6", "answers": [{"text": "Hungary", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the president of Czechoslovakia during the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact? ", "id": "56df006ec65bf219000b3ec0", "answers": [{"text": "V\u00e1clav Havel", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "USSR", "answer_start": 358}], "question": "Which country was dissolved in February 1991?", "id": "5ad550815b96ef001a10ac98", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "V\u00e1clav Havel", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "Who was the president of Hungary during the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact?", "id": "5ad550815b96ef001a10ac99", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hungary", "answer_start": 143}], "question": "The Pact ended at a 1 July 1991 meeting in which country?", "id": "5ad550815b96ef001a10ac9a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hungary", "answer_start": 143}], "question": "Which country held the 1 July 1991 meeting to dissolve the Warsaw Pact?", "id": "5ad550815b96ef001a10ac9b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On 25 February 1991, the Pact was declared at an end at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from the remaining member states meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, the Czechoslovak President V\u00e1clav Havel formally declared an end to the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance which had been established in 1955. The USSR itself was dissolved in December 1991."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Despite being headquartered in Poland, the top-ranking operatives of the Warsaw Pact were from which country?", "id": "56de848fcffd8e1900b4b9d0", "answers": [{"text": "the USSR", "answer_start": 461}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which nation was in effective control of both political and military functions of the Warsaw Pact?", "id": "56df00c33277331400b4d88d", "answers": [{"text": "the USSR", "answer_start": 461}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization", "answer_start": 254}], "question": "Who was also a Second Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR?", "id": "5ad552845b96ef001a10aca0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Chief of Combined Staff of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization", "answer_start": 475}], "question": "Who was also a Second Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR?", "id": "5ad552845b96ef001a10aca1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "USSR", "answer_start": 731}], "question": "Who did not dominate the Warsaw Treaty armed forces?", "id": "5ad552845b96ef001a10aca2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Political Consultative Committee", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "What committee handled the assigned multi-national forces?", "id": "5ad552845b96ef001a10aca3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization which commands and controls all the military forces of the member countries was also a First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, and the Chief of Combined Staff of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization was also a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Therefore, although ostensibly an international collective security alliance, the USSR dominated the Warsaw Treaty armed forces."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which ideologies did the Soviet Union aspire to lead around the globe?", "id": "56de8542cffd8e1900b4b9d8", "answers": [{"text": "socialism and communism", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Soviet leader formed doctrine aimed at keeping socialist satellite nations in line?", "id": "56de8542cffd8e1900b4b9d9", "answers": [{"text": "Brezhnev", "answer_start": 528}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Soviet Union feared invasion from which potential enemy?", "id": "56de8542cffd8e1900b4b9da", "answers": [{"text": "Western Europe", "answer_start": 639}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Soviet Union", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "Who wanted to dominate Western and Eastern Europe?", "id": "5ad567e55b96ef001a10ae08", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Soviet Union", "answer_start": 221}], "question": "Which country wanted to define socialism and liberalism?", "id": "5ad567e55b96ef001a10ae09", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Soviet Union", "answer_start": 586}], "question": "Who feared invasion from Eastern Europe?", "id": "5ad567e55b96ef001a10ae0a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Brezhnev", "answer_start": 528}], "question": "Which doctrine aimed against keeping socialist satellite nations in line?", "id": "5ad567e55b96ef001a10ae0b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The strategy behind the formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by the desire of the Soviet Union to dominate Central and Eastern Europe. This policy was driven by ideological and geostrategic reasons. Ideologically, the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as the leader of the global socialist movement. A corollary to this idea was the necessity of intervention if a country appeared to be violating core socialist ideas and Communist Party functions, which was explicitly stated in the Brezhnev Doctrine. Geostrategic principles also drove the Soviet Union to prevent invasion of its territory by Western European powers."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by fears of which country rearming itself?", "id": "56df02483277331400b4d8a1", "answers": [{"text": "West Germany", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which country sought NATO admission in response to the fear of German rearmament?", "id": "56df02483277331400b4d8a2", "answers": [{"text": "the USSR", "answer_start": 817}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Czechoslovak", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "Which leadership had no fear of Germany?", "id": "5ad56a065b96ef001a10ae40", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "East Germany and Poland", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "What states protested for the re-militarization of West Germany?", "id": "5ad56a065b96ef001a10ae41", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Soviet leaders", "answer_start": 322}], "question": "Who feared Poland becoming once again a military power?", "id": "5ad56a065b96ef001a10ae42", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "NATO", "answer_start": 739}], "question": "What officials said the Pact was a \"superfluous castle\"?", "id": "5ad56a065b96ef001a10ae43", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Before creation of Warsaw Pact, fearing Germany rearmed, Czechoslovak leadership sought to create security pact with East Germany and Poland. These states protested strongly against re-militarization of West Germany. The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming of West Germany inside NATO. Soviet leaders, as many European countries in both western and eastern side, feared Germany being once again a military power as a direct threat and German militarism remained a fresh memory among Soviets and Eastern Europeans. As Soviet Union had already bilateral treaties with all of its eastern satellites, the Pact has been long considered 'superfluous', and because of the rushed way in which it was conceived, NATO officials labeled it as a 'cardboard castle'. Previously, in March 1954, the USSR, fearing the restoration of German Militarism in West Germany, requested admission to NATO."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the Soviet minister who proposed German reunification?", "id": "56df03473277331400b4d8ab", "answers": [{"text": "Molotov", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was reunification first proposed as an idea?", "id": "56df03473277331400b4d8ac", "answers": [{"text": "1952", "answer_start": 482}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Soviet", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "Who wanted to join NATO after the Berlin Conference of January-June 1954?", "id": "5ad56b055b96ef001a10ae52", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Soviet foreign minister Molotov", "answer_start": 106}], "question": "Who made proposals to have Germany dismantled?", "id": "5ad56b055b96ef001a10ae53", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "German reunification", "answer_start": 502}], "question": "In 1942, what was first proposed as an idea?", "id": "5ad56b055b96ef001a10ae54", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United Kingdom, France, and the United States", "answer_start": 581}], "question": "Which countries believed Germany should not be free to rearm?", "id": "5ad56b055b96ef001a10ae55", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Soviet request to join NATO arose in the aftermath of the Berlin Conference of January\u2013February 1954. Soviet foreign minister Molotov made proposals to have Germany reunified and elections for a pan-German government, under conditions of withdrawal of the four powers armies and German neutrality, but all were refused by the other foreign ministers, Dulles (USA), Eden (UK) and Bidault (France). Proposals for the reunification of Germany were nothing new: earlier on 20 March 1952, talks about a German reunification, initiated by the socalled 'Stalin Note', ended after the United Kingdom, France, and the United States insisted that a unified Germany should not be neutral and should be free to join the European Defence Community and rearm. James Dunn (USA), who met in Paris with Eden, Adenauer and Robert Schuman (France), affirmed that \"the object should be to avoid discussion with the Russians and to press on the European Defense Community\". According to John Gaddis \"there was little inclination in Western capitals to explore this offer\" from USSR. While historian Rolf Steininger asserts that Adenauer's conviction that \u201cneutralization means sovietization\u201d was the main factor in the rejection of the soviet proposals, Adenauer also feared that unification might have resulted in the end of the CDU's dominance in the Bundestag."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The omission of which nation from involvement in the proposed security system led to its NATO opposition?", "id": "56df047bc65bf219000b3edf", "answers": [{"text": "the USA", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "EDC", "answer_start": 89}], "question": "The European Treaty was accepted by which group?", "id": "5ad56c6d5b96ef001a10ae74", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "European", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "Supporters of the European Defense Community were in favor of what treaty?", "id": "5ad56c6d5b96ef001a10ae75", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "European Treaty", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "The UK was initially excluded from participating in which agreement?", "id": "5ad56c6d5b96ef001a10ae76", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Palewski", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "One of the leaders who supported the European Defense Community was whom?", "id": "5ad56c6d5b96ef001a10ae77", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "One month later, the proposed European Treaty was rejected not only by supporters of the EDC but also by western opponents of the European Defense Community (like French Gaullist leader Palewski) who perceived it as \"unacceptable in its present form because it excludes the USA from participation in the collective security system in Europe\". The Soviets then decided to make a new proposal to the governments of the USA, UK and France stating to accept the participation of the USA in the proposed General European Agreement. And considering that another argument deployed against the Soviet proposal was that it was perceived by western powers as \"directed against the North Atlantic Pact and its liquidation\", the Soviets decided to declare their \"readiness to examine jointly with other interested parties the question of the participation of the USSR in the North Atlantic bloc\", specifying that \"the admittance of the USA into the General European Agreement should not be conditional on the three western powers agreeing to the USSR joining the North Atlantic Pact\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the general who spoke out against the USSR joining NATO?", "id": "56df0af2c65bf219000b3ef3", "answers": [{"text": "Hastings Ismay", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what did the British general compare the USSR in his opposition to their joining NATO?", "id": "56df0af2c65bf219000b3ef4", "answers": [{"text": "burglar", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "UK, US, and French", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "The USSR's request to join NATO was accepted by which governments?", "id": "5ad56d0c5b96ef001a10ae7c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "NATO expansion", "answer_start": 196}], "question": "French General Hastings Ismay was a supporter of what?", "id": "5ad56d0c5b96ef001a10ae7d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hastings Ismay", "answer_start": 167}], "question": "Who supported the USSR's 1954 request to join NATO?", "id": "5ad56d0c5b96ef001a10ae7e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force", "answer_start": 409}], "question": "French General Hastings Ismay compared the USSR joining NATO to what?", "id": "5ad56d0c5b96ef001a10ae7f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Again all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by UK, US, and French governments shortly after. Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO \"must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella.\" He opposed the request to join NATO made by the USSR in 1954 saying that \"the Soviet request to join NATO is like an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Konrad Adenauer first visit the United States?", "id": "56df0bf73277331400b4d919", "answers": [{"text": "1954", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Adenauer", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "Who made his second visit to the US in April 1954?", "id": "5ad56da45b96ef001a10ae8e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Adenauer", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "Who met Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles in May 1954?", "id": "5ad56da45b96ef001a10ae8f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "US representatives", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "Who made it clear to Adenauer that NATO would have to become part of the EDC?", "id": "5ad56da45b96ef001a10ae90", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ratification of EDC", "answer_start": 93}], "question": "What had no delays?", "id": "5ad56da45b96ef001a10ae91", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In April 1954 Adenauer made his first visit to the USA meeting Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles. Ratification of EDC was delaying but the US representatives made it clear to Adenauer that EDC would have to become a part of NATO."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which NATO country feared a unified and rearmed Germany?", "id": "56df114cc65bf219000b3f1d", "answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nazi", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "Memories of what occupation were fading by 1954?", "id": "5ad56e595b96ef001a10ae96", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Germany", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "France had no fear of what country?", "id": "5ad56e595b96ef001a10ae97", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "French", "answer_start": 125}], "question": "Which parliament rejected the EDC on 30 April 1954?", "id": "5ad56e595b96ef001a10ae98", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "US", "answer_start": 298}], "question": "Which country wanted to keep Germany militarily against the West?", "id": "5ad56e595b96ef001a10ae99", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Memories of the Nazi occupation were still strong, and the rearmament of Germany was feared by France too. On 30 August 1954 French Parliament rejected the EDC, thus ensuring its failure and blocking a major objective of US policy towards Europe: to associate Germany militarily with the West. The US Department of State started to elaborate alternatives: Germany would be invited to join NATO or, in the case of French obstructionism, strategies to circumvent a French veto would be implemented in order to obtain a German rearmament outside NATO."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In which year was West Germany admitted to NATO?", "id": "56df11aac65bf219000b3f1f", "answers": [{"text": "1954", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Halvard Lange was a minister of which NATO member?", "id": "56df11aac65bf219000b3f20", "answers": [{"text": "Norway", "answer_start": 412}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nazi Germany", "answer_start": 78}], "question": "Who ended WWII in Europe by defeating the Allies?", "id": "5ad56f1b5b96ef001a10aeb0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the admission of the Federal Republic of Germany to the North Atlantic Pact", "answer_start": 123}], "question": "What was decided on 13 October 1954?", "id": "5ad56f1b5b96ef001a10aeb1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "9 May 1955", "answer_start": 279}], "question": "East Germany was accepted to the North Atlantic Pact on what date?", "id": "5ad56f1b5b96ef001a10aeb2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Halvard Lange", "answer_start": 369}], "question": "Who was Foreign Affairs Minister of Germany in 1955?", "id": "5ad56f1b5b96ef001a10aeb3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "USSR", "answer_start": 454}], "question": "Who requested a new European Security Treaty in April 1954?", "id": "5ad56f1b5b96ef001a10aeb4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On 23 October 1954 \u2013 only nine years after Allies (UK, USA and USSR) defeated Nazi Germany ending World War II in Europe \u2013 the admission of the Federal Republic of Germany to the North Atlantic Pact was finally decided. The incorporation of West Germany into the organization on 9 May 1955 was described as \"a decisive turning point in the history of our continent\" by Halvard Lange, Foreign Affairs Minister of Norway at the time. In November 1954, the USSR requested a new European Security Treaty, in order to make a final attempt to not have a remilitarized West Germany potentially opposed to the Soviet Union, with no success."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In which month of 1955 was this pact declared?", "id": "56df12383277331400b4d93e", "answers": [{"text": "May", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "14 May 1955", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "The USSR and eight other European countries formed the Warsaw Pact on what date?", "id": "5ad56fb25b96ef001a10aeba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Warsaw", "answer_start": 270}], "question": "What pact was declared in May 1956?", "id": "5ad56fb25b96ef001a10aebb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Warsaw", "answer_start": 270}], "question": "Which pact was formed in response to the separation of the Federal Republic of Germany into NATO?", "id": "5ad56fb25b96ef001a10aebc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Federal Republic of Germany", "answer_start": 320}], "question": "Which country was separated from NATO?", "id": "5ad56fb25b96ef001a10aebd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On 14 May 1955, the USSR and other seven European countries \"reaffirming their desire for the establishment of a system of European collective security based on the participation of all European states irrespective of their social and political systems\" established the Warsaw Pact in response to the integration of the Federal Republic of Germany into NATO, declaring that: \"a remilitarized Western Germany and the integration of the latter in the North-Atlantic bloc [...] increase the danger of another war and constitutes a threat to the national security of the peaceable states; [...] in these circumstances the peaceable European states must take the necessary measures to safeguard their security\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which nation was permitted rearmament by the foundation of the Warsaw Pact?", "id": "56df12853277331400b4d94f", "answers": [{"text": "East Germany", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the East German armed forces?", "id": "56df12853277331400b4d950", "answers": [{"text": "the National People's Army", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "East Germany", "answer_start": 29}], "question": "Which country was banned from rearming?", "id": "5ad570205b96ef001a10aecc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Soviet Union", "answer_start": 71}], "question": "Who allowed West Germany to re-arm?", "id": "5ad570205b96ef001a10aecd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "National People's Army", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "West Germany's army was know as what?", "id": "5ad570205b96ef001a10aece", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "National People's Army", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "West Germany formed what army to counter to rearmament of East Germany?", "id": "5ad570205b96ef001a10aecf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "One of the founding members, East Germany was allowed to re-arm by the Soviet Union and the National People's Army was established as the armed forces of the country to counter the rearmament of West Germany."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many countries formed the initial Warsaw Pact membership?", "id": "56df12ec3277331400b4d953", "answers": [{"text": "eight", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mutual", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "The nine countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged what defense?", "id": "5ad570a95b96ef001a10aed4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "treaty signatories", "answer_start": 130}], "question": "Whose relations were based on mutual intervention?", "id": "5ad570a95b96ef001a10aed5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Soviet Union", "answer_start": 389}], "question": "All governments in the the Warsaw Pact were controlled by whom?", "id": "5ad570a95b96ef001a10aed6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Warsaw", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "Nine member countries formed what pact?", "id": "5ad570a95b96ef001a10aed7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged the mutual defense of any member who would be attacked. Relations among the treaty signatories were based upon mutual non-intervention in the internal affairs of the member countries, respect for national sovereignty, and political independence. However, almost all governments of those member states were indirectly controlled by the Soviet Union."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In which year did Mongolia seek entry in the Warsaw Pact?", "id": "56df13573277331400b4d957", "answers": [{"text": "1963", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year were Soviet forces scheduled to leave Mongolia? ", "id": "56df13573277331400b4d959", "answers": [{"text": "1966", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mongolian People's Republic", "answer_start": 17}], "question": "Who asked to join the Warsaw Pact in January 1963?", "id": "5ad5712c5b96ef001a10aee4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mongolian People's Republic", "answer_start": 17}], "question": "Who asked to join the Warsaw Pact under Article 10?", "id": "5ad5712c5b96ef001a10aee5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mongolia", "answer_start": 257}], "question": "Which group was removed from observer status?", "id": "5ad5712c5b96ef001a10aee6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Soviet", "answer_start": 295}], "question": "Whose troops agrees to stay in Mongolia from 1956?", "id": "5ad5712c5b96ef001a10aee7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In July 1963 the Mongolian People's Republic asked to join the Warsaw Pact under Article 9 of the treaty. For this purpose a special protocol should have been taken since the text of the treaty applied only to Europe. Due to the emerging Sino-Soviet split, Mongolia remained on observer status. Soviet stationing troops were agreed to stay in Mongolia from 1966."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the focus of both alliances' policies towards the other in lieu of direct fighting?", "id": "56df13b6c65bf219000b3f3b", "answers": [{"text": "containment", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which continent was considered to be at the center of NATO/Warsaw Pact intrigues?", "id": "56df13b6c65bf219000b3f3c", "answers": [{"text": "Europe", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "NATO and the Warsaw Pact", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "Who waged war against each other for 36 years?", "id": "5ad571d45b96ef001a10aef6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "war", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "NATO and the US never waged what against each other?", "id": "5ad571d45b96ef001a10aef7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies", "answer_start": 98}], "question": "Who created strategic policies aimed at containment?", "id": "5ad571d45b96ef001a10aef8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies", "answer_start": 98}], "question": "Who fought for influence during WWII?", "id": "5ad571d45b96ef001a10aef9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "For 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the international stage."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In which year did Hungary attempt to leave the Warsaw Pact?", "id": "56df14683277331400b4d95d", "answers": [{"text": "1956", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the head of the Hungarian government at the time of the revolt?", "id": "56df14683277331400b4d95f", "answers": [{"text": "Imre Nagy", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hungary", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "Which country withdrew from the Warsaw Pact in 1966?", "id": "5ad572595b96ef001a10aefe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Soviet", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "Whose troops entered Hungary and supported thier government?", "id": "5ad572595b96ef001a10aeff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Soviet", "answer_start": 172}], "question": "Whose forces supported the nationwide revolt?", "id": "5ad572595b96ef001a10af00", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hungary", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "250,000 of whose citizens dies after withdrawing from the Warsaw Pact?", "id": "5ad572595b96ef001a10af01", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government. Soviet forces crushed the nationwide revolt, leading to the death of an estimated 2,500 Hungarian citizens."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In which year was the Warsaw Pact activated in a joint action?", "id": "56df14d0c65bf219000b3f49", "answers": [{"text": "1968", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which country did the Pact conquer?", "id": "56df14d0c65bf219000b3f4a", "answers": [{"text": "Czechoslovakia", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Czechoslovakia", "answer_start": 93}], "question": "What country was invaded in August 1998?", "id": "5ad572f65b96ef001a10af10", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania", "answer_start": 172}], "question": "Which two countries supported the invasion in Czechoslovakia?", "id": "5ad572f65b96ef001a10af11", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1968", "answer_start": 118}], "question": "Czechoslovakia invaded Albania in what year?", "id": "5ad572f65b96ef001a10af12", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Czechoslovakia", "answer_start": 93}], "question": "The Socialist Republic of Romania supported the invasion of what country?", "id": "5ad572f65b96ef001a10af13", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania participated in the invasion."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In which country did Warsaw Pact officials meet to dissolve the alliance?", "id": "56df18663277331400b4d981", "answers": [{"text": "Hungary", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year did Romania overthrow its communist government?", "id": "56df18663277331400b4d982", "answers": [{"text": "1989", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For how many years did the Warsaw Pact formally exist?", "id": "56df18663277331400b4d983", "answers": [{"text": "36", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Warsaw", "answer_start": 25}], "question": "What pact was disbanded on 15 February 1991?", "id": "5ad573a55b96ef001a10af18", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hungary", "answer_start": 147}], "question": "In which country was the Warsaw Pact disbanded in 1981?", "id": "5ad573a55b96ef001a10af19", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance", "answer_start": 247}], "question": "Which treaty was ended on 1 January 1991?", "id": "5ad573a55b96ef001a10af1a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Warsaw Treaty", "answer_start": 350}], "question": "Which treaty was de facto disbanded during the 1989 violent revolution in Russia?", "id": "5ad573a55b96ef001a10af1b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President V\u00e1clav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR. In fact, the treaty was de facto disbanded in December 1989 during the violent revolution in Romania, which toppled the communist government, without military intervention form other member states. The USSR disestablished itself in December 1991."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which former Eastern Bloc country was the latest to join NATO?", "id": "56df18c9c65bf219000b3f55", "answers": [{"text": "Albania", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year did Poland join NATO?", "id": "56df18c9c65bf219000b3f56", "answers": [{"text": "1999", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year did Slovakia join NATO? ", "id": "56df18c9c65bf219000b3f57", "answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "Which countries joined NATO on 12 May 1999?", "id": "5ad5740b5b96ef001a10af20", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Slovakia", "answer_start": 71}], "question": "Which countries joined NATO in May 2004?", "id": "5ad5740b5b96ef001a10af21", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Albania", "answer_start": 153}], "question": "Which country joined NATO on 11 April 2009?", "id": "5ad5740b5b96ef001a10af22", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "NATO", "answer_start": 65}], "question": "Hungary joined which organization in March 2004?", "id": "5ad5740b5b96ef001a10af23", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "NATO", "answer_start": 65}], "question": "Poland joined which organization in March 2004?", "id": "5ad5740b5b96ef001a10af24", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In which year did Poland declassify most of its Warsaw Pact-era archives?", "id": "56df1961c65bf219000b3f5b", "answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many documents remain classified?", "id": "56df1961c65bf219000b3f5c", "answers": [{"text": "70", "answer_start": 348}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the Warsaw Pact's planned counteroffensive to a NATO first strike?", "id": "56df1961c65bf219000b3f5d", "answers": [{"text": "Seven Days to the River Rhine", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many nuclear weapons were eventually housed in Poland?", "id": "56df1961c65bf219000b3f5e", "answers": [{"text": "250", "answer_start": 905}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year was the counteroffensive strategy first conceived?", "id": "56df1961c65bf219000b3f5f", "answers": [{"text": "1979", "answer_start": 683}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Institute of National Remembrance", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "Who published classified documents in January 2006?", "id": "5ad574b85b96ef001a10af2a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Polish government", "answer_start": 189}], "question": "Who reserved publication of 1000 documents?", "id": "5ad574b85b96ef001a10af2b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine", "answer_start": 754}], "question": "What originated as a 1989 field training exercise war game?", "id": "5ad574b85b96ef001a10af2c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Seven Days to the River Rhine", "answer_start": 989}], "question": "What plan gave commanders many defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO?", "id": "5ad574b85b96ef001a10af2d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine \u2013 a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s \u2013 which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Molotov", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "Who made a proposal for a General European Treaty on Collective Identity in Europe?", "id": "5ad56b9b5b96ef001a10ae5a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "General European Treaty on Collective Security in Europe", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "What treaty would make the EDC usable?", "id": "5ad56b9b5b96ef001a10ae5b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "General European Treaty on Collective Security in Europe", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "Which treaty would be open to only some European states?", "id": "5ad56b9b5b96ef001a10ae5c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Molotov", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "Who feared the EDC would work with the USSR?", "id": "5ad56b9b5b96ef001a10ae5d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Consequently, Molotov, fearing that EDC would be directed in the future against the USSR therefore \"seeking to prevent the formation of groups of European States directed against other European States\", made a proposal for a General European Treaty on Collective Security in Europe \"open to all European States without regard as to their social systems\" which would have included the unified Germany (thus making the EDC \u2013 perceived by the USSR as a threat \u2013 unusable). But Eden, Dulles and Bidault opposed the proposal."}]}, {"title": "Materialism", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What is materialism?", "id": "56de92c1cffd8e1900b4b9fc", "answers": [{"text": "a form of philosophical monism", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In nature, this is an essential substance?", "id": "56de92c1cffd8e1900b4b9fd", "answers": [{"text": "matter", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "matter", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "What is not a fundamental substance in nature? ", "id": "5acd09a507355d001abf31fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "consciousness", "answer_start": 165}], "question": "Mental phenomena and what else are not identical with material interactions?", "id": "5acd09a507355d001abf31fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "matter is the fundamental substance in nature", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "What is the definition of philosophical monism?", "id": "5acd09a507355d001abf31fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all phenomena, including mental phenomena and consciousness, are identical with material interactions."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are some examples of philosophical physicalism?", "id": "56de936b4396321400ee2a30", "answers": [{"text": "spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter", "answer_start": 295}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Some people consider physicalism to be synonymous with what?", "id": "56de936b4396321400ee2a31", "answers": [{"text": "Materialism", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the view that all that exists is ultimately physical", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "What is the definition of non-physicalism? ", "id": "5acd0a0107355d001abf3200", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the view that all that exists is ultimately physical", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "What is the definition of non-materialism?", "id": "5acd0a0107355d001abf3201", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Philosophical physicalism", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "What has devolved from materialism? ", "id": "5acd0a0107355d001abf3202", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "physicalism", "answer_start": 375}], "question": "What term is not preferred over materialism? ", "id": "5acd0a0107355d001abf3203", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Materialism is closely related to physicalism, the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. Philosophical physicalism has evolved from materialism with the discoveries of the physical sciences to incorporate more sophisticated notions of physicality than mere ordinary matter, such as: spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter, and so on. Thus the term \"physicalism\" is preferred over \"materialism\" by some, while others use the terms as if they are synonymous."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What class does materialism belong to?", "id": "56de94434396321400ee2a3b", "answers": [{"text": "monist ontology", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "it is different from ontological theories based on dualism or pluralism", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "Why does materialism belong in monist ontology?", "id": "5acd0a8407355d001abf3208", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pluralism", "answer_start": 124}], "question": "Monist ontology is the same as dualism and what else? ", "id": "5acd0a8407355d001abf3209", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "spiritualism", "answer_start": 254}], "question": "Materialism is the same as idealism, neutral monism, and what else? ", "id": "5acd0a8407355d001abf320a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "singular explanations of the phenomenal reality", "answer_start": 139}], "question": "What is the definition of neutral monism?", "id": "5acd0a8407355d001abf320b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pluralism", "answer_start": 124}], "question": "What is synonymous with dualism? ", "id": "5acd0a8407355d001abf320c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Materialism belongs to the class of monist ontology. As such, it is different from ontological theories based on dualism or pluralism. For singular explanations of the phenomenal reality, materialism would be in contrast to idealism, neutral monism, and spiritualism."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the first question to ask in order to define the two classes?", "id": "56de957acffd8e1900b4ba02", "answers": [{"text": "\"what does reality consist of?\"", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the second question to ask in order to define the two classes?", "id": "56de957acffd8e1900b4ba03", "answers": [{"text": "\"how does it originate?\"", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "An idealist considers what as the most important?", "id": "56de957acffd8e1900b4ba04", "answers": [{"text": "spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas)", "answer_start": 475}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A materialist considers what as the most important?", "id": "56de957acffd8e1900b4ba05", "answers": [{"text": "matter", "answer_start": 538}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "what does reality consist of?", "answer_start": 401}], "question": "What is the last question to ask in order to define the two classes?", "id": "5acd0b0407355d001abf3222", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "matter", "answer_start": 573}], "question": "A materialist considers what as the least important?", "id": "5acd0b0407355d001abf3223", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mind or spirit or ideas", "answer_start": 596}], "question": "A materialist considers what as the second to least important?", "id": "5acd0b0407355d001abf3224", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas)", "answer_start": 475}], "question": " An idealist considers what as the least important?", "id": "5acd0b0407355d001abf3225", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "matter", "answer_start": 538}], "question": " An idealist considers what as the second to least important?", "id": "5acd0b0407355d001abf3226", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Despite the large number of philosophical schools and subtle nuances between many, all philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, which are defined in contrast to each other: Idealism, and materialism.[a] The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of reality, and the primary distinction between them is the way they answer two fundamental questions: \"what does reality consist of?\" and \"how does it originate?\" To idealists, spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas) are primary, and matter secondary. To materialists, matter is primary, and mind or spirit or ideas are secondary, the product of matter acting upon matter."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Was Ren\u00e9 Descartes an idealist or a materialist?", "id": "56de9609cffd8e1900b4ba0b", "answers": [{"text": "materialist", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Materialism does not define what?", "id": "56de9609cffd8e1900b4ba0c", "answers": [{"text": "how material substance should be characterized.", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "opposition to the doctrines of immaterial substance applied to the mind", "answer_start": 55}], "question": "Why was Ren\u00e9 Descartes declared a materialist? ", "id": "5acd0be607355d001abf323c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "frequently assimilated to one variety of physicalism or another", "answer_start": 286}], "question": "What does materialism say about how substance should be characterized?", "id": "5acd0be607355d001abf323d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "how material substance should be characterized.", "answer_start": 219}], "question": "Materialism defines what?", "id": "5acd0be607355d001abf323e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one variety of physicalism or another", "answer_start": 312}], "question": "Materialism is not frequently assimilated to what? ", "id": "5acd0be607355d001abf323f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The materialist view is perhaps best understood in its opposition to the doctrines of immaterial substance applied to the mind historically, famously by Ren\u00e9 Descartes. However, by itself materialism says nothing about how material substance should be characterized. In practice, it is frequently assimilated to one variety of physicalism or another."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of materialism defined the Marxist philosophy?", "id": "56de997dcffd8e1900b4ba22", "answers": [{"text": "dialectical materialism", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "19th century", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "When was Karl Marx born?", "id": "5acd0dfc07355d001abf3286", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "19th century", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "When was Friedrich Engels born? ", "id": "5acd0dfc07355d001abf3287", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Later Marxists", "answer_start": 340}], "question": "Which era of Marxists rejected the notion of dialectical materialism? ", "id": "5acd0dfc07355d001abf3288", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Friedrich Engels", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "Who was Karl Marx's enemy? ", "id": "5acd0dfc07355d001abf3289", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dialectical materialism", "answer_start": 379}], "question": "What type of materialism did not define the Marxist philosophy?", "id": "5acd0dfc07355d001abf328a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the 19th century, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels extended the concept of materialism to elaborate a materialist conception of history centered on the roughly empirical world of human activity (practice, including labor) and the institutions created, reproduced, or destroyed by that activity (see materialist conception of history). Later Marxists developed the notion of dialectical materialism which characterized later Marxist philosophy and method."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who coined the Axial Age?", "id": "56de99cfcffd8e1900b4ba26", "answers": [{"text": "Karl Jaspers", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what part of the world did materialism develop during the Axial Age?", "id": "56de99cfcffd8e1900b4ba27", "answers": [{"text": "Eurasia", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Karl Jaspers", "answer_start": 114}], "question": "Who coined the non-Axial Age?", "id": "5acd0e5407355d001abf329a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eurasia", "answer_start": 94}], "question": "In what part of the world did materialism develop during the non-Axial Age?", "id": "5acd0e5407355d001abf329b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "approximately 800", "answer_start": 149}], "question": "When was Karl Jaspers born? ", "id": "5acd0e5407355d001abf329c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "200 BC", "answer_start": 170}], "question": "When did Karl Jaspers die?", "id": "5acd0e5407355d001abf329d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Materialism", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What did not develop in Eurasia?", "id": "5acd0e5407355d001abf329e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Materialism developed, possibly independently, in several geographically separated regions of Eurasia during what Karl Jaspers termed the Axial Age (approximately 800 to 200 BC)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Around what time did materialism become part of Ancient Indian philosophy?", "id": "56de9b07cffd8e1900b4ba2b", "answers": [{"text": "600 BC", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At that time, who helped develop materialism?", "id": "56de9b07cffd8e1900b4ba2c", "answers": [{"text": "Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the C\u0101rv\u0101ka school of philosophy", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What school advanced atomism?", "id": "56de9b07cffd8e1900b4ba2d", "answers": [{"text": "Nyaya\u2013Vaisesika school", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Between what years did the school advance atomism?", "id": "56de9b07cffd8e1900b4ba2e", "answers": [{"text": "600 BC - 100 BC", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "600 BC", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "Around what time did Ancient Indian philosophy reject materialism?", "id": "5acd104707355d001abf32e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the C\u0101rv\u0101ka school of philosophy", "answer_start": 84}], "question": " At that time, who rejected the idea of materialism?", "id": "5acd104707355d001abf32e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Nyaya\u2013Vaisesika school", "answer_start": 229}], "question": " What school did not teach atomism?", "id": "5acd104707355d001abf32e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "atomic", "answer_start": 502}], "question": "What tradition did the Jaina school stop?", "id": "5acd104707355d001abf32e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "atomic", "answer_start": 502}], "question": "What tradition did Buddhists stop?", "id": "5acd104707355d001abf32e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In Ancient Indian philosophy, materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the C\u0101rv\u0101ka school of philosophy. Kanada became one of the early proponents of atomism. The Nyaya\u2013Vaisesika school (600 BC - 100 BC) developed one of the earliest forms of atomism, though their proofs of God and their positing that the consciousness was not material precludes labelling them as materialists. Buddhist atomism and the Jaina school continued the atomic tradition."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Materialism is linked to what?", "id": "56de9c91cffd8e1900b4ba33", "answers": [{"text": "reductionism", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the objects or phenomena individuated at one level of description", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "Why is materialism is not linked to reduction?", "id": "5acd0c8407355d001abf324e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "according to which empirical laws and explanations in \"special sciences\" like psychology or geology are invisible from the perspective of basic physics", "answer_start": 610}], "question": "Why did Jerry Fodor disagree with this view? ", "id": "5acd0c8407355d001abf324f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "psychology or geology", "answer_start": 688}], "question": "What is not a special science?", "id": "5acd0c8407355d001abf3250", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "basic", "answer_start": 748}], "question": "What level physics does psychology and geology use? ", "id": "5acd0c8407355d001abf3251", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Materialism is often associated with reductionism, according to which the objects or phenomena individuated at one level of description, if they are genuine, must be explicable in terms of the objects or phenomena at some other level of description \u2014 typically, at a more reduced level. Non-reductive materialism explicitly rejects this notion, however, taking the material constitution of all particulars to be consistent with the existence of real objects, properties, or phenomena not explicable in the terms canonically used for the basic material constituents. Jerry Fodor influentially argues this view, according to which empirical laws and explanations in \"special sciences\" like psychology or geology are invisible from the perspective of basic physics. A lot of vigorous literature has grown up around the relation between these views."}, {"qas": [{"question": "De Rerum Natura is a poem by who?", "id": "56dede143277331400b4d77c", "answers": [{"text": "Lucretius", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kinf of explanation does De Rerum Natura provide for phenomena?", "id": "56dede143277331400b4d77d", "answers": [{"text": "mechanistic explanations", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mechanistic explanations", "answer_start": 484}], "question": "What kind of explanation does De Rerum Natura argue for rejecting phenomena?", "id": "5acd10f207355d001abf3308", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lucretius", "answer_start": 658}], "question": "Who wrote the line \"Everything can touch body but body\"?", "id": "5acd10f207355d001abf3309", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Democritus and Epicurus", "answer_start": 669}], "question": "Who believed space was not another kind of being?", "id": "5acd10f207355d001abf330a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Democritus and Epicurus", "answer_start": 235}], "question": "Whose view believes that there is more than matter and void?", "id": "5acd10f207355d001abf330b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "99", "answer_start": 177}], "question": "How many languages was De Rerum translated into?", "id": "5acd10f207355d001abf330c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Ancient Greek philosophers like Thales, Anaxagoras (ca. 500 BC \u2013 428 BC), Epicurus and Democritus prefigure later materialists. The Latin poem De Rerum Natura by Lucretius (ca. 99 BC \u2013 ca. 55 BC) reflects the mechanistic philosophy of Democritus and Epicurus. According to this view, all that exists is matter and void, and all phenomena result from different motions and conglomerations of base material particles called \"atoms\" (literally: \"indivisibles\"). De Rerum Natura provides mechanistic explanations for phenomena such as erosion, evaporation, wind, and sound. Famous principles like \"nothing can touch body but body\" first appeared in the works of Lucretius. Democritus and Epicurus however did not hold to a monist ontology since they held to the ontological separation of matter and space i.e. space being \"another kind\" of being, indicating that the definition of \"materialism\" is wider than given scope for in this article."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Name the title of the work by Jayaraashi Bhatta.", "id": "56dedeeac65bf219000b3d8b", "answers": [{"text": "Tattvopaplavasimha (\"The upsetting of all principles\")", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which type of philosphy did not continue after 1400?", "id": "56dedeeac65bf219000b3d8c", "answers": [{"text": "materialistic C\u0101rv\u0101ka philosophy", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Sarva-dar\u015bana-samgraha?", "id": "56dedeeac65bf219000b3d8d", "answers": [{"text": "a digest of all philosophies", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote the Sarva-dar\u015bana-samgraha?", "id": "56dedeeac65bf219000b3d8e", "answers": [{"text": "Madhavacharya", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The upsetting of all principles", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "What does Jayaraashi Bhatta mean?", "id": "5acd11c607355d001abf3330", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "6th century", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "When did Jayaraashi Bhatta die?", "id": "5acd11c607355d001abf3331", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "materialistic C\u0101rv\u0101ka philosophy", "answer_start": 166}], "question": "What philosphy continued after 1400?", "id": "5acd11c607355d001abf3332", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "C\u0101rv\u0101ka/Lok\u0101yata", "answer_start": 359}], "question": "What text did Madhavacharya quote from?", "id": "5acd11c607355d001abf3333", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "6th century", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "When was Jayaraashi Bhatta born?", "id": "5acd11c607355d001abf3334", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Later Indian materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta (6th century) in his work Tattvopaplavasimha (\"The upsetting of all principles\") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology. The materialistic C\u0101rv\u0101ka philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400. When Madhavacharya compiled Sarva-dar\u015bana-samgraha (a digest of all philosophies) in the 14th century, he had no C\u0101rv\u0101ka/Lok\u0101yata text to quote from, or even refer to."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the novel written by Ibn Tufail?", "id": "56dedf32c65bf219000b3d99", "answers": [{"text": "Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus)", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "12th-century", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "When was Ibn Tufail born?", "id": "5acd128707355d001abf3356", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "12th-century", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "When did Ibn Tufail die?", "id": "5acd128707355d001abf3357", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Philosophus Autodidactus", "answer_start": 161}], "question": "In what book did Hayy ibn Yaqdhan foreshadow the idea of modern materialism? ", "id": "5acd128707355d001abf3358", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hayy ibn Yaqdhan", "answer_start": 143}], "question": "What book by Ibn Tufail did not discuss materialism? ", "id": "5acd128707355d001abf3359", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In early 12th-century al-Andalus, the Arabian philosopher, Ibn Tufail (Abubacer), wrote discussions on materialism in his philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus), while vaguely foreshadowing the idea of a historical materialism."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Pierre Gassendi lived from what year to what year?", "id": "56dee0713277331400b4d7a1", "answers": [{"text": "1592-1665", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Ren\u00e9 Descartes lived from what year to what year?", "id": "56dee0713277331400b4d7a2", "answers": [{"text": "1596-1650", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "abb\u00e9 Jean Meslier lived from what year to what year?", "id": "56dee0713277331400b4d7a3", "answers": [{"text": "1664-1729", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Denis Diderot lived from what year to what year?", "id": "56dee0713277331400b4d7a4", "answers": [{"text": "1713-1784", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "William Wordsworth lived from what year to what year?", "id": "56dee0713277331400b4d7a5", "answers": [{"text": "1770-1850", "answer_start": 653}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ren\u00e9 Descartes", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "Who agreed with Pierre Gassendi?", "id": "5acd132607355d001abf3372", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "other French Enlightenment thinkers", "answer_start": 418}], "question": "Who disagreed with Paul-Henri Thiry Baron d'Holbach? ", "id": "5acd132607355d001abf3373", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "John \"Walking\" Stewart", "answer_start": 479}], "question": "Who did not see matter as endowed with moral dimension?", "id": "5acd132607355d001abf3374", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "John \"Walking\" Stewart", "answer_start": 479}], "question": "William Wordsworth was not impacted by which thinker?", "id": "5acd132607355d001abf3375", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ren\u00e9 Descartes", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "Who provided the non-natural sciences with dualist foundations?", "id": "5acd132607355d001abf3376", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The French cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of Ren\u00e9 Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abb\u00e9 Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-French Paul-Henri Thiry Baron d'Holbach (1723-1789), the Encyclopedist Denis Diderot (1713-1784), and other French Enlightenment thinkers; as well as (in England) John \"Walking\" Stewart (1747-1822), whose insistence in seeing matter as endowed with a moral dimension had a major impact on the philosophical poetry of William Wordsworth (1770-1850)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Arthur Schopenhauer lived from what year to what year?", "id": "56dee0f43277331400b4d7ab", "answers": [{"text": "1788-1860", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did he say that the brain would decide?", "id": "56dee0f43277331400b4d7ac", "answers": [{"text": "how material objects will be experienced or perceived", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arthur Schopenhauer", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who wrote that \"...materialism is not the philosophy of the subject who forgets to take account of himself\"", "id": "5acd139a07355d001abf3386", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arthur Schopenhauer", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who claimed that a non-observing subject can only know material objects through the mediation of the brain and its particular organization?", "id": "5acd139a07355d001abf3387", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arthur Schopenhauer", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who believed the brain is not a determiner of how material objects are experienced? ", "id": "5acd139a07355d001abf3388", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "how material objects will be experienced or perceived", "answer_start": 318}], "question": "What does the brain not decide? ", "id": "5acd139a07355d001abf3389", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "how material objects will be experienced or perceived", "answer_start": 318}], "question": "What does it mean for the brain to be a non-determiner? ", "id": "5acd139a07355d001abf338a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) wrote that \"...materialism is the philosophy of the subject who forgets to take account of himself\". He claimed that an observing subject can only know material objects through the mediation of the brain and its particular organization. That is, the brain itself is the \"determiner\" of how material objects will be experienced or perceived:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who wrote \"The Essence of Christianity\"?", "id": "56dee1f3c65bf219000b3dbf", "answers": [{"text": "Ludwig Feuerbach", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was \"The Essence of Christianity\" written?", "id": "56dee1f3c65bf219000b3dc0", "answers": [{"text": "1841", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the author of \"The Essence of Christianity\" consider religion to be?", "id": "56dee1f3c65bf219000b3dc1", "answers": [{"text": "the outward projection of man's inward nature", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The author's ideas would later influence what well known philosopher?", "id": "56dee1f3c65bf219000b3dc2", "answers": [{"text": "Karl Marx", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ludwig Feuerbach", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "What German materialist did not signal a new turn in materialism?", "id": "5acd143307355d001abf339a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1841", "answer_start": 153}], "question": "When was Ludwig Feuerbach born?", "id": "5acd143307355d001abf339b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1841", "answer_start": 153}], "question": "When did Ludwig Feuerbach die? ", "id": "5acd143307355d001abf339c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ludwig Feuerbach", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "Karl Marx was not influenced by who? ", "id": "5acd143307355d001abf339d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1841", "answer_start": 153}], "question": "When did Karl Marx write The Essence of Christianity?", "id": "5acd143307355d001abf339e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The German materialist and atheist anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book, The Essence of Christianity (1841), which provided a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man's inward nature. Feuerbach's materialism would later heavily influence Karl Marx."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In regards to the mind, what are 3 theories that modern day philosophers try to harmonize?", "id": "56dee346c65bf219000b3ddf", "answers": [{"text": "functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory", "answer_start": 248}], "question": "What are 3 theories that ancient day philosophers try to harmonize?", "id": "5acd14cb07355d001abf33c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory", "answer_start": 248}], "question": "What 3 theories do modern philosophers disagree with? ", "id": "5acd14cb07355d001abf33c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory", "answer_start": 248}], "question": "What are the three theories that do not accommodate mind?", "id": "5acd14cb07355d001abf33c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "materialist framework", "answer_start": 157}], "question": "Jerry Fodor disagrees with what framework?", "id": "5acd14cb07355d001abf33c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "identity theory", "answer_start": 281}], "question": "Daniel Dennett founded which theory?", "id": "5acd14cb07355d001abf33c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Many current and recent philosophers\u2014e.g., Daniel Dennett, Willard Van Orman Quine, Donald Davidson, and Jerry Fodor\u2014operate within a broadly physicalist or materialist framework, producing rival accounts of how best to accommodate mind, including functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory, and so on."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is hyle?", "id": "56dee668c65bf219000b3e01", "answers": [{"text": "matter", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The nature and definition of matter", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What has never been debated? ", "id": "5acd16f507355d001abf3436", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "atomism", "answer_start": 343}], "question": "What is the opposite of hylomorphism?", "id": "5acd16f507355d001abf3437", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hyle", "answer_start": 153}], "question": "What is the opposite of atomism?", "id": "5acd16f507355d001abf3438", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hyle", "answer_start": 153}], "question": "What is the term for zero kinds of matter? ", "id": "5acd16f507355d001abf3439", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prima materia", "answer_start": 430}], "question": "What is the term for lacking then gaining properties? ", "id": "5acd16f507355d001abf343a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The nature and definition of matter - like other key concepts in science and philosophy - have occasioned much debate. Is there a single kind of matter (hyle) which everything is made of, or multiple kinds? Is matter a continuous substance capable of expressing multiple forms (hylomorphism), or a number of discrete, unchanging constituents (atomism)? Does it have intrinsic properties (substance theory), or is it lacking them (prima materia)?"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Relativity illustrates that what is interchangeable?", "id": "56dee7883277331400b4d7e3", "answers": [{"text": "matter and energy", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Ontological theory suggests that what is the main substance?", "id": "56dee7883277331400b4d7e4", "answers": [{"text": "energy", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Quantum field theory suggest what is the main substance?", "id": "56dee7883277331400b4d7e5", "answers": [{"text": "fields", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "matter and energy", "answer_start": 150}], "question": "Relativity says that what is not interchangeable?", "id": "5acd177407355d001abf344a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "energy", "answer_start": 205}], "question": " Ontological theory determines what is not the main substance?", "id": "5acd177407355d001abf344b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "field", "answer_start": 549}], "question": " Quantum field theory determines what is not the main substance?", "id": "5acd177407355d001abf344c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "19th century", "answer_start": 114}], "question": "When did the field of physics stop being taught?", "id": "5acd177407355d001abf344d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "One challenge to the traditional concept of matter as tangible \"stuff\" came with the rise of field physics in the 19th century. Relativity shows that matter and energy (including the spatially distributed energy of fields) are interchangeable. This enables the ontological view that energy is prima materia and matter is one of its forms. On the other hand, the Standard Model of Particle physics uses quantum field theory to describe all interactions. On this view it could be said that fields are prima materia and the energy is a property of the field."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which model suggests that matter is 5% of the universe?", "id": "56dee82a3277331400b4d7f3", "answers": [{"text": "Lambda-CDM model", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of matter does the model consider it to be?", "id": "56dee82a3277331400b4d7f4", "answers": [{"text": "dark matter", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lambda-CDM model", "answer_start": 50}], "question": " Which model suggests that matter is 0.5% of the universe?", "id": "5acd17e107355d001abf3466", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dark matter", "answer_start": 242}], "question": " What type of matter does the model believe it to not be?", "id": "5acd17e107355d001abf3467", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dark matter and dark energy", "answer_start": 242}], "question": "The standard model believes none of the universe is composed of what?", "id": "5acd17e107355d001abf3468", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to the dominant cosmological model, the Lambda-CDM model, less than 5% of the universe's energy density is made up of the \"matter\" described by the Standard Model of Particle Physics, and the majority of the universe is composed of dark matter and dark energy - with little agreement amongst scientists about what these are made of."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Werner Heisenberg suggested that atoms are not what?", "id": "56dee9483277331400b4d7f7", "answers": [{"text": "things", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "things", "answer_start": 450}], "question": " Werner Heisenberg believes that atoms are defined as what?", "id": "5acd185a07355d001abf3476", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "philosophers", "answer_start": 474}], "question": "Who do not believe a switch from materialism to physicalism is necessary? ", "id": "5acd185a07355d001abf3477", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Werner Heisenberg", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "Who said \"This extrapolation, however, is impossible... atoms are lots of things\"", "id": "5acd185a07355d001abf3478", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "quantum physics", "answer_start": 19}], "question": "Scientists believed that the concept of matter did not change when what physics started?", "id": "5acd185a07355d001abf3479", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "With the advent of quantum physics, some scientists believed the concept of matter had merely changed, while others believed the conventional position could no longer be maintained. For instance Werner Heisenberg said \"The ontology of materialism rested upon the illusion that the kind of existence, the direct 'actuality' of the world around us, can be extrapolated into the atomic range. This extrapolation, however, is impossible... atoms are not things.\" Likewise, some philosophers[which?] feel that these dichotomies necessitate a switch from materialism to physicalism. Others use the terms \"materialism\" and \"physicalism\" interchangeably."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are some of the findings that support their argument?", "id": "56deea683277331400b4d80a", "answers": [{"text": "quantum mechanics and chaos theory.", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the 1991 book by Paul Davies and John Gribbins?", "id": "56deea683277331400b4d80b", "answers": [{"text": "The Matter Myth", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1991", "answer_start": 222}], "question": "When was Paul Davies born? ", "id": "5acd192c07355d001abf34b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1991", "answer_start": 222}], "question": "When was John Gribbin born? ", "id": "5acd192c07355d001abf34b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Paul Davies and John Gribbin", "answer_start": 55}], "question": "Who believes materialism has been proven by scientific findings? ", "id": "5acd192c07355d001abf34b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Paul Davies and John Gribbin", "answer_start": 55}], "question": "Who believes that physics defined materialism?", "id": "5acd192c07355d001abf34b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gribbin and Davies", "answer_start": 228}], "question": "Who wrote the chapter \"The Birth of Materialism\"? ", "id": "5acd192c07355d001abf34ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some modern day physicists and science writers\u2014such as Paul Davies and John Gribbin\u2014have argued that materialism has been disproven by certain scientific findings in physics, such as quantum mechanics and chaos theory. In 1991, Gribbin and Davies released their book The Matter Myth, the first chapter of which, \"The Death of Materialism\", contained the following passage:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Digital physicists consider what to be more important than matter?", "id": "56deeaae3277331400b4d811", "answers": [{"text": "information", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "information", "answer_start": 86}], "question": "Digital physicists consider what to be less important than matter?", "id": "5acd198007355d001abf34ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Davies' and Gribbin's", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Max Planck disagreed with who? ", "id": "5acd198007355d001abf34cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Max Planck", "answer_start": 214}], "question": "Who founded digital physics? ", "id": "5acd198007355d001abf34cc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Max Planck", "answer_start": 214}], "question": "Who disagrees with the quantum theory? ", "id": "5acd198007355d001abf34cd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Max Planck", "answer_start": 214}], "question": "Who believes matter is more important than information? ", "id": "5acd198007355d001abf34ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Davies' and Gribbin's objections are shared by proponents of digital physics who view information rather than matter to be fundamental. Their objections were also shared by some founders of quantum theory, such as Max Planck, who wrote:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Based on the above definition, materialism is not consistent with what?", "id": "56deebf2c65bf219000b3e32", "answers": [{"text": "religions", "answer_start": 278}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "religions", "answer_start": 278}], "question": "Based on the above definition, materialism is consistent with what?", "id": "5acd19fc07355d001abf34e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Catholic Encyclopedia", "answer_start": 17}], "question": "What book defined materialism as a non-philosophical system?", "id": "5acd19fc07355d001abf34e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Materialism", "answer_start": 204}], "question": "Christianity, Judaism, and Islam all agree with what philosophy?", "id": "5acd19fc07355d001abf34ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Maya", "answer_start": 636}], "question": "What is created for a person when they perceive Brahman?", "id": "5acd19fc07355d001abf34eb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hinduism", "answer_start": 402}], "question": "What religion does not believe in an illusion called Maya? ", "id": "5acd19fc07355d001abf34ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to the Catholic Encyclopedia of 1907-1912, materialism, defined as \"a philosophical system which regards matter as the only reality in the world [...] denies the existence of God and the soul\". Materialism, in this view, therefore becomes incompatible with most world religions, including Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. In such a context one can conflate materialism with atheism. Most of Hinduism and transcendentalism regards all matter as an illusion called Maya, blinding humans from knowing \"the truth\". Maya is the limited, purely physical and mental reality in which our everyday consciousness has become entangled. Maya gets destroyed for a person when s/he perceives Brahman with transcendental knowledge."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Neoplatonism describes divinity as what?", "id": "56deed163277331400b4d827", "answers": [{"text": "simple, immaterial, formless, substance/essence (ousia) that transcended all that was physical", "answer_start": 933}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which religious group strongly opposed the idea of Neoplatonism?", "id": "56deed163277331400b4d828", "answers": [{"text": "Christians", "answer_start": 1065}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Joseph Smith", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "Who said: \"There is such thing as immaterial matter. \"", "id": "5acd1a5a07355d001abf3510", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Latter Day Saint", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "What movement believes \"There is such thing as immaterial matter. \"", "id": "5acd1a5a07355d001abf3511", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "All spirit is matter", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "Who said: \" We can see it; but when our bodies are purified we shall see that it is all matter.\"", "id": "5acd1a5a07355d001abf3512", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Joseph Smith", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "Who said: \"All spirit is not matter\" ", "id": "5acd1a5a07355d001abf3513", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Joseph Smith", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "Who believed the spirit is also called intelligence? ", "id": "5acd1a5a07355d001abf3514", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In contrast, Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, taught: \"There is no such thing as immaterial matter. All spirit is matter, but it is more fine or pure, and can only be discerned by purer eyes; We cannot see it; but when our bodies are purified we shall see that it is all matter.\" This spirit element has always existed; it is co-eternal with God. It is also called \"intelligence\" or \"the light of truth\", which like all observable matter \"was not created or made, neither indeed can be\". Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints view the revelations of Joseph Smith as a restoration of original Christian doctrine, which they believe post-apostolic theologians began to corrupt in the centuries after Christ. The writings of many[quantify] of these theologians indicate a clear influence of Greek metaphysical philosophies such as Neoplatonism, which characterized divinity as an utterly simple, immaterial, formless, substance/essence (ousia) that transcended all that was physical. Despite strong opposition from many Christians, this metaphysical depiction of God eventually became incorporated into the doctrine of the Christian church, displacing the original Judeo-Christian concept of a physical, corporeal God who created humans in His image and likeness."}, {"qas": [{"question": "If you believe in idealism, you are disbeliving in what?", "id": "56deee36c65bf219000b3e37", "answers": [{"text": "materialism", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "materialism", "answer_start": 97}], "question": "If you believe in idealism, you are also believing in what?", "id": "5acd22f707355d001abf3658", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Berkeley", "answer_start": 248}], "question": "Who points out that it is possible to gather direct evidence of matter?", "id": "5acd22f707355d001abf3659", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Matter", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "What can be considered non-redundant? ", "id": "5acd22f707355d001abf365a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "all that is experienced is perception, whether internal or external", "answer_start": 410}], "question": "Why is it possible to gather direct evidence? ", "id": "5acd22f707355d001abf365b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "An argument for idealism, such as those of Hegel and Berkeley, is ipso facto an argument against materialism. Matter can be argued to be redundant, as in bundle theory, and mind-independent properties can in turn be reduced to subjective percepts. Berkeley presents an example of the latter by pointing out that it is impossible to gather direct evidence of matter, as there is no direct experience of matter; all that is experienced is perception, whether internal or external. As such, the existence of matter can only be assumed from the apparent (perceived) stability of perceptions; it finds absolutely no evidence in direct experience."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What 3 types of philosophies attempt to correct the problem with matter and energy without removing every belief about materialism?", "id": "56deef443277331400b4d82e", "answers": [{"text": "Emergence, holism, and process philosophy", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "matter and energy", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What is unnecessary to explain the physical world? ", "id": "5acd249f07355d001abf369a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "matter and energy", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What is capable of explaining mind? ", "id": "5acd249f07355d001abf369b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "traditional (especially mechanistic) materialism", "answer_start": 216}], "question": "What is emergence the opposite of? ", "id": "5acd249f07355d001abf369c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Emergence, holism, and process", "answer_start": 125}], "question": "What three philosophies do not correct the shortcomings of materialism? ", "id": "5acd249f07355d001abf369d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "If matter and energy are seen as necessary to explain the physical world, but incapable of explaining mind, dualism results. Emergence, holism, and process philosophy seek to ameliorate the perceived shortcomings of traditional (especially mechanistic) materialism without abandoning materialism entirely."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Instead of faith, John Polkinghorne relies on what when it comes to the theory of materialism?", "id": "56def0c53277331400b4d83a", "answers": [{"text": "dual-aspect monism", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "John Polkinghorne", "answer_start": 228}], "question": "Who agrees with promissory materialism? ", "id": "5acd253807355d001abf36be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "John Polkinghorne", "answer_start": 228}], "question": "Who claims that materialistic science will never explain phenomena? ", "id": "5acd253807355d001abf36bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dual-aspect monism", "answer_start": 440}], "question": "Polkinghorne believes in faith in materialism instead of what? ", "id": "5acd253807355d001abf36c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an overly skeptical, narrow or reductivist approach to theorizing", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "Why do critics agree with materialism? ", "id": "5acd253807355d001abf36c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some critics object to materialism as part of an overly skeptical, narrow or reductivist approach to theorizing, rather than to the ontological claim that matter is the only substance. Particle physicist and Anglican theologian John Polkinghorne objects to what he calls promissory materialism \u2014 claims that materialistic science will eventually succeed in explaining phenomena it has not so far been able to explain. Polkinghorne prefers \"dual-aspect monism\" to faith in materialism."}, {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"matter\" is elusive", "answer_start": 222}], "question": "Why does Mary Midgley suggest matter is well defined? ", "id": "5acd0cf807355d001abf3266", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "materialists", "answer_start": 21}], "question": "What job does Mary Midgley hold? ", "id": "5acd0cf807355d001abf3267", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "energy, forces, and the curvature of space", "answer_start": 108}], "question": "What is not an observable entity? ", "id": "5acd0cf807355d001abf3268", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Modern philosophical materialists extend the definition of other scientifically observable entities such as energy, forces, and the curvature of space. However philosophers such as Mary Midgley suggest that the concept of \"matter\" is elusive and poorly defined."}, {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Its materiality can, in some ways, be linked", "answer_start": 105}], "question": "Why does materialism agree with dualism? ", "id": "5acd0d8e07355d001abf327c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Its materiality can, in some ways, be linked to the concept of Determinism", "answer_start": 105}], "question": "Why does materialism agree with phenomenalism? ", "id": "5acd0d8e07355d001abf327d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Enlightenment thinkers", "answer_start": 196}], "question": "Who doesn't link materialism with determinism?", "id": "5acd0d8e07355d001abf327e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Materialism", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What contrasts with multi-aspect monism?", "id": "5acd0d8e07355d001abf327f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Materialism", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What contrasts with non-dualism?", "id": "5acd0d8e07355d001abf3280", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Materialism typically contrasts with dualism, phenomenalism, idealism, vitalism, and dual-aspect monism. Its materiality can, in some ways, be linked to the concept of Determinism, as espoused by Enlightenment thinkers."}, {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Scientific \"Materialism\"", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Reductive materialism is not synonymous with what?", "id": "5acd158a07355d001abf33f2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "reductive materialism", "answer_start": 93}], "question": "Scientific materialism is not synonymous with what? ", "id": "5acd158a07355d001abf33f3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mental phenomena simply do not exist at all", "answer_start": 298}], "question": "Paul and Patricia disagree with what hypotheses? ", "id": "5acd158a07355d001abf33f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "eliminative materialist", "answer_start": 469}], "question": "Belief has a basis in fact in what type of materialist mindset? ", "id": "5acd158a07355d001abf33f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "eliminative materialism", "answer_start": 715}], "question": "What is the same as revisionary materialism? ", "id": "5acd158a07355d001abf33f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Scientific \"Materialism\" is often synonymous with, and has so far been described, as being a reductive materialism. In recent years, Paul and Patricia Churchland have advocated a radically contrasting position (at least, in regards to certain hypotheses); eliminativist materialism holds that some mental phenomena simply do not exist at all, and that talk of those mental phenomena reflects a totally spurious \"folk psychology\" and introspection illusion. That is, an eliminative materialist might suggest that a concept like \"belief\" simply has no basis in fact - the way folk science speaks of demon-caused illnesses. Reductive materialism being at one end of a continuum (our theories will reduce to facts) and eliminative materialism on the other (certain theories will need to be eliminated in light of new facts), Revisionary materialism is somewhere in the middle."}, {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Noam Chomsky", "answer_start": 66}], "question": "Who is praised for providing a clear definition of materalism?", "id": "5acd161a07355d001abf340e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the concept of matter may be affected by new scientific discoveries", "answer_start": 242}], "question": "Noam Chomsky disagrees with what concept? ", "id": "5acd161a07355d001abf340f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "new scientific discoveries", "answer_start": 283}], "question": "Chomsky stated that matter is not affected by what? ", "id": "5acd161a07355d001abf3410", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the concept of matter may be affected by new scientific discoveries", "answer_start": 242}], "question": "How does Chomsky define materialism? ", "id": "5acd161a07355d001abf3411", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "scientific materialists", "answer_start": 340}], "question": "According to Chomsky, who are dogmatic for agreeing with him? ", "id": "5acd161a07355d001abf3412", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some scientific materialists have been criticized, for example by Noam Chomsky, for failing to provide clear definitions for what constitutes matter, leaving the term \"materialism\" without any definite meaning. Chomsky also states that since the concept of matter may be affected by new scientific discoveries, as has happened in the past, scientific materialists are being dogmatic in assuming the opposite."}, {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "new scientific discoveries", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "The concept of matter has not changed for what reason?", "id": "5acd18c307355d001abf3492", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Noam Chomsky", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "Who believes that property can be considered non-material?", "id": "5acd18c307355d001abf3493", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Noam Chomsky", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "Who believes that property can be considered material if one defines it does not have property?", "id": "5acd18c307355d001abf3494", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "materialism", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "What has definite content independent of the particular theory of matter?", "id": "5acd18c307355d001abf3495", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The concept of matter has changed in response to new scientific discoveries. Thus materialism has no definite content independent of the particular theory of matter on which it is based. According to Noam Chomsky, any property can be considered material, if one defines matter such that it has that property."}, {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kant", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who agreed with all three forms of materialism? ", "id": "5acd1ab607355d001abf3538", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kant", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who disagrees with transcendental idealism? ", "id": "5acd1ab607355d001abf3539", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "any all-encompassing metaphysical scheme", "answer_start": 348}], "question": "Postmodern/poststructuralist agree with what? ", "id": "5acd1ab607355d001abf353a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mary Midgley", "answer_start": 402}], "question": "Who agrees that materialism is not a self-refuting idea?", "id": "5acd1ab607355d001abf353b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kant", "answer_start": 150}], "question": "Who wrote the Refutation of Materialism? ", "id": "5acd1ab607355d001abf353c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Kant argued against all three forms of materialism, subjective idealism (which he contrasts with his \"transcendental idealism\") and dualism. However, Kant also argues that change and time require an enduring substrate, and does so in connection with his Refutation of Idealism. Postmodern/poststructuralist thinkers also express a skepticism about any all-encompassing metaphysical scheme. Philosopher Mary Midgley, among others, argues that materialism is a self-refuting idea, at least in its eliminative form."}]}, {"title": "Christian", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What is a person who follows Christianity called?", "id": "56deefeb3277331400b4d831", "answers": [{"text": "Christian", "answer_start": 2}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose life do Christians learn from?", "id": "56deefeb3277331400b4d832", "answers": [{"text": "Jesus Christ", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Greek word is Christian derived from?", "id": "56deefeb3277331400b4d833", "answers": [{"text": "Christ\u00f3s", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Christ\u00f3s is translated from what Biblical term?", "id": "56deefeb3277331400b4d834", "answers": [{"text": "mashiach", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christianity", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "Which religion is a Greek religion based on Jesus Christ?", "id": "5ad2c906d7d075001a42a212", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christian", "answer_start": 168}], "question": "Which word does Christos derive from?", "id": "5ad2c906d7d075001a42a213", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christ\u00f3s", "answer_start": 213}], "question": "Which term is derived from the word Christian?", "id": "5ad2c906d7d075001a42a214", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mashiach", "answer_start": 275}], "question": "Which term is a translation of the Greek term Abrahamic?", "id": "5ad2c906d7d075001a42a215", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christian", "answer_start": 2}], "question": "What is the term for a person who adheres to mashiach?", "id": "5ad2c906d7d075001a42a216", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A Christian ( pronunciation (help\u00b7info)) is a person who adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. \"Christian\" derives from the Koine Greek word Christ\u00f3s (\u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2), a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term mashiach."}, {"qas": [{"question": "While many, the perceptions of Christianity can sometimes what?", "id": "56def0acc65bf219000b3e3b", "answers": [{"text": "conflict", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Regardless of beliefs, Christians all agree that Jesus has a unique what?", "id": "56def0acc65bf219000b3e3c", "answers": [{"text": "significance", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whether one partakes in practices or beliefs, the label Christian is sometimes attached because they associate with what?", "id": "56def0acc65bf219000b3e3d", "answers": [{"text": "the cultural aspects of Christianity", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "diverse interpretations", "answer_start": 10}], "question": "What regarding a proverbial sense is sometimes conflicting?", "id": "5ad2ccebd7d075001a42a2ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "has a unique significance", "answer_start": 182}], "question": "All Christians disagree with what about Jesus?", "id": "5ad2ccebd7d075001a42a2ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christians", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "Which group of people believe Jesus does not hold a unique significance?", "id": "5ad2ccebd7d075001a42a2ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christian", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "What term is used to describe anything associated with conflict?", "id": "5ad2ccebd7d075001a42a2af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "There are diverse interpretations of Christianity which sometimes conflict. However, \"Whatever else they might disagree about, Christians are at least united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance.\" The term \"Christian\" is also used adjectivally to describe anything associated with Christianity, or in a proverbial sense \"all that is noble, and good, and Christ-like.\" It is also used as a label to identify people who associate with the cultural aspects of Christianity, irrespective of personal religious beliefs or practices."}, {"qas": [{"question": "According to one report, how many Christians were in the world in 2010?", "id": "56def1133277331400b4d83d", "answers": [{"text": "2.2 billion", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Christians were in the world in 1910?", "id": "56def1133277331400b4d83e", "answers": [{"text": "600 million", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If growth continues as it has, what religion will be the largest in the world by 2050?", "id": "56def1133277331400b4d840", "answers": [{"text": "Christianity", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pew Research Center survey,", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "Which survey conducted in 2012, concluded there were about 2.2 billion Christians worldwide?", "id": "5ad2cd8bd7d075001a42a2c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2.2 billion", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "How many Pew Research Centers worldwide did the Christian survey conclude there were?", "id": "5ad2cd8bd7d075001a42a2c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christianity", "answer_start": 257}], "question": "Which religion will remain the smallest through 2050 assuming current trends continue?", "id": "5ad2cd8bd7d075001a42a2c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2050", "answer_start": 314}], "question": "Through which year will Christianity remain the worlds smallest religion?", "id": "5ad2cd8bd7d075001a42a2c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "In which year did the Pew Research Center conclude that Christianity would remain an insignificant religion through 2050?", "id": "5ad2cd8bd7d075001a42a2c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to a 2011 Pew Research Center survey, there were 2.2 billion Christians around the world in 2010, up from about 600 million in 1910. By 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion. According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey Christianity will remain the world's largest religion in 2050, if current trends continue."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Of all the Christians in the world, how many are Catholic?", "id": "56def1c3c65bf219000b3e43", "answers": [{"text": "half", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Christians are the majority in how many countries and territories in the world today?", "id": "56def1c3c65bf219000b3e44", "answers": [{"text": "158", "answer_start": 507}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "37%", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "About how many percent of Christians do not live in the Americas?", "id": "5ad2cf1bd7d075001a42a2f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "26%", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "About 24% of Christians live in Europe and how many in Saharan Africa?", "id": "5ad2cf1bd7d075001a42a2f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "North Africa", "answer_start": 235}], "question": "About 1% of the worlds Christian population lives in America and what other country?", "id": "5ad2cf1bd7d075001a42a2f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "158", "answer_start": 507}], "question": "In how many countries do Christians make up a minority population?", "id": "5ad2cf1bd7d075001a42a2f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "280", "answer_start": 538}], "question": "How many million Christians live as a majority?", "id": "5ad2cf1bd7d075001a42a2f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Today, about 37% of all Christians live in the Americas, and about 26% live in Europe, 24% of total Christians live in sub-Saharan Africa, about 13% in Asia and the Pacific, and 1% of the world's Christians live in the Middle east and North Africa. About half of all Christians worldwide are Catholic, while more than a third are Protestant (37%). Orthodox communions comprise 12% of the world's Christians. Other Christian groups make up the remainder. Christians make up the majority of the population in 158 countries and territories. 280 million Christian live as a minority."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What Greek word defines as \"follower of Christ?\"", "id": "56defdf2c65bf219000b3ea5", "answers": [{"text": "\u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 (Christianos)", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does the Greek word \u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 (Christianos) come from?", "id": "56defdf2c65bf219000b3ea6", "answers": [{"text": "\u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 (Christos)", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does \u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 (Christos) mean?", "id": "56defdf2c65bf219000b3ea7", "answers": [{"text": "anointed one", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the French word for Christian that was derived from Greek?", "id": "56defdf2c65bf219000b3ea8", "answers": [{"text": "Chr\u00e9tien", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christianos", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "From which word meaning anointed one does Christos originate?", "id": "5ad2d175d7d075001a42a360", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "follower of Christ", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "While Christianos means anointed one, what does Christos mean?", "id": "5ad2d175d7d075001a42a361", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "anointed one", "answer_start": 111}], "question": "While Christos means follower of Christ, what does Christianos mean?", "id": "5ad2d175d7d075001a42a362", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Greek", "answer_start": 453}], "question": "From who are words equivalent in meaning to 'Latin\" derived?", "id": "5ad2d175d7d075001a42a363", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hebrew", "answer_start": 300}], "question": "In which religion does christos mean \"one who is anointed'?", "id": "5ad2d175d7d075001a42a364", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Greek word \u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 (Christianos), meaning \"follower of Christ\", comes from \u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 (Christos), meaning \"anointed one\", with an adjectival ending borrowed from Latin to denote adhering to, or even belonging to, as in slave ownership. In the Greek Septuagint, christos was used to translate the Hebrew \u05de\u05b8\u05e9\u05b4\u05c1\u05d9\u05d7\u05b7 (Ma\u0161\u00eda\u1e25, messiah), meaning \"[one who is] anointed.\" In other European languages, equivalent words to Christian are likewise derived from the Greek, such as Chr\u00e9tien in French and Cristiano in Spanish."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where is the first reference to the word Christian in the Bible?", "id": "56defe90c65bf219000b3ead", "answers": [{"text": "Acts 11:26", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who made the second reference to the word Christian in the Bible?", "id": "56defe90c65bf219000b3eaf", "answers": [{"text": "Herod Agrippa II", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When verse was the third mention?", "id": "56defe90c65bf219000b3eb1", "answers": [{"text": "Peter 4:16", "answer_start": 532}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Acts", "answer_start": 100}], "question": "In which book of the old testament is the first known usage of the term?", "id": "5ad2d20cd7d075001a42a374", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "about a year", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "For how long did Antioch and Paul teach disciples?", "id": "5ad2d20cd7d075001a42a375", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1 Peter 4:16,", "answer_start": 530}], "question": "Where was the fourth and final mention of the term?", "id": "5ad2d20cd7d075001a42a376", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Acts", "answer_start": 328}], "question": "In which book of the Old Testament does Paul reply to Herod Agrippa?", "id": "5ad2d20cd7d075001a42a377", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antioch", "answer_start": 276}], "question": "Where was Peter first called Christians?", "id": "5ad2d20cd7d075001a42a378", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The first recorded use of the term (or its cognates in other languages) is in the New Testament, in Acts 11:26, after Barnabas brought Saul (Paul) to Antioch where they taught the disciples for about a year, the text says: \"[...] the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch.\" The second mention of the term follows in Acts 26:28, where Herod Agrippa II replied to Paul the Apostle, \"Then Agrippa said unto Paul, Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian.\" The third and final New Testament reference to the term is in 1 Peter 4:16, which exhorts believers: \"Yet if [any man suffer] as a Christian, let him not be ashamed; but let him glorify God on this behalf.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Kenneth Samuel Wuest believes that the Biblical Christian term referenced people who did not acknowledge who?", "id": "56deff1d3277331400b4d877", "answers": [{"text": "the emperor of Rome", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what city did the term Christians start?", "id": "56deff1d3277331400b4d878", "answers": [{"text": "Antioch", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When Peter endorsed the term, the term Christian was used instead of what other term?", "id": "56deff1d3277331400b4d879", "answers": [{"text": "Nazarenes", "answer_start": 406}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antioch", "answer_start": 218}], "question": "Which city did not have a reputation for coming up with nicknames ?", "id": "5ad2d405d7d075001a42a3cc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christians", "answer_start": 260}], "question": "Because Christianoi endorsed it, which term was preferred  over Nazarenes?", "id": "5ad2d405d7d075001a42a3cd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christians", "answer_start": 260}], "question": "Which nickname was endorsed by Kenneth Samuel Wuest?", "id": "5ad2d405d7d075001a42a3ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antioch", "answer_start": 218}], "question": "In which city were they given the nickname \"Peter\"?", "id": "5ad2d405d7d075001a42a3cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Kenneth Samuel Wuest holds that all three original New Testament verses' usages reflect a derisive element in the term Christian to refer to followers of Christ who did not acknowledge the emperor of Rome. The city of Antioch, where someone gave them the name Christians, had a reputation for coming up with such nicknames. However Peter's apparent endorsement of the term led to its being preferred over \"Nazarenes\" and the term Christianoi from 1 Peter becomes the standard term in the Early Church Fathers from Ignatius and Polycarp onwards."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is one of the first mentions of the term Christian in a non-religious work, referring to a tribe of Christians?", "id": "56df00f83277331400b4d88f", "answers": [{"text": "Josephus", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which non-religious piece of literature had the term Christian in it towards the end of the first century?", "id": "56df00f83277331400b4d890", "answers": [{"text": "Tacitus", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Christians were said to be the scapegoat of who?", "id": "56df00f83277331400b4d891", "answers": [{"text": "Nero", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christians", "answer_start": 353}], "question": "Which group is identified as Tacitus scapegoat for the Great Fire of Rome?", "id": "5ad2d589d7d075001a42a3f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christians", "answer_start": 353}], "question": "Which group is identified as Nero's scapegoats for the Great Fire of Pliny the Younger?", "id": "5ad2d589d7d075001a42a3f1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Josephus", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "What term refers to the tribe of Trajan and so it is named from him?", "id": "5ad2d589d7d075001a42a3f2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nero", "answer_start": 367}], "question": "Trajan was said to be the scapegoat of who?", "id": "5ad2d589d7d075001a42a3f3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nero", "answer_start": 367}], "question": "Pliny the Younger was said to be the scapegoat of who?", "id": "5ad2d589d7d075001a42a3f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The earliest occurrences of the term in non-Christian literature include Josephus, referring to \"the tribe of Christians, so named from him;\" Pliny the Younger in correspondence with Trajan; and Tacitus, writing near the end of the 1st century. In the Annals he relates that \"by vulgar appellation [they were] commonly called Christians\" and identifies Christians as Nero's scapegoats for the Great Fire of Rome."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In Acts 24, what is another word that Christians are called?", "id": "56df01783277331400b4d899", "answers": [{"text": "Nazarenes", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Jesus called since he was from Nazareth?", "id": "56df01783277331400b4d89a", "answers": [{"text": "Nazoraean", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another Hebrew term for Nazarenes?", "id": "56df01783277331400b4d89b", "answers": [{"text": "Notzrim", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Wha still calls Christians Notzrim?", "id": "56df01783277331400b4d89c", "answers": [{"text": "modern Israeli Hebrew", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nazarenes", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "What is another term for Christians which appears in the Old Testament?", "id": "5ad2d622d7d075001a42a404", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Acts", "answer_start": 126}], "question": "In which book of the Old Testament does Tertullus use the term Nazarenes to refer to Christians?", "id": "5ad2d622d7d075001a42a405", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Acts", "answer_start": 126}], "question": "In which book of the New Testament does Marcion refer to Christians as Nazarenes as?", "id": "5ad2d622d7d075001a42a406", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Acts", "answer_start": 126}], "question": "In which book of the New Testament does Tertullus refer to Christians as Babylonian Talmuds?", "id": "5ad2d622d7d075001a42a407", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Acts", "answer_start": 126}], "question": "In which book of the New Testament are Nazarenes referred to as Eusebius records?", "id": "5ad2d622d7d075001a42a408", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Another term for Christians which appears in the New Testament is \"Nazarenes\" which is used by the Jewish lawyer Tertullus in Acts 24. Tertullian (Against Marcion 4:8) records that \"the Jews call us Nazarenes,\" while around 331 AD Eusebius records that Christ was called a Nazoraean from the name Nazareth, and that in earlier centuries \"Christians,\" were once called \"Nazarenes.\" The Hebrew equivalent of \"Nazarenes\", Notzrim, occurs in the Babylonian Talmud, and is still the modern Israeli Hebrew term for Christian."}, {"qas": [{"question": "While Christianity is ultimately one belief, a wide range of what is found among the different denominations and sects?", "id": "56df063dc65bf219000b3eef", "answers": [{"text": "beliefs and practices", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "common definition of \"Christianity\".", "answer_start": 145}], "question": "What do denominations and sects all agree upon?", "id": "5ad2d6c9d7d075001a42a426", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "wide range of beliefs and practices", "answer_start": 2}], "question": "What is found among those who call themselves Timothy Beal?", "id": "5ad2d6c9d7d075001a42a427", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "those who identify as Christians in the United States", "answer_start": 245}], "question": "Who does Christian note disparities among?", "id": "5ad2d6c9d7d075001a42a428", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Timothy Beal", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "Who notes the disparity of beliefs among those identifying as Timothy Beal?", "id": "5ad2d6c9d7d075001a42a429", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A wide range of beliefs and practices is found across the world among those who call themselves Christian. Denominations and sects disagree on a common definition of \"Christianity\". For example, Timothy Beal notes the disparity of beliefs among those who identify as Christians in the United States as follows:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who states that Christian believers agree that Jesus has a unique significance? ", "id": "56df206e3277331400b4d98d", "answers": [{"text": "Linda Woodhead", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote The Case Against Christianity?", "id": "56df206e3277331400b4d98e", "answers": [{"text": "Michael Martin", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many historical Christian creeds did Martin write about?", "id": "56df206e3277331400b4d98f", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do Christians believe is the way to salvation?", "id": "56df206e3277331400b4d990", "answers": [{"text": "faith in Jesus", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the three creeds Martin studied?", "id": "56df206e3277331400b4d991", "answers": [{"text": "the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed and the Athanasian Creed", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jesus has a unique significance", "answer_start": 179}], "question": "According to Nicene Creed, what can Christians be united in believing?", "id": "5ad2d7a9d7d075001a42a434", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jesus", "answer_start": 179}], "question": "Who do Christians believe has a unique insignificance? ", "id": "5ad2d7a9d7d075001a42a435", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Michael Martin", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "Who wrote The Case Against Creed?", "id": "5ad2d7a9d7d075001a42a436", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Michael Martin", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "Who is the author of The Apostles Creed?", "id": "5ad2d7a9d7d075001a42a437", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Michael Martin", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "Who is the author of The Nicene Creed?", "id": "5ad2d7a9d7d075001a42a438", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Linda Woodhead attempts to provide a common belief thread for Christians by noting that \"Whatever else they might disagree about, Christians are at least united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance.\" Philosopher Michael Martin, in his book The Case Against Christianity, evaluated three historical Christian creeds (the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed and the Athanasian Creed) to establish a set of basic assumptions which include belief in theism, the historicity of Jesus, the Incarnation, salvation through faith in Jesus, and Jesus as an ethical role model."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Judaism does not believe that Jesus is the what?", "id": "56df20e5c65bf219000b3f79", "answers": [{"text": "Messiah", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What village did Jesus come from?", "id": "56df20e5c65bf219000b3f7a", "answers": [{"text": "Galilean village", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the Galilean village?", "id": "56df20e5c65bf219000b3f7b", "answers": [{"text": "Nazareth", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Nazareth located?", "id": "56df20e5c65bf219000b3f7c", "answers": [{"text": "northern Israel", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jesus", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "Who does Judaism accept as the Messiah?", "id": "5ad2d8e3d7d075001a42a456", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nazarene", "answer_start": 126}], "question": "What is the term for Christian in the Galilean village?", "id": "5ad2d8e3d7d075001a42a457", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Judaism", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "Which religion agrees that Jesus is the Messiah?", "id": "5ad2d8e3d7d075001a42a458", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Judaism", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "Which religion does not accept Yehudim as the Messiah?", "id": "5ad2d8e3d7d075001a42a459", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Judaism", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "Which religion does not accept Notzri as the Messiah?", "id": "5ad2d8e3d7d075001a42a45a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The identification of Jesus as the Messiah is not accepted by Judaism. The term for a Christian in Hebrew is \u05e0\u05d5\u05bc\u05e6\u05b0\u05e8\u05d9 (Notzri\u2014\"Nazarene\"), a Talmudic term originally derived from the fact that Jesus came from the Galilean village of Nazareth, today in northern Israel. Adherents of Messianic Judaism are referred to in modern Hebrew as \u05d9\u05b0\u05d4\u05d5\u05bc\u05d3\u05b4\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05b8\u05e9\u05b4\u05c1\u05d9\u05d7\u05b7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd (Yehudim Meshihi'im\u2014\"Messianic Jews\")."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does Mas\u012b\u1e25\u012b mean?", "id": "56df322e96943c1400a5d2d4", "answers": [{"text": "followers of the Messiah", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the term Nasara become used more in modern times?", "id": "56df322e96943c1400a5d2d5", "answers": [{"text": "July 2014", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened in July 2014?", "id": "56df322e96943c1400a5d2d6", "answers": [{"text": "the Fall of Mosul", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was spray pained on the properties of Christians who left the area?", "id": "56df322e96943c1400a5d2d7", "answers": [{"text": "the first letter of Nasara", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mas\u012b\u1e25\u012b", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "Which term means followers of the Islamic State of Iraq?", "id": "5ad2da59d7d075001a42a49c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "July", "answer_start": 280}], "question": "In which month of 105 did the term Nasara rise to prominence?", "id": "5ad2da59d7d075001a42a49d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nasara", "answer_start": 251}], "question": "Which term rose to prominence after the nun was spraypainted on Christian property?", "id": "5ad2da59d7d075001a42a49e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Na\u1e63r\u0101n\u012b (\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a), plural Na\u1e63\u0101r\u0101", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "Which words are commonly used for Christians in the Sryiac?", "id": "5ad2da59d7d075001a42a49f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "July 2014", "answer_start": 280}], "question": "When did the term Nasara fall in prominence?", "id": "5ad2da59d7d075001a42a4a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In Arabic-speaking cultures, two words are commonly used for Christians: Na\u1e63r\u0101n\u012b (\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a), plural Na\u1e63\u0101r\u0101 (\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0649) is generally understood to be derived from Nazareth through the Syriac (Aramaic); Mas\u012b\u1e25\u012b (\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a) means followers of the Messiah. The term Nasara rose to prominence in July 2014, after the Fall of Mosul to the terrorist organization Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. The nun or \u0646\u2014 the first letter of Nasara\u2014was spray-painted on the property of Christians ejected from the city."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which term is in reference to people from a Christian culture?", "id": "56df6a148bc80c19004e4beb", "answers": [{"text": "Nasrani", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which term is indicative of people who place their faith in Jesus?", "id": "56df6a148bc80c19004e4bec", "answers": [{"text": "Masihi", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What description is used for Western people who do not follow the Muslim faith?", "id": "56df6a148bc80c19004e4bed", "answers": [{"text": "Nasrani", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "those with a religious faith in Jesus", "answer_start": 97}], "question": "While Masihi refers to people from a Christian culture, what does Nasrani mean?", "id": "5ad2db23d7d075001a42a4d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "people from a Christian culture", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "While Nasrani means those with a religious faith, what does Masihi refer to?", "id": "5ad2db23d7d075001a42a4d5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "non-Muslim Western foreigners", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "For whom does Masihi tend to be used more generically?", "id": "5ad2db23d7d075001a42a4d6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "generically", "answer_start": 179}], "question": "How do some countries refer to Muslim foreigners?", "id": "5ad2db23d7d075001a42a4d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "non-Muslim Western foreigners", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "Which type of people are known as \"religious people\"?", "id": "5ad2db23d7d075001a42a4d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Where there is a distinction, Nasrani refers to people from a Christian culture and Masihi means those with a religious faith in Jesus. In some countries Nasrani tends to be used generically for non-Muslim Western foreigners, e.g. \"blond people.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the Arabic term when referring to Christians in a political sense?", "id": "56df6a8d5ca0a614008f99d9", "answers": [{"text": "\u1e62al\u012bb\u012b", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "\u1e62al\u012bb\u012b comes from the word \u1e63al\u012bb, which means what?", "id": "56df6a8d5ca0a614008f99da", "answers": [{"text": "cross", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does \u1e62al\u012bb\u012b mean?", "id": "56df6a8d5ca0a614008f99db", "answers": [{"text": "Crusader", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Alfranj mean?", "id": "56df6a8d5ca0a614008f99dc", "answers": [{"text": "European Christian Crusaders", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u1e62al\u012bb\u012b", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "Which Arabic term for Franks is particularly used in political context?", "id": "5ad2dcaed7d075001a42a53c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u1e63al\u012bb", "answer_start": 122}], "question": "Which Arabic term refers to Crusaders with positive connotations?", "id": "5ad2dcaed7d075001a42a53d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u1e62al\u012bb\u012b", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "What Arabic term for Christians can be translated as Firinjiyah?", "id": "5ad2dcaed7d075001a42a53e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "al-Faranj or Alfranj (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u062c) and Firinj\u012byah (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629) in Arabic", "answer_start": 305}], "question": "What did European writers describe Muslim Crusaders as?", "id": "5ad2dcaed7d075001a42a53f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Another Arabic word sometimes used for Christians, particularly in a political context, is \u1e62al\u012bb\u012b (\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \"Crusader\") from \u1e63al\u012bb (\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \"cross\") which refers to Crusaders and has negative connotations. However, Salibi is a modern term; historically, Muslim writers described European Christian Crusaders as al-Faranj or Alfranj (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u062c) and Firinj\u012byah (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629) in Arabic\" This word comes from the Franks and can be seen in the Arab history text Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh by Ali ibn al-Athir."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the most common Persian word for Christian?", "id": "56df6aed56340a1900b29adc", "answers": [{"text": "Mas\u012bh\u012b", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Syriac word for Nazarene?", "id": "56df6aed56340a1900b29add", "answers": [{"text": "Nasr\u0101n\u012b", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does tars mean?", "id": "56df6aed56340a1900b29ade", "answers": [{"text": "fear, respect", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Middle Persion word for Christian?", "id": "56df6aed56340a1900b29adf", "answers": [{"text": "Tars\u0101", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mas\u012bh\u012b", "answer_start": 32}], "question": "Which term is the most uncommon Persian word for Christian?", "id": "5ad2dd4ad7d075001a42a558", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christian", "answer_start": 188}], "question": "Derived from Persian, what does the Arabic Masihi word mean?", "id": "5ad2dd4ad7d075001a42a559", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nasr\u0101n\u012b", "answer_start": 77}], "question": "From Nasrani for Syriac, what does Christian mean?", "id": "5ad2dd4ad7d075001a42a55a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Persian", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "What is the most common Masihi word?", "id": "5ad2dd4ad7d075001a42a55b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Persian", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "From which language is the least common term derived?", "id": "5ad2dd4ad7d075001a42a55c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The most common Persian word is Mas\u012bh\u012b (\u0645\u0633\u06cc\u062d\u06cc), from Arabic.,Other words are Nasr\u0101n\u012b (\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc), from Syriac for \"Nazarene\", and Tars\u0101 (\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0627), from Middle Persian word Tars\u0101g, also meaning \"Christian\", derived from tars, meaning \"fear, respect\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which word has been connected to Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala, India?", "id": "56df6b9d56340a1900b29ae4", "answers": [{"text": "Nasrani", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do followers of Jesus call themselves in the Indian subcontinent?", "id": "56df6b9d56340a1900b29ae5", "answers": [{"text": "Isaai", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do the people in the Indian subcontinent call Jesus?", "id": "56df6b9d56340a1900b29ae6", "answers": [{"text": "Isa Masih", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nasrani", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "Which term has been associated with Saint Jesus of Isa Masih?", "id": "5ad2de1cd7d075001a42a57c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Indian subcontinent", "answer_start": 114}], "question": "Where do Indians call themselves Isaai?", "id": "5ad2de1cd7d075001a42a57d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Isaai", "answer_start": 162}], "question": "Which term means followers of Jesus?", "id": "5ad2de1cd7d075001a42a57e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nasrani", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "Which Christian term is attached to Saint Thomas Christians?", "id": "5ad2de1cd7d075001a42a57f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Isa Masih", "answer_start": 309}], "question": "What do people in Nasrani call Jesus?", "id": "5ad2de1cd7d075001a42a580", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Syriac term Nasrani (Nazarene) has also been attached to the Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala, India. In the Indian subcontinent, Christians call themselves Isaai (Hindi: \u0908\u0938\u093e\u0908, Urdu: \u0639\u06cc\u0633\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u200e), and are also known by this term to adherents of other religions. This is related to the name they call Jesus, 'Isa Masih, and literally means 'the followers of 'Isa'."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What term did the Malays use for the Portuguese Serani?", "id": "56df6bf35ca0a614008f99ff", "answers": [{"text": "Nasrani", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the term refer to now? ", "id": "56df6bf35ca0a614008f9a00", "answers": [{"text": "the modern Kristang creoles of Malaysia", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Serani", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "Which term used to refer to Kristang creoles of Malaysia?", "id": "5ad2ded9d7d075001a42a594", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Serani", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "Which term refers to the Kristang creoles of Nasrani?", "id": "5ad2ded9d7d075001a42a595", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Portuguese", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "Who did the Malays call Kristang creoles in the past?", "id": "5ad2ded9d7d075001a42a596", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arabic Nasrani", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "From where does the term Kristang Serani derive?", "id": "5ad2ded9d7d075001a42a597", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "modern Kristang creoles of Malaysia.", "answer_start": 115}], "question": "To whom does the term Serani now refer?", "id": "5ad2ded9d7d075001a42a598", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the past, the Malays used to call the Portuguese Serani from the Arabic Nasrani, but the term now refers to the modern Kristang creoles of Malaysia."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the Chinese word for Christian?", "id": "56df6fa456340a1900b29b40", "answers": [{"text": "\u57fa\u7763\u5f92 (pinyin: j\u012bd\u016b t\u00fa)", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does \u57fa\u7763\u5f92 (pinyin: j\u012bd\u016b t\u00fa) mean?", "id": "56df6fa456340a1900b29b41", "answers": [{"text": "Christ follower", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the original pronunciation of J\u012bd\u016b?", "id": "56df6fa456340a1900b29b42", "answers": [{"text": "Ki-To in Cantonese", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the two characters read in Vietnamese? ", "id": "56df6fa456340a1900b29b43", "answers": [{"text": "C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pinyin", "answer_start": 25}], "question": "Which Chinese term means Christ leader?", "id": "5ad2df9cd7d075001a42a5a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pinyin", "answer_start": 25}], "question": "Which Japanese word means Christ follower?", "id": "5ad2df9cd7d075001a42a5a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pinyin", "answer_start": 25}], "question": "Which Mandarin term means Christian?", "id": "5ad2df9cd7d075001a42a5a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "J\u012bd\u016b", "answer_start": 106}], "question": "Now pronounced Ki-To in Mandarin, how were the characters originally pronounced?", "id": "5ad2df9cd7d075001a42a5a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ki-To", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "Now pronounced Jidu in Cantonese, how were the characters originally pronounced?", "id": "5ad2df9cd7d075001a42a5aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Chinese word is \u57fa\u7763\u5f92 (pinyin: j\u012bd\u016b t\u00fa), literally \"Christ follower.\" The two characters now pronounced J\u012bd\u016b in Mandarin Chinese, were originally pronounced Ki-To in Cantonese as representation of Latin \"Cristo\".[citation needed] In Vietnam, the same two characters read C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c, and a \"follower of Christianity\" is a t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What Japanese term was used in reference to Roman Catholics?", "id": "56df701456340a1900b29b52", "answers": [{"text": "kirishitan", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the term kirishitan used by the Japanese?", "id": "56df701456340a1900b29b53", "answers": [{"text": "16th and 17th centuries", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who banned Roman Catholicism in Japan?", "id": "56df701456340a1900b29b54", "answers": [{"text": "the Tokugawa shogunate", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are Christians referenced today in Japan?", "id": "56df701456340a1900b29b55", "answers": [{"text": "Kirisuto-ky\u014dto", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tokugawa shogunate", "answer_start": 240}], "question": "By who was Kurisuchan banned?", "id": "5ad2e059d7d075001a42a5c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u5f92, Kirisuto-ky\u014dto or the English-derived term \u30af\u30ea\u30b9\u30c1\u30e3\u30f3 kurisuchan", "answer_start": 318}], "question": "How are Christians referred to in standard English today?", "id": "5ad2e059d7d075001a42a5c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "kirishitan", "answer_start": 19}], "question": "Which Japanese term was derived from the Portugeuese term Tokugawa?", "id": "5ad2e059d7d075001a42a5c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "crist\u00e3o", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "From which Roman Catholic term is kirishitan derived from?", "id": "5ad2e059d7d075001a42a5c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "kirishitan", "answer_start": 19}], "question": "Which term was used to refer to Christians after the religion was banned?", "id": "5ad2e059d7d075001a42a5c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In Japan, the term kirishitan (written in Edo period documents \u5409\u5229\u652f\u4e39, \u5207\u652f\u4e39, and in modern Japanese histories as \u30ad\u30ea\u30b7\u30bf\u30f3), from Portuguese crist\u00e3o, referred to Roman Catholics in the 16th and 17th centuries before the religion was banned by the Tokugawa shogunate. Today, Christians are referred to in Standard Japanese as \u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u5f92, Kirisuto-ky\u014dto or the English-derived term \u30af\u30ea\u30b9\u30c1\u30e3\u30f3 kurisuchan."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the Korean word for Christian?", "id": "56df705a5ca0a614008f9a35", "answers": [{"text": "\uae30\ub3c5\uad50\ub3c4, Kidok-kyo-do", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which term referred to Jesus himself?", "id": "56df705a5ca0a614008f9a36", "answers": [{"text": "Sino-Korean Kidok", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the modern term for Sino-Korean Kidok?", "id": "56df705a5ca0a614008f9a37", "answers": [{"text": "Kurisudo \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\ub3c4", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sino-Korean Kidok", "answer_start": 115}], "question": "Which term refers to Greek himself?", "id": "5ad2e124d7d075001a42a5f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Korean", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Which language no longer uses \uae30\ub3c5\uad50\ub3c4, Kidok-kyo-do for \"Christian\"?", "id": "5ad2e124d7d075001a42a5f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\uae30\ub3c5\uad50\ub3c4, Kidok-kyo-do", "answer_start": 18}], "question": "What is the Korean form of Kurisudo?", "id": "5ad2e124d7d075001a42a5fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kurisudo \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\ub3c4", "answer_start": 76}], "question": "What is the Greek form of Kidok-kyo-do?", "id": "5ad2e124d7d075001a42a5fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kurisudo \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\ub3c4", "answer_start": 76}], "question": "Which term has been replaced by Sino-Korean Kidok?", "id": "5ad2e124d7d075001a42a5fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Korean still uses \uae30\ub3c5\uad50\ub3c4, Kidok-kyo-do for \"Christian\", though the Greek form Kurisudo \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\ub3c4 has now replaced the old Sino-Korean Kidok, which refers to Christ himself."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the region of Eastern Europe called in 1 AD?", "id": "56df712b56340a1900b29b68", "answers": [{"text": "Scythia", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first state in this region to adopt Christianity? ", "id": "56df712b56340a1900b29b69", "answers": [{"text": "Armenia", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Armenia adopt Christianity?", "id": "56df712b56340a1900b29b6a", "answers": [{"text": "301 AD", "answer_start": 428}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Georgia adopt Christianity? ", "id": "56df712b56340a1900b29b6b", "answers": [{"text": "337 AD", "answer_start": 452}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What nearly was known as the original 'Christian faith'?", "id": "56df712b56340a1900b29b6c", "answers": [{"text": "Pravoslav faith", "answer_start": 1219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Russia, Ukraine and other countries of the ex-USSR", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "Which countries make up Western Europe and Central Eurasia?", "id": "5ad2e469604f3c001a3fd8d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ancient times, in the first centuries after the birth of Christ", "answer_start": 188}], "question": "When was the Western Europe region called Scythia?", "id": "5ad2e469604f3c001a3fd8d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Georgia", "answer_start": 443}], "question": "In 337 AD which state became the first to adopt Christianity?", "id": "5ad2e469604f3c001a3fd8d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "337 AD", "answer_start": 452}], "question": "Georgia became the first state to adopt Christianity in what year?", "id": "5ad2e469604f3c001a3fd8da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435", "answer_start": 979}], "question": "Which term came to be known as meaning representatives of the heterogeneous Christian nation?", "id": "5ad2e469604f3c001a3fd8db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The region of modern Eastern Europe and Central Eurasia (Russia, Ukraine and other countries of the ex-USSR) have a long history of Christianity and Christian communities on its lands. In ancient times, in the first centuries after the birth of Christ, when this region was called[by whom?] Scythia - Christians already lived there. Later the region saw the first states to adopt Christianity officially - initially in Armenia (301 AD) and in Georgia (337 AD), later in the Great Russian Principality (Kyivan Rus, Russian: \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435, ca 988 AD). People of that time used to denote themselves Christians (\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0435) and Russians (\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435). Both terms had strong Christian connotations.[citation needed] It is also interesting that in time the term \"\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0435\" acquired the meaning \"peasants of Christian faith\" and later \"peasants\" (the main part of the population of the region), while the term \"\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0435\" retained its religious meaning and the term \"\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435\" began to mean representatives of the heterogeneous Russian nation formed on the basis of common Christian faith and language,[citation needed] which strongly influenced the history and development of the region. In the region the \"Pravoslav faith\" (\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 - Orthodox faith) or \"Russian faith\" (\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430) from earliest times became almost as known as the original \"Christian faith\" (\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430). Also in some contexts the term \"cossack\" (\u043a\u043e\u0437\u0430\u043a, \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043a - free man by the will of God) was used[by whom?] to denote \"free\" Christians of steppe origin and Russian language."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How long have Christians made up nearly 1/3rd of the population?", "id": "56df722c56340a1900b29b7a", "answers": [{"text": "100 years", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Christian denomination has the most members?", "id": "56df722c56340a1900b29b7b", "answers": [{"text": "Roman Catholic Church", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people today are Roman Catholics?", "id": "56df722c56340a1900b29b7c", "answers": [{"text": "1.17 billion", "answer_start": 347}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "early 21st century", "answer_start": 10}], "question": "As of when did Christianity have about 2.4 million adherents?", "id": "5ad2e50e604f3c001a3fd8ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christianity", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "Which religion is the smallest in the world?", "id": "5ad2e50e604f3c001a3fd8f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "around 100 years", "answer_start": 259}], "question": "For how long have Christians made up about 50% of the world's population?", "id": "5ad2e50e604f3c001a3fd8f1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Roman Catholic Church", "answer_start": 319}], "question": "Which is the smallest Christian denomination?", "id": "5ad2e50e604f3c001a3fd8f2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Roman Catholic Church", "answer_start": 319}], "question": "Which denomination of Christianity has 1.17 million followers?", "id": "5ad2e50e604f3c001a3fd8f3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "As of the early 21st century, Christianity has approximately 2.4 billion adherents. The faith represents about a third of the world's population and is the largest religion in the world. Christians have composed about 33 percent of the world's population for around 100 years. The largest Christian denomination is the Roman Catholic Church, with 1.17 billion adherents, representing half of all Christians."}, {"qas": [{"question": "More people belong to what religion than any other in the Western world?", "id": "56df72c056340a1900b29b8c", "answers": [{"text": "Christianity", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Western World", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "Where does Christianity struggle to maintain dominance?", "id": "5ad2e5e6604f3c001a3fd919", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christians", "answer_start": 280}], "question": "What do 73.3% of Europeans describe themselves as?", "id": "5ad2e5e6604f3c001a3fd91a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christians", "answer_start": 280}], "question": "What do 76.2% of people in Latin America describe themselves as?", "id": "5ad2e5e6604f3c001a3fd91b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christians", "answer_start": 280}], "question": "What do 77.4% of people in the Western World describe themselves as?", "id": "5ad2e5e6604f3c001a3fd91c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christians", "answer_start": 280}], "question": "What do 86% of people in Oceania describe themselves as?", "id": "5ad2e5e6604f3c001a3fd91d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Christianity remains the dominant religion in the Western World, where 70% are Christians. A 2011 Pew Research Center survey found that 76.2% of Europeans, 73.3% in Oceania, and about 86.0% in the Americas (90% in Latin America and 77.4% in North America) described themselves as Christians."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which religion will have the most followers by the year 2050 if trends continue?", "id": "56df765f56340a1900b29bac", "answers": [{"text": "Christianity", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On average, how many children do Christians have?", "id": "56df765f56340a1900b29bae", "answers": [{"text": "2.7", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Muslims converted to Christianity according to a 2015 poll?", "id": "56df765f56340a1900b29baf", "answers": [{"text": "10.2 million", "answer_start": 492}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to conversion, what other reason is given for the trend in Christianity's followers?", "id": "56df765f56340a1900b29bb0", "answers": [{"text": "High birth rates", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2050", "answer_start": 136}], "question": "By which year will Christianity no longer be the world's largest religion?", "id": "5ad2e689604f3c001a3fd93f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2050", "answer_start": 136}], "question": "Through which year will Christianity remain the world's smallest religion?", "id": "5ad2e689604f3c001a3fd940", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2050", "answer_start": 145}], "question": "By what year is the Muslim population expected to reach 3 billion?", "id": "5ad2e689604f3c001a3fd941", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2.7 children per woman.", "answer_start": 335}], "question": "Christians have an average of 3.1 children per woman compared to Muslims with how manY?", "id": "5ad2e689604f3c001a3fd942", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "High birth rates and conversion", "answer_start": 359}], "question": "What is cited as reasons for Christian population decline?", "id": "5ad2e689604f3c001a3fd943", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to 2012 Pew Research Center survey if current trends continue, Christianity will remains the world's largest religion by year 2050. By 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion. While Muslims have an average of 3.1 children per woman\u2014the highest rate of all religious groups. Christians are second, with 2.7 children per woman. High birth rates and conversion were cited as the reason for the Christian population growths. A 2015 study found that approximately 10.2 million Muslim converted to Christianity. Christianity is growing in Africa, Asia, Latin America, Muslim world, and Oceania."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What denomination of Christianity had the highest percentage of Nobel Prize winners between 1901 and 1972 in America?", "id": "56df772656340a1900b29bc6", "answers": [{"text": "Protestant", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Harriet Zuckerman", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "Who wrote Scientific Medicine: American Nobel Protestants?", "id": "5ad2e1fed7d075001a42a612", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "72%", "answer_start": 154}], "question": "According to Physics, how many American nobel prize winners identified as Protestant?", "id": "5ad2e1fed7d075001a42a613", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "84.2", "answer_start": 269}], "question": "What percentage of nobel prizes in chemistry have protestants lost?", "id": "5ad2e1fed7d075001a42a614", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "60%", "answer_start": 313}], "question": "What percentage of nobel prizes in Medicine have protestants lost?", "id": "5ad2e1fed7d075001a42a615", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "58.6%", "answer_start": 334}], "question": "What percentage of nobel prizes in Physics have protestants lost?", "id": "5ad2e1fed7d075001a42a616", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United State by Harriet Zuckerman, a review of American Nobel prizes awarded between 1901 and 1972, 72% of American Nobel Prize laureates identified a Protestant background. Overall, Protestants have won a total of 84.2% of all the Nobel Prizes in Chemistry, 60% in Medicine, and 58.6% in Physics awarded to Americans between 1901 and 1972."}, {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sciences, arts, politics, literatures and business.", "answer_start": 98}], "question": "In which fields have Christians failed to make contributions?", "id": "5ad2cfddd7d075001a42a31c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "65.4%", "answer_start": 259}], "question": "How many Nobel Prize laureates between 1901 and 2000 identify as politics?", "id": "5ad2cfddd7d075001a42a31d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "65.4%", "answer_start": 259}], "question": "According to a review of the sciences, how many Nobel Prize winners identify as Christian?", "id": "5ad2cfddd7d075001a42a31e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "politics, literatures and business", "answer_start": 114}], "question": "Christians have made contributions to science and art but not which subjects?", "id": "5ad2cfddd7d075001a42a31f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Christians have made a myriad contributions in a broad and diverse range of fields, including the sciences, arts, politics, literatures and business. According to 100 Years of Nobel Prizes, a review of Nobel prizes awarded between 1901 and 2000 reveals that (65.4%) of Nobel Prizes laureates identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference."}, {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "made a myriad contributions", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "What have Christians failed to do regarding a range of fields?", "id": "5ad2e2d7d7d075001a42a626", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "(65.4%) of Nobel Prizes laureates identified Christianity", "answer_start": 258}], "question": "What did the 1901 review of Nobel prizes claim?", "id": "5ad2e2d7d7d075001a42a627", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "100 Years of Nobel Prizes", "answer_start": 163}], "question": "What claims that 50% of Nobel Prize laureates identify as Christians?", "id": "5ad2e2d7d7d075001a42a628", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1901 and 2000", "answer_start": 231}], "question": "During which time period did the 200 year Nobel Prize review take place?", "id": "5ad2e2d7d7d075001a42a629", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Christians have made a myriad contributions in a broad and diverse range of fields, including the sciences, arts, politics, literatures and business. According to 100 Years of Nobel Prizes, a review of Nobel prizes awarded between 1901 and 2000 reveals that (65.4%) of Nobel Prizes laureates identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference."}]}, {"title": "Sony_Music_Entertainment", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What was the first name of Sony Music Entertainment, Inc?", "id": "56df11de3277331400b4d933", "answers": [{"text": "American Record Corporation", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was it renamed Columbia Recording Corporation?", "id": "56df11de3277331400b4d934", "answers": [{"text": "1938", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was it known as CBS Records?", "id": "56df11de3277331400b4d935", "answers": [{"text": "1966", "answer_start": 410}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did it land the name, Sony Music Entertainment?", "id": "56df11de3277331400b4d936", "answers": [{"text": "1987", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company is the only group larger than Sony Music Entertainment?", "id": "56df11de3277331400b4d937", "answers": [{"text": "Universal Music Group.", "answer_start": 614}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sony Corporation", "answer_start": 216}], "question": "Who is the Chinese conglomerate who owns SCA?", "id": "5ace27d732bba1001ae49bdd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1929", "answer_start": 237}], "question": "The American Recording Company (ARC) was founded in what year?", "id": "5ace27d732bba1001ae49bde", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1966", "answer_start": 410}], "question": "ABC Records was established in what year?", "id": "5ace27d732bba1001ae49bdf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1987", "answer_start": 470}], "question": "Sony Corporation of China bought CBS Records in what year?", "id": "5ace27d732bba1001ae49be0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "music company", "answer_start": 593}], "question": "SME is the world's third largest recorded what?", "id": "5ace27d732bba1001ae49be1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Sony Music Entertainment Inc. (sometimes known as Sony Music or by the initials, SME) is an American music corporation managed and operated by Sony Corporation of America (SCA), a subsidiary of Japanese conglomerate Sony Corporation. In 1929, the enterprise was first founded as American Record Corporation (ARC) and, in 1938, was renamed Columbia Recording Corporation, following ARC's acquisition by CBS. In 1966, the company was reorganized to become CBS Records. In 1987, Sony Corporation of Japan bought the company, and in 1991, renamed it SME. It is the world's second largest recorded music company, after Universal Music Group."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did SME merge with another company?", "id": "56df12643277331400b4d947", "answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the other company that SME merged with?", "id": "56df12643277331400b4d948", "answers": [{"text": "Bertelsmann Music Group", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the company call themselves after the  merger?", "id": "56df12643277331400b4d949", "answers": [{"text": "Sony BMG Music Entertainment", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Sony BMG Music Entertainment go back to being called SME?", "id": "56df12643277331400b4d94a", "answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sony BMG Music Entertainment", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "In 2014, SME and Bertelsmann Music Group merged as what?", "id": "5ace295332bba1001ae49c2b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "SME", "answer_start": 165}], "question": "In 2018, Sony BMG reverted to what name?", "id": "5ace295332bba1001ae49c2c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BMG Rights Management", "answer_start": 242}], "question": "The 2008 buyout led to the dissolution of SME, which relaunched as what?", "id": "5ace295332bba1001ae49c2d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "Brickman Music Group merged with SME in what year?", "id": "5ace295332bba1001ae49c2e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "BMG Rights Music was relaunched in what year?", "id": "5ace295332bba1001ae49c2f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2004, SME and Bertelsmann Music Group merged as Sony BMG Music Entertainment. When Sony acquired BMG's half of the conglomerate in 2008, Sony BMG reverted to the SME name. The buyout led to the dissolution of BMG, which then relaunched as BMG Rights Management. Out of the \"Big Three\" record companies, with Universal Music Group being the largest and Warner Music Group, SME is middle-sized."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did ARC form?", "id": "56df12bcc65bf219000b3f2b", "answers": [{"text": "1929", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Columbia Phonography Company form?", "id": "56df12bcc65bf219000b3f2c", "answers": [{"text": "1888", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did ARC take over Columbia Phonography Company?", "id": "56df12bcc65bf219000b3f2d", "answers": [{"text": "1934", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1929", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "ABC was founded through a merger in what year?", "id": "5ace2a3232bba1001ae49c47", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1934", "answer_start": 308}], "question": "The Columbia Phonograph Company in China was acquired by ARC in what year?", "id": "5ace2a3232bba1001ae49c48", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1888", "answer_start": 227}], "question": "The Columbia Photography Company was founded in what year?", "id": "5ace2a3232bba1001ae49c49", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "record companies", "answer_start": 61}], "question": "ARC was founded through a merger of several larger what?", "id": "5ace2a3232bba1001ae49c4a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Columbia Phonograph Company", "answer_start": 183}], "question": "Okeh Records had whom as a subsidiary?", "id": "5ace2a3232bba1001ae49c4b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1929, ARC was founded through a merger of several smaller record companies, which, ultimately, transformed into one enterprise known as SME. In the depths of the Great Depression, the Columbia Phonograph Company (founded in 1888) in the U.S. (including its Okeh Records subsidiary) was acquired by ARC in 1934."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who bought out ARC?", "id": "56df1372c65bf219000b3f31", "answers": [{"text": "Columbia Broadcasting System", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was ARC bought?", "id": "56df1372c65bf219000b3f32", "answers": [{"text": "1938", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did CBS call ARC after buying it?", "id": "56df1372c65bf219000b3f33", "answers": [{"text": "Columbia Recording Corporation", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the head of CBS at the time?", "id": "56df1372c65bf219000b3f34", "answers": [{"text": "William S. Paley", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who convinced Paley to buy ARC?", "id": "56df1372c65bf219000b3f35", "answers": [{"text": "RCA Victor Records executive Ted Wallerstein", "answer_start": 410}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1938", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "ABC was acquired by the Columbia Broadcasting System in what year?", "id": "5ace2b2d32bba1001ae49c65", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "affiliates", "answer_start": 270}], "question": "The Colombia Phonograph Company had local subsidiaries and what?", "id": "5ace2b2d32bba1001ae49c66", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CBS head William S. Paley", "answer_start": 465}], "question": "CBS Records executive Ted Wallerstein convinced whom to buy ARC?", "id": "5ace2b2d32bba1001ae49c67", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December 1931", "answer_start": 899}], "question": "ARC kept the Brunswick catalogue recorded from what date?", "id": "5ace2b2d32bba1001ae49c68", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Records", "answer_start": 1388}], "question": "Ted Wallerstein became the head of Columbia what?", "id": "5ace2b2d32bba1001ae49c69", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "ARC was acquired in 1938 by the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS, which, in turn, had been formed by the Columbia Phonograph Company, but then sold off). ARC was renamed Columbia Recording Corporation. The Columbia Phonograph Company had international subsidiaries and affiliates such as the Columbia Graphophone Company in the United Kingdom, but they were sold off prior to CBS acquiring American Columbia. RCA Victor Records executive Ted Wallerstein convinced CBS head William S. Paley to buy ARC and Paley made Wallerstein head of the newly acquired record company. The renamed company made Columbia its flagship label with Okeh its subsidiary label while deemphasizing ARC's other labels. This allowed ARC's leased labels Brunswick Records and Vocalion Records to revert to former owner Warner Bros. which sold the labels to Decca Records. Columbia kept the Brunswick catalogue recorded from December 1931 onward which was reissued on the Columbia label as well as the Vocalion label material from the same time period which was reissued on the Okeh label. Wallerstein, who was promoted at the end of 1947 from president to chairman of the record company, restored Columbia's status as a leading record company and spearheaded the successful introduction of the long playing (LP) record before he retired as Columbia's chairman in 1951. James Conkling then became head of Columbia Records. Also in 1951, Columbia severed its ties with the EMI-owned record label of the same name and began a UK distribution deal with Philips Records, whereas Okeh Records continued to be distributed by EMI on the Columbia label."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was Epic Records created?", "id": "56df13fdc65bf219000b3f3f", "answers": [{"text": "1953", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company created Epic Records?", "id": "56df13fdc65bf219000b3f40", "answers": [{"text": "Columbia", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was one of the creators of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences?", "id": "56df13fdc65bf219000b3f41", "answers": [{"text": "Conkling", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Conkling later go on to lead?", "id": "56df13fdc65bf219000b3f42", "answers": [{"text": "Warner Bros. Records", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of music was Date Records known for?", "id": "56df13fdc65bf219000b3f43", "answers": [{"text": "rockabilly", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1953", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "Epic Records founded Columbia in what year?", "id": "5ace2bc932bba1001ae49c81", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Recording Arts and Sciences", "answer_start": 120}], "question": "Lieberson helped establish the National Academy of what?", "id": "5ace2bc932bba1001ae49c82", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1958", "answer_start": 325}], "question": "Columbia founded Daring Records in what year?", "id": "5ace2bc932bba1001ae49c83", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rockabilly", "answer_start": 400}], "question": "Daring Records initially issued what kind of music?", "id": "5ace2bc932bba1001ae49c84", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1956", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "Lieberson left Columbia in what year?", "id": "5ace2bc932bba1001ae49c85", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Columbia founded Epic Records in 1953. In 1956, Conkling left Columbia, he would help establish the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences before eventually becoming the first president of the newly launched Warner Bros. Records, and Goddard Lieberson began the first of two stints as head of the record company. In 1958, Columbia founded another label, Date Records, which initially issued rockabilly music."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was Mercury Records (US) bought out?", "id": "56df149d3277331400b4d963", "answers": [{"text": "1961", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who acquired Mercury Records (US)?", "id": "56df149d3277331400b4d964", "answers": [{"text": "Philips Records", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of CBS' Mexican record label?", "id": "56df149d3277331400b4d965", "answers": [{"text": "Discos CBS", "answer_start": 524}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1960", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "Columbia/ABC began negotiations with Philips Records in what year?", "id": "5ace2c7832bba1001ae49c95", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CBS", "answer_start": 114}], "question": "Which company wanted to start its own local record company?", "id": "5ace2c7832bba1001ae49c96", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1961", "answer_start": 211}], "question": "Mercury Records acquired Philips in the US in what year?", "id": "5ace2c7832bba1001ae49c97", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Europe", "answer_start": 457}], "question": "Philips Records distributed the music in what area?", "id": "5ace2c7832bba1001ae49c98", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Columbia", "answer_start": 502}], "question": "CBS's Chinese record company was called Discos what?", "id": "5ace2c7832bba1001ae49c99", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1960, Columbia/CBS began negotiations with its main international distributor Philips Records with the goal of CBS starting its own global record company. Philips' acquisition of Mercury Records in the US in 1961 paved the way for this. CBS only had the rights to the Columbia name in North America; therefore the international arm founded in 1961 and launched in 1962 utilized the \"CBS Records\" name only, with Philips Records distributing the label in Europe. CBS's Mexican record company, Discos Columbia, was renamed Discos CBS by 1963."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What 4 areas of the country did Columbia Records have manufacturers in?", "id": "56df14df3277331400b4d969", "answers": [{"text": "Los Angeles; Terre Haute, Indiana; Bridgeport, Connecticut; and Pitman, New Jersey", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1962", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "Chinese Record Productions was operating four plants by what year?", "id": "5ace2d4a32bba1001ae49cb3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Columbia Record Productions", "answer_start": 15}], "question": "Which company was operating five plants around the US?", "id": "5ace2d4a32bba1001ae49cb4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "New Jersey", "answer_start": 182}], "question": "The four plants were located in California, Iowa, Connecticut, and where?", "id": "5ace2d4a32bba1001ae49cb5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "By 1972, Columbia Record Productions was operating how many plants?", "id": "5ace2d4a32bba1001ae49cb6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "By 1962, their Columbia Record Productions unit was operating four plants around the United States located in Los Angeles; Terre Haute, Indiana; Bridgeport, Connecticut; and Pitman, New Jersey, which manufactured records for not only Columbia's own labels, but also for independent record labels."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What lable was bought by CBS in the UK?", "id": "56df14f73277331400b4d96b", "answers": [{"text": "Oriole Records.", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1964", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "ABC established it own UK distribution in what year?", "id": "5ace2dc432bba1001ae49ccf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1968", "answer_start": 226}], "question": "The distribution deal with CBS expired in what year?", "id": "5ace2dc432bba1001ae49cd0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1968", "answer_start": 226}], "question": "ABC took over distribution in what year?", "id": "5ace2dc432bba1001ae49cd1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "EMI", "answer_start": 89}], "question": "Who continued to distribute Epic and Oprah label material?", "id": "5ace2dc432bba1001ae49cd2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1964", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "CBS acquired Oakland Records in what year?", "id": "5ace2dc432bba1001ae49cd3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1964, CBS established its own UK distribution with the acquisition of Oriole Records. EMI continued to distribute Epic and Okeh label material on the Columbia label in the UK until the distribution deal with EMI expired in 1968 when CBS took over distribution."}, {"qas": [{"question": "CBS began thinking of a name change to their record label in what year?", "id": "56df152ec65bf219000b3f4f", "answers": [{"text": "1965", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "operation", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "In 1955, CBS was a global what?", "id": "5ace2e5e32bba1001ae49ced", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Columbia Records", "answer_start": 178}], "question": "The company wanted to change their name from CBS Records to what?", "id": "5ace2e5e32bba1001ae49cee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Columbia Broadcasting System upper management", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "Which management wanted to change the name of their staff?", "id": "5ace2e5e32bba1001ae49cef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the name of their record company", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "The Columbia Broadcasting System low level staff wanted to change what?", "id": "5ace2e5e32bba1001ae49cf0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "With the record company a global operation in 1965, the Columbia Broadcasting System upper management started pondering changing the name of their record company subsidiary from Columbia Records to CBS Records."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Date Records gave rise to the group \"Peaches and Herb\" in what year?", "id": "56df15ca3277331400b4d96d", "answers": [{"text": "1965", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Date Records released what major success in 1969?", "id": "56df15ca3277331400b4d96e", "answers": [{"text": "\"Time of the Season\" by the Zombies", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What place on the charts did Date Records' big success land on?", "id": "56df15ca3277331400b4d96f", "answers": [{"text": "#2", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Despite the success, in what year did Date Records cease to exist?", "id": "56df15ca3277331400b4d970", "answers": [{"text": "1970", "answer_start": 295}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1965", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "The Date subsidiary label expired in what year?", "id": "5ace2f7232bba1001ae49d25", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Zombies", "answer_start": 229}], "question": "Date's biggest success was \"Turn of the Season\" by what group?", "id": "5ace2f7232bba1001ae49d26", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1969", "answer_start": 259}], "question": "\"Time of the Season\" peaked at #1 in what year?", "id": "5ace2f7232bba1001ae49d27", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Date subsidiary label", "answer_start": 19}], "question": "In 1970, which label was revived?", "id": "5ace2f7232bba1001ae49d28", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Also in late 1965, the Date subsidiary label was revived. This label released the first string of hits for Peaches & Herb and scored a few minor hits from various other artists. Date's biggest success was \"Time of the Season\" by the Zombies, peaking at #2 in 1969. The label was discontinued in 1970."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who ran CBS-Columbia Group starting in 1966?", "id": "56df163f3277331400b4d975", "answers": [{"text": "Leiberson", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "its corporate structure", "answer_start": 25}], "question": "In 1966, ABC reorganized what?", "id": "5ace304032bba1001ae49d3f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the new \"CBS-Columbia Group\"", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "Leiberson was promoted to secretary for what group?", "id": "5ace304032bba1001ae49d40", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Leiberson", "answer_start": 54}], "question": "The new \"ABC-Columbia Group\" had whom as its head?", "id": "5ace304032bba1001ae49d41", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the now renamed CBS Records", "answer_start": 121}], "question": "Davis Clive ran which unit?", "id": "5ace304032bba1001ae49d42", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1966, CBS reorganized its corporate structure with Leiberson promoted to head the new \"CBS-Columbia Group\" which made the now renamed CBS Records company a separate unit of this new group run by Clive Davis."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did CBS and Sony come together?", "id": "56df16b23277331400b4d977", "answers": [{"text": "1968", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did CDs come to the American market?", "id": "56df16b23277331400b4d979", "answers": [{"text": "1983", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CBS/Sony Records", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "In March 1988, CBS and Sony formed what group?", "id": "5ace30ce32bba1001ae49d57", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "business joint venture", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "CBS/Sony Records was a Chinese what?", "id": "5ace30ce32bba1001ae49d58", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the joint venture", "answer_start": 234}], "question": "A compact disc production plant was constructed in China under what?", "id": "5ace30ce32bba1001ae49d59", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1983", "answer_start": 352}], "question": "ABC supplied some of the first compact disc releases in what year?", "id": "5ace30ce32bba1001ae49d5a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1983", "answer_start": 352}], "question": "Some of the first compact disc releases hit the Chinese market in what year?", "id": "5ace30ce32bba1001ae49d5b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In March 1968, CBS and Sony formed CBS/Sony Records, a Japanese business joint venture. With Sony being one of the developers behind the compact disc digital music media, a compact disc production plant was constructed in Japan under the joint venture, allowing CBS to begin supplying some of the first compact disc releases for the American market in 1983."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was Clive Davis let go at CBS Records Group?", "id": "56df175bc65bf219000b3f51", "answers": [{"text": "1972", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Clive Davis", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "ABC Records Group was led successfully by whom?", "id": "5ace329d32bba1001ae49da3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1972", "answer_start": 86}], "question": "Clive Davis was dismissed from ABC Records Group in what year?", "id": "5ace329d32bba1001ae49da4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Clive Davis", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "Who used CBS funds to finance his professional life?", "id": "5ace329d32bba1001ae49da5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Clive Davis", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "Who used company funds for an expensive bar mitzvah party for their daughter?", "id": "5ace329d32bba1001ae49da6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Goddard Lieberson", "answer_start": 267}], "question": "Who replaced lawyer Walter Yetnikoff?", "id": "5ace329d32bba1001ae49da7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The CBS Records Group was led very successfully by Clive Davis until his dismissal in 1972, after it was discovered that Davis has used CBS funds to finance his personal life, including an expensive bar mitzvah party for his son. He was replaced first by former head Goddard Lieberson, then in 1975 by the colourful and controversial lawyer Walter Yetnikoff, who led the company until 1990."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many people signed a petition to boycott Sony Music in 2016?", "id": "56df1e8dc65bf219000b3f65", "answers": [{"text": "over a hundred thousand", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "twenty-four", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "Over a million people signed a petition in how many hours?", "id": "5ace42e332bba1001ae4a103", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "over a hundred thousand", "answer_start": 18}], "question": "In February 2006, how many people signed a petition calling for a boycott of Sony Music?", "id": "5ace42e332bba1001ae4a104", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dr. Luke", "answer_start": 217}], "question": "Rape allegations were made against music producer Kesha against artist?", "id": "5ace42e332bba1001ae4a105", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "free her from her contract with Sony Music", "answer_start": 306}], "question": "Kesha asked a California Supreme Court to do what?", "id": "5ace42e332bba1001ae4a106", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In February 2016, over a hundred thousand people signed a petition in just twenty-four hours, calling for a boycott of Sony Music and all other Sony-affiliated businesses after rape allegations against music producer Dr. Luke were made by musical artist Kesha. Kesha asked a New York City Supreme Court to free her from her contract with Sony Music but the court denied the request, prompting widespread public and media response. "}, {"qas": [{"question": "What search engine company giant has Sony sent requests to regarding content on a website?", "id": "56df1fcec65bf219000b3f6f", "answers": [{"text": "Google", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What website does Sony have complaints against?", "id": "56df1fcec65bf219000b3f70", "answers": [{"text": "Wikipedia.org", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Google", "answer_start": 148}], "question": "Thousands of rights-holders have sent complaints to whom?", "id": "5ace424c32bba1001ae4a0dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wikipedia.org", "answer_start": 122}], "question": "Rights-holders have complained about Google to which organization?", "id": "5ace424c32bba1001ae4a0de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Google", "answer_start": 148}], "question": "Over the past twenty years, rights-holders have complained to whom?", "id": "5ace424c32bba1001ae4a0df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to have content removed", "answer_start": 155}], "question": "Why did rights-holders complain to Wikipedi.org?", "id": "5ace424c32bba1001ae4a0e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Over the past two years,[clarification needed] dozens of rights-holders, including Sony Music, have sent complaints about Wikipedia.org directly to Google to have content removed."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Sony pull out of the Greek market?", "id": "56df20353277331400b4d987", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What label for the Greek market were artists on under the Sony umbrella?", "id": "56df20353277331400b4d989", "answers": [{"text": "Feelgood Records", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 8}], "question": "Sony withdrew from the China market in what year? ", "id": "5ace405632bba1001ae4a08d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Greek market", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "A political crisis caused Sony to withdraw from what market?", "id": "5ace405632bba1001ae4a08e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sony Music in Greece from domestic and foreign artists", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "Felling Records carries artists released by whom?", "id": "5ace405632bba1001ae4a08f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Feelgood Records", "answer_start": 172}], "question": "Albums released by Sony Music in China are carried by whom?", "id": "5ace405632bba1001ae4a090", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In July 2013, Sony Music withdrew from the Greek market due to an economic crisis. Albums released by Sony Music in Greece from domestic and foreign artists are carried by Feelgood Records."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Sony shut down their offices in the Philippines?", "id": "56df2093c65bf219000b3f73", "answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "Sony Music closed its Japan office in what year?", "id": "5ace3fcc32bba1001ae4a073", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Philippines", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "The office in which country closed due to illness?", "id": "5ace3fcc32bba1001ae4a074", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "its Philippines office", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "In 2014, Sony Music closed which office?", "id": "5ace3fcc32bba1001ae4a075", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Philippines", "answer_start": 121}], "question": "The distribution moved from Ivory Music to SME in what country?", "id": "5ace3fcc32bba1001ae4a076", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In March 2012, Sony Music reportedly closed its Philippines office due to piracy, causing to move distribution of SME in the Philippines to Ivory Music."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What famous music producer became CEO of Epic Records?", "id": "56df217bc65bf219000b3f81", "answers": [{"text": "L.A. Reid", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who joined the CEO of Epic Records in becoming the CEO of Sony Music?", "id": "56df217bc65bf219000b3f82", "answers": [{"text": "Doug Morris", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did he become the CEO of Sony Music?", "id": "56df217bc65bf219000b3f83", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who became the CEO of RCA Records?", "id": "56df217bc65bf219000b3f84", "answers": [{"text": "Peter Edge", "answer_start": 362}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What labels did RCA disband in 2011?", "id": "56df217bc65bf219000b3f85", "answers": [{"text": "Arista, J Records and Jive Records", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 121}], "question": "Morris Doug became CEO in what year?", "id": "5ace3ed732bba1001ae4a03d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Morris", "answer_start": 5}], "question": "Warner Music underwent a restructuring after whose arrival?", "id": "5ace3ed732bba1001ae4a03e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "moved to Epic", "answer_start": 347}], "question": "Under Morris, multiple artists from Jive did what?", "id": "5ace3ed732bba1001ae4a03f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the RCA Records unit", "answer_start": 395}], "question": "Edge Peter became the new CEO of what?", "id": "5ace3ed732bba1001ae4a040", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The RCA Music Group", "answer_start": 417}], "question": "Arista closed down what group?", "id": "5ace3ed732bba1001ae4a041", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Doug Morris, who was head of Warner Music Group, then Universal Music, became chairman and CEO of the company on July 1, 2011. Sony Music underwent a restructuring after Morris' arrival. He was joined by L.A. Reid, who became the chairman and CEO of Epic Records. Under Reid, multiple artists from the Jive half of the former RCA/Jive Label Group moved to Epic. Peter Edge became the new CEO of the RCA Records unit. The RCA Music Group closed down Arista, J Records and Jive Records in October 2011, with the artists from those labels being moved to RCA Records."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Name 3 artists that CBS Associated Records signed on in the 80s and 90s?", "id": "56df2200c65bf219000b3f8b", "answers": [{"text": "Ozzy Osbourne, the Fabulous Thunderbirds, Electric Light Orchestra, Joan Jett, and Henry Lee Summer", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CBS Associated Records", "answer_start": 78}], "question": "Martell Tony was the head of which label?", "id": "5ace334632bba1001ae49ddb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CBS Associated Records", "answer_start": 78}], "question": "What label was a part of wing of sub labels at ABC?", "id": "5ace334632bba1001ae49ddc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CBS Associated Records", "answer_start": 78}], "question": "Who didn't share the same staff as Epic Records?", "id": "5ace334632bba1001ae49ddd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CBS Associated Records", "answer_start": 78}], "question": "Who wasn't a part of  the full CBS Records worldwide distribution system?", "id": "5ace334632bba1001ae49dde", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CBS Associated Records", "answer_start": 78}], "question": "Ozzy Osbourne was the head of which label?", "id": "5ace334632bba1001ae49ddf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the 1980s to early 1990s, there was a CBS imprint label in the US known as CBS Associated Records. Tony Martell, veteran CBS and Epic Records A&R Vice President was head of this label and signed artists including Ozzy Osbourne, the Fabulous Thunderbirds, Electric Light Orchestra, Joan Jett, and Henry Lee Summer. This label was a part of (Epic/Portrait/Associated) wing of sub labels at CBS which shared the same national and regional staff as the rest of Epic Records and was a part of the full CBS Records worldwide distribution system."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did CBS sell CBS Songs?", "id": "56df226bc65bf219000b3f8d", "answers": [{"text": "1986", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much was the sale of CBS Songs?", "id": "56df226bc65bf219000b3f8e", "answers": [{"text": "$125 million", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were the 3 people who bought CBS Songs?", "id": "56df226bc65bf219000b3f90", "answers": [{"text": "Stephen Swid, Martin Bandier, and Charles Koppelman", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "its music publishing arm", "answer_start": 18}], "question": "In 1996, CBS sold what?", "id": "5ace33db32bba1001ae49df7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Stephen Swid, Martin Bandier, and Charles Koppelman", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "ABC Songs was sold to whom?", "id": "5ace33db32bba1001ae49df8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CBS Songs", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "What publishing arm was sold for $155 million?", "id": "5ace33db32bba1001ae49df9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CBS Songs", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "SAK Entertainment acquired which publishing arm?", "id": "5ace33db32bba1001ae49dfa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1986, CBS sold its music publishing arm, CBS Songs, to Stephen Swid, Martin Bandier, and Charles Koppelman for $125 million making it the foundation of their SBK Entertainment."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was CBS the only network to also have a record company?", "id": "56df2305c65bf219000b3f95", "answers": [{"text": "1987", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What label did ABC sell in 1979?", "id": "56df2305c65bf219000b3f96", "answers": [{"text": "MCA Records", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What label did NBC sell in 1986?", "id": "56df2305c65bf219000b3f97", "answers": [{"text": "RCA", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who bought RCA?", "id": "56df2305c65bf219000b3f98", "answers": [{"text": "Ge", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CBS", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "By 1997, which network was the only \"big three\" to also have its own record company?", "id": "5ace349132bba1001ae49e27", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "MCA Records", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "CBA sold its record division to whom in 1979?", "id": "5ace349132bba1001ae49e28", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "General Electric", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "RCA's parent company NBC was sold to whom ?", "id": "5ace349132bba1001ae49e29", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Records", "answer_start": 315}], "question": "BMG was later known as what Ariola what?", "id": "5ace349132bba1001ae49e2a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1986", "answer_start": 157}], "question": "In what year was RCA's parent company NBC sold to General Electric?", "id": "5ace349132bba1001ae49e2b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "By 1987, CBS was the only \"big three\" American TV network to have a co-owned record company. ABC had sold its record division to MCA Records in 1979, and in 1986, NBC's parent company RCA was sold to General Electric, who then sold off all other RCA units, including the record division (which was bought by Ariola Records, later known as BMG)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did SCA buy CBS Records?", "id": "56df23c2c65bf219000b3f9f", "answers": [{"text": "1987", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the biggest artist that CBS had?", "id": "56df23c2c65bf219000b3fa0", "answers": [{"text": "Michael Jackson", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did SCA pay for CBS Records?", "id": "56df23c2c65bf219000b3fa1", "answers": [{"text": "$2 billion", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the CBS Corporation begin another CBS Records?", "id": "56df23c2c65bf219000b3fa2", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who distributes CBS Records material?", "id": "56df23c2c65bf219000b3fa3", "answers": [{"text": "Sony through its RED subsidiary", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "November 17, 1987", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "On what date did CBS Records acquire SCA?", "id": "5ace352132bba1001ae49e57", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "US$2 billion", "answer_start": 95}], "question": "How much did it cost for CBS Records to acquire SCA?", "id": "5ace352132bba1001ae49e58", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CBS Inc", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "Who retained the right to the CAS name for music recording?", "id": "5ace352132bba1001ae49e59", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CBS Corporation", "answer_start": 255}], "question": "Who founded a new CBS Records in 2016?", "id": "5ace352132bba1001ae49e5a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 300}], "question": "In what year did CBS Corporation found a new CAS Records?", "id": "5ace352132bba1001ae49e5b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On November 17, 1987, SCA acquired CBS Records, which hosted such acts as Michael Jackson, for US$2 billion. CBS Inc., now CBS Corporation, retained the rights to the CBS name for music recordings but granted Sony a temporary license to use the CBS name. CBS Corporation founded a new CBS Records in 2006, which is distributed by Sony through its RED subsidiary."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did CBS Records buy out Tree International Publishing?", "id": "56df23ff3277331400b4d997", "answers": [{"text": "1989", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did CBS Records pay for Tree International Publishing?", "id": "56df23ff3277331400b4d998", "answers": [{"text": "$30 million", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what city was Tree International Publishing located?", "id": "56df23ff3277331400b4d999", "answers": [{"text": "Nashville", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the music publishing business", "answer_start": 32}], "question": "In 1999, CBS Records re-entered what?", "id": "5ace35e132bba1001ae49e75", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tree International Publishing", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "ABC Records acquired what Nashville music publisher?", "id": "5ace35e132bba1001ae49e76", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tree International Publishing", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "What music publisher was acquired for more then $40 million?", "id": "5ace35e132bba1001ae49e77", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$30 million", "answer_start": 145}], "question": "New York music publisher Tree International Publishing was acquired for how much money?", "id": "5ace35e132bba1001ae49e78", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1989, CBS Records re-entered the music publishing business by acquiring Nashville music publisher Tree International Publishing for more than $30 million."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did CEO of RCA/Jive Barry Weiss leave?", "id": "56df24783277331400b4d99d", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company did Barry Weiss move to?", "id": "56df24783277331400b4d99e", "answers": [{"text": "Island Def Jam and Universal Republic", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Barry Weiss become CEO of RCA/Jive?", "id": "56df24783277331400b4d99f", "answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Barry Weiss become head of Jive Records?", "id": "56df24783277331400b4d9a0", "answers": [{"text": "1991", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1991", "answer_start": 269}], "question": "Weiss Barry was the head of Jive Records since what year?", "id": "5ace3e5532bba1001ae4a017", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Universal Music Group", "answer_start": 156}], "question": "Island Jam Def and Universal Republic were both part of what?", "id": "5ace3e5532bba1001ae4a018", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "CEO Weiss Barry left RCA/Jive Label Group in what year?", "id": "5ace3e5532bba1001ae4a019", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "Barry Weiss became the CEO of Island Jam Def in what year?", "id": "5ace3e5532bba1001ae4a01a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "RCA/Jive Label Group CEO Barry Weiss left the company in March 2011 to become the new CEO of Island Def Jam and Universal Republic, which were both part of Universal Music Group. Weiss had been the RCA/Jive Label Group CEO since 2008 and was head of Jive Records since 1991."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was promoted to Executive VP of Label Strategy in 2011?", "id": "56df24ce3277331400b4d9a5", "answers": [{"text": "Mel Lewinter", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who became President of Global Digital Business and US Sales in 2012?", "id": "56df24ce3277331400b4d9a6", "answers": [{"text": "Dennis Kooker", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "October 11, 2011", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "Doug Morris was announced as Executive Vice President on what date?", "id": "5ace3f5332bba1001ae4a059", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Universal Motown Republic", "answer_start": 170}], "question": "Lewinter previously served as secretary for which group?", "id": "5ace3f5332bba1001ae4a05a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dennis Kooker", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "Who was named President of Local Digital Business and US Sales in 2012?", "id": "5ace3f5332bba1001ae4a05b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mel Lewinter", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "Who was named Executive Vice President of Local Strategy in 2011?", "id": "5ace3f5332bba1001ae4a05c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On October 11, 2011, Doug Morris announced that Mel Lewinter had been named Executive Vice President of Label Strategy. Lewinter previously served as chairman and CEO of Universal Motown Republic Group. In January 2012, Dennis Kooker was named President of Global Digital Business and US Sales."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Sony and BMG Germany merge?", "id": "56df25403277331400b4d9a9", "answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "equal partner Bertelsmann", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "In August 2014, Sony entered a joint venture with whom?", "id": "5ace37ff32bba1001ae49ef7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sony", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "Who continued to operate its Chinese music business independently?", "id": "5ace37ff32bba1001ae49ef8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the merger", "answer_start": 301}], "question": "ABC Japan was made part of what?", "id": "5ace37ff32bba1001ae49ef9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Germany", "answer_start": 126}], "question": "Beckman Music Group is located in which country?", "id": "5ace37ff32bba1001ae49efa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In August 2004, Sony entered joint venture with equal partner Bertelsmann, by merging Sony Music and Bertelsmann Music Group, Germany, to establish Sony BMG Music Entertainment. However Sony continued to operate its Japanese music business independently from Sony BMG while BMG Japan was made part of the merger."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Sony take BMG's half stake in the company?", "id": "56df25da3277331400b4d9af", "answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Name one of the final albums to ever have the Sony BMG label?", "id": "56df25da3277331400b4d9b0", "answers": [{"text": "Thriller 25 by Michael Jackson, I Am... Sasha Fierce by Beyonc\u00e9, Keeps Gettin' Better: A Decade of Hits by Christina Aguilera, and Safe Trip Home by Dido", "answer_start": 425}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Sony's new logo revealed to the public?", "id": "56df25da3277331400b4d9b1", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 677}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Thriller 25 by Michael Jackson, I Am... Sasha Fierce by Beyonc\u00e9, Keeps Gettin' Better: A Decade of Hits by Christina Aguilera, and Safe Trip Home by Dido", "answer_start": 425}], "question": "The first few albums to feature a Sony BMG logo were?", "id": "5ace3cc032bba1001ae49fcd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 632}], "question": "A permanent logo was unveiled on December 1 of what year?", "id": "5ace3cc032bba1001ae49fce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 632}], "question": "The present logo was unveiled in December of what year?", "id": "5ace3cc032bba1001ae49fcf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "October 1, 2008", "answer_start": 211}], "question": "Bertelsmann acquired Sony's 50% stake on what date?", "id": "5ace3cc032bba1001ae49fd0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On August 5, 2008, SCA and Bertelsmann announced that Sony had agreed to acquire Bertelsmann's 50% stake in Sony BMG. Sony completed its acquisition of Bertelsmann's 50% stake in the companies' joint venture on October 1, 2008. The company, once again named Sony Music Entertainment Inc., became a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Corporation through its US subsidiary SCA. The last few albums to feature a Sony BMG logo were Thriller 25 by Michael Jackson, I Am... Sasha Fierce by Beyonc\u00e9, Keeps Gettin' Better: A Decade of Hits by Christina Aguilera, and Safe Trip Home by Dido. A temporary logo was unveiled beginning December 1, 2008. The present logo was unveiled in March 2009."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What labels strove to support indie labels and music rightsholders?", "id": "56df262d3277331400b4d9b5", "answers": [{"text": "SME and IODA", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did they partner in order to do so?", "id": "56df262d3277331400b4d9b6", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "July 1, 2009", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "SME and IODA announced the end of their partnership on what date?", "id": "5ace3d4332bba1001ae49fe5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "SME and IODA", "answer_start": 17}], "question": "Who announced their local strategic partnership on July 1, 2009?", "id": "5ace3d4332bba1001ae49fe6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "IODA", "answer_start": 25}], "question": "SEM partnered with whom?", "id": "5ace3d4332bba1001ae49fe7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "SME and IODA", "answer_start": 17}], "question": "On July 1, 2019, who partnered together?", "id": "5ace3d4332bba1001ae49fe8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On July 1, 2009, SME and IODA announced their global strategic partnership to leverage combined worldwide online retail distribution networks and complementary technologies to support independent labels and music rightsholders."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Sony partner with to create the biggest deal ever?", "id": "56df268f3277331400b4d9b9", "answers": [{"text": "Michael Jackson Company", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much was the partnership worth?", "id": "56df268f3277331400b4d9ba", "answers": [{"text": "$250 million", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the partnership initiated?", "id": "56df268f3277331400b4d9bb", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sony Corp", "answer_start": 15}], "question": "In March 2100, who partnered with The Michael Jackson Company?", "id": "5ace3dc232bba1001ae4a001", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Michael Jackson Company", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "Sony Corp partnered with whom in July, 2010?", "id": "5ace3dc232bba1001ae4a002", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sony Corp has partnered with The Michael Jackson Company", "answer_start": 15}], "question": "Who partnered together in March 2010 with a contract of over $500 million?", "id": "5ace3dc232bba1001ae4a003", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "more than $250 million", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "The second largest deal in recorded music history was worth how much?", "id": "5ace3dc232bba1001ae4a004", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In March 2010, Sony Corp has partnered with The Michael Jackson Company with a contract of more than $250 million, the largest deal in recorded music history."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Columbia Pictures has been owned by Sony since what year?", "id": "56df27123277331400b4d9bf", "answers": [{"text": "1989", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the CCO of Sony Music?", "id": "56df27123277331400b4d9c0", "answers": [{"text": "Clive Davis", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Columbia and Epic", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "Who became sister labels to ABC Records?", "id": "5ace38df32bba1001ae49f09", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "back under common ownership with its former parent Columbia Pictures", "answer_start": 185}], "question": "ABC's Arista Records was brought what?", "id": "5ace38df32bba1001ae49f0a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1989", "answer_start": 277}], "question": "Sony has been a Columbia Pictures division since what year?", "id": "5ace38df32bba1001ae49f0b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Davis", "answer_start": 321}], "question": "Epic founder Clive who was brought back into the fold?", "id": "5ace38df32bba1001ae49f0c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chief Creative Officer", "answer_start": 381}], "question": "Davis no longer serves as what at Sony Music?", "id": "5ace38df32bba1001ae49f0d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The merger made Columbia and Epic sister labels to RCA Records, which was once owned by RCA which also owned CBS rival NBC. It also started the process of bringing BMG's Arista Records back under common ownership with its former parent Columbia Pictures, a Sony division since 1989, and also brought Arista founder Clive Davis back into the fold. Davis is still with Sony Music as Chief Creative Officer."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did the merger take place?", "id": "56df2767c65bf219000b3faa", "answers": [{"text": "1995", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a joint venture", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "In 1985, Sony and Michael Jackson formed what?", "id": "5ace376a32bba1001ae49ecf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1995", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "Sony and Michael Jordan formed a joint venture in what year?", "id": "5ace376a32bba1001ae49ed0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sony's music publishing operations", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "Jackson's TAV Music merged with whom?", "id": "5ace376a32bba1001ae49ed1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a joint venture", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "In 1985, Sony and Michael Jordan formed what?", "id": "5ace376a32bba1001ae49ed2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1995, Sony and Michael Jackson formed a joint venture which merged Sony's music publishing operations with Jackson's ATV Music to form Sony/ATV Music Publishing."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did the name Sony Music Entertainment become the new name of Sony's record label?", "id": "56df28373277331400b4d9c3", "answers": [{"text": "1991", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did CBS Associated become Epic Associated?", "id": "56df28373277331400b4d9c4", "answers": [{"text": "1991", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the only country where Sony has no rights to the Columbia label?", "id": "56df28373277331400b4d9c5", "answers": [{"text": "Japan", "answer_start": 489}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who owns the rights to the Columbia label in Japan?", "id": "56df28373277331400b4d9c6", "answers": [{"text": "Nippon Columbia", "answer_start": 591}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "January 1, 1991", "answer_start": 66}], "question": "ABC renamed the record company SME on what date?", "id": "5ace36dd32bba1001ae49ea1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "buyout", "answer_start": 123}], "question": "Renaming the company fulfilled the terms of the 1998 what?", "id": "5ace36dd32bba1001ae49ea2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Epic Associated", "answer_start": 232}], "question": "The ABC Associated label was renamed what?", "id": "5ace36dd32bba1001ae49ea3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to the Columbia name as it is controlled by Nippon Columbia", "answer_start": 547}], "question": "China is the only country where Sony does not have the rights to what?", "id": "5ace36dd32bba1001ae49ea4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spain", "answer_start": 844}], "question": "Berkman Music Group was a rightsholder from which country?", "id": "5ace36dd32bba1001ae49ea5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Sony renamed the record company Sony Music Entertainment (SME) on January 1, 1991, fulfilling the terms set under the 1988 buyout, which granted only a transitional license to the CBS trademark. The CBS Associated label was renamed Epic Associated. Also on January 1, 1991, to replace the CBS label, Sony reintroduced the Columbia label worldwide, which it previously held in the United States and Canada only, after it acquired the international rights to the trademark from EMI in 1990. Japan is the only country where Sony does not have rights to the Columbia name as it is controlled by Nippon Columbia, an unrelated company. Thus, until this day, Sony Music Entertainment Japan does not use the Columbia trademark for Columbia label recordings from outside Japan which are issued in Japan. The Columbia Records trademark's rightsholder in Spain was Bertelsmann Music Group, Germany, which Sony Music subsequently subsumed via a 2004 merger, followed by a 2008 buyout."}, {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Embassy Records imprint", "answer_start": 29}], "question": "In 1980, CBS Records revived what?", "id": "5ace318232bba1001ae49d75", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1964", "answer_start": 166}], "question": "CBS had taken control of Oriole's parent company in what year?", "id": "5ace318232bba1001ae49d76", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to release budget reissues of albums that had originally been released in the United States on Columbia Records", "answer_start": 219}], "question": "The purpose of the revived Oriole imprint was what?", "id": "5ace318232bba1001ae49d77", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Embassy", "answer_start": 517}], "question": "Which label was once again discontinued in 1990?", "id": "5ace318232bba1001ae49d78", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Embassy", "answer_start": 517}], "question": "Few albums were issued on what label before it was discontinued?", "id": "5ace318232bba1001ae49d79", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1970, CBS Records revived the Embassy Records imprint in UK and Europe, which had been defunct since CBS had taken control of Embassy's parent company, Oriole, in 1964. The purpose of the revived Embassy imprint was to release budget reissues of albums that had originally been released in the United States on Columbia Records (or its subsidiaries). Many albums, by artists as diverse as Andy Williams, Johnny Cash, Barbra Streisand, the Byrds, Tammy Wynette, Laura Nyro and Sly & the Family Stone were issued on Embassy, before the label was once again discontinued in 1980."}, {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "PIPA", "answer_start": 61}], "question": "Sony Music expressed support for SOUP and whom?", "id": "5ace411a32bba1001ae4a09f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Stop Online Piracy Act and Protect IP Act", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "Which acts did not stir up any controversy?", "id": "5ace411a32bba1001ae4a0a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Stop Online Piracy Act and Protect IP Act", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "Which acts were introduced into the US Senate?", "id": "5ace411a32bba1001ae4a0a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "SOPA and PIPA", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "In 2014-2015, Sony expressed support for whom?", "id": "5ace411a32bba1001ae4a0a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "controversy", "answer_start": 124}], "question": "The Continue Online Piracy Act and Protect IP Act stirred up what?", "id": "5ace411a32bba1001ae4a0a3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2011\u20132012, Sony Music Inc. expressed support for SOPA and PIPA. The Stop Online Piracy Act and Protect IP Act stirred up controversy within the entertainment industry since their introduction in the United States Congress.[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the website IsoHunt", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "In May 2012, ABC Music filed charged against whom?", "id": "5ace41cd32bba1001ae4a0c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the court document", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "Which document was filed at the supreme court of the China?", "id": "5ace41cd32bba1001ae4a0c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sony Music", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "The website IconicHunt had charges filed against them by whom?", "id": "5ace41cd32bba1001ae4a0c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "The website IsoHunt filed charges against Sony Music in what year?", "id": "5ace41cd32bba1001ae4a0c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In May 2012, Sony Music filed charges against the website IsoHunt. The plaintifs claims in the court document filed at the supreme court of British Columbia: \"The IsoHunt Websites have been designed and are operated by the defendants with the sole purpose of profiting from rampant copyright infringement which defendants actively encourage, promote, authorize, induce, aid, abet, materially contribute to and commercially profit from.\""}]}, {"title": "Oklahoma_City", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What is the capital of Oklahoma?", "id": "56df32168bc80c19004e495f", "answers": [{"text": "Oklahoma City", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which city is the largest in Oklahoma?", "id": "56df32168bc80c19004e4960", "answers": [{"text": "Oklahoma City", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the population of Oklahoma city in 2014?", "id": "56df32168bc80c19004e4961", "answers": [{"text": "1,322,429", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Oklahoma City is the capital and largest city of the state of Oklahoma. The county seat of Oklahoma County, the city ranks 27th among United States cities in population. The population grew following the 2010 Census, with the population estimated to have increased to 620,602 as of July 2014. As of 2014, the Oklahoma City metropolitan area had a population of 1,322,429, and the Oklahoma City-Shawnee Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,459,758 (Chamber of Commerce) residents, making it Oklahoma's largest metropolitan area. Oklahoma City's city limits extend into Canadian, Cleveland, and Pottawatomie counties, though much of those areas outside of the core Oklahoma County area are suburban or rural (watershed). The city ranks as the eighth-largest city in the United States by land area (including consolidated city-counties; it is the largest city in the United States by land area whose government is not consolidated with that of a county or borough)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which region is Oklahoma City a part of?", "id": "56df32fd8bc80c19004e4973", "answers": [{"text": "Great Plains region", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What offices employ US transportation and Air force bases?", "id": "56df32fd8bc80c19004e4975", "answers": [{"text": "Tinker Air Force Base and the United States Department of Transportation's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Oklahoma City, lying in the Great Plains region, features one of the largest livestock markets in the world. Oil, natural gas, petroleum products and related industries are the largest sector of the local economy. The city is situated in the middle of an active oil field and oil derricks dot the capitol grounds. The federal government employs large numbers of workers at Tinker Air Force Base and the United States Department of Transportation's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center (these two sites house several offices of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Transportation Department's Enterprise Service Center, respectively)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What corridor is Oklahoma City situated in?", "id": "56df33ca8bc80c19004e497b", "answers": [{"text": "I-35 Corridor", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the city founded?", "id": "56df33ca8bc80c19004e497d", "answers": [{"text": "1889", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Oklahoma City bombing?", "id": "56df33ca8bc80c19004e497e", "answers": [{"text": "1995", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the building involved in the bombing?", "id": "56df33ca8bc80c19004e497f", "answers": [{"text": "Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Oklahoma City is on the I-35 Corridor and is one of the primary travel corridors into neighboring Texas and Mexico. Located in the Frontier Country region of the state, the city's northeast section lies in an ecological region known as the Cross Timbers. The city was founded during the Land Run of 1889, and grew to a population of over 10,000 within hours of its founding. The city was the scene of the April 19, 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, in which 168 people died. It was the deadliest terror attack in the history of the United States until the attacks of September 11, 2001, and remains the deadliest act of domestic terrorism in U.S. history."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the land before being called Oklahoma City?", "id": "56df347a96943c1400a5d2e3", "answers": [{"text": "Unassigned Lands", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was an early leader of the city?", "id": "56df347a96943c1400a5d2e6", "answers": [{"text": "James W. Maney", "answer_start": 412}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Oklahoma City was settled on April 22, 1889, when the area known as the \"Unassigned Lands\" was opened for settlement in an event known as \"The Land Run\". Some 10,000 homesteaders settled the area that would become the capital of Oklahoma. The town grew quickly; the population doubled between 1890 and 1900. Early leaders of the development of the city included Anton Classen, John Shartel, Henry Overholser and James W. Maney."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year was Oklahoma city entered into the Union?", "id": "56df35c296943c1400a5d2f1", "answers": [{"text": "1907", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the capital of Oklahoma before Oklahoma city?", "id": "56df35c296943c1400a5d2f2", "answers": [{"text": "Guthrie", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What route made Oklahoma city a major stop?", "id": "56df35c296943c1400a5d2f3", "answers": [{"text": "Route 66", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote the Jazz oldie \"(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66\"?", "id": "56df35c296943c1400a5d2f4", "answers": [{"text": "Bobby Troup", "answer_start": 363}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which artist made Bobby Troup's song famous?", "id": "56df35c296943c1400a5d2f5", "answers": [{"text": "Nat King Cole", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "By the time Oklahoma was admitted to the Union in 1907, Oklahoma City had surpassed Guthrie, the territorial capital, as the population center and commercial hub of the new state. Soon after, the capital was moved from Guthrie to Oklahoma City. Oklahoma City was a major stop on Route 66 during the early part of the 20th century; it was prominently mentioned in Bobby Troup's 1946 jazz classic, \"(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66\", later made famous by artist Nat King Cole."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was oil discovered in the city limits?", "id": "56df368a96943c1400a5d2fb", "answers": [{"text": "1928", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What routes used Oklahoma City as a major route change?", "id": "56df368a96943c1400a5d2fc", "answers": [{"text": "I-35, I-40 and I-44", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Before World War II, Oklahoma City developed major stockyards, attracting jobs and revenue formerly in Chicago and Omaha, Nebraska. With the 1928 discovery of oil within the city limits (including under the State Capitol), Oklahoma City became a major center of oil production. Post-war growth accompanied the construction of the Interstate Highway System, which made Oklahoma City a major interchange as the convergence of I-35, I-40 and I-44. It was also aided by federal development of Tinker Air Force Base."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the Oklahoma Cities  first female mayor?", "id": "56df36cd96943c1400a5d2ff", "answers": [{"text": "Patience Latting", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Patience Latting elected?", "id": "56df36cd96943c1400a5d300", "answers": [{"text": "1971", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Patience Latting was elected Mayor of Oklahoma City in 1971, becoming the city's first female mayor. Latting was also the first woman to serve as mayor of a U.S. city with over 350,000 residents."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the redevelopment passage that was passed in 1993?", "id": "56df4a248bc80c19004e4a13", "answers": [{"text": "Metropolitan Area Projects", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one thing that was added in this project?", "id": "56df4a248bc80c19004e4a14", "answers": [{"text": "baseball park", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money was invested in MAPS by 2010?", "id": "56df4a248bc80c19004e4a15", "answers": [{"text": "$3 billion", "answer_start": 594}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1993, the city passed a massive redevelopment package known as the Metropolitan Area Projects (MAPS), intended to rebuild the city's core with civic projects to establish more activities and life to downtown. The city added a new baseball park; central library; renovations to the civic center, convention center and fairgrounds; and a water canal in the Bricktown entertainment district. Water taxis transport passengers within the district, adding color and activity along the canal. MAPS has become one of the most successful public-private partnerships undertaken in the U.S., exceeding $3 billion in private investment as of 2010. As a result of MAPS, the population living in downtown housing has exponentially increased, together with demand for additional residential and retail amenities, such as grocery, services, and shops."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Skirvin Hotel Renovated?", "id": "56df4a428bc80c19004e4a19", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Since the MAPS projects' completion, the downtown area has seen continued development. Several downtown buildings are undergoing renovation/restoration. Notable among these was the restoration of the Skirvin Hotel in 2007. The famed First National Center is being renovated."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the newly renovated site where the bombing occured?", "id": "56df4aa88bc80c19004e4a1b", "answers": [{"text": "Oklahoma City National Memorial and Museum", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the memorial first opened?", "id": "56df4aa88bc80c19004e4a1c", "answers": [{"text": "2000", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Residents of Oklahoma City suffered substantial losses on April 19, 1995 when Timothy McVeigh detonated a bomb in front of the Murrah building. The building was destroyed (the remnants of which had to be imploded in a controlled demolition later that year), more than 100 nearby buildings suffered severe damage, and 168 people were killed. The site has been commemorated as the Oklahoma City National Memorial and Museum. Since its opening in 2000, over three million people have visited. Every year on April 19, survivors, families and friends return to the memorial to read the names of each person lost."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the project to change the location of I-40 and make a new entrance to the city?", "id": "56df4bb096943c1400a5d353", "answers": [{"text": "The \"Core-to-Shore\" project", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the Core to Shore project voted for to be part of the MAPS program?", "id": "56df4bb096943c1400a5d354", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The \"Core-to-Shore\" project was created to relocate I-40 one mile (1.6 km) south and replace it with a boulevard to create a landscaped entrance to the city. This also allows the central portion of the city to expand south and connect with the shore of the Oklahoma River. Several elements of \"Core to Shore\" were included in the MAPS 3 proposal approved by voters in late 2009."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many square miles is Oklahoma City?", "id": "56df4c368bc80c19004e4a29", "answers": [{"text": "620.34 square miles", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Out of the 620.34 square miles, how much of it is water?", "id": "56df4c368bc80c19004e4a2a", "answers": [{"text": "19.23 square miles", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 620.34 square miles (1,606.7 km2), of which, 601.11 square miles (1,556.9 km2) of it is land and 19.23 square miles (49.8 km2) of it is water. The total area is 3.09 percent water."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which region is Oklahoma city located in?", "id": "56df4cdc8bc80c19004e4a37", "answers": [{"text": "Sandstone Hills region", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Oklahoma City lies in the Sandstone Hills region of Oklahoma, known for hills of 250 to 400 feet (120 m) and two species of oak: blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica) and post oak (Q. stellata). The northeastern part of the city and its eastern suburbs fall into an ecological region known as the Cross Timbers."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What river flows through Oklahoma city?", "id": "56df4e488bc80c19004e4a3d", "answers": [{"text": "North Canadian River", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the new name for the part of the North Canadian River that resides within the city limits?", "id": "56df4e488bc80c19004e4a3e", "answers": [{"text": "Oklahoma River", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was a dam built for the river?", "id": "56df4e488bc80c19004e4a3f", "answers": [{"text": "1940s", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was built in the 1990's to help return water to the river near downtown?", "id": "56df4e488bc80c19004e4a40", "answers": [{"text": "low-water dams", "answer_start": 496}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city is roughly bisected by the North Canadian River (recently renamed the Oklahoma River inside city limits). The North Canadian once had sufficient flow to flood every year, wreaking destruction on surrounding areas, including the central business district and the original Oklahoma City Zoo. In the 1940s, a dam was built on the river to manage the flood control and reduced its level. In the 1990s, as part of the citywide revitalization project known as MAPS, the city built a series of low-water dams, returning water to the portion of the river flowing near downtown. The city has three large lakes: Lake Hefner and Lake Overholser, in the northwestern quarter of the city; and the largest, Lake Stanley Draper, in the sparsely populated far southeast portion of the city."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What covers the remaining 377 square miles?", "id": "56df4ef48bc80c19004e4a48", "answers": [{"text": "rural watershed areas", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The population density normally reported for Oklahoma City using the area of its city limits can be a bit misleading. Its urbanized zone covers roughly 244 sq mi (630 km2) resulting in a density of 2,500 per square mile (2013 est), compared with larger rural watershed areas incorporated by the city, which cover the remaining 377 sq mi (980 km2) of the city limits."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which side is known for primarily being industrial?", "id": "56df4fb48bc80c19004e4a60", "answers": [{"text": "South Oklahoma City", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which side is more urban and fashionable?", "id": "56df4fb48bc80c19004e4a61", "answers": [{"text": "North Oklahoma City", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city is bisected geographically and culturally by the North Canadian River, which basically divides North Oklahoma City and South Oklahoma City. The two halves of the city were actually founded and plotted as separate cities, but soon grew together. The north side is characterized by very diverse and fashionable urban neighborhoods near the city center and sprawling suburbs further north. South Oklahoma City is generally more blue collar working class and significantly more industrial, having grown up around the Stockyards and meat packing plants at the turn of the century, and is currently the center of the city's rapidly growing Latino community."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are two newly renovated locations in downtown Oklahoma city?", "id": "56df514f8bc80c19004e4a78", "answers": [{"text": "Crystal Bridge and Myriad Botanical Gardens", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Downtown Oklahoma City, which has 7,600 residents, is currently seeing an influx of new private investment and large scale public works projects, which have helped to resuscitate a central business district left almost deserted by the Oil Bust of the early 1980s. The centerpiece of downtown is the newly renovated Crystal Bridge and Myriad Botanical Gardens, one of the few elements of the Pei Plan to be completed. In the next few years a massive new central park will link the gardens near the CBD and the new convention center to be built just south of it to the North Canadian River, as part of a massive works project known as Core to Shore; the new park is part of MAPS3, a collection of civic projects funded by a 1-cent temporary (seven-year) sales tax increase."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of climate does Oklahoma city?", "id": "56df519d8bc80c19004e4a7d", "answers": [{"text": "humid subtropical climate", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Oklahoma City has a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen: Cfa), with frequent variations in weather daily and seasonally, except during the consistently hot and humid summer months. Prolonged and severe droughts (sometimes leading to wildfires in the vicinity) as well as very heavy rainfall leading to flash flooding and flooding occur with some regularity. Consistent winds, usually from the south or south-southeast during the summer, help temper the hotter weather. Consistent northerly winds during the winter can intensify cold periods. Severe ice storms and snowstorms happen sporadically during the winter."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How much precipitation on average falls within the city?", "id": "56df527c8bc80c19004e4a8a", "answers": [{"text": "35.9 inches", "answer_start": 496}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Out of the precipitation that falls, how much of it is snow?", "id": "56df527c8bc80c19004e4a8b", "answers": [{"text": "8.6 inches", "answer_start": 554}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The average temperature is 61.4 \u00b0F (16.3 \u00b0C), with the monthly daily average ranging from 39.2 \u00b0F (4.0 \u00b0C) in January to 83.0 \u00b0F (28.3 \u00b0C) in July. Extremes range from \u221217 \u00b0F (\u221227 \u00b0C) on February 12, 1899 to 113 \u00b0F (45 \u00b0C) on August 11, 1936 and August 3, 2012; the last sub-zero (\u00b0F) reading was \u22125 \u00b0F (\u221221 \u00b0C) on February 10, 2011. Temperatures reach 100 \u00b0F (38 \u00b0C) on 10.4 days of the year, 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) on nearly 70 days, and fail to rise above freezing on 8.3 days. The city receives about 35.9 inches (91.2 cm) of precipitation annually, of which 8.6 inches (21.8 cm) is snow."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When is Oklahoma city sever weather season begin?", "id": "56df54048bc80c19004e4aa7", "answers": [{"text": "March", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When does Oklahoma city sever weather season end?", "id": "56df54048bc80c19004e4aa8", "answers": [{"text": "June", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Approximately How many tornadoes have reached the city limits?", "id": "56df54048bc80c19004e4aa9", "answers": [{"text": "150", "answer_start": 537}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How wide was the widest tornado ever?", "id": "56df54048bc80c19004e4aab", "answers": [{"text": "2.6 miles", "answer_start": 1322}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Oklahoma City has a very active severe weather season from March through June, especially during April and May. Being in the center of what is colloquially referred to as Tornado Alley, it is prone to especially frequent and severe tornadoes, as well as very severe hailstorms and occasional derechoes. Tornadoes have occurred in every month of the year and a secondary smaller peak also occurs during autumn, especially October. The Oklahoma City metropolitan area is one of the most tornado-prone major cities in the world, with about 150 tornadoes striking within the city limits since 1890. Since the time weather records have been kept, Oklahoma City has been struck by thirteen violent tornadoes, eleven F/EF4s and two F/EF5. On May 3, 1999 parts of southern Oklahoma City and nearby suburban communities suffered from one of the most powerful tornadoes on record, an F5 on the Fujita scale, with wind speeds estimated by radar at 318 mph (510 km/h). On May 20, 2013, far southwest Oklahoma City, along with Newcastle and Moore, was hit again by a EF5 tornado; it was 0.5 to 1.3 miles (0.80 to 2.09 km) wide and killed 23 people. Less than two weeks later, on May 31, another outbreak affected the Oklahoma City area, including an EF1 and an EF0 within the city and a tornado several miles west of the city that was 2.6 miles (4.2 km) in width, the widest tornado ever recorded."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the most rainfall for Oklahoma city?", "id": "56df56288bc80c19004e4ac9", "answers": [{"text": "May 2015", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "With 19.48 inches of rainfall, May 2015 was by far Oklahoma City's record-wettest month since record keeping began in 1890. Across Oklahoma and Texas generally, there was record flooding in the latter part of the month "}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many people were counted in the 2010 census?", "id": "56df570e8bc80c19004e4ad5", "answers": [{"text": "579,999", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many households were recorded in the 2010 census", "id": "56df570e8bc80c19004e4ad6", "answers": [{"text": "230,233 households", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many families were recorded in the 2010 census?", "id": "56df570e8bc80c19004e4ad7", "answers": [{"text": "144,120 families", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the density of the population per square mile?", "id": "56df570e8bc80c19004e4ad8", "answers": [{"text": "956.4", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many housing units were there for the 2010 census?", "id": "56df570e8bc80c19004e4ad9", "answers": [{"text": "256,930", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As of the 2010 census, there were 579,999 people, 230,233 households, and 144,120 families residing in the city. The population density was 956.4 inhabitants per square mile (321.9/km\u00b2). There were 256,930 housing units at an average density of 375.9 per square mile (145.1/km\u00b2)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many households were in Oklahoma city?", "id": "56df582c96943c1400a5d3e1", "answers": [{"text": "230,233", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What demographic was the most percentage of the households in total?", "id": "56df582c96943c1400a5d3e2", "answers": [{"text": "married couples", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the average size for households?", "id": "56df582c96943c1400a5d3e3", "answers": [{"text": "2.47", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the average size for families?", "id": "56df582c96943c1400a5d3e4", "answers": [{"text": "3.11", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the second highest demographic for households?", "id": "56df582c96943c1400a5d3e5", "answers": [{"text": "non-families", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There were 230,233 households, 29.4% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.4% were married couples living together, 13.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.4% were non-families. One person households account for 30.5% of all households and 8.7% of all households had someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.11."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was Oklahoma cities median age in 2000?", "id": "56df58d38bc80c19004e4ae9", "answers": [{"text": "34", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which gender was prominent in that time?", "id": "56df58d38bc80c19004e4aea", "answers": [{"text": "females", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the 2000 Census Oklahoma City's age composition was 25.5% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 11.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 95.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.7 males."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the population increases begin in Oklahoma city?", "id": "56df59a996943c1400a5d3eb", "answers": [{"text": "late 1990s", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the estimated population of Oklahoma city in 2014", "id": "56df59a996943c1400a5d3ec", "answers": [{"text": "620,602", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Oklahoma City has experienced significant population increases since the late 1990s. In May 2014, the U.S. Census announced Oklahoma City had an estimated population of 620,602 in 2014 and that it had grown 5.3 percent between April 2010 and June 2013. Since the official Census in 2000, Oklahoma City had grown 21 percent (a 114,470 raw increase) according to the Bureau estimates. The 2014 estimate of 620,602 is the largest population Oklahoma City has ever recorded. It is the first city in the state to record a population greater than 600,000 residents and the largest municipal population of the Great Plains region (OK, KS, NE, SD, ND)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is Oklahoma's largest urbanized area?", "id": "56df5a4d8bc80c19004e4aef", "answers": [{"text": "Oklahoma City", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What place was Oklahoma cities population ranked in the nation in 2012?", "id": "56df5a4d8bc80c19004e4af0", "answers": [{"text": "42nd", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Oklahoma City is the principal city of the eight-county Oklahoma City Metropolitan Statistical Area in Central Oklahoma and is the state's largest urbanized area. Based on population rank, the metropolitan area was the 42nd largest in the nation as of 2012."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What cartel has been known to be in Oklahoma city?", "id": "56df5ba096943c1400a5d42f", "answers": [{"text": "Ju\u00e1rez Cartel", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "With regards to Mexican drug cartels, Oklahoma City has traditionally been the territory of the notorious Ju\u00e1rez Cartel, but the Sinaloa Cartel has been reported as trying to establish a foothold in Oklahoma City. There are many rival gangs in Oklahoma City, one whose headquarters has been established in the city, the Southside Locos, traditionally known as Sure\u00f1os."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When were six employees found dead in a restaurants freezer?", "id": "56df5ca296943c1400a5d431", "answers": [{"text": "1978", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Roger Dale Stafford executed?", "id": "56df5ca296943c1400a5d433", "answers": [{"text": "1995", "answer_start": 780}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Oklahoma City also has its share of very brutal crimes, particularly in the 1970s. The worst of which occurred in 1978, when six employees of a Sirloin Stockade restaurant on the city's south side were murdered execution-style in the restaurant's freezer. An intensive investigation followed, and the three individuals involved, who also killed three others in Purcell, Oklahoma, were identified. One, Harold Stafford, died in a motorcycle accident in Tulsa not long after the restaurant murders. Another, Verna Stafford, was sentenced to life without parole after being granted a new trial after she had previously been sentenced to death. Roger Dale Stafford, considered the mastermind of the murder spree, was executed by lethal injection at the Oklahoma State Penitentiary in 1995."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many substations does Oklahoma city have?", "id": "56df5cdd96943c1400a5d438", "answers": [{"text": "5", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Oklahoma City Police Department, has a uniformed force of 1,169 officers and 300+ civilian employees. The Department has a central police station and five substations covering 2,500 police reporting districts that average 1/4 square mile in size."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who detonated the bomb in 1995?", "id": "56df5da88bc80c19004e4b25", "answers": [{"text": "Timothy McVeigh", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people were killed in the bombing?", "id": "56df5da88bc80c19004e4b26", "answers": [{"text": "168", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people were injured in the bombing?", "id": "56df5da88bc80c19004e4b27", "answers": [{"text": "680", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money was the damage worth?", "id": "56df5da88bc80c19004e4b28", "answers": [{"text": "$652 million", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Timothy McVeigh Executed?", "id": "56df5da88bc80c19004e4b29", "answers": [{"text": "June 11, 2001", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On April 19, 1995, the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building was destroyed by a fertilizer bomb manufactured and detonated by Timothy McVeigh. The blast and catastrophic collapse killed 168 people and injured over 680. The blast shockwave destroyed or damaged 324 buildings within a 340-meter radius, destroyed or burned 86 cars, and shattered glass in 258 nearby buildings, causing at least an estimated $652 million worth of damage. The main suspect- Timothy McVeigh, was executed by lethal injection on June 11, 2001. It was the deadliest single domestic terrorist attack in US history, prior to 9/11."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many universities are within the MSA region?", "id": "56df5e8e96943c1400a5d44d", "answers": [{"text": "2", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What hospital is in the MSA region", "id": "56df5e8e96943c1400a5d44e", "answers": [{"text": "Norman Regional Hospital", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many employees work for Tinker Air Force Base?", "id": "56df5e8e96943c1400a5d44f", "answers": [{"text": "27,000", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many employees work for Norman Regional Hospital?", "id": "56df5e8e96943c1400a5d450", "answers": [{"text": "2,800", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people work in University of Oklahoma?", "id": "56df5e8e96943c1400a5d451", "answers": [{"text": "11,900", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "While not in Oklahoma City proper, other large employers within the MSA region include: Tinker Air Force Base (27,000); University of Oklahoma (11,900); University of Central Oklahoma (2,900); and Norman Regional Hospital (2,800)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was Oklahoma cities gross metropolitan product in 2009?", "id": "56df5f728bc80c19004e4b4a", "answers": [{"text": "$61.1 billion", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to the Oklahoma City Chamber of Commerce, the metropolitan area's economic output grew by 33 percent between 2001 and 2005 due chiefly to economic diversification. Its gross metropolitan product was $43.1 billion in 2005 and grew to $61.1 billion in 2009."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did forbes list Oklahoma city as \"recession proof\".", "id": "56df5fc18bc80c19004e4b4d", "answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Penn Square Bank go bankrupt?", "id": "56df5fc18bc80c19004e4b4e", "answers": [{"text": "1982", "answer_start": 399}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the oil crash?", "id": "56df5fc18bc80c19004e4b4f", "answers": [{"text": "1985", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2008, Forbes magazine named Oklahoma City the most \"recession proof city in America\". The magazine reported that the city had falling unemployment, one of the strongest housing markets in the country and solid growth in energy, agriculture and manufacturing. However, during the early 1980s, Oklahoma City had one of the worst job and housing markets due to the bankruptcy of Penn Square Bank in 1982 and then the post-1985 crash in oil prices.[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Wanda L Bass School of Music and auditorium opened?", "id": "56df61968bc80c19004e4b73", "answers": [{"text": "April 2006", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Other theaters include Lyric Theatre, Jewel Box Theatre, Kirkpatrick Auditorium, the Poteet Theatre, the Oklahoma City Community College Bruce Owen Theater and the 488-seat Petree Recital Hall, at the Oklahoma City University campus. The university also opened the Wanda L Bass School of Music and auditorium in April 2006."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the original name of the Science Museum of Oklahoma?", "id": "56df62218bc80c19004e4b81", "answers": [{"text": "Kirkpatrick Science and Air Space Museum at Omniplex", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the International Photography Hall of Fame relocated?", "id": "56df62218bc80c19004e4b82", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Science Museum Oklahoma (formerly Kirkpatrick Science and Air Space Museum at Omniplex) houses exhibits on science, aviation, and an IMAX theater. The museum formerly housed the International Photography Hall of Fame (IPHF) that exhibits photographs and artifacts from a large collection of cameras and other artifacts preserving the history of photography. IPHF honors those who have made significant contributions to the art and/or science of photography and relocated to St. Louis, Missouri in 2013."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many animal skeletons are in the museum of Osteology?", "id": "56df625f96943c1400a5d49b", "answers": [{"text": "300", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Museum of Osteology houses more than 300 real animal skeletons. Focusing on the form and function of the skeletal system, this 7,000 sq ft (650 m2) museum displays hundreds of skulls and skeletons from all corners of the world. Exhibits include adaptation, locomotion, classification and diversity of the vertebrate kingdom. The Museum of Osteology is the only one of its kind in America."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did The American Indian Cultural Center and Museum begin construction?", "id": "56df62d98bc80c19004e4b88", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum has galleries of western art and is home to the Hall of Great Western Performers. In contrast, the city will also be home to The American Indian Cultural Center and Museum that began construction in 2009 (although completion of the facility has been held up due to insufficient funding), on the south side of Interstate 40, southeast from Bricktown."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of Oklahoma Cities memorial?", "id": "56df63bb96943c1400a5d4bd", "answers": [{"text": "The Oklahoma City National Memorial", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What institute is located near the Oklahoma City National Memorial?", "id": "56df63bb96943c1400a5d4bf", "answers": [{"text": "Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism", "answer_start": 638}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Oklahoma City National Memorial in the northern part of Oklahoma City's downtown was created as the inscription on its eastern gate of the Memorial reads, \"to honor the victims, survivors, rescuers, and all who were changed forever on April 19, 1995\"; the memorial was built on the land formerly occupied by the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building complex prior to its 1995 bombing. The outdoor Symbolic Memorial can be visited 24 hours a day for free, and the adjacent Memorial Museum, located in the former Journal Record building damaged by the bombing, can be entered for a small fee. The site is also home to the National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism, a non-partisan, nonprofit think tank devoted to the prevention of terrorism."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What musical instrument has it's own museum in Oklahoma City?", "id": "56df644096943c1400a5d4cd", "answers": [{"text": "the banjo", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much is the collection worth in the museum?", "id": "56df644096943c1400a5d4ce", "answers": [{"text": "$3.5 million", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The American Banjo Museum located in the Bricktown Entertainment district is dedicated to preserving and promoting the music and heritage of America's native musical instrument \u2013 the banjo. With a collection valued at $3.5 million it is truly a national treasure. An interpretive exhibits tells the evolution of the banjo from its humble roots in American slavery, to bluegrass, to folk and world music."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Oklahoma History Center created?", "id": "56df64b396943c1400a5d4d1", "answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who operates the Oklahoma History Center?", "id": "56df64b396943c1400a5d4d2", "answers": [{"text": "Oklahoma Historical Society", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Oklahoma History Center located?", "id": "56df64b396943c1400a5d4d3", "answers": [{"text": "northeast Oklahoma City", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Oklahoma History Center is the history museum of the state of Oklahoma. Located across the street from the governor's mansion at 800 Nazih Zuhdi Drive in northeast Oklahoma City, the museum opened in 2005 and is operated by the Oklahoma Historical Society. It preserves the history of Oklahoma from the prehistoric to the present day."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What NBA team hails from Oklahoma City?", "id": "56df66e48bc80c19004e4bdb", "answers": [{"text": "Thunder", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Oklahoma City is home to several professional sports teams, including the Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association. The Thunder is the city's second \"permanent\" major professional sports franchise after the now-defunct AFL Oklahoma Wranglers and is the third major-league team to call the city home when considering the temporary hosting of the New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets for the 2005\u201306 and 2006\u201307 NBA seasons."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What team is the affiliate to the Los Angeles Dodgers?", "id": "56df685b8bc80c19004e4be7", "answers": [{"text": "Oklahoma City Dodgers", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Other professional sports clubs in Oklahoma City include the Oklahoma City Dodgers, the Triple-A affiliate of the Los Angeles Dodgers, the Oklahoma City Energy FC of the United Soccer League, and the Crusaders of Oklahoma Rugby Football Club USA Rugby."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the downtown arena?", "id": "56df6c9e56340a1900b29b00", "answers": [{"text": "Chesapeake Energy Arena", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which team became the main tenant of the arena in 2008?", "id": "56df6c9e56340a1900b29b01", "answers": [{"text": "Oklahoma City Thunder", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the nearby minor league park?", "id": "56df6c9e56340a1900b29b02", "answers": [{"text": "Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chesapeake Energy Arena in downtown is the principal multipurpose arena in the city which hosts concerts, NHL exhibition games, and many of the city's pro sports teams. In 2008, the Oklahoma City Thunder became the major tenant. Located nearby in Bricktown, the Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark is the home to the city's baseball team, the Dodgers. \"The Brick\", as it is locally known, is considered one of the finest minor league parks in the nation.[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is one annual event Oklahoma City hosts?", "id": "56df6d4856340a1900b29b10", "answers": [{"text": "Big 12 Baseball Tournament", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Oklahoma City is the annual host of the Big 12 Baseball Tournament, the World Cup of Softball, and the annual NCAA Women's College World Series. The city has held the 2005 NCAA Men's Basketball First and Second round and hosted the Big 12 Men's and Women's Basketball Tournaments in 2007 and 2009. The major universities in the area \u2013 University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City University, and Oklahoma State University \u2013 often schedule major basketball games and other sporting events at Chesapeake Energy Arena and Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark, although most home games are played at their campus stadiums."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What park hosts Quarter horse racing?", "id": "56df6d8556340a1900b29b14", "answers": [{"text": "Remington Park", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are equine events hosted?", "id": "56df6d8556340a1900b29b15", "answers": [{"text": "state fairgrounds", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Other major sporting events include Thoroughbred and Quarter horse racing circuits at Remington Park and numerous horse shows and equine events that take place at the state fairgrounds each year. There are numerous golf courses and country clubs spread around the city."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What organization organizes High School football?", "id": "56df6e5156340a1900b29b2c", "answers": [{"text": "Oklahoma Secondary School Activities Association", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The state of Oklahoma hosts a highly competitive high school football culture, with many teams in the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. The Oklahoma Secondary School Activities Association (OSSAA) organizes high school football into eight distinct classes based on the size of school enrollment. Beginning with the largest, the classes are: 6A, 5A, 4A, 3A, 2A, A, B, and C. Class 6A is broken into two divisions. Oklahoma City area schools in this division include: Edmond North, Mustang, Moore, Yukon, Edmond Memorial, Edmond Santa Fe, Norman North, Westmoore, Southmoore, Putnam City North, Norman, Putnam City, Putnam City West, U.S. Grant, Midwest City."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who moved the Oklahoma City Thunder to Oklahoma City?", "id": "56df6ebd5ca0a614008f9a21", "answers": [{"text": "Clayton Bennett", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one of the Thunders nicknames?", "id": "56df6ebd5ca0a614008f9a23", "answers": [{"text": "OKC", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Thunders mascot?", "id": "56df6ebd5ca0a614008f9a24", "answers": [{"text": "Bison", "answer_start": 480}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association (NBA) has called Oklahoma City home since the 2008\u201309 season, when owner Clayton Bennett relocated the franchise from Seattle, Washington. The Thunder plays home games at the Chesapeake Energy Arena in downtown Oklahoma City, known affectionately in the national media as 'the Peake' and 'Loud City'. The Thunder is known by several nicknames, including \"OKC Thunder\" and simply \"OKC\", and its mascot is Rumble the Bison."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What place were the Thunder in 2010 NBA playoffs?", "id": "56df6f3256340a1900b29b3a", "answers": [{"text": "8th", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Thunder play in the finals of 2012?", "id": "56df6f3256340a1900b29b3b", "answers": [{"text": "Miami Heat", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Thunder lose to in the Western Conference finals?", "id": "56df6f3256340a1900b29b3c", "answers": [{"text": "San Antonio Spurs", "answer_start": 671}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After a lackluster arrival to Oklahoma City for the 2008\u201309 season, the Oklahoma City Thunder secured a berth (8th) in the 2010 NBA Playoffs the next year after boasting its first 50-win season, winning two games in the first round against the Los Angeles Lakers. In 2012, Oklahoma City made it to the NBA Finals, but lost to the Miami Heat in five games. In 2013 the Thunder reached the Western Conference semifinals without All-Star guard Russell Westbrook, who was injured in their first round series against the Houston Rockets, only to lose to the Memphis Grizzlies. In 2014 Oklahoma City again reached the NBA's Western Conference Finals but eventually lost to the San Antonio Spurs in six games."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Thunder start winning Northwest Division Titles?", "id": "56df6fa75ca0a614008f9a29", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the Thunders head coach?", "id": "56df6fa75ca0a614008f9a2a", "answers": [{"text": "Billy Donovan", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the Thunders point guard?", "id": "56df6fa75ca0a614008f9a2b", "answers": [{"text": "Russell Westbrook", "answer_start": 463}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Oklahoma City Thunder has been regarded by sports analysts as one of the elite franchises of the NBA's Western Conference and that of a media darling as the future of the league. Oklahoma City has earned Northwest Division titles every year since 2009 and has consistently improved its win record to 59-wins in 2014. The Thunder is led by first year head coach Billy Donovan and is anchored by several NBA superstars, including perennial All-Star point guard Russell Westbrook, 2014 MVP and four-time NBA scoring champion Kevin Durant, and Defensive Player of the Year nominee and shot-blocker Serge Ibaka."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where did the Hornets play after Hurricane Katrina?", "id": "56df70755ca0a614008f9a3b", "answers": [{"text": "Ford Center", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What team played against the Hornets in their final home game before leave Oklahoma City?", "id": "56df70755ca0a614008f9a3d", "answers": [{"text": "Houston Rockets", "answer_start": 627}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, the NBA's New Orleans Hornets (now the New Orleans Pelicans) temporarily relocated to the Ford Center, playing the majority of its home games there during the 2005\u201306 and 2006\u201307 seasons. The team became the first NBA franchise to play regular-season games in the state of Oklahoma.[citation needed] The team was known as the New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets while playing in Oklahoma City. The team ultimately returned to New Orleans full-time for the 2007\u201308 season. The Hornets played their final home game in Oklahoma City during the exhibition season on October 9, 2007 against the Houston Rockets."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who designed the bridge?", "id": "56df720156340a1900b29b73", "answers": [{"text": "I. M. Pei", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the amphitheater located inside the Botanical Gardens?", "id": "56df720156340a1900b29b74", "answers": [{"text": "Water Stage", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "One of the more prominent landmarks downtown is the Crystal Bridge at the Myriad Botanical Gardens, a large downtown urban park. Designed by I. M. Pei, the Crystal Bridge is a tropical conservatory in the area. The park has an amphitheater, known as the Water Stage. In 2007, following a renovation of the stage, Oklahoma Shakespeare in the Park relocated to the Myriad Gardens. The Myriad Gardens will undergo a massive renovation in conjunction with the recently built Devon Tower directly north of it."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which place hosts racetracks and is a casino?", "id": "56df72ab5ca0a614008f9a7a", "answers": [{"text": "Remington Park", "answer_start": 648}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which amusement park is western themed? ", "id": "56df72ab5ca0a614008f9a7b", "answers": [{"text": "Frontier City", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden is home to numerous natural habitats, WPA era architecture and landscaping, and hosts major touring concerts during the summer at its amphitheater. Oklahoma City also has two amusement parks, Frontier City theme park and White Water Bay water park. Frontier City is an 'Old West'-themed amusement park. The park also features a recreation of a western gunfight at the 'OK Corral' and many shops that line the \"Western\" town's main street. Frontier City also hosts a national concert circuit at its amphitheater during the summer. Oklahoma City also has a combination racetrack and casino open year-round, Remington Park, which hosts both Quarter horse (March \u2013 June) and Thoroughbred (August \u2013 December) seasons."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which lake is the cities largest lake?", "id": "56df732356340a1900b29b96", "answers": [{"text": "Lake Stanley Draper", "answer_start": 284}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Walking trails line Lake Hefner and Lake Overholser in the northwest part of the city and downtown at the canal and the Oklahoma River. The majority of the east shore area is taken up by parks and trails, including a new leashless dog park and the postwar-era Stars and Stripes Park. Lake Stanley Draper is the city's largest and most remote lake."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What place hosts concerts and lectures?", "id": "56df76b656340a1900b29bb7", "answers": [{"text": "American Banjo Museum", "answer_start": 480}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Lycan Conservatory located?", "id": "56df76b656340a1900b29bb8", "answers": [{"text": "Will Rogers Park", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Oklahoma City has a major park in each quadrant of the city, going back to the first parks masterplan. Will Rogers Park, Lincoln Park, Trosper Park, and Woodson Park were once connected by the Grand Boulevard loop, some sections of which no longer exist. Martin Park Nature Center is a natural habitat in far northwest Oklahoma City. Will Rogers Park is home to the Lycan Conservatory, the Rose Garden, and Butterfly Garden, all built in the WPA era. Oklahoma City is home to the American Banjo Museum, which houses a large collection of highly decorated banjos from the early 20th century and exhibits on the history of the banjo and its place in American history. Concerts and lectures are also held there."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which BMX Champion had a park named after them in Oklahoma City?", "id": "56df771d5ca0a614008f9acd", "answers": [{"text": "Mat Hoffman", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Mat Hoffman Action Sports Park considered one of the best by National Geographic Society?", "id": "56df771d5ca0a614008f9ace", "answers": [{"text": "March 2009", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In April 2005, the Oklahoma City Skate Park at Wiley Post Park was renamed the Mat Hoffman Action Sports Park to recognize Mat Hoffman, an Oklahoma City area resident and businessman that was instrumental in the design of the skate park and is a 10-time BMX World Vert champion. In March 2009, the Mat Hoffman Action Sports Park was named by the National Geographic Society Travel Guide as one of the \"Ten Best.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who is the mayor of Oklahoma City?", "id": "56df777256340a1900b29bd8", "answers": [{"text": "Mick Cornett", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Mick Cornett first elected?", "id": "56df777256340a1900b29bd9", "answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the city Manager?", "id": "56df777256340a1900b29bda", "answers": [{"text": "Jim Couch", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The City of Oklahoma City has operated under a council-manager form of city government since 1927. Mick Cornett serves as Mayor, having first been elected in 2004, and re-elected in 2006, 2010, and 2014. Eight councilpersons represent each of the eight wards of Oklahoma City. City Manager Jim Couch was appointed in late 2000. Couch previously served as assistant city manager, Metropolitan Area Projects Plan (MAPS) director and utilities director prior to his service as city manager."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the original name of Oklahoma City University?", "id": "56df77f456340a1900b29bde", "answers": [{"text": "Epworth University", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the university founded?", "id": "56df77f456340a1900b29bdf", "answers": [{"text": "September 1, 1904", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city is home to several colleges and universities. Oklahoma City University, formerly known as Epworth University, was founded by the United Methodist Church on September 1, 1904 and is renowned for its performing arts, science, mass communications, business, law, and athletic programs. OCU has its main campus in the north-central section of the city, near the city's chinatown area. OCU Law is located in the Midtown district near downtown, in the old Central High School building."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which district is OU Medicine campus located in?", "id": "56df7c4056340a1900b29c16", "answers": [{"text": "Oklahoma Health Center district", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which institution houses the Level-One trauma center?", "id": "56df7c4056340a1900b29c17", "answers": [{"text": "OU Medicine", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Approximately how many people work in OU Health Sciences Center?", "id": "56df7c4056340a1900b29c18", "answers": [{"text": "12,000", "answer_start": 489}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The University of Oklahoma has several institutions of higher learning in the city and metropolitan area, with OU Medicine and the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center campuses located east of downtown in the Oklahoma Health Center district, and the main campus located to the south in the suburb of Norman. The OU Medicine hosting the state's only Level-One trauma center. OU Health Sciences Center is one of the nation's largest independent medical centers, employing more than 12,000 people. OU is one of only four major universities in the nation to operate six medical schools.[clarification needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which university is the third-largest in the state?", "id": "56df7cd456340a1900b29c28", "answers": [{"text": "University of Central Oklahoma", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which private university is located near the Edmond border?", "id": "56df7cd456340a1900b29c29", "answers": [{"text": "Oklahoma Christian University", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The third-largest university in the state, the University of Central Oklahoma, is located just north of the city in the suburb of Edmond. Oklahoma Christian University, one of the state's private liberal arts institutions, is located just south of the Edmond border, inside the Oklahoma City limits."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which community college is the second largest in the state?", "id": "56df7d735ca0a614008f9b25", "answers": [{"text": "Oklahoma City Community College", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which university is located in the Furniture district?", "id": "56df7d735ca0a614008f9b26", "answers": [{"text": "Oklahoma State University", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Southern Nazarene University located?", "id": "56df7d735ca0a614008f9b27", "answers": [{"text": "Bethany", "answer_start": 562}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who founded the Southern Nazarene University", "id": "56df7d735ca0a614008f9b28", "answers": [{"text": "Church of the Nazarene", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Oklahoma City Community College in south Oklahoma City is the second-largest community college in the state. Rose State College is located east of Oklahoma City in suburban Midwest City. Oklahoma State University\u2013Oklahoma City is located in the \"Furniture District\" on the Westside. Northeast of the city is Langston University, the state's historically black college (HBCU). Langston also has an urban campus in the eastside section of the city. Southern Nazarene University, which was founded by the Church of the Nazarene, is a university located in suburban Bethany, which is surrounded by the Oklahoma City city limits."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What institution is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools?", "id": "56df7e2356340a1900b29c2c", "answers": [{"text": "Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although technically not a university, the FAA's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center has many aspects of an institution of higher learning. Its FAA Academy is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. Its Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) has a medical education division responsible for aeromedical education in general as well as the education of aviation medical examiners in the U.S. and 93 other countries. In addition, The National Academy of Science offers Research Associateship Programs for fellowship and other grants for CAMI research."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is Oklahoma's largest school district?", "id": "56df7ee45ca0a614008f9b55", "answers": [{"text": "Oklahoma City Public Schools", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did KIPP Reach College Preparatory School win the National Blue Ribbon Award?", "id": "56df7ee45ca0a614008f9b57", "answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 720}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Oklahoma City is home to the state's largest school district, Oklahoma City Public Schools. The district's Classen School of Advanced Studies and Harding Charter Preparatory High School rank high among public schools nationally according to a formula that looks at the number of Advanced Placement, International Baccalaureate and/or Cambridge tests taken by the school's students divided by the number of graduating seniors. In addition, OKCPS's Belle Isle Enterprise Middle School was named the top middle school in the state according to the Academic Performance Index, and recently received the Blue Ribbon School Award, in 2004 and again in 2011. KIPP Reach College Preparatory School in Oklahoma City received the 2012 National Blue Ribbon along with its school leader, Tracy McDaniel Sr., being awarded the Terrel H. Bell Award for Outstanding Leadership."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where is The Oklahoma School of Science and Mathematics located?", "id": "56df7f0156340a1900b29c38", "answers": [{"text": "Oklahoma City", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Oklahoma School of Science and Mathematics, a school for some of the state's most gifted math and science pupils, is also located in Oklahoma City."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are the two largest technology education schools in Oklahoma City?", "id": "56df7fd756340a1900b29c56", "answers": [{"text": "Metro Technology Center and Francis Tuttle Technology Center", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Oklahoma City has several public career and technology education schools associated with the Oklahoma Department of Career and Technology Education, the largest of which are Metro Technology Center and Francis Tuttle Technology Center."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What center is a nonprofit training center for disabled people?", "id": "56df805c56340a1900b29c62", "answers": [{"text": "The Dale Rogers Training Center", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Private career and technology education schools in Oklahoma City include Oklahoma Technology Institute, Platt College, Vatterott College, and Heritage College. The Dale Rogers Training Center in Oklahoma City is a nonprofit vocational training center for individuals with disabilities."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which newspaper is the most produced through the state of Oklahoma?", "id": "56df81465ca0a614008f9b9f", "answers": [{"text": "The Oklahoman", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of The Oklahoman's website?", "id": "56df81465ca0a614008f9ba0", "answers": [{"text": "NewsOK.com", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Oklahoma Cities newsweekly?", "id": "56df81465ca0a614008f9ba1", "answers": [{"text": "Oklahoma Gazette", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Oklahoma Cities daily business newspaper?", "id": "56df81465ca0a614008f9ba2", "answers": [{"text": "The Journal Record", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Oklahoman is Oklahoma City's major daily newspaper and is the most widely circulated in the state. NewsOK.com is the Oklahoman's online presence. Oklahoma Gazette is Oklahoma City's independent newsweekly, featuring such staples as local commentary, feature stories, restaurant reviews and movie listings and music and entertainment. The Journal Record is the city's daily business newspaper and okcBIZ is a monthly publication that covers business news affecting those who live and work in Central Oklahoma."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which side is the Black Chronicles Headquarters?", "id": "56df81b556340a1900b29c8e", "answers": [{"text": "Eastside", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What international newspapers is in the Asia District?", "id": "56df81b556340a1900b29c8f", "answers": [{"text": "OK VIETIMES and Oklahoma Chinese Times", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the student newspaper?", "id": "56df81b556340a1900b29c90", "answers": [{"text": "The Campus", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There are numerous community and international newspapers locally that cater to the city's ethnic mosaic; such as The Black Chronicle, headquartered in the Eastside, the OK VIETIMES and Oklahoma Chinese Times, located in Asia District, and various Hispanic community publications. The Campus is the student newspaper at Oklahoma City University. Gay publications include The Gayly Oklahoman."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the lifestyle magazine?", "id": "56df820b56340a1900b29c94", "answers": [{"text": "Slice Magazine", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another magazine that is published in Oklahoma City?", "id": "56df820b56340a1900b29c95", "answers": [{"text": "Back40", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "An upscale lifestyle publication called Slice Magazine is circulated throughout the metropolitan area. In addition, there is a magazine published by Back40 Design Group called The Edmond Outlook. It contains local commentary and human interest pieces direct-mailed to over 50,000 Edmond residents."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the third Radio Station in the US?", "id": "56df837656340a1900b29cb2", "answers": [{"text": "WKY Radio", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was WKY granted a federal license?", "id": "56df837656340a1900b29cb3", "answers": [{"text": "1921", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did E.K. Gaylord's Oklahoma Publishing Compan buy WKY Radio?", "id": "56df837656340a1900b29cb4", "answers": [{"text": "1928", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the current station called?", "id": "56df837656340a1900b29cb5", "answers": [{"text": "KFOR-TV", "answer_start": 828}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Oklahoma City was home to several pioneers in radio and television broadcasting. Oklahoma City's WKY Radio was the first radio station transmitting west of the Mississippi River and the third radio station in the United States. WKY received its federal license in 1921 and has continually broadcast under the same call letters since 1922. In 1928, WKY was purchased by E.K. Gaylord's Oklahoma Publishing Company and affiliated with the NBC Red Network; in 1949, WKY-TV (channel 4) went on the air and later became the first independently owned television station in the U.S. to broadcast in color. In mid-2002, WKY radio was purchased outright by Citadel Broadcasting, who was bought out by Cumulus Broadcasting in 2011. The Gaylord family earlier sold WKY-TV in 1976, which has gone through a succession of owners (what is now KFOR-TV is currently owned by Tribune Broadcasting as of December 2013)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What rank is Oklahoma Cities television networks for Nielsen?", "id": "56df858f56340a1900b29cdc", "answers": [{"text": "41st", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many counties does Oklahoma Cities Networks cover?", "id": "56df858f56340a1900b29cdd", "answers": [{"text": "34", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The major U.S. broadcast television networks have affiliates in the Oklahoma City market (ranked 41st for television by Nielsen and 48th for radio by Arbitron, covering a 34-county area serving the central, northern-central and west-central sections Oklahoma); including NBC affiliate KFOR-TV (channel 4), ABC affiliate KOCO-TV (channel 5), CBS affiliate KWTV-DT (channel 9, the flagship of locally based Griffin Communications), PBS station KETA-TV (channel 13, the flagship of the state-run OETA member network), Fox affiliate KOKH-TV (channel 25), CW affiliate KOCB (channel 34), independent station KAUT-TV (channel 43), MyNetworkTV affiliate KSBI-TV (channel 52), and Ion Television owned-and-operated station KOPX-TV (channel 62). The market is also home to several religious stations including TBN owned-and-operated station KTBO-TV (channel 14) and Norman-based Daystar owned-and-operated station KOCM (channel 46)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many  people are paid to be employed by the Oklahoma City Fire department?", "id": "56df864b5ca0a614008f9c0f", "answers": [{"text": "1015", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is currently the Chief of the department?", "id": "56df864b5ca0a614008f9c10", "answers": [{"text": "G. Keith Bryant", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many firestations are there?", "id": "56df864b5ca0a614008f9c11", "answers": [{"text": "37", "answer_start": 395}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many emergency calls are made yearly?", "id": "56df864b5ca0a614008f9c12", "answers": [{"text": "70,000", "answer_start": 1008}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Oklahoma City is protected by the Oklahoma City Fire Department (OKCFD), which employs 1015 paid, professional firefighters. The current Chief of Department is G. Keith Bryant, the department is also commanded by three Deputy Chiefs, who \u2013 along with the department chief \u2013 oversee the Operational Services, Prevention Services, and Support Services bureaus. The OKCFD currently operates out of 37 fire stations, located throughout the city in six battalions. The OKCFD also operates a fire apparatus fleet of 36 engines (including 30 paramedic engines), 13 ladders, 16 brush patrol units, six water tankers, two hazardous materials units, one Technical Rescue Unit, one Air Supply Unit, six Arson Investigation Units, and one Rehabilitation Unit. Each engine is staffed with a driver, an officer, and one to two firefighters, while each ladder company is staffed with a driver, an officer, and one firefighter. Minimum staffing per shift is 213 personnel. The Oklahoma City Fire Department responds to over 70,000 emergency calls annually."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many major highways cross through Oklahoma City?", "id": "56df86855ca0a614008f9c1d", "answers": [{"text": "3", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Oklahoma City is an integral point on the United States Interstate Network, with three major interstate highways \u2013 Interstate 35, Interstate 40, and Interstate 44 \u2013 bisecting the city. Interstate 240 connects Interstate 40 and Interstate 44 in south Oklahoma City, while Interstate 235 spurs from Interstate 44 in north-central Oklahoma City into downtown."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is one Major expressway that travels through Oklahoma City?", "id": "56df870c56340a1900b29cfe", "answers": [{"text": "Lake Hefner Parkway", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Major state expressways through the city include Lake Hefner Parkway (SH-74), the Kilpatrick Turnpike, Airport Road (SH-152), and Broadway Extension (US-77) which continues from I-235 connecting Central Oklahoma City to Edmond. Lake Hefner Parkway runs through northwest Oklahoma City, while Airport Road runs through southwest Oklahoma City and leads to Will Rogers World Airport. The Kilpatrick Turnpike loops around north and west Oklahoma City."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What boulevard turns into E.K Gaylord Boulevard?", "id": "56df877c5ca0a614008f9c1f", "answers": [{"text": "Shields Boulevard", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Oklahoma City also has several major national and state highways within its city limits. Shields Boulevard (US-77) continues from E.K. Gaylord Boulevard in downtown Oklahoma City and runs south eventually connecting to I-35 near the suburb of Moore. Northwest Expressway (Oklahoma State Highway 3) runs from North Classen Boulevard in north-central Oklahoma City to the northwestern suburbs."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which airport is the busiest?", "id": "56df882f56340a1900b29d1d", "answers": [{"text": "Will Rogers World Airport", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people travel through Will Rogers World Airport each year?", "id": "56df882f56340a1900b29d1e", "answers": [{"text": "3.6 million", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the largest military base in the nation?", "id": "56df882f56340a1900b29d1f", "answers": [{"text": "Tinker Air Force Base", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Oklahoma City is served by two primary airports, Will Rogers World Airport and the much smaller Wiley Post Airport (incidentally, the two honorees died in the same plane crash in Alaska) Will Rogers World Airport is the state's busiest commercial airport, with over 3.6 million passengers annually. Tinker Air Force Base, in southeast Oklahoma City, is the largest military air depot in the nation; a major maintenance and deployment facility for the Navy and the Air Force, and the second largest military institution in the state (after Fort Sill in Lawton)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is Oklahoma Cities transit company?", "id": "56df88ca4a1a83140091eafe", "answers": [{"text": "METRO Transit", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the plan that is being made to enhance the bus system?", "id": "56df88ca4a1a83140091eaff", "answers": [{"text": "Fixed Guideway Study", "answer_start": 617}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "METRO Transit is the city's public transit company. The main transfer terminal is located downtown at NW 5th Street and Hudson Avenue. METRO Transit maintains limited coverage of the city's main street grid using a hub-and-spoke system from the main terminal, making many journeys impractical due to the rather small number of bus routes offered and that most trips require a transfer downtown. The city has recognized that transit as a major issue for the rapidly growing and urbanizing city and has initiated several studies in recent times to improve upon the existing bus system starting with a plan known as the Fixed Guideway Study. This study identified several potential commuter transit routes from the suburbs into downtown OKC as well as feeder-line bus and/or rail routes throughout the city."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was MAPS 3 passed?", "id": "56df89684a1a83140091eb02", "answers": [{"text": "December 2009", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much will MAPS 3 cost?", "id": "56df89684a1a83140091eb03", "answers": [{"text": "$777 million", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year should the streetcar become operable?", "id": "56df89684a1a83140091eb04", "answers": [{"text": "2017", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On December 2009, Oklahoma City voters passed MAPS 3, the $777 million (7-year 1-cent tax) initiative, which will include funding (appx $130M) for an estimated 5-to-6-mile (8.0 to 9.7 km) modern streetcar in downtown Oklahoma City and the establishment of a transit hub. It is believed the streetcar would begin construction in 2014 and be in operation around 2017."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the states oldest and largest Hospital?", "id": "56df89ec4a1a83140091eb0a", "answers": [{"text": "St. Anthony Hospital and Physicians Medical Center", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Oklahoma City and the surrounding metropolitan area are home to a number of health care facilities and specialty hospitals. In Oklahoma City's MidTown district near downtown resides the state's oldest and largest single site hospital, St. Anthony Hospital and Physicians Medical Center."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where is the Children's hospital located?", "id": "56df8a9638dc42170015202b", "answers": [{"text": "Oklahoma Health Center district", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "OU Medicine, an academic medical institution located on the campus of The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, is home to OU Medical Center. OU Medicine operates Oklahoma's only level-one trauma center at the OU Medical Center and the state's only level-one trauma center for children at Children's Hospital at OU Medicine, both of which are located in the Oklahoma Health Center district. Other medical facilities operated by OU Medicine include OU Physicians and OU Children's Physicians, the OU College of Medicine, the Oklahoma Cancer Center and OU Medical Center Edmond, the latter being located in the northern suburb of Edmond."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Name a hospital owned by INTEGRIS Health?", "id": "56df8b2d4a1a83140091eb16", "answers": [{"text": "INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center part of U.S News and World Reports best Hospitals list?", "id": "56df8b2d4a1a83140091eb17", "answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "INTEGRIS Health owns several hospitals, including INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center, the INTEGRIS Cancer Institute of Oklahoma, and the INTEGRIS Southwest Medical Center. INTEGRIS Health operates hospitals, rehabilitation centers, physician clinics, mental health facilities, independent living centers and home health agencies located throughout much of Oklahoma. INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center was named in U.S. News & World Report's 2012 list of Best Hospitals. INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center ranks high-performing in the following categories: Cardiology and Heart Surgery; Diabetes and Endocrinology; Ear, Nose and Throat; Gastroenterology; Geriatrics; Nephrology; Orthopedics; Pulmonology and Urology."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where is the Midwest Regional Medical Center?", "id": "56df8b7d38dc42170015202e", "answers": [{"text": "Midwest City", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many doctors are there per 100,000 people?", "id": "56df8b7d38dc42170015202f", "answers": [{"text": "347", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Midwest Regional Medical Center located in the suburb of Midwest City; other major hospitals in the city include the Oklahoma Heart Hospital and the Mercy Health Center. There are 347 physicians for every 100,000 people in the city."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What ranking was Oklahoma City in for the American College of Sports Medicine in 2010?", "id": "56df8c3638dc421700152032", "answers": [{"text": "last place", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the American College of Sports Medicine's annual ranking of the United States' 50 most populous metropolitan areas on the basis of community health, Oklahoma City took last place in 2010, falling five places from its 2009 rank of 45. The ACSM's report, published as part of its American Fitness Index program, cited, among other things, the poor diet of residents, low levels of physical fitness, higher incidences of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease than the national average, low access to recreational facilities like swimming pools and baseball diamonds, the paucity of parks and low investment by the city in their development, the high percentage of households below the poverty level, and the lack of state-mandated physical education curriculum as contributing factors."}]}, {"title": "Hunter-gatherer", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What kind of human lives by collecting wild flora and fauna?", "id": "56df43e48bc80c19004e49c1", "answers": [{"text": "hunter-gatherer", "answer_start": 2}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of society relies on domestication for producing food?", "id": "56df43e48bc80c19004e49c3", "answers": [{"text": "agricultural", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of plants and animals do agricultural groups harvest?", "id": "56df43e48bc80c19004e49c4", "answers": [{"text": "domesticated species", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "foraging", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "A hunter-gatherer is an animal who obtains food by what?", "id": "5acd3c4f07355d001abf39c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "foraging", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "Collecting wild plants and pursuing wild flowers defines what?", "id": "5acd3c4f07355d001abf39c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "agricultural", "answer_start": 166}], "question": "Which societies rely mainly on undomesticated species?", "id": "5acd3c4f07355d001abf39c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hunter-gatherer", "answer_start": 2}], "question": " A human living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by bargaining is known as what?", "id": "5acd3c4f07355d001abf39c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "agricultural", "answer_start": 166}], "question": "Foraging is a technique used by humans living in which society?", "id": "5acd3c4f07355d001abf39c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A hunter-gatherer is a human living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by foraging (collecting wild plants and pursuing wild animals), in contrast to agricultural societies, which rely mainly on domesticated species."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What has been humans' best adaptation in food production?", "id": "56df457b8bc80c19004e49d2", "answers": [{"text": "Hunting and gathering", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first way humans used to find food?", "id": "56df457b8bc80c19004e49d3", "answers": [{"text": "Hunting and gathering", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What stopped the widespread use of hunting and gathering?", "id": "56df457b8bc80c19004e49d4", "answers": [{"text": "invention of agriculture", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the basic types of agricultural groups?", "id": "56df457b8bc80c19004e49d5", "answers": [{"text": "farming or pastoralist groups", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hunting and gathering", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was humanity's second most successful adaptation?", "id": "5acd3d1407355d001abf39e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "displaced or conquered by farming", "answer_start": 190}], "question": "Following the invention of gathering, hunter-gatherers have been what?", "id": "5acd3d1407355d001abf39e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pastoralist", "answer_start": 227}], "question": "Hunting and gathering were represented by which groups?", "id": "5acd3d1407355d001abf39e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pastoralist", "answer_start": 227}], "question": "Which group has been displaced or conquered by farming?", "id": "5acd3d1407355d001abf39e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hunting and gathering", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Which adaptation occupied at least 95 percent of human history?", "id": "5acd3d1407355d001abf39e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Hunting and gathering was humanity's first and most successful adaptation, occupying at least 90 percent of human history. Following the invention of agriculture, hunter-gatherers have been displaced or conquered by farming or pastoralist groups in most parts of the world."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many groups of modern hunter-gatherers are there?", "id": "56df47ad8bc80c19004e49eb", "answers": [{"text": "Only a few", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do modern hunter-gatherers use to produce food in addition to gathering?", "id": "56df47ad8bc80c19004e49ec", "answers": [{"text": "horticulture and/or keeping animals", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who uses agriculture and animal domestication to supplement their food?", "id": "56df47ad8bc80c19004e49ed", "answers": [{"text": "hunter-gatherers", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides  agriculture, how do gatherers add to their food supply?", "id": "56df47ad8bc80c19004e49ee", "answers": [{"text": "keeping animals", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to domesticated animals, how do gatherers supplement their food?", "id": "56df47ad8bc80c19004e49ef", "answers": [{"text": "horticulture", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hunter-gatherers", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "All of contemporary societies are classified as what?", "id": "5acd3de307355d001abf39fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "contemporary", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "Which societies replace foraging with horticulture and/or keeping animals?", "id": "5acd3de307355d001abf39fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hunter-gatherers", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "Only a few ancient societies are classified as what?", "id": "5acd3de307355d001abf39fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "horticulture and/or keeping animals", "answer_start": 119}], "question": "All societies supplement their foraging activity with what?", "id": "5acd3de307355d001abf39fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Only a few", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "How many ancient societies kept animals?", "id": "5acd3de307355d001abf39fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Only a few contemporary societies are classified as hunter-gatherers, and many supplement their foraging activity with horticulture and/or keeping animals."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How did early humans locate meat without hunting ?", "id": "56df49d18bc80c19004e4a0a", "answers": [{"text": "scavenging", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to finding already dead animals, what other cause of death were their animal finds?", "id": "56df49d18bc80c19004e4a0b", "answers": [{"text": "natural causes", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did hunter-gatherer peoples live?", "id": "56df49d18bc80c19004e4a0c", "answers": [{"text": "sparsely wooded areas", "answer_start": 550}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of area did early humans avoid?", "id": "56df49d18bc80c19004e4a0d", "answers": [{"text": "dense forest", "answer_start": 644}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the 1950s", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "Lewis Binford suggested that early humans were obtaining vegetables via scavenging in what decade?", "id": "5acd3edb07355d001abf3a1a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in forests and woodlands", "answer_start": 149}], "question": "Early humans in the Higher Paleolithic lived where?", "id": "5acd3edb07355d001abf3a1b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Paleolithic hunter-gatherers", "answer_start": 509}], "question": "Which population survived in densely wooded areas?", "id": "5acd3edb07355d001abf3a1c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Paleolithic hunter-gatherers", "answer_start": 509}], "question": "Which population dispersed through areas of low primary productivity?", "id": "5acd3edb07355d001abf3a1d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "seafood, eggs, nuts, and fruits", "answer_start": 205}], "question": "Early humans in the Higher Paleolithic collected what?", "id": "5acd3edb07355d001abf3a1e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the 1950s, Lewis Binford suggested that early humans were obtaining meat via scavenging, not hunting. Early humans in the Lower Paleolithic lived in forests and woodlands, which allowed them to collect seafood, eggs, nuts, and fruits besides scavenging. Rather than killing large animals for meat, according to this view, they used carcasses of such animals that had either been killed by predators or that had died of natural causes. Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers survived in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is long-distance running as a food hunting-gathering technique?", "id": "56df4e1796943c1400a5d359", "answers": [{"text": "persistence hunting", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What theory says that long-distance running drove the evolution of some human traits?", "id": "56df4e1796943c1400a5d35a", "answers": [{"text": "endurance running hypothesis", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who still practices persistence hunting?", "id": "56df4e1796943c1400a5d35b", "answers": [{"text": "some hunter-gatherer groups", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides the endurance running hypothesis, what other theory of food collection is there?", "id": "56df4e1796943c1400a5d35c", "answers": [{"text": "scavenging hypothesis", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What food gathering techniques could have been used by early man at the same time?", "id": "56df4e1796943c1400a5d35d", "answers": [{"text": "both subsistence strategies", "answer_start": 345}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "leading to the evolution of certain human characteristics", "answer_start": 211}], "question": "Short-distance running was the driving evolutionary force for what?", "id": "5acd3fff07355d001abf3a4a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "persistence hunting", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "What is a method practiced by all hunter-gatherer groups in modern times?", "id": "5acd3fff07355d001abf3a4b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hunter-gatherer", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "The scavenging hypothesis is still practiced by which groups? ", "id": "5acd3fff07355d001abf3a4c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the endurance running hypothesis", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "What contradicts with the scavenging hypothesis?", "id": "5acd3fff07355d001abf3a4d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to the endurance running hypothesis, long-distance running as in persistence hunting, a method still practiced by some hunter-gatherer groups in modern times, was likely the driving evolutionary force leading to the evolution of certain human characteristics. This hypothesis does not necessarily contradict the scavenging hypothesis: both subsistence strategies could have been in use \u2013 sequentially, alternating or even simultaneously."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did human populations begin using hunting-gathering?", "id": "56df4feb96943c1400a5d377", "answers": [{"text": "1.8 million years ago", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What phase of human used subsistence strategies to find food?", "id": "56df4feb96943c1400a5d378", "answers": [{"text": "Homo erectus", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Homo sapiens begin using subsistence gathering?", "id": "56df4feb96943c1400a5d379", "answers": [{"text": "0.2 million years ago", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did hunting-gathering begin to fade from use?", "id": "56df4feb96943c1400a5d37a", "answers": [{"text": "10,000 years ago", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What began replacing hunting-gathering at the end of the Mesolithic period?", "id": "56df4feb96943c1400a5d37b", "answers": [{"text": "Neolithic Revolution", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hunting and gathering", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What remained the only mode of subsistence until the end of the Paleolithic period?", "id": "5acd421407355d001abf3ab6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hunting and gathering", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was replaced only gradually with the spread of the Mesolithic Revolution?", "id": "5acd421407355d001abf3ab7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10,000", "answer_start": 298}], "question": "The Neolithic Period ended how many years ago?", "id": "5acd421407355d001abf3ab8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Neolithic", "answer_start": 382}], "question": "Which revolution spread rapidly?", "id": "5acd421407355d001abf3ab9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hunting and gathering", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Which subsistence strategy started with the Neolithic Revolution?", "id": "5acd421407355d001abf3aba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Hunting and gathering was presumably the subsistence strategy employed by human societies beginning some 1.8 million years ago, by Homo erectus, and from its appearance some 0.2 million years ago by Homo sapiens. It remained the only mode of subsistence until the end of the Mesolithic period some 10,000 years ago, and after this was replaced only gradually with the spread of the Neolithic Revolution."}, {"qas": [{"question": "During what period did hunter-gatherers begin to focus food collection on a more limited range?", "id": "56df609296943c1400a5d475", "answers": [{"text": "Middle to Upper Paleolithic", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many years ago did hunting-gatherers start specializing in their collection practices?", "id": "56df609296943c1400a5d476", "answers": [{"text": "80,000 to 70,000 years ago", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the change in gathering?", "id": "56df609296943c1400a5d478", "answers": [{"text": "a smaller selection", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the use of agriculture begin it's spread?", "id": "56df609296943c1400a5d479", "answers": [{"text": "12,000 years ago", "answer_start": 667}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "80,000 to 70,000 years ago", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "The transition between the Lower and Middle Paleolithic period started when?", "id": "5acd431b07355d001abf3afa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Middle to Upper Paleolithic period", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "In what period did all hunter-gatherers begin to specialize?", "id": "5acd431b07355d001abf3afb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the unprecedented development of nascent agricultural practices", "answer_start": 459}], "question": "The transition into the Paleolithic period is chiefly defined by what?", "id": "5acd431b07355d001abf3afc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "12,000", "answer_start": 667}], "question": "Agriculture ended how many years ago?", "id": "5acd431b07355d001abf3afd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "game", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "When hunter-gatherers began to specialize, they concentrated on a larger selection of what?", "id": "5acd431b07355d001abf3afe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Starting at the transition between the Middle to Upper Paleolithic period, some 80,000 to 70,000 years ago, some hunter-gatherers bands began to specialize, concentrating on hunting a smaller selection of (often larger) game and gathering a smaller selection of food. This specialization of work also involved creating specialized tools, like fishing nets and hooks and bone harpoons. The transition into the subsequent Neolithic period is chiefly defined by the unprecedented development of nascent agricultural practices. Agriculture originated and spread in several different areas including the Middle East, Asia, Mesoamerica, and the Andes beginning as early as 12,000 years ago."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what kind of area did forest gardening start?", "id": "56df63058bc80c19004e4b8b", "answers": [{"text": "jungle-clad river banks", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what other types of areas did forest gardening show up?", "id": "56df63058bc80c19004e4b8c", "answers": [{"text": "foothills of monsoon regions", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of plant did these early gardeners seek out?", "id": "56df63058bc80c19004e4b8d", "answers": [{"text": "tree and vine species", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What use did forest gardeners put to tree and vines to?", "id": "56df63058bc80c19004e4b8e", "answers": [{"text": "identified, protected and improved", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did these gardeners do about unwanted species?", "id": "56df63058bc80c19004e4b8f", "answers": [{"text": "eliminated", "answer_start": 428}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Forest gardens", "answer_start": 113}], "question": "What type of gardens originated in modern times?", "id": "5acd446b07355d001abf3b42", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Forest gardens", "answer_start": 113}], "question": "What type of gardens were located in the dry foothills of monsoon regions?", "id": "5acd446b07355d001abf3b43", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "into the gardens", "answer_start": 507}], "question": "Inferior foreign species were selected and incorporated where?", "id": "5acd446b07355d001abf3b44", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Forest gardening", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was being used as a food production system in all parts of the world?", "id": "5acd446b07355d001abf3b45", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "eliminated", "answer_start": 428}], "question": "When families were trying to ruin their immediate environment, undesirable species were what?", "id": "5acd446b07355d001abf3b46", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Forest gardening was also being used as a food production system in various parts of the world over this period. Forest gardens originated in prehistoric times along jungle-clad river banks and in the wet foothills of monsoon regions.[citation needed] In the gradual process of families improving their immediate environment, useful tree and vine species were identified, protected and improved, whilst undesirable species were eliminated. Eventually superior foreign species were selected and incorporated into the gardens."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where do many modern day hunter-gatherers live?", "id": "56df680f8bc80c19004e4bdd", "answers": [{"text": "in the developing world", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what type of climate do hunter-gatherers live?", "id": "56df680f8bc80c19004e4bde", "answers": [{"text": "arid regions or tropical forests", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of human life-style is pushing hunter-gatherers out of their environment?", "id": "56df680f8bc80c19004e4bdf", "answers": [{"text": "settlements of agriculturalists", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has Jared Diamond blamed the decline of gatherers on?", "id": "56df680f8bc80c19004e4be0", "answers": [{"text": "availability of wild foods", "answer_start": 595}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of food animal went extict by the end of the Pleistocene era?", "id": "56df680f8bc80c19004e4be1", "answers": [{"text": "large mammal species", "answer_start": 700}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hunter-gatherer", "answer_start": 28}], "question": "What groups have continually increased in numbers?", "id": "5acd454907355d001abf3b7e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "North and South America", "answer_start": 657}], "question": "All large mammal species have gone extinct in what countries?", "id": "5acd454907355d001abf3b7f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "gone extinct", "answer_start": 725}], "question": "Because of overpopulation, most large mammal species have what?", "id": "5acd454907355d001abf3b80", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in the developing world", "answer_start": 211}], "question": "All hunter-gatherer groups reside where?", "id": "5acd454907355d001abf3b81", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hunter-gatherer societies", "answer_start": 458}], "question": "Competition for land use results in which societies remaining where they are?", "id": "5acd454907355d001abf3b82", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Many groups continued their hunter-gatherer ways of life, although their numbers have continually declined, partly as a result of pressure from growing agricultural and pastoral communities. Many of them reside in the developing world, either in arid regions or tropical forests. Areas that were formerly available to hunter-gatherers were\u2014and continue to be\u2014encroached upon by the settlements of agriculturalists. In the resulting competition for land use, hunter-gatherer societies either adopted these practices or moved to other areas. In addition, Jared Diamond has blamed a decline in the availability of wild foods, particularly animal resources. In North and South America, for example, most large mammal species had gone extinct by the end of the Pleistocene\u2014according to Diamond, because of overexploitation by humans, although the overkill hypothesis he advocates is strongly contested.[by whom?]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who expanded into the territory of hunter-gathers?", "id": "56df76b85ca0a614008f9ab9", "answers": [{"text": "agricultural societies", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the increase in agricultural areas produce?", "id": "56df76b85ca0a614008f9aba", "answers": [{"text": "first forms of government", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the Fertile Crescent and Ancient India ?", "id": "56df76b85ca0a614008f9abb", "answers": [{"text": "agricultural centers", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of expansion was it in places like the Fertile Crescent?", "id": "56df76b85ca0a614008f9abc", "answers": [{"text": "agriculture-driven", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did agricultural societies push into hunter-gatherer areas?", "id": "56df76b85ca0a614008f9abd", "answers": [{"text": "agricultural societies increased", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Fertile Crescent, Ancient India, Ancient China, Olmec, Sub-Saharan Africa and Norte Chico", "answer_start": 263}], "question": "What were some of the second forms of government in agricultural centers?", "id": "5acd4d5207355d001abf3c7a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "they expanded into lands traditionally used by hunter-gatherers", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "As the number and size of agricultural societies decreased, what happened?", "id": "5acd4d5207355d001abf3c7b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the development of the first forms of government in agricultural centers", "answer_start": 177}], "question": "The process of fores-driven expansion led to what?", "id": "5acd4d5207355d001abf3c7c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Fertile Crescent, Ancient India, Ancient China, Olmec, Sub-Saharan Africa and Norte Chico", "answer_start": 259}], "question": "The lands traditionally used by hunter-gatherers were overtaken by what forms of government?", "id": "5acd4d5207355d001abf3c7d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the first forms of government in agricultural centers", "answer_start": 196}], "question": "What type of development led to agricultural expansion?", "id": "5acd4d5207355d001abf3c7e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "As the number and size of agricultural societies increased, they expanded into lands traditionally used by hunter-gatherers. This process of agriculture-driven expansion led to the development of the first forms of government in agricultural centers, such as the Fertile Crescent, Ancient India, Ancient China, Olmec, Sub-Saharan Africa and Norte Chico."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of areas do modern hunter-gathers live in?", "id": "56df8cfc4a1a83140091eb2e", "answers": [{"text": "unsuitable for agricultural use", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many modern hunter-gatherer cultures are there?", "id": "56df8cfc4a1a83140091eb2f", "answers": [{"text": "few", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do people basically rely on now?", "id": "56df8cfc4a1a83140091eb30", "answers": [{"text": "agriculture", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who lives in areas not usable for agriculture?", "id": "56df8cfc4a1a83140091eb31", "answers": [{"text": "hunter-gatherer cultures", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of food production is worldwide now?", "id": "56df8cfc4a1a83140091eb32", "answers": [{"text": "reliance upon agriculture", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in areas unsuitable for agricultural use", "answer_start": 130}], "question": "The many contemporary hunter-gatherer cultures usually live where?", "id": "5acd4e5007355d001abf3ca2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "agriculture", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "Humans almost never rely on what?", "id": "5acd4e5007355d001abf3ca3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hunter-gatherer", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "What cultures live in areas suitable for agricultural use?", "id": "5acd4e5007355d001abf3ca4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in areas unsuitable for agricultural use", "answer_start": 130}], "question": "Ancient hunter-gatherer cultures lived where?", "id": "5acd4e5007355d001abf3ca5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "few contemporary hunter-gatherer cultures", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "How many cultures rely on agriculture?", "id": "5acd4e5007355d001abf3ca6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "As a result of the now near-universal human reliance upon agriculture, the few contemporary hunter-gatherer cultures usually live in areas unsuitable for agricultural use."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the lifestyle of hunter-gatherers?", "id": "56df8e9338dc421700152048", "answers": [{"text": "nomadic or semi-nomadic", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the permanence of hunter-gatherer settlements?", "id": "56df8e9338dc421700152049", "answers": [{"text": "temporary", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of building materials do they use?", "id": "56df8e9338dc42170015204a", "answers": [{"text": "impermanent", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of natural structure do hunter-gatherers use?", "id": "56df8e9338dc42170015204b", "answers": [{"text": "rock shelters", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the movement ability of hunter-gathers?", "id": "56df8e9338dc42170015204c", "answers": [{"text": "Mobile communities", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "temporary", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "Few hunter-gatherers live in what kind of settlements?", "id": "5acd4efe07355d001abf3cb6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "shelters using impermanent building materials", "answer_start": 124}], "question": "Permanent communities typically construct what?", "id": "5acd4efe07355d001abf3cb7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mobile", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "What communities use natural wood shelters?", "id": "5acd4efe07355d001abf3cb8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mobile", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "Which communities construct shelters using permanent building materials?", "id": "5acd4efe07355d001abf3cb9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hunter-gatherers", "answer_start": 5}], "question": "Which communities do not live a nomadic or semi-nomadic life?", "id": "5acd4efe07355d001abf3cba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Most hunter-gatherers are nomadic or semi-nomadic and live in temporary settlements. Mobile communities typically construct shelters using impermanent building materials, or they may use natural rock shelters, where they are available."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of area allowed a more permanent settlement?", "id": "56df907838dc42170015205a", "answers": [{"text": "rich environments", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the life style of the indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest?", "id": "56df907838dc42170015205b", "answers": [{"text": "hunter-gatherer", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does a lush environment allow hunter-gatherers to be?", "id": "56df907838dc42170015205c", "answers": [{"text": "sedentary or semi-sedentary", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of environment is the Pacific Northwest?", "id": "56df907838dc42170015205d", "answers": [{"text": "rich environments", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest?", "id": "56df907838dc42170015205e", "answers": [{"text": "hunter-gatherer cultures", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "What cultures live in barren environments?", "id": "5acd4fef07355d001abf3cd2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Pacific Northwest Coast", "answer_start": 65}], "question": "Which people lived in environments that allowed them to be nomadic?", "id": "5acd4fef07355d001abf3cd3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "particularly rich environments", "answer_start": 103}], "question": "What kind of environment allowed for a nomadic existence?", "id": "5acd4fef07355d001abf3cd4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "particularly rich environments", "answer_start": 103}], "question": "The peoples of the Pacific West Coast lived in what kind of environment?", "id": "5acd4fef07355d001abf3cd5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sedentary or semi-sedentary", "answer_start": 158}], "question": "The peoples of the Pacific East Coast lived what kind of lifestyle?", "id": "5acd4fef07355d001abf3cd6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some hunter-gatherer cultures, such as the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, lived in particularly rich environments that allowed them to be sedentary or semi-sedentary."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the social style of hunter-gather societies?", "id": "56df92d24a1a83140091eb58", "answers": [{"text": "egalitarian", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " Where do people who are an exception to egalitarianism live?", "id": "56df92d24a1a83140091eb5a", "answers": [{"text": "Northwest Coast of North America", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what group of hunter-gatherers are nearly all egalitarian?", "id": "56df92d24a1a83140091eb5b", "answers": [{"text": "African", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "egalitarian social ethos", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "Nomadic hunter-gatherers are an exception to what rule?", "id": "5acd50b607355d001abf3ce6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "settled", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "Those inhabiting the Northeast Coast of North America are what kind of of hunter-gatherers?", "id": "5acd50b607355d001abf3ce7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "egalitarian", "answer_start": 233}], "question": "Very few African hunter-gatherers are what?", "id": "5acd50b607355d001abf3ce8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "as influential and powerful as men", "answer_start": 265}], "question": "In American culture, women are roughly what?", "id": "5acd50b607355d001abf3ce9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "African", "answer_start": 204}], "question": "Women are not at all influential and powerful in what culture?", "id": "5acd50b607355d001abf3cea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Hunter-gatherers tend to have an egalitarian social ethos, although settled hunter-gatherers (for example, those inhabiting the Northwest Coast of North America) are an exception to this rule. Nearly all African hunter-gatherers are egalitarian, with women roughly as influential and powerful as men."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How is it interesting to view hunter-gatherers' egalitarianism?", "id": "56df9c2a38dc4217001520da", "answers": [{"text": "in an evolutionary context", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do chimpanzees act like as pertains to being egalitarianism?", "id": "56df9c2a38dc4217001520db", "answers": [{"text": "anything but egalitarian", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do chimpanzees arrange themselves in a group setting?", "id": "56df9c2a38dc4217001520dc", "answers": [{"text": "into hierarchies", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the dominate one in a chimpanzee group?", "id": "56df9c2a38dc4217001520dd", "answers": [{"text": "alpha male", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "chimpanzees", "answer_start": 179}], "question": "Humanity's closest primate relatives are the what?", "id": "5acd518d07355d001abf3d16", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "egalitarian", "answer_start": 209}], "question": "Chimpanzees are similar to humans because they are what?", "id": "5acd518d07355d001abf3d17", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hierarchies", "answer_start": 246}], "question": "The formation of what was a key factor in the emergence of human consciousness?", "id": "5acd518d07355d001abf3d18", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "total", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "The egalitarianism typical of human hunters and gatherers is always what?", "id": "5acd518d07355d001abf3d19", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "chimpanzees", "answer_start": 179}], "question": "What species is often dominated by an alpha female?", "id": "5acd518d07355d001abf3d1a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The egalitarianism typical of human hunters and gatherers is never total, but is striking when viewed in an evolutionary context. One of humanity's two closest primate relatives, chimpanzees, are anything but egalitarian, forming themselves into hierarchies that are often dominated by an alpha male. So great is the contrast with human hunter-gatherers that it is widely argued by palaeoanthropologists that resistance to being dominated was a key factor driving the evolutionary emergence of human consciousness, language, kinship and social organization."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What permanent group representative do hunter-gatherers not have?", "id": "56df9e1338dc4217001520ec", "answers": [{"text": "permanent leaders", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Initiative within the group depends upon what factor?", "id": "56df9e1338dc4217001520ed", "answers": [{"text": "task being performed", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group arrangement is usual in family authority?", "id": "56df9e1338dc4217001520ef", "answers": [{"text": "matrilocal", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the kinship and decent system among hunter-gatherers?", "id": "56df9e1338dc4217001520f0", "answers": [{"text": "matrilineal", "answer_start": 763}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hunter/gatherers", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "Which group has permanent leaders?", "id": "5acd52a407355d001abf3d3a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Anthropologists", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who maintains that hunter/gatherers have permanent leaders?", "id": "5acd52a407355d001abf3d3b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hunter-gatherer societies", "answer_start": 219}], "question": "Where is there often sexual disparity?", "id": "5acd52a407355d001abf3d3c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "their own mothers", "answer_start": 533}], "question": "Young mothers get no child support from whom?", "id": "5acd52a407355d001abf3d3d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "kinship and descent among human hunter-gatherers", "answer_start": 612}], "question": "Which systems were relatively inflexible?", "id": "5acd52a407355d001abf3d3e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Anthropologists maintain that hunter/gatherers don't have permanent leaders; instead, the person taking the initiative at any one time depends on the task being performed. In addition to social and economic equality in hunter-gatherer societies, there is often, though not always, sexual parity as well. Hunter-gatherers are often grouped together based on kinship and band (or tribe) membership. Postmarital residence among hunter-gatherers tends to be matrilocal, at least initially. Young mothers can enjoy childcare support from their own mothers, who continue living nearby in the same camp. The systems of kinship and descent among human hunter-gatherers were relatively flexible, although there is evidence that early human kinship in general tended to be matrilineal."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What value system do Western scholars tend to use in analyzing societies?", "id": "56dfa04b38dc421700152126", "answers": [{"text": "Western values", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does most of the gathering in a hunter-gatherer society?", "id": "56dfa04b38dc421700152127", "answers": [{"text": "women", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group members are the big game hunters?", "id": "56dfa04b38dc421700152128", "answers": [{"text": "men", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the argument over women as gathers said to produce ?", "id": "56dfa04b38dc421700152129", "answers": [{"text": "arrangement oppresses women", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is childcare viewed in a hunter-gatherer society?", "id": "56dfa04b38dc42170015212a", "answers": [{"text": "childcare is collective", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the sexual division of labor", "answer_start": 930}], "question": "What gave the Neanderthals the edge over Homo sapiens?", "id": "5acd541e07355d001abf3d62", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "social and sexual", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "It is easy to view what arrangements in the light of Eastern values?", "id": "5acd541e07355d001abf3d63", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "labour", "answer_start": 218}], "question": "One rare arrangement is the sexual division of what?", "id": "5acd541e07355d001abf3d64", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hunter-gatherer", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "Every baby had one mother and one male carer in what society?", "id": "5acd541e07355d001abf3d65", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the fundamental organisational innovation that gave Homo sapiens the edge over the Neanderthals", "answer_start": 963}], "question": "Ancient archaeological research suggests that the sexual division of labor was what?", "id": "5acd541e07355d001abf3d66", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "It is easy for Western-educated scholars to fall into the trap of viewing hunter-gatherer social and sexual arrangements in the light of Western values.[editorializing] One common arrangement is the sexual division of labour, with women doing most of the gathering, while men concentrate on big game hunting. It might be imagined that this arrangement oppresses women, keeping them in the domestic sphere. However, according to some observers, hunter-gatherer women would not understand this interpretation. Since childcare is collective, with every baby having multiple mothers and male carers, the domestic sphere is not atomised or privatised but an empowering place to be.[citation needed] In all hunter-gatherer societies, women appreciate the meat brought back to camp by men. An illustrative account is Megan Biesele's study of the southern African Ju/'hoan, 'Women Like Meat'. Recent archaeological research suggests that the sexual division of labor was the fundamental organisational innovation that gave Homo sapiens the edge over the Neanderthals, allowing our ancestors to migrate from Africa and spread across the globe."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How is labor often divided in these groups?", "id": "56dfa2414a1a83140091ebde", "answers": [{"text": "sexual division", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of Aeta women hunt?", "id": "56dfa2414a1a83140091ebe0", "answers": [{"text": "85%", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the success rate of Aeta female hunters?", "id": "56dfa2414a1a83140091ebe1", "answers": [{"text": "31%", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the success rate for male Aeta hunters?", "id": "56dfa2414a1a83140091ebe2", "answers": [{"text": "17%", "answer_start": 475}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the same kind of quarry as men", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "In a majority of cases, women hunt what?", "id": "5acd54e907355d001abf3d74", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "About 85%", "answer_start": 313}], "question": "Among the Aeta people of Japan, how many women hunt?", "id": "5acd54e907355d001abf3d75", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dogs", "answer_start": 427}], "question": "The Ju'/hoansi women typically hunt in groups and with what?", "id": "5acd54e907355d001abf3d76", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "quarry", "answer_start": 684}], "question": "Among the Ju'/hoansi women of China, women help men track down what?", "id": "5acd54e907355d001abf3d77", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lizards", "answer_start": 761}], "question": "Men in the Austrailian Martu primarily hunt small animals like what?", "id": "5acd54e907355d001abf3d78", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "To this day, most hunter-gatherers have a symbolically structured sexual division of labour. However, it is true that in a small minority of cases, women hunt the same kind of quarry as men, sometimes doing so alongside men. The best-known example are the Aeta people of the Philippines. According to one study, \"About 85% of Philippine Aeta women hunt, and they hunt the same quarry as men. Aeta women hunt in groups and with dogs, and have a 31% success rate as opposed to 17% for men. Their rates are even better when they combine forces with men: mixed hunting groups have a full 41% success rate among the Aeta.\" Among the Ju'/hoansi people of Namibia, women help men track down quarry. Women in the Australian Martu also primarily hunt small animals like lizards to feed their children and maintain relations with other women."}, {"qas": [{"question": "At what conference did Richard Borshay speak?", "id": "56dfa4514a1a83140091ec06", "answers": [{"text": "Man the Hunter", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Man the Hunter conference?", "id": "56dfa4514a1a83140091ec07", "answers": [{"text": "1966", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why is there a lessening of material possessions in hunting and gathering groups?", "id": "56dfa4514a1a83140091ec08", "answers": [{"text": "mobility", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can decreased material possessions produce in a hunter-gatherer society?", "id": "56dfa4514a1a83140091ec09", "answers": [{"text": "egalitarianism", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other characteristic is variable for these groups?", "id": "56dfa4514a1a83140091ec0a", "answers": [{"text": "territorial boundaries", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nomadic hunting and gathering societies", "answer_start": 170}], "question": "A surplus of resources can be accumulated by any member in which societies?", "id": "5acd563c07355d001abf3dac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Man the Hunter\"", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "Which 1966 conference did geologists Richard Borshay Lee and Irven DeVore attend?", "id": "5acd563c07355d001abf3dad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "minimization of material possessions throughout a population", "answer_start": 236}], "question": "The sedentary life of nomadic hunting and gathering societies required what?", "id": "5acd563c07355d001abf3dae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one of several central characteristics of nomadic hunting and gathering societies", "answer_start": 128}], "question": "At the 1973 \"Man the Hunter\" conference egalitarianism was suggested as what?", "id": "5acd563c07355d001abf3daf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "demographic composition", "answer_start": 470}], "question": "Other characteristics proposed by Lee and DeVore were stability in territorial boundaries and what?", "id": "5acd563c07355d001abf3db0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "At the 1966 \"Man the Hunter\" conference, anthropologists Richard Borshay Lee and Irven DeVore suggested that egalitarianism was one of several central characteristics of nomadic hunting and gathering societies because mobility requires minimization of material possessions throughout a population. Therefore, no surplus of resources can be accumulated by any single member. Other characteristics Lee and DeVore proposed were flux in territorial boundaries as well as in demographic composition."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who called hunter-gathers the original affluent society?", "id": "56dfa704231d4119001abc47", "answers": [{"text": "Marshall Sahlins", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Ross Sackett study time and energy for hunter-gartherer groups?", "id": "56dfa704231d4119001abc49", "answers": [{"text": "1996", "answer_start": 562}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long a day do people in other societies work?", "id": "56dfa704231d4119001abc4b", "answers": [{"text": "8.8 hours a day", "answer_start": 959}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Notes on the Original Affluent Society\"", "answer_start": 69}], "question": "What was the title of Ross Sackett's paper in which he challenged the popular view of hunter-gatherer lives?", "id": "5acd575207355d001abf3dda", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short,\"", "answer_start": 180}], "question": "In 1851, Thomas Hobbes described hunter-gatherers as what?", "id": "5acd575207355d001abf3ddb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "typical members of industrial society", "answer_start": 386}], "question": "Data showed that hunter-gatherers enjoyed less leisure time than whom?", "id": "5acd575207355d001abf3ddc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hunter-gatherers", "answer_start": 154}], "question": "Which group did not typically eat well?", "id": "5acd575207355d001abf3ddd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1996", "answer_start": 562}], "question": "Marshall Sahlins performed analysis testing Sackett's view in what year?", "id": "5acd575207355d001abf3dde", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "At the same conference, Marshall Sahlins presented a paper entitled, \"Notes on the Original Affluent Society\", in which he challenged the popular view of hunter-gatherers lives as \"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short,\" as Thomas Hobbes had put it in 1651. According to Sahlins, ethnographic data indicated that hunter-gatherers worked far fewer hours and enjoyed more leisure than typical members of industrial society, and they still ate well. Their \"affluence\" came from the idea that they were satisfied with very little in the material sense. Later, in 1996, Ross Sackett performed two distinct meta-analyses to empirically test Sahlin's view. The first of these studies looked at 102 time-allocation studies, and the second one analyzed 207 energy-expenditure studies. Sackett found that adults in foraging and horticultural societies work, on average, about 6.5 hours a day, where as people in agricultural and industrial societies work on average 8.8 hours a day."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What other characteristic of group behavior is needed in a hunter-gatherer society?", "id": "56dface3231d4119001abc66", "answers": [{"text": "sharing", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the basis of a hunting an gathering economy?", "id": "56dface3231d4119001abc68", "answers": [{"text": "gift economy", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hunter-gatherer", "answer_start": 115}], "question": "Hoarding of resources are important in what societies?", "id": "5acd580307355d001abf3e00", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hunter-gatherer", "answer_start": 115}], "question": "What societies can be described as a \"hoarding economy\"?", "id": "5acd580307355d001abf3e01", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mutual exchange and sharing of resources", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is important in the numerical systems of hunter-gatherer societies?", "id": "5acd580307355d001abf3e02", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hunter-gatherer", "answer_start": 115}], "question": "Not exchanging resources is important in which societies?", "id": "5acd580307355d001abf3e03", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hunter-gatherer", "answer_start": 115}], "question": "Which societies can be described as a \"mutual economy\"?", "id": "5acd580307355d001abf3e04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Mutual exchange and sharing of resources (i.e., meat gained from hunting) are important in the economic systems of hunter-gatherer societies. Therefore, these societies can be described as based on a \"gift economy.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the only important factor in hunter-gatherer tool choices?", "id": "56dfb034231d4119001abc79", "answers": [{"text": "temperature", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does climate produce in hunter-gatherer societies?", "id": "56dfb034231d4119001abc7a", "answers": [{"text": "variability", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the threat that extreme temperature causes in environment?", "id": "56dfb034231d4119001abc7b", "answers": [{"text": "significant", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does temperature impact on tool kits?", "id": "56dfb034231d4119001abc7c", "answers": [{"text": "increased variability of tools", "answer_start": 551}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Torrence's 1989 theory about that ties into tool kit variability ?", "id": "56dfb034231d4119001abc7d", "answers": [{"text": "risk of failure", "answer_start": 635}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "temperature", "answer_start": 267}], "question": "What was found to be one of the many significant factors affecting hunter-gatherer tool kits?", "id": "5acd591207355d001abf3e1e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hunter-gatherer", "answer_start": 497}], "question": "Environments with stable temperatures posed a risk to which systems?", "id": "5acd591207355d001abf3e1f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hunter-gatherer", "answer_start": 719}], "question": "Risk of success is the most important factor in determining the structure of whose toolkits?", "id": "5acd591207355d001abf3e20", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hunter-gatherer", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Payment structure affected the variability of which societies?", "id": "5acd591207355d001abf3e21", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 255}], "question": "Torrence found temperature to be a significant factor for toolkits in what year?", "id": "5acd591207355d001abf3e22", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Hunter-gatherer societies manifest significant variability, depending on climate zone/life zone, available technology and societal structure. Archaeologists examine hunter-gatherer tool kits to measure variability across different groups. Collard et al. (2005) found temperature to be the only statistically significant factor to impact hunter-gatherer tool kits. Using temperature as a proxy for risk, Collard et al.'s results suggest that environments with extreme temperatures pose a threat to hunter-gatherer systems significant enough to warrant increased variability of tools. These results support Torrence's (1989) theory that risk of failure is indeed the most important factor in determining the structure of hunter-gatherer toolkits."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What  does the immediate return system mean?", "id": "56dfb59a231d4119001abcac", "answers": [{"text": "egalitarian", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what kind of group does the delayed return system belong?", "id": "56dfb59a231d4119001abcad", "answers": [{"text": "nonegalitarian", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which group eats their acquired food in a day or two?", "id": "56dfb59a231d4119001abcae", "answers": [{"text": "immediate return", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "by their return systems", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "What is the only way to divide hunter-gatherer groups?", "id": "5acd5a3607355d001abf3e62", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "within a day or two after they procure it", "answer_start": 242}], "question": "Temporary return foragers consume their food when?", "id": "5acd5a3607355d001abf3e63", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "egalitarian", "answer_start": 144}], "question": "Kelly uses the the category \"immediate return\" hunter-gatherers for what?", "id": "5acd5a3607355d001abf3e64", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nonegalitarian", "answer_start": 181}], "question": "Kelly uses the the category \"delayed return\" hunter-gatherers for what?", "id": "5acd5a3607355d001abf3e65", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Delayed return", "answer_start": 285}], "question": "What type of forager stores their food within a day or two after they procure it?", "id": "5acd5a3607355d001abf3e66", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "One way to divide hunter-gatherer groups is by their return systems. James Woodburn uses the categories \"immediate return\" hunter-gatherers for egalitarian and \"delayed return\" for nonegalitarian. Immediate return foragers consume their food within a day or two after they procure it. Delayed return foragers store the surplus food (Kelly, 31)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How do modern hunters and gathers differ from early ones?", "id": "56dfb76d231d4119001abcde", "answers": [{"text": "contact with modern civilization", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of conditions are not present in modern societies?", "id": "56dfb76d231d4119001abcdf", "answers": [{"text": "pristine", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where do you find groups that represent pristine conditions?", "id": "56dfb76d231d4119001abce0", "answers": [{"text": "in uncontacted peoples", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do modern hunter-gatherers not reflect?", "id": "56dfb76d231d4119001abce1", "answers": [{"text": "Paleolithic societies", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Paleolithic", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "Hunting-gathering was the uncommon human mode of subsistence throughout what?", "id": "5acd5b4007355d001abf3ea2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"pristine\" conditions found in uncontacted peoples", "answer_start": 308}], "question": "Hunter-gatherer cultures today represent what?", "id": "5acd5b4007355d001abf3ea3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Paleolithic societies", "answer_start": 173}], "question": "Observation of ancient hunters and gatherers does not necessarily reflect what?", "id": "5acd5b4007355d001abf3ea4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "modern civilization", "answer_start": 267}], "question": "Hunter-gatherer cultures examined today have almost no contact with who?", "id": "5acd5b4007355d001abf3ea5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hunter-gatherer", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "What cultures represent \"pristine\" conditions found in uncontacted peoples?", "id": "5acd5b4007355d001abf3ea6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Hunting-gathering was the common human mode of subsistence throughout the Paleolithic, but the observation of current-day hunters and gatherers does not necessarily reflect Paleolithic societies; the hunter-gatherer cultures examined today have had much contact with modern civilization and do not represent \"pristine\" conditions found in uncontacted peoples."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is hunting and gathering argued to be?", "id": "56dfba0f231d4119001abd1f", "answers": [{"text": "adaptive strategy", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What situation can cause food stresses that make hunting-gathering necessary?", "id": "56dfba0f231d4119001abd20", "answers": [{"text": "environmental change", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What change from hunting and gathering to agriculture is not easy to mark?", "id": "56dfba0f231d4119001abd21", "answers": [{"text": "transition", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides the use of agriculture, what other factor clouds the issue of the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture?", "id": "56dfba0f231d4119001abd22", "answers": [{"text": "cultural diffusion", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long has this cultural diffusion been happening?", "id": "56dfba0f231d4119001abd23", "answers": [{"text": "last 10,000 years", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one way", "answer_start": 78}], "question": "The transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture is always a what process?", "id": "5acd5c3d07355d001abf3ec8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies", "answer_start": 357}], "question": "It is easy to draw a clear line between what?", "id": "5acd5c3d07355d001abf3ec9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1960s", "answer_start": 610}], "question": "The adaptive strategy has remained unchanged since what decade?", "id": "5acd5c3d07355d001abf3eca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "when environmental change causes extreme food stress for agriculturalists", "answer_start": 218}], "question": "When will hunting and gathering never be exploited?", "id": "5acd5c3d07355d001abf3ecb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10,000", "answer_start": 520}], "question": "The resulting cultural infusion has occurred in the last how many years?", "id": "5acd5c3d07355d001abf3ecc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture is not necessarily a one way process. It has been argued that hunting and gathering represents an adaptive strategy, which may still be exploited, if necessary, when environmental change causes extreme food stress for agriculturalists. In fact, it is sometimes difficult to draw a clear line between agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies, especially since the widespread adoption of agriculture and resulting cultural diffusion that has occurred in the last 10,000 years.[citation needed] This anthropological view has remained unchanged since the 1960s.[clarification needed][citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "If they're not purely hunter-gatherers, then what do they have a history of being?", "id": "56dfbcf67aa994140058e0c8", "answers": [{"text": "agriculturalists", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused these one-time agriculturalists to become foragers??", "id": "56dfbcf67aa994140058e0c9", "answers": [{"text": "pushed into marginal areas", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of upset could force agriculturalists into being foragers?", "id": "56dfbcf67aa994140058e0ca", "answers": [{"text": "migrations", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides economic troubles, what else could push a people into foraging?", "id": "56dfbcf67aa994140058e0cb", "answers": [{"text": "violent conflict", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to demonstrate that contemporary groups usually identified as hunter-gatherers do not, in most cases, have a continuous history of hunting and gathering", "answer_start": 94}], "question": "In the early 1980s, a large group of anthropologists and archaeologists attempted what?", "id": "5acd5d5007355d001abf3eea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "agriculturalists and/or pastoralists", "answer_start": 292}], "question": "In very few cases, the ancestors of hunter-gatherers were what?", "id": "5acd5d5007355d001abf3eeb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "non-hunter-gatherers", "answer_start": 630}], "question": "There has been simple interaction between hunter-gatherers and whom?", "id": "5acd5d5007355d001abf3eec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "millennia", "answer_start": 655}], "question": "Ho wlong has there been simple interaction between hunter-gatherers and non-hunter-gatherers?", "id": "5acd5d5007355d001abf3eed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "early 1980s", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "A small but vocal segment of architects attempted to demonstrate their knowledge of hunter-gatherers in what decade?", "id": "5acd5d5007355d001abf3eee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the early 1980s, a small but vocal segment of anthropologists and archaeologists attempted to demonstrate that contemporary groups usually identified as hunter-gatherers do not, in most cases, have a continuous history of hunting and gathering, and that in many cases their ancestors were agriculturalists and/or pastoralists[citation needed] who were pushed into marginal areas as a result of migrations, economic exploitation, and/or violent conflict (see, for example, the Kalahari Debate). The result of their effort has been the general acknowledgement that there has been complex interaction between hunter-gatherers and non-hunter-gatherers for millennia.[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What can be learned from the study of modern hunter-gatherers?", "id": "56dfbf01231d4119001abd79", "answers": [{"text": "nothing meaningful", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who thinks that it is useless to study modern foragers since the real ones are gone?", "id": "56dfbf01231d4119001abd7b", "answers": [{"text": "theorists", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of hunter-gatherer has disappeared ?", "id": "56dfbf01231d4119001abd7d", "answers": [{"text": "pure hunter-gatherer", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "colonial (or even agricultural) contact began", "answer_start": 137}], "question": "The \"pure hunter-gatherer\" appeared not long after what?", "id": "5acd5e7b07355d001abf3f42", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "studies of modern ones", "answer_start": 258}], "question": "Many meaningful things can be learned about prehistoric hunter-gatherers from what?", "id": "5acd5e7b07355d001abf3f43", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "modern ones", "answer_start": 269}], "question": "Nothing meaningful can be learned about modern hunter gatherers from the studies of what?", "id": "5acd5e7b07355d001abf3f44", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "theorists", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "Who advocates this \"reviled\" critique?", "id": "5acd5e7b07355d001abf3f45", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nothing meaningful can be learned", "answer_start": 184}], "question": "What do some theorists imply about modern hunter-gatherers?", "id": "5acd5e7b07355d001abf3f46", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some of the theorists who advocate this \"revisionist\" critique imply that, because the \"pure hunter-gatherer\" disappeared not long after colonial (or even agricultural) contact began, nothing meaningful can be learned about prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of modern ones (Kelly, 24-29; see Wilmsen)"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who has rejected Wilmsen's arguments?", "id": "56dfc11d231d4119001abda5", "answers": [{"text": "Lee and Guenther", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose lifestyle does Shultziner think we can learn about?", "id": "56dfc11d231d4119001abda7", "answers": [{"text": "prehistoric hunter-gatherers", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is it about prehistoric hunter-gatherers that impresses Shultziner?", "id": "56dfc11d231d4119001abda8", "answers": [{"text": "egalitarianism", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has offered arguments that Lee and Guenther disliked?", "id": "56dfc11d231d4119001abda9", "answers": [{"text": "Wilmsen", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lee and Guenther", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Wilmsen has rejected most of the arguments put forth by whom?", "id": "5acd5f6f07355d001abf3f70", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Doron Shultziner", "answer_start": 77}], "question": "Who has argued that we can learn a lot about the lifestyles of modern hunter-gatherers?", "id": "5acd5f6f07355d001abf3f71", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "contemporary hunter-gatherers", "answer_start": 211}], "question": "Who does not have impressive levels of egalitarianism?", "id": "5acd5f6f07355d001abf3f72", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "contemporary hunter-gatherers", "answer_start": 211}], "question": "Studies of prehistoric hunter-gatherers can shed light on which group?", "id": "5acd5f6f07355d001abf3f73", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "contemporary hunter-gatherers", "answer_start": 211}], "question": "Which group does Shultziner believe we can't learn anything from?", "id": "5acd5f6f07355d001abf3f74", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Lee and Guenther have rejected most of the arguments put forward by Wilmsen. Doron Shultziner and others have argued that we can learn a lot about the life-styles of prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of contemporary hunter-gatherers\u2014especially their impressive levels of egalitarianism."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What do hunter-gathers intentionally manipulate?", "id": "56dfc2b77aa994140058e153", "answers": [{"text": "the landscape", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do they manage the landscape?", "id": "56dfc2b77aa994140058e154", "answers": [{"text": "cutting or burning undesirable plants", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What technique do they use to make animal habitats?", "id": "56dfc2b77aa994140058e155", "answers": [{"text": "slash-and-burn", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the manipulation of the landscape associated with?", "id": "56dfc2b77aa994140058e156", "answers": [{"text": "agriculture", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do modern hunter-gatherers depend on at least somewhat?", "id": "56dfc2b77aa994140058e157", "answers": [{"text": "domesticated food", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the landscape through cutting or burning undesirable plants while encouraging desirable ones", "answer_start": 45}], "question": "Many hunter-gatherers unconsciously manipulate what?", "id": "5acd607f07355d001abf3fbc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "domesticated", "answer_start": 430}], "question": "None of the modern hunter-gatherers depend of which kind of food sources?", "id": "5acd607f07355d001abf3fbd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hunter-gatherers", "answer_start": 5}], "question": "Which group uses a slash-and-burn technique to create habitats for humans?", "id": "5acd607f07355d001abf3fbe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hunter-gatherers", "answer_start": 5}], "question": "Which group burns desirable plants while encouraging undesirable ones?", "id": "5acd607f07355d001abf3fbf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "some", "answer_start": 356}], "question": "Very few hunter-gatherers encourage domestication on what level?", "id": "5acd607f07355d001abf3fc0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Many hunter-gatherers consciously manipulate the landscape through cutting or burning undesirable plants while encouraging desirable ones, some even going to the extent of slash-and-burn to create habitat for game animals. These activities are on an entirely different scale to those associated with agriculture, but they are nevertheless domestication on some level. Today, almost all hunter-gatherers depend to some extent upon domesticated food sources either produced part-time or traded for products acquired in the wild."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What do some agriculturalists often do?", "id": "56dfc4a47aa994140058e179", "answers": [{"text": "hunt and gather", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do they sometimes do for entertainment?", "id": "56dfc4a47aa994140058e17a", "answers": [{"text": "go hunting", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why would they leave agricultural lifestyle?", "id": "56dfc4a47aa994140058e17c", "answers": [{"text": "to escape colonial control", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides avoiding government controls, what other reason could they have?", "id": "56dfc4a47aa994140058e17d", "answers": [{"text": "agriculture became difficult", "answer_start": 525}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hunt and gather", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "All agriculturalists also what?", "id": "5acd616507355d001abf4008", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "leisure", "answer_start": 191}], "question": "Others in undeveloped countries go hunting, primarily for what?", "id": "5acd616507355d001abf4009", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hunting and gathering", "answer_start": 290}], "question": "In the African rainforest, groups continue to rely on what?", "id": "5acd616507355d001abf400a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Brazilian rainforest", "answer_start": 203}], "question": "Groups in what area have accepted colonial control?", "id": "5acd616507355d001abf400b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "season", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "Hunting is usually done in the frost-free what?", "id": "5acd616507355d001abf400c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some agriculturalists also regularly hunt and gather (e.g., farming during the frost-free season and hunting during the winter). Still others in developed countries go hunting, primarily for leisure. In the Brazilian rainforest, those groups that recently did, or even continue to, rely on hunting and gathering techniques seem to have adopted this lifestyle, abandoning most agriculture, as a way to escape colonial control and as a result of the introduction of European diseases reducing their populations to levels where agriculture became difficult.[citation needed][dubious \u2013 discuss]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the Spinifex people?", "id": "56dfc69b231d4119001abde7", "answers": [{"text": "Pila Nguru", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where do the Pila Nguru people live?", "id": "56dfc69b231d4119001abde8", "answers": [{"text": "Western Australia", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who refuses contact with outsiders on Sentinel Island?", "id": "56dfc69b231d4119001abdea", "answers": [{"text": "Sentinelese", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are the Sentinelese and the Andaman Islands?", "id": "56dfc69b231d4119001abdeb", "answers": [{"text": "Indian Ocean", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pila Nguru", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "Which group is located in Western Austria?", "id": "5acd629407355d001abf402e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Pila Nguru", "answer_start": 196}], "question": "Which group is located in the Gobi Desert?", "id": "5acd629407355d001abf402f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Sentinelese", "answer_start": 394}], "question": "Which group lives on the North Sands Island?", "id": "5acd629407355d001abf4030", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Sentinelese", "answer_start": 394}], "question": "Which group has not maintained their independent existence?", "id": "5acd629407355d001abf4031", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in the Great Victoria Desert", "answer_start": 265}], "question": "The habitat located where has proved suitable for European agriculture?", "id": "5acd629407355d001abf4032", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "There are nevertheless a number of contemporary hunter-gatherer peoples who, after contact with other societies, continue their ways of life with very little external influence. One such group is the Pila Nguru (Spinifex people) of Western Australia, whose habitat in the Great Victoria Desert has proved unsuitable for European agriculture (and even pastoralism).[citation needed] Another are the Sentinelese of the Andaman Islands in the Indian Ocean, who live on North Sentinel Island and to date have maintained their independent existence, repelling attempts to engage with and contact them.[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "These ancient hunter-gathers followed what path in pursuit of game?", "id": "56dfc85c7aa994140058e1ad", "answers": [{"text": "ice-free corridors", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Between what ice sheets were the corridors located?", "id": "56dfc85c7aa994140058e1ae", "answers": [{"text": "Laurentide and Cordilleran", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other way could they have crossed on to this continent?", "id": "56dfc85c7aa994140058e1af", "answers": [{"text": "primitive boats", "answer_start": 461}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Bering", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "Small-game hunters crossed which Strait?", "id": "5acd642b07355d001abf4060", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Around 18,500-15,500 years ago", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "Hunter-gatherers traveled along iced corridors how many years ago?", "id": "5acd642b07355d001abf4061", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a land bridge", "answer_start": 114}], "question": "Big-game hunters cam from Asia into South America over what bridge?", "id": "5acd642b07355d001abf4062", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "South America", "answer_start": 518}], "question": "Using advanced boats, they also could have migrated down the Pacific to where?", "id": "5acd642b07355d001abf4063", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "47,000\u201314,000 years ago", "answer_start": 161}], "question": "A land bridge from Asia into South America existed how many years ago?", "id": "5acd642b07355d001abf4064", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Evidence suggests big-game hunter gatherers crossed the Bering Strait from Asia (Eurasia) into North America over a land bridge (Beringia), that existed between 47,000\u201314,000 years ago. Around 18,500-15,500 years ago, these hunter-gatherers are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets. Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using primitive boats, they migrated down the Pacific coast to South America."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where did the North American hunter-gathers mostly live?", "id": "56dfca3c231d4119001abdfb", "answers": [{"text": "Great Plains", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What basic trait do all hunter-gatherers share?", "id": "56dfca3c231d4119001abdfc", "answers": [{"text": "stone tool production", "answer_start": 445}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is it about the tool styles that is remarkable?", "id": "56dfca3c231d4119001abdfd", "answers": [{"text": "common style", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where have early Paleo -Indian tools been found?", "id": "56dfca3c231d4119001abdfe", "answers": [{"text": "across the Americas", "answer_start": 599}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many members did the mobile tool-making hunters often have?", "id": "56dfca3c231d4119001abdff", "answers": [{"text": "25 to 50 members", "answer_start": 680}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "American hunter-gatherers", "answer_start": 265}], "question": "Which group was spread over small geographical area?", "id": "5acd64e607355d001abf408e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "stone tool production", "answer_start": 445}], "question": "All individual groups shared a uncommon style of what?", "id": "5acd64e607355d001abf408f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bands", "answer_start": 646}], "question": "These tool adaptations have been utilized by highly sedentary what?", "id": "5acd64e607355d001abf4090", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Americas", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "Hunter-gatherers would never flourish over the what?", "id": "5acd64e607355d001abf4091", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "American hunter-gatherers", "answer_start": 265}], "question": "There were very few regional variations in lifestyles among which group?", "id": "5acd64e607355d001abf4092", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Hunter-gatherers would eventually flourish all over the Americas, primarily based in the Great Plains of the United States and Canada, with offshoots as far east as the Gasp\u00e9 Peninsula on the Atlantic coast, and as far south as Chile, Monte Verde.[citation needed] American hunter-gatherers were spread over a wide geographical area, thus there were regional variations in lifestyles. However, all the individual groups shared a common style of stone tool production, making knapping styles and progress identifiable. This early Paleo-Indian period lithic reduction tool adaptations have been found across the Americas, utilized by highly mobile bands consisting of approximately 25 to 50 members of an extended family."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of climate occurred in the Americas?", "id": "56dfcc01231d4119001abe05", "answers": [{"text": "warmer more arid", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What disappeared during the Archaic period?", "id": "56dfcc01231d4119001abe06", "answers": [{"text": "megafauna", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What became the norm for the mobile bands?", "id": "56dfcc01231d4119001abe07", "answers": [{"text": "regional adaptations", "answer_start": 476}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did they rely less and less on?", "id": "56dfcc01231d4119001abe08", "answers": [{"text": "hunting and gathering", "answer_start": 542}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was there a pattern of in this period?", "id": "56dfcc01231d4119001abe09", "answers": [{"text": "increasing regional generalization", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Archaic period", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Which period in the Americas saw an unchanging environment?", "id": "5acd65ac07355d001abf40a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Archaic period", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "The first appearance of the megafauna happened in what period?", "id": "5acd65ac07355d001abf40a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Archaic period", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "A colder, more arid climate happened in what period?", "id": "5acd65ac07355d001abf40aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "still highly mobile hunter-gatherers", "answer_start": 196}], "question": "The minority of population groups at this time were what?", "id": "5acd65ac07355d001abf40ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "individual groups", "answer_start": 242}], "question": "Which groups started to focus on resources available to them globally?", "id": "5acd65ac07355d001abf40ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Archaic period in the Americas saw a changing environment featuring a warmer more arid climate and the disappearance of the last megafauna. The majority of population groups at this time were still highly mobile hunter-gatherers; but now individual groups started to focus on resources available to them locally, thus with the passage of time there is a pattern of increasing regional generalization like, the Southwest, Arctic, Poverty, Dalton and Plano traditions. This regional adaptations would become the norm, with reliance less on hunting and gathering, with a more mixed economy of small game, fish, seasonally wild vegetables and harvested plant foods."}]}, {"title": "United_Nations_Population_Fund", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What is the current name of the United Nations Fund for Population Activities?", "id": "56df47738bc80c19004e49e1", "answers": [{"text": "United Nations Population Fund", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "UNFPA's work concerns what general area?", "id": "56df47738bc80c19004e49e2", "answers": [{"text": "reproductive health", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "One of UNFPA's goals is to make all pregnancies what?", "id": "56df47738bc80c19004e49e3", "answers": [{"text": "wanted", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Another of UNFPA's goals is to make all childbirths what?", "id": "56df47738bc80c19004e49e4", "answers": [{"text": "safe", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What, in addition to its work against obstetric fistula, is UNFPA campaigning against?", "id": "56df47738bc80c19004e49e5", "answers": [{"text": "female genital mutilation", "answer_start": 551}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "reproductive health", "answer_start": 338}], "question": "What does UNFPA try to avoid?", "id": "5a2977c803c0e7001a3e1784", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "supplies and services", "answer_start": 430}], "question": "What does UNFPA not provide?", "id": "5a2977c803c0e7001a3e1785", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "worldwide", "answer_start": 502}], "question": "Where has UNFPA been the most unknown recently?", "id": "5a2977c803c0e7001a3e1786", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "against obstetric fistula and female genital mutilation", "answer_start": 521}], "question": "What local campaigns is UNFPA most involved with?", "id": "5a2977c803c0e7001a3e1787", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), formerly the United Nations Fund for Population Activities, is a UN organization. The UNFPA says it \"is the lead UN agency for delivering a world where every pregnancy is wanted, every childbirth is safe and every young person's potential is fulfilled.\"  Their work involves the improvement of reproductive health; including creation of national strategies and protocols, and providing supplies and services. The organization has recently been known for its worldwide campaign against obstetric fistula and female genital mutilation."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In how many geographic regions does UNFPA operate?", "id": "56df49648bc80c19004e4a00", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About what fraction of UNFPA's staff do field work?", "id": "56df49648bc80c19004e4a01", "answers": [{"text": "three quarters", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "UNFPA is part of what larger U.N. group?", "id": "56df49648bc80c19004e4a02", "answers": [{"text": "United Nations Development Group", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "UNFPA groups what area in the same geographic region as the Arab States?", "id": "56df49648bc80c19004e4a03", "answers": [{"text": "Europe", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "more than 150 countries", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "How many countries do not yet support UNFPA?", "id": "5a29787703c0e7001a3e178c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arab States and Europe", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "What region is UNFPA solely located in?", "id": "5a29787703c0e7001a3e178d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United Nations Development Group and part of its Executive Committee", "answer_start": 296}], "question": "What groups are not yet involved with UNFPA?", "id": "5a29787703c0e7001a3e178e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three quarters", "answer_start": 227}], "question": "What fraction of workers are located in Latin America?", "id": "5a29787703c0e7001a3e178f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The UNFPA supports programs in more than 150 countries, territories and areas spread across four geographic regions: Arab States and Europe, Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, and sub-Saharan Africa. Around three quarters of the staff work in the field. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group and part of its Executive Committee."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did UNFPA begin its work?", "id": "56df4ae18bc80c19004e4a1f", "answers": [{"text": "1969", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was UNFPA's original name?", "id": "56df4ae18bc80c19004e4a20", "answers": [{"text": "United Nations Fund for Population Activities", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the organization change its name?", "id": "56df4ae18bc80c19004e4a21", "answers": [{"text": "1987", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "UNFPA was originally administered by what U.N. body?", "id": "56df4ae18bc80c19004e4a22", "answers": [{"text": "United Nations Development Fund", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was UNFPA moved to being under the authority of the United Nations General Assembly?", "id": "56df4ae18bc80c19004e4a23", "answers": [{"text": "1971", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "it was placed under the authority of the United Nations General Assembly", "answer_start": 188}], "question": "Why did UNFPA never change their name?", "id": "5a29799103c0e7001a3e1794", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United Nations General Assembly", "answer_start": 229}], "question": "What authority was never involved with UNFPA?", "id": "5a29799103c0e7001a3e1795", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1971", "answer_start": 183}], "question": "What year did the United Nations General Assembly disband?", "id": "5a29799103c0e7001a3e1796", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Population Activities", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "What was the United Nations Fund not known for?", "id": "5a29799103c0e7001a3e1797", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "UNFPA began operations in 1969 as the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (the name was changed in 1987) under the administration of the United Nations Development Fund. In 1971 it was placed under the authority of the United Nations General Assembly."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the U.N. vote to adopt the Sustainable Development Goals?", "id": "56df4c618bc80c19004e4a2d", "answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many countries adopted the Sustainable Development Goals?", "id": "56df4c618bc80c19004e4a2e", "answers": [{"text": "193", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Sustainable Development Goals are there?", "id": "56df4c618bc80c19004e4a30", "answers": [{"text": "17", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Sustainable Development Goals are intended to change the world over what time period?", "id": "56df4c618bc80c19004e4a31", "answers": [{"text": "15 years", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "193", "answer_start": 23}], "question": "How many member states voted against Sustainable Development Goals?", "id": "5a297a7203c0e7001a3e179c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "15", "answer_start": 180}], "question": "How many years did it take to form the goals?", "id": "5a297a7203c0e7001a3e179d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sustainable Development Goals", "answer_start": 87}], "question": "What goals aimed at keeping things the same in the world?", "id": "5a297a7203c0e7001a3e179e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sustainable Development Goals", "answer_start": 87}], "question": "Which goals were designed to increase poverty?", "id": "5a297a7203c0e7001a3e179f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "environmental destruction", "answer_start": 291}], "question": "What was considered unimportant to the UN?", "id": "5a297a7203c0e7001a3e17a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In September 2015, the 193 member states of the United Nations unanimously adopted the Sustainable Development Goals, a set of 17 goals aiming to transform the world over the next 15 years. These goals are designed to eliminate poverty, discrimination, abuse and preventable deaths, address environmental destruction, and usher in an era of development for all people, everywhere."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Are the Sustainable Development Goals considered ambitious or modest in scope?", "id": "56df4ef296943c1400a5d363", "answers": [{"text": "ambitious", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The third of the goals concerns what?", "id": "56df4ef296943c1400a5d365", "answers": [{"text": "health", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the fourth goal focus on improving?", "id": "56df4ef296943c1400a5d366", "answers": [{"text": "education", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the topic of the fifth goal?", "id": "56df4ef296943c1400a5d367", "answers": [{"text": "gender equality", "answer_start": 345}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "health", "answer_start": 303}], "question": "The third of the goals is to decrease what?", "id": "5a297af903c0e7001a3e17a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "education", "answer_start": 321}], "question": "What does Goal 4 desire to eradicate?", "id": "5a297af903c0e7001a3e17a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "gender equality", "answer_start": 345}], "question": "What topic was ignored by Goal 5?", "id": "5a297af903c0e7001a3e17a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sustainable Development Goals", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What goals were seen as being easily solved by states alone?", "id": "5a297af903c0e7001a3e17a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Sustainable Development Goals are ambitious, and they will require enormous efforts across countries, continents, industries and disciplines - but they are achievable. UNFPA is working with governments, partners and other UN agencies to directly tackle many of these goals - in particular Goal 3 on health, Goal 4 on education and Goal 5 on gender equality - and contributes in a variety of ways to achieving many of the rest. "}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 1969 to 1987?", "id": "56df50e896943c1400a5d382", "answers": [{"text": "Rafael M. Salas", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dr Babatunde Osotimehin hailed from what country?", "id": "56df50e896943c1400a5d383", "answers": [{"text": "Nigeria", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 2000 to 2010?", "id": "56df50e896943c1400a5d384", "answers": [{"text": "Thoraya Ahmed Obaid", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which doctor from Pakistan served until 2000?", "id": "56df50e896943c1400a5d385", "answers": [{"text": "Dr Nafis Sadik", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nigeria", "answer_start": 98}], "question": "Dr Babatunde Osotimehin has never been to what country?", "id": "5a297c8903c0e7001a3e17ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mr Rafael M. Salas", "answer_start": 199}], "question": "Who from the UN was missing during 1969-87?", "id": "5a297c8903c0e7001a3e17af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dr Nafis Sadik", "answer_start": 165}], "question": "Which doctor from Pakistan served until 2010?", "id": "5a297c8903c0e7001a3e17b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Thoraya Ahmed Obaid", "answer_start": 120}], "question": "What man served from Saudi Arabia?", "id": "5a297c8903c0e7001a3e17b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Babatunde Osotimehin", "answer_start": 76}], "question": "What Nigerian was falsely known as being a doctor?", "id": "5a297c8903c0e7001a3e17b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Executive Directors and Under-Secretaries General of the UN\n2011\u2013present Dr Babatunde Osotimehin (Nigeria)\n2000\u20132010 Ms Thoraya Ahmed Obaid (Saudi Arabia)\n1987\u20132000 Dr Nafis Sadik (Pakistan)\n1969\u201387 Mr Rafael M. Salas (Philippines)"}, {"qas": [{"question": "UNFPA is the largest worldwide funder of what type of programs?", "id": "56df53c48bc80c19004e4a9d", "answers": [{"text": "population and reproductive health programs", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In how many countries does UNFPA operate?", "id": "56df53c48bc80c19004e4a9e", "answers": [{"text": "150", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to working directly with governments, with whom does UNFPA work?", "id": "56df53c48bc80c19004e4a9f", "answers": [{"text": "non-governmental organizations", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What supports UNFPA's work?", "id": "56df53c48bc80c19004e4aa0", "answers": [{"text": "the international community", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Fund's programs support women, men, and who else?", "id": "56df53c48bc80c19004e4aa1", "answers": [{"text": "young people", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "UNFPA", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is one of the world's smallest sources of funding for population and reproductive health programs?", "id": "5a297d9803c0e7001a3e17b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "150", "answer_start": 184}], "question": "How many countries are not yet in support?", "id": "5a297d9803c0e7001a3e17b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "reproductive health", "answer_start": 79}], "question": "What programs are not focused on by UNFPA?", "id": "5a297d9803c0e7001a3e17ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "UNFPA", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What fund doesn't work with governments?", "id": "5a297d9803c0e7001a3e17bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "UNFPA is the world's largest multilateral source of funding for population and reproductive health programs. The Fund works with governments and non-governmental organizations in over 150 countries with the support of the international community, supporting programs that help women, men and young people:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "UNFPA lists elements that promote what human right?", "id": "56df55bb96943c1400a5d3cd", "answers": [{"text": "reproductive health", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "These elements concern health related to reproduction and what else?", "id": "56df55bb96943c1400a5d3cf", "answers": [{"text": "the reproductive system", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the third element?", "id": "56df55bc96943c1400a5d3d1", "answers": [{"text": "social health", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "reproductive health", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "UNFPA lists elements that neglect what human right?", "id": "5a297e1403c0e7001a3e17c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the reproductive system", "answer_start": 161}], "question": "These elements ignore health related to reproduction and what else?", "id": "5a297e1403c0e7001a3e17c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "social health", "answer_start": 108}], "question": "What element is not important to the UNFPA?", "id": "5a297e1403c0e7001a3e17c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "reproductive health", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "What is not seen as a right to the UNFPA?", "id": "5a297e1403c0e7001a3e17c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to UNFPA these elements promote the right of \"reproductive health\", that is physical, mental, and social health in matters related to reproduction and the reproductive system."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where does The Fund work to raise awareness and provide support?", "id": "56df578c8bc80c19004e4adf", "answers": [{"text": "developing countries", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what does The Fund advocate that close attention be paid?", "id": "56df578c8bc80c19004e4ae0", "answers": [{"text": "population concerns", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two things does The Fund help developing nations formulate to support sustainable development?", "id": "56df578c8bc80c19004e4ae1", "answers": [{"text": "policies and strategies", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who took up leadership of The Fund in January 2011?", "id": "56df578c8bc80c19004e4ae2", "answers": [{"text": "Dr. Osotimehin", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Fund is represented by a Patron and who else?", "id": "56df578c8bc80c19004e4ae3", "answers": [{"text": "Goodwill Ambassadors", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "developing countries", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "Where does The Fund work to lower awareness and decrease support?", "id": "5a2980b803c0e7001a3e17c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "population concerns", "answer_start": 124}], "question": "To what does The Fund advocate that no attention be paid?", "id": "5a2980b803c0e7001a3e17c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dr. Osotimehin", "answer_start": 247}], "question": "Who refused to take leadership of The Fund in January 2011?", "id": "5a2980b803c0e7001a3e17ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Goodwill Ambassadors", "answer_start": 336}], "question": "Who else is not represented by The Fund?", "id": "5a2980b803c0e7001a3e17cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Fund raises awareness of and supports efforts to meet these needs in developing countries, advocates close attention to population concerns, and helps developing nations formulate policies and strategies in support of sustainable development. Dr. Osotimehin assumed leadership in January 2011. The Fund is also represented by UNFPA Goodwill Ambassadors and a Patron."}, {"qas": [{"question": "UNFPA's mission is to promote the rights and health of whom?", "id": "56df5a8096943c1400a5d40f", "answers": [{"text": "women and young people", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With whom does UNFPA work in partnership?", "id": "56df5a8096943c1400a5d410", "answers": [{"text": "governments", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With what sort of agencies does UNFPA work?", "id": "56df5a8096943c1400a5d411", "answers": [{"text": "United Nations agencies", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to mobilizing support and resources, what does UNFPA do with its partners?", "id": "56df5a8096943c1400a5d412", "answers": [{"text": "raise awareness", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does UNFPA work with in addition to government and U.N. agencies?", "id": "56df5a8096943c1400a5d413", "answers": [{"text": "communities, NGOs, foundations and the private sector", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "women and young people", "answer_start": 266}], "question": "UNFPA's mission is to deny the rights and health of whom?", "id": "5a29816f03c0e7001a3e17d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "governments", "answer_start": 32}], "question": "With whom does UNFPA avoid partnering with?", "id": "5a29816f03c0e7001a3e17d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United Nations agencies", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "With what sort of agencies does UNFPA not work with?", "id": "5a29816f03c0e7001a3e17d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "awareness", "answer_start": 151}], "question": "In addition to mobilizing support and resources, what does UNFPA want to decrease?", "id": "5a29816f03c0e7001a3e17d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "women and young people", "answer_start": 266}], "question": "Who is hurt most by the UNFPA?", "id": "5a29816f03c0e7001a3e17d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "UNFPA works in partnership with governments, along with other United Nations agencies, communities, NGOs, foundations and the private sector, to raise awareness and mobilize the support and resources needed to achieve its mission to promote the rights and health of women and young people."}, {"qas": [{"question": "UNFPA has  been accused of supporting what type of abortion?", "id": "56df5ca18bc80c19004e4b1b", "answers": [{"text": "forced-abortions", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "UNFPA has been accused of supporting programs that coerce what?", "id": "56df5ca18bc80c19004e4b1c", "answers": [{"text": "sterilizations", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What groups have made these accusations against UNFPA?", "id": "56df5ca18bc80c19004e4b1d", "answers": [{"text": "anti-family planning groups", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Controversy regarding these accusations has caused conflict with how many presidential administrations?", "id": "56df5ca18bc80c19004e4b1e", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "anti-family planning groups", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "Who was UNFPA accurately accused by?", "id": "5a29976503c0e7001a3e17fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 287}], "question": "Controversy regarding these accusations has caused harmony with how many presidential administrations?", "id": "5a29976503c0e7001a3e17fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "anti-family planning groups", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "What groups have dismissed these accusations against UNFPA?", "id": "5a29976503c0e7001a3e17fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush", "answer_start": 331}], "question": "Which administrations funded UNFPA the most?", "id": "5a29976503c0e7001a3e17ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "providing support for government programs which have promoted forced-abortions and coercive sterilizations", "answer_start": 65}], "question": "What claims were not controversial?", "id": "5a29976503c0e7001a3e1800", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "UNFPA has been falsely accused by anti-family planning groups of providing support for government programs which have promoted forced-abortions and coercive sterilizations. Controversies regarding these claims have resulted in a sometimes shaky relationship between the organization and three presidential administrations, that of Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, withholding funding from the UNFPA.  "}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who contributes to UNFPA?", "id": "56df5e338bc80c19004e4b33", "answers": [{"text": "governments and the private sector", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Contributions exceeded how much in 2014?", "id": "56df5e338bc80c19004e4b34", "answers": [{"text": "$1 billion", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much of its funding was earmarked?", "id": "56df5e338bc80c19004e4b36", "answers": [{"text": "$529 million", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the amount of funding for UNFPA's core resources?", "id": "56df5e338bc80c19004e4b37", "answers": [{"text": "$477 million", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "governments and the private sector", "answer_start": 19}], "question": "Who never contributed to UNFPA?", "id": "5a29962d03c0e7001a3e17f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$1 billion", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "Contributions were lowered by how much in 2014?", "id": "5a29962d03c0e7001a3e17f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$529 million", "answer_start": 166}], "question": "How much funding was not earmarked correctly?", "id": "5a29962d03c0e7001a3e17f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$477 million", "answer_start": 112}], "question": "What was the amount taken away from UNFPA's core resources?", "id": "5a29962d03c0e7001a3e17f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Contributions from governments and the private sector to UNFPA in 2014 exceeded $1 billion. The amount includes $477 million to the organization\u2019s core resources and $529 million earmarked for specific programs and initiatives."}, {"qas": [{"question": "During what period did UNFPA aid Peru's reproductive health program?", "id": "56df60fc8bc80c19004e4b65", "answers": [{"text": "the mid-to-late '90s", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Peru was found to have been coercing what?", "id": "56df60fc8bc80c19004e4b66", "answers": [{"text": "sterilizations", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "UNFPA responded to Peruvian abuses by calling for what?", "id": "56df60fc8bc80c19004e4b67", "answers": [{"text": "reforms and protocols", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "UNFPA's goal in Peru was to protect whose rights?", "id": "56df60fc8bc80c19004e4b68", "answers": [{"text": "women seeking assistance", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After the scandal became public, what did UNFPA work to reform in Peru?", "id": "56df60fc8bc80c19004e4b69", "answers": [{"text": "laws and practices", "answer_start": 416}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "UNFPA", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who refused aid to Peru's reproductive health program in the mid-to-late '80s?", "id": "5a29982f03c0e7001a3e1806", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sterilizations", "answer_start": 166}], "question": "Peru was found to have been protecting against what?", "id": "5a29982f03c0e7001a3e1807", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "women seeking assistance", "answer_start": 246}], "question": "UNFPA's goal in Peru was to destroy whose rights?", "id": "5a29982f03c0e7001a3e1808", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "laws and practices", "answer_start": 416}], "question": "After the scandal became private, what did UNFPA work to reform in Peru?", "id": "5a29982f03c0e7001a3e1809", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "UNFPA provided aid to Peru's reproductive health program in the mid-to-late '90s. When it was discovered a Peruvian program had been engaged in carrying out coercive sterilizations, UNFPA called for reforms and protocols to protect the rights of women seeking assistance. UNFPA was not involved in the scandal, but continued work with the country after the abuses had become public to help end the abuses and reform laws and practices. "}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which 21st century administration denied funding to UNFPA?", "id": "56df63e78bc80c19004e4b9f", "answers": [{"text": "the Bush Administration", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what period did the administration deny funding?", "id": "56df63e78bc80c19004e4ba0", "answers": [{"text": "From 2002 through 2008", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who allocates UNFPA funding in the U.S.?", "id": "56df63e78bc80c19004e4ba1", "answers": [{"text": "the US Congress", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What in the Chinese program caused trouble for UNFPA?", "id": "56df63e78bc80c19004e4ba2", "answers": [{"text": "forced abortions and coercive sterilizations", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What amendment did the administration believe the UNFPA funding violated?", "id": "56df63e78bc80c19004e4ba3", "answers": [{"text": "the Kemp-Kasten Amendment", "answer_start": 530}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Bush Administration", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "Which 21st century administration increased funding to UNFPA?", "id": "5a29992203c0e7001a3e1818", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "From 2002 through 2008", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "During what period did the administration increase funding the most?", "id": "5a29992203c0e7001a3e1819", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the US Congress", "answer_start": 107}], "question": "Who will never allocate UNFPA funding in the U.S.?", "id": "5a29992203c0e7001a3e181a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Kemp-Kasten Amendment", "answer_start": 530}], "question": "What amendment did the administration believe the UNFPA funding supported?", "id": "5a29992203c0e7001a3e181b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "that the UNFPA supported Chinese government programs which include forced abortions and coercive sterilizations", "answer_start": 153}], "question": "What claims were not refuted?", "id": "5a29992203c0e7001a3e181c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "From 2002 through 2008, the Bush Administration denied funding to UNFPA that had already been allocated by the US Congress, partly on the refuted claims that the UNFPA supported Chinese government programs which include forced abortions and coercive sterilizations. In a letter from the Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs Nicholas Burns to Congress, the administration said it had determined that UNFPA\u2019s support for China\u2019s population program \u201cfacilitates (its) government\u2019s coercive abortion program\u201d, thus violating the Kemp-Kasten Amendment, which bans the use of United States aid to finance organizations that support or take part in managing a program of coercive abortion of sterilization."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which country was administering forced abortions?", "id": "56df65cf8bc80c19004e4bd1", "answers": [{"text": "China", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people were on the U.S. fact-finding team?", "id": "56df65cf8bc80c19004e4bd3", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which U.S. department investigated the allegations?", "id": "56df65cf8bc80c19004e4bd5", "answers": [{"text": "the State Department", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "China", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "Which country was administering the fewest abortions?", "id": "5a2999ba03c0e7001a3e1822", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 198}], "question": "How many people were on the Chinese fact-finding team?", "id": "5a2999ba03c0e7001a3e1823", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the State Department", "answer_start": 320}], "question": "Which U.S. department ignored the allegations?", "id": "5a2999ba03c0e7001a3e1824", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "UNFPA", "answer_start": 373}], "question": "Which organization had no critics?", "id": "5a2999ba03c0e7001a3e1825", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "UNFPA's connection to China's administration of forced abortions was refuted by investigations carried out by various US, UK, and UN teams sent to examine UNFPA activities in China. Specifically, a three-person U.S State Department fact-finding team was sent on a two-week tour throughout China. It wrote in a report to the State Department that it found \"no evidence that UNFPA has supported or participated in the management of a program of coercive abortion or involuntary sterilization in China,\" as has been charged by critics."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What policies did a State Department official accuse UNFPA of helping China carry out?", "id": "56df687496943c1400a5d4e7", "answers": [{"text": "population control policies", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was this official's position at the time?", "id": "56df687496943c1400a5d4e8", "answers": [{"text": "Secretary of State", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the official that accused UNFPA?", "id": "56df687496943c1400a5d4e9", "answers": [{"text": "Colin Powell", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was UNFPA accused of contributing to the Chinese program?", "id": "56df687496943c1400a5d4ea", "answers": [{"text": "vehicles and computers", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What papers reported on this incident?", "id": "56df687496943c1400a5d4eb", "answers": [{"text": "the Washington Post and the Washington Times", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "population control policies", "answer_start": 139}], "question": "What policies did a State Department official accuse UNFPA of not helping China carry out?", "id": "5a299a8303c0e7001a3e182a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Colin Powell", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "Who was the official that was part of UNFPA?", "id": "5a299a8303c0e7001a3e182b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "vehicles and computers", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "What was UNFPA accused of taking away from the Chinese program?", "id": "5a299a8303c0e7001a3e182c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Washington Post and the Washington Times", "answer_start": 182}], "question": "What papers denied to report on this incident?", "id": "5a299a8303c0e7001a3e182d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "However, according to then-Secretary of State Colin Powell, the UNFPA contributed vehicles and computers to the Chinese to carry out their population control policies. However, both the Washington Post and the Washington Times reported that Powell simply fell in line, signing a brief written by someone else. "}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which representative criticized the the State Department investigation?", "id": "56df6aee5ca0a614008f99eb", "answers": [{"text": "Christopher H. Smith", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The representative said that inspectors had been show what sort of villages?", "id": "56df6aee5ca0a614008f99ec", "answers": [{"text": "Potemkin Villages", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which former director defended UNFPA?", "id": "56df6aee5ca0a614008f99ed", "answers": [{"text": "Dr. Nafis Sadik", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which NGO investigated the Chinese program in 2005?", "id": "56df6aee5ca0a614008f99ee", "answers": [{"text": "Amnesty International", "answer_start": 374}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sort of techniques did the State Department conclude were still being employed by China?", "id": "56df6aee5ca0a614008f99ef", "answers": [{"text": "coercive techniques", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christopher H. Smith", "answer_start": 5}], "question": "Which representative helped the the State Department investigation the most?", "id": "5a299b0303c0e7001a3e1832", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Potemkin Villages", "answer_start": 118}], "question": "The representative said that inspectors had never seen what sort of villages?", "id": "5a299b0303c0e7001a3e1833", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dr. Nafis Sadik", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "Which former director disliked UNFPA?", "id": "5a299b0303c0e7001a3e1834", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "coercive techniques", "answer_start": 467}], "question": "What sort of techniques did the State Department conclude were never employed by China?", "id": "5a299b0303c0e7001a3e1835", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Amnesty International", "answer_start": 374}], "question": "Which NGO investigated the Chinese program in 2002?", "id": "5a299b0303c0e7001a3e1836", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Rep. Christopher H. Smith (R-NJ), criticized the State Department investigation, saying the investigators were shown \"Potemkin Villages\" where residents had been intimidated into lying about the family-planning program. Dr. Nafis Sadik, former director of UNFPA said her agency had been pivotal in reversing China's coercive population control methods, but a 2005 report by Amnesty International and a separate report by the United States State Department found that coercive techniques were still regularly employed by the Chinese, casting doubt upon Sadik's statements."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What organization found no evidence that UNFPA had supported Chinese coercion?", "id": "56df6e4a5ca0a614008f9a17", "answers": [{"text": "Amnesty International", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2001, what organization accused UNFPA of sharing office space with Chinese family planning officials?", "id": "56df6e4a5ca0a614008f9a18", "answers": [{"text": "Population Research Institute", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In January 2006, who approved UNFPA's new country programme?", "id": "56df6e4a5ca0a614008f9a19", "answers": [{"text": "United Nations Members", "answer_start": 608}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many members does the \u201cGroup of 77\u201d have?", "id": "56df6e4a5ca0a614008f9a1a", "answers": [{"text": "130", "answer_start": 716}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who, speaking for the European democracies, also defended UNFPA?", "id": "56df6e4a5ca0a614008f9a1b", "answers": [{"text": "the United Kingdom", "answer_start": 981}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Amnesty International", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What organization found plenty of evidence that UNFPA had supported Chinese coercion?", "id": "5a299bd203c0e7001a3e184e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "130", "answer_start": 716}], "question": "How many members does the \u201cGroup of 44\u201d have?", "id": "5a299bd203c0e7001a3e184f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United Nations Members", "answer_start": 608}], "question": "In January 2006, who destroyed UNFPA's new country programme?", "id": "5a299bd203c0e7001a3e1850", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the United Kingdom", "answer_start": 981}], "question": "Who, speaking for the European democracies, also disliked UNFPA?", "id": "5a299bd203c0e7001a3e1851", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Population Research Institute", "answer_start": 122}], "question": "What organization was sharing office space with Chinese family planning officials in 2011?", "id": "5a299bd203c0e7001a3e1852", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "But Amnesty International found no evidence that UNFPA had supported the coercion. A 2001 study conducted by the pro-life Population Research Institute (PRI) falsely claimed that the UNFPA shared an office with the Chinese family planning officials who were carrying out forced abortions. \"We located the family planning offices, and in that family planning office, we located the UNFPA office, and we confirmed from family planning officials there that there is no distinction between what the UNFPA does and what the Chinese Family Planning Office does,\" said Scott Weinberg, a spokesman for PRI. However, United Nations Members disagreed and approved UNFPA\u2019s new country program me in January 2006. The more than 130 members of the \u201cGroup of 77\u201d developing countries in the United Nations expressed support for the UNFPA programmes. In addition, speaking for European democracies -- Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, the Netherlands, France, Belgium, Switzerland and Germany -- the United Kingdom stated, \u201dUNFPA\u2019s activities in China, as in the rest of the world, are in strict conformity with the unanimously adopted Programme of Action of the ICPD, and play a key role in supporting our common endeavor, the promotion and protection of all human rights and fundamental freedoms.\u201d "}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which government official blocked funding to the UNFPA?", "id": "56df740d56340a1900b29ba2", "answers": [{"text": "President", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the official who blocked UNFPA funding?", "id": "56df740d56340a1900b29ba3", "answers": [{"text": "Bush", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much funding was blocked?", "id": "56df740d56340a1900b29ba4", "answers": [{"text": "$244 million", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which branch of government denied the UNFPA funding?", "id": "56df740d56340a1900b29ba5", "answers": [{"text": "the Executive Branch", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How had the UNFPA funding been initially approved?", "id": "56df740d56340a1900b29ba6", "answers": [{"text": "Congressionally", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "President", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Which government official increased funding to the UNFPA?", "id": "5a299c8103c0e7001a3e1858", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bush", "answer_start": 10}], "question": "What was the name of the official who increased UNFPA funding?", "id": "5a299c8103c0e7001a3e1859", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$244 million", "answer_start": 99}], "question": "How much was funding increased by?", "id": "5a299c8103c0e7001a3e185a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Bush Administration", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "Which administration increased funding to UNFPA?", "id": "5a299c8103c0e7001a3e185b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "President Bush denied funding to the UNFPA. Over the course of the Bush Administration, a total of $244 million in Congressionally approved funding was blocked by the Executive Branch."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which European government contributed the most to the UNFPA in 2008?", "id": "56df76205ca0a614008f9aa4", "answers": [{"text": "the Netherlands", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which European government contributed the least to the UNFPA in 2008?", "id": "56df76205ca0a614008f9aa5", "answers": [{"text": "Luxembourg", "answer_start": 363}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which non-European donor was most important to the UNFPA in 2008?", "id": "56df76205ca0a614008f9aa6", "answers": [{"text": "Japan", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2008, over how many countries contributed to the UNFPA?", "id": "56df76205ca0a614008f9aa7", "answers": [{"text": "180", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Japan", "answer_start": 470}], "question": "Which non-European donor took away their donation to the UNFPA in 2008?", "id": "5a299df803c0e7001a3e1860", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "180", "answer_start": 515}], "question": "How many countries stopped supporting the UNFPA in 2008?", "id": "5a299df803c0e7001a3e1861", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Netherlands", "answer_start": 252}], "question": "Which European government never contributed to the UNFPA in 2008?", "id": "5a299df803c0e7001a3e1862", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sandbaek report", "answer_start": 76}], "question": "What report was not left behind by the US?", "id": "5a299df803c0e7001a3e1863", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 128}], "question": "What year did UNFPA receive funding mainly from non-European sources?", "id": "5a299df803c0e7001a3e1864", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In response, the EU decided to fill the gap left behind by the US under the Sandbaek report. According to its Annual Report for 2008, the UNFPA received its funding mainly from European Governments: Of the total income of M845.3 M, $118 was donated by the Netherlands, $67 M by Sweden, $62 M by Norway, $54 M by Denmark, $53 M by the UK, $52 M by Spain, $19 M by Luxembourg. The European Commission donated further $36 M. The most important non-European donor State was Japan ($36 M). The number of donors exceeded 180 in one year."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is one country in which nonprofit organizations try to make up for the loss of United States funding for the UNFPA?", "id": "56df787656340a1900b29bf8", "answers": [{"text": "America", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of organization is Friends of UNFPA?", "id": "56df787656340a1900b29bf9", "answers": [{"text": "nonprofit", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Friends of UNFPA's previous name?", "id": "56df787656340a1900b29bfa", "answers": [{"text": "Americans for UNFPA", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of United States funding does Friends of UNFPA try to replace? ", "id": "56df787656340a1900b29bfb", "answers": [{"text": "federal funding", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Through what sort of donations does Friends of UNFPA raise money?", "id": "56df787656340a1900b29bfc", "answers": [{"text": "private donations", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "America", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What is one country in which nonprofit organizations try to increase the loss of funding for the UNFPA?", "id": "5a299ffe03c0e7001a3e1874", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nonprofit", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "What kind of organization is not friends of UNFPA?", "id": "5a299ffe03c0e7001a3e1875", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "UNFPA", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "What organization is mainly funded through public donations?", "id": "5a299ffe03c0e7001a3e1876", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "America", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What country has never been involved with UNFPA?", "id": "5a299ffe03c0e7001a3e1877", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In America, nonprofit organizations like Friends of UNFPA (formerly Americans for UNFPA) worked to compensate for the loss of United States federal funding by raising private donations."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which president began funding UNFPA again?", "id": "56df79fe5ca0a614008f9b07", "answers": [{"text": "Barack Obama", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did U.S. funding of UNFPA resume?", "id": "56df79fe5ca0a614008f9b08", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what month did U.S. funding of UNFPA resume?", "id": "56df79fe5ca0a614008f9b09", "answers": [{"text": "January", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The president said the U.S. would be joining how many donor nations?", "id": "56df79fe5ca0a614008f9b0a", "answers": [{"text": "180", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The president said funding the U.N. Population Fund would help in how many countries?", "id": "56df79fe5ca0a614008f9b0b", "answers": [{"text": "154", "answer_start": 441}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Barack Obama", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "Which president never funded UNFPA again?", "id": "5a29a13c03c0e7001a3e1886", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "In what year did U.S. funding of UNFPA end?", "id": "5a29a13c03c0e7001a3e1887", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "January", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what month did U.S. funding of UNFPA end?", "id": "5a29a13c03c0e7001a3e1888", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "President", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "Who said funding the U.N. Population Fund would not help 154 countries?", "id": "5a29a13c03c0e7001a3e1889", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "UNFPA", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "What program funded in 2009 does not help women?", "id": "5a29a13c03c0e7001a3e188a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In January 2009 President Barack Obama restored US funding to UNFPA, saying in a public statement that he would \"look forward to working with Congress to restore US financial support for the UN Population Fund. By resuming funding to UNFPA, the US will be joining 180 other donor nations working collaboratively to reduce poverty, improve the health of women and children, prevent HIV/AIDS and provide family planning assistance to women in 154 countries.\" "}]}, {"title": "Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Which ocean is along eastern Russia?", "id": "56df4a8096943c1400a5d340", "answers": [{"text": "the Pacific Ocean", "answer_start": 832}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which union did Russia belong to after 1922?", "id": "56df4a8096943c1400a5d341", "answers": [{"text": "the Soviet Union", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the RSFSR cease to be a part of the Soviet Union?", "id": "56e098707aa994140058e605", "answers": [{"text": "91", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many autonomous republics make up the RSFSR?", "id": "56e098707aa994140058e606", "answers": [{"text": "sixteen", "answer_start": 532}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The RSFSR contains how many oblasts?", "id": "56e098707aa994140058e607", "answers": [{"text": "forty", "answer_start": 625}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many autonomous oblasts were part of the RSFSR?", "id": "56e098707aa994140058e608", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 562}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many krais were present in the RSFSR?", "id": "56e098707aa994140058e609", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 610}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pacific", "answer_start": 836}], "question": "Which ocean is along western Russia?", "id": "5acdf26632bba1001ae498af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Soviet Union", "answer_start": 407}], "question": "Which union did Russia belong to before 1922?", "id": "5acdf26632bba1001ae498b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "91", "answer_start": 428}], "question": "When did the RSFSR continue to be a part of the Soviet Union?", "id": "5acdf26632bba1001ae498b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sixteen", "answer_start": 532}], "question": "How many dependent republics make up the RSFSR?", "id": "5acdf26632bba1001ae498b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "forty", "answer_start": 625}], "question": "The RSFSR rejects how many oblasts?", "id": "5acdf26632bba1001ae498b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR; Russian: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0421\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430, tr. Rossiyskaya Sovetskaya Federativnaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika  listen (help\u00b7info)) commonly referred to as Soviet Russia or simply as Russia, was a sovereign state in 1917\u201322, the largest, most populous, and most economically developed republic of the Soviet Union in 1922\u201391 and a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with its own legislation in 1990\u201391. The Republic comprised sixteen autonomous republics, five autonomous oblasts, ten autonomous okrugs, six krais, and forty oblasts. Russians formed the largest ethnic group. To the west it bordered Finland, Norway and Poland; and to the south, China, Mongolia and North Korea whilst bordering the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Black sea and Caspian Sea to the south. Within the USSR, it bordered the Baltic republics (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia), the Byelorussian SSR and the Ukrainian SSR to the west. To the south it bordered the Georgian, Azerbaijan and Kazakh SSRs."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which group originally created the Soviet state?", "id": "56df4fa496943c1400a5d36d", "answers": [{"text": "the Bolsheviks", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the group which created the Soviet state?", "id": "56df4fa496943c1400a5d36e", "answers": [{"text": "Vladimir Lenin", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which government was overthrown during the October Revolution?", "id": "56df4fa496943c1400a5d36f", "answers": [{"text": "the Russian Provisional Government", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did the new Russian Soviet state go unrecognized by other countries?", "id": "56df4fa496943c1400a5d370", "answers": [{"text": "five months", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What name did people opposed to the Bolsheviks use for the Soviet state?", "id": "56df4fa496943c1400a5d371", "answers": [{"text": "Sovdepia", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks in 1917?", "id": "56e09ac47aa994140058e62b", "answers": [{"text": "Vladimir Lenin", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What body was overthrown by the October Revolution?", "id": "56e09ac47aa994140058e62d", "answers": [{"text": "Russian Provisional Government", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For how long did the Soviet Union go unrecognized?", "id": "56e09ac47aa994140058e62e", "answers": [{"text": "five months", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What derisive label was given to the USSR by the enemies of the Bolsheviks?", "id": "56e09ac47aa994140058e62f", "answers": [{"text": "Sovdepia", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Bolsheviks", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "Which group originally destroyed the Soviet state?", "id": "5acdf58232bba1001ae498e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vladimir Lenin", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "Who rejected the group which created the Soviet state?", "id": "5acdf58232bba1001ae498e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Russian Provisional Government", "answer_start": 144}], "question": "Which government was overthrown before the October Revolution?", "id": "5acdf58232bba1001ae498e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five months", "answer_start": 361}], "question": "How long did the new Russian Soviet state go recognized by other countries?", "id": "5acdf58232bba1001ae498e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sovdepia", "answer_start": 427}], "question": "What name did people opposed to the Bolsheviks reject for the Soviet state?", "id": "5acdf58232bba1001ae498e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, the Bolsheviks established the Soviet state on 7 November [O.S. 25 October] 1917, immediately after the Russian Provisional Government, which governed the Russian Republic, was overthrown during the October Revolution. Initially, the state did not have an official name and wasn't recognized by neighboring countries for five months. Meanwhile, anti-Bolsheviks coined the mocking label \"Sovdepia\" for the nascent state of the \"Soviets of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Soviet Union created?", "id": "56df526396943c1400a5d3ad", "answers": [{"text": "December 30, 1922", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many republics were in the USSR?", "id": "56df526396943c1400a5d3ae", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What name for Russia was listed in the Soviet Constitution?", "id": "56df526396943c1400a5d3af", "answers": [{"text": "the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Soviet Union include the final Russian name for its republic in the Constitution?", "id": "56df526396943c1400a5d3b0", "answers": [{"text": "1936", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which war was Russia involved in 1700?", "id": "56df526396943c1400a5d3b1", "answers": [{"text": "the Great Northern War", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date was the Soviet Union created?", "id": "56e09bed7aa994140058e643", "answers": [{"text": "December 30, 1922", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many republics made up the USSR by the end of 1922?", "id": "56e09bed7aa994140058e644", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the name Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic adopted?", "id": "56e09bed7aa994140058e645", "answers": [{"text": "1936", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What document renamed the country the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic?", "id": "56e09bed7aa994140058e646", "answers": [{"text": "Soviet Constitution of 1936", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the Great Northern War fought?", "id": "56e09bed7aa994140058e647", "answers": [{"text": "1700", "answer_start": 426}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December 30, 1922", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When was the Soviet Union destroyed?", "id": "5acdf7e832bba1001ae498ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "How many republics weren't in the USSR?", "id": "5acdf7e832bba1001ae49900", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "answer_start": 206}], "question": "What name for Russia wasn't listed in the Soviet Constitution?", "id": "5acdf7e832bba1001ae49901", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1936", "answer_start": 294}], "question": "When did the Soviet Union disclude the final Russian name for its republic in the Constitution?", "id": "5acdf7e832bba1001ae49902", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Great Northern War", "answer_start": 404}], "question": "In which war was Russia involved in 1710?", "id": "5acdf7e832bba1001ae49903", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On December 30, 1922, with the creation of the Soviet Union, Russia became one of six republics within the federation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The final Soviet name for the republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, was adopted in the Soviet Constitution of 1936. By that time, Soviet Russia had gained roughly the same borders of the old Tsardom of Russia before the Great Northern War of 1700."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Soviet Union break up?", "id": "56df53fe96943c1400a5d3c3", "answers": [{"text": "December 25, 1991", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which name did Russia take after the fall of the Soviet Union?", "id": "56df53fe96943c1400a5d3c4", "answers": [{"text": "the Russian Federation", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the current official name of Russia?", "id": "56df53fe96943c1400a5d3c6", "answers": [{"text": "the Russian Federation", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the current name for Russia added to the Russian constitution?", "id": "56df53fe96943c1400a5d3c7", "answers": [{"text": "April 21, 1992", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Russia renamed the Russian Federation?", "id": "56e09f4a231d4119001ac2d7", "answers": [{"text": "December 25, 1991", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event led to Russia being renamed the Russian Federation?", "id": "56e09f4a231d4119001ac2d8", "answers": [{"text": "the collapse of the Soviet Union", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Russia made an official state name of the Russian Federation?", "id": "56e09f4a231d4119001ac2d9", "answers": [{"text": "April 21, 1992", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What 1993 document confirmed Russia as an official state name of the Russian Federation?", "id": "56e09f4a231d4119001ac2da", "answers": [{"text": "1993 Constitution of Russia", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December 25, 1991", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did the Soviet Empire break up?", "id": "5acdf8ec32bba1001ae49913", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Russian Federation", "answer_start": 95}], "question": "Which name did Russia take after the rise of the Soviet Union?", "id": "5acdf8ec32bba1001ae49914", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Russian Federation", "answer_start": 95}], "question": "What is the current unofficial name of Russia?", "id": "5acdf8ec32bba1001ae49915", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "April 21, 1992", "answer_start": 218}], "question": "When wasn't the current name for Russia added to the Russian constitution?", "id": "5acdf8ec32bba1001ae49916", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the collapse of the Soviet Union", "answer_start": 32}], "question": "What event led to the Russian Federation being renamed Russia?", "id": "5acdf8ec32bba1001ae49917", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On December 25, 1991, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the republic was renamed the Russian Federation, which it remains to this day. This name and \"Russia\" were specified as the official state names in the April 21, 1992 amendment to the existing constitution and were retained as such in the 1993 Constitution of Russia."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which country did the RSFSR border on the west?", "id": "56df54f18bc80c19004e4ab9", "answers": [{"text": "Poland", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which countries did the RSFSR border on the northwest?", "id": "56df54f18bc80c19004e4aba", "answers": [{"text": "Norway and Finland", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which countries did the RSFSR border on the southeast?", "id": "56df54f18bc80c19004e4abb", "answers": [{"text": "Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolian People's Republic, and the People's Republic of China", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Soviet countries did the RSFSR border on the south?", "id": "56df54f18bc80c19004e4abc", "answers": [{"text": "Azerbaijan, Georgian and Kazakh SSRs", "answer_start": 363}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Soviet countries did the RSFSR border on the west?", "id": "56df54f18bc80c19004e4abd", "answers": [{"text": "the Ukrainian, Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian SSRs", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country borders Russia on the west?", "id": "56e09fc4231d4119001ac2df", "answers": [{"text": "Poland", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Norway, what country borders the RSFSR on the northwest?", "id": "56e09fc4231d4119001ac2e0", "answers": [{"text": "Finland", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the USSR, what SSR did the RSFSR border along with the Kazakh SSR?", "id": "56e09fc4231d4119001ac2e1", "answers": [{"text": "Georgian", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with the Mongolian People's Republic and the People's Republic of China, what country did the RSFSR border to its southeast?", "id": "56e09fc4231d4119001ac2e2", "answers": [{"text": "Democratic People's Republic of Korea", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Poland", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "Which country did the RSFSR conquer on the west?", "id": "5acdf98032bba1001ae4991d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Norway and Finland", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "Which countries did the RSFSR conquer on the northwest?", "id": "5acdf98032bba1001ae4991e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolian People's Republic, and the People's Republic of China", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "Which countries did the RSFSR incorporate on the southeast?", "id": "5acdf98032bba1001ae4991f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Azerbaijan, Georgian and Kazakh SSRs", "answer_start": 363}], "question": "Which Russian countries did the RSFSR border on the south?", "id": "5acdf98032bba1001ae49920", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ukrainian, Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian SSRs", "answer_start": 286}], "question": "Which Soviet countries did the RSFSR reject on the west?", "id": "5acdf98032bba1001ae49921", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The international borders of the RSFSR touched Poland on the west; Norway and Finland on the northwest; and to its southeast were the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolian People's Republic, and the People's Republic of China. Within the Soviet Union, the RSFSR bordered the Ukrainian, Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian SSRs to its west and Azerbaijan, Georgian and Kazakh SSRs to the south."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Soviet regime first become powerful?", "id": "56df56bf8bc80c19004e4acb", "answers": [{"text": "November 7, 1917", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which government was in power before the Soviet regime?", "id": "56df56bf8bc80c19004e4acc", "answers": [{"text": "the Russian Provisional Government", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which revolution led to the Soviet regime's rise to power?", "id": "56df56bf8bc80c19004e4acd", "answers": [{"text": "the October Revolution", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long was the state of the Soviet regime unrecognized by other countries?", "id": "56df56bf8bc80c19004e4ace", "answers": [{"text": "five months", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the republic the Russian Provisional Goverment ruled?", "id": "56df56bf8bc80c19004e4acf", "answers": [{"text": "the Russian Republic", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Soviet government assume power?", "id": "56e0a03e231d4119001ac2e7", "answers": [{"text": "November 7, 1917", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event led to the assumption of power by the Soviet government?", "id": "56e0a03e231d4119001ac2e8", "answers": [{"text": "the October Revolution", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What body governed Russia prior to the Soviet government?", "id": "56e0a03e231d4119001ac2e9", "answers": [{"text": "the Russian Provisional Government", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In months, for how long was the new Soviet state unrecognized?", "id": "56e0a03e231d4119001ac2ea", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "November 7, 1917", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "When did the Soviet regime first lose power?", "id": "5acdfb1732bba1001ae49931", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Russian Provisional Government", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "Which government was in power after the Soviet regime?", "id": "5acdfb1732bba1001ae49932", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "October Revolution", "answer_start": 172}], "question": "Which revolution led to the Soviet regime's fall from power?", "id": "5acdfb1732bba1001ae49933", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five months", "answer_start": 311}], "question": "How long was the state of the Soviet regime recognized by other countries?", "id": "5acdfb1732bba1001ae49934", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Russian Republic", "answer_start": 132}], "question": "What wasn't the name of the republic the Russian Provisional Goverment ruled?", "id": "5acdfb1732bba1001ae49935", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Soviet regime first came to power on November 7, 1917, immediately after the Russian Provisional Government, which governed the Russian Republic, was overthrown in the October Revolution. The state it governed, which did not have an official name, would be unrecognized by neighboring countries for another five months."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which official name was Russia given at the start of 1918?", "id": "56df57b996943c1400a5d3d7", "answers": [{"text": "the Soviet Russian Republic", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To which country did Russia give land during World War I?", "id": "56df57b996943c1400a5d3d9", "answers": [{"text": "Germany", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which treaty did Russia sign in order to give land and gain peace during World War I?", "id": "56df57b996943c1400a5d3da", "answers": [{"text": "the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What war resulted in Russia shrinking further during 1918?", "id": "56df57b996943c1400a5d3db", "answers": [{"text": "the Russian Civil War", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What numbered meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets occurred on January 25, 1918?", "id": "56e0a0c97aa994140058e65d", "answers": [{"text": "third", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On January 25, 1918, what was the official name given to the Soviet state?", "id": "56e0a0c97aa994140058e65e", "answers": [{"text": "the Soviet Russian Republic", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Russia receive in return for signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?", "id": "56e0a0c97aa994140058e65f", "answers": [{"text": "peace in World War I", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date was the country renamed the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic?", "id": "56e0a0c97aa994140058e660", "answers": [{"text": "July 10, 1918", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what 1918 conflict did states secede from Russia?", "id": "56e0a0c97aa994140058e661", "answers": [{"text": "the Russian Civil War", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Soviet Russian Republic", "answer_start": 121}], "question": "Which unofficial name was Russia given at the start of 1918?", "id": "5acdfb7c32bba1001ae4993b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Germany", "answer_start": 265}], "question": "To which country did Russia give land during World War II?", "id": "5acdfb7c32bba1001ae4993c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Treaty of Brest-Litovsk", "answer_start": 168}], "question": "Which treaty did Russia sign in order to give land and gain peace during World War II?", "id": "5acdfb7c32bba1001ae4993d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Russian Civil War", "answer_start": 453}], "question": "What war resulted in Russia growing further during 1918?", "id": "5acdfb7c32bba1001ae4993e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "third", "answer_start": 28}], "question": "What numbered meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets occurred on January 25, 1981?", "id": "5acdfb7c32bba1001ae4993f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On January 25, 1918, at the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the unrecognized state was renamed the Soviet Russian Republic. On March 3, 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany, in exchange for peace in World War I. On July 10, 1918, the Russian Constitution of 1918 renamed the country the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. By 1918, during the Russian Civil War, several states within the former Russian Empire had seceded, reducing the size of the country even more."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which oblast was broken up in 1943?", "id": "56df5ac48bc80c19004e4b07", "answers": [{"text": "Karachay Autonomous Oblast", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were the Karachays sent after their oblast was broken up?", "id": "56df5ac48bc80c19004e4b08", "answers": [{"text": "Central Asia", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which SSR received the land of the Karachays' oblast?", "id": "56df5ac48bc80c19004e4b0a", "answers": [{"text": "the Georgian SSR", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who broke up the Karachays' oblast?", "id": "56df5ac48bc80c19004e4b0b", "answers": [{"text": "Joseph Stalin", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who eliminated the Karachay Autonomous Oblast?", "id": "56e0a24e7aa994140058e67b", "answers": [{"text": "Joseph Stalin", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Karachay Autonomous Oblast ended?", "id": "56e0a24e7aa994140058e67c", "answers": [{"text": "1943", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To where were the Karachays exiled?", "id": "56e0a24e7aa994140058e67d", "answers": [{"text": "Central Asia", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why were the Karachays exiled?", "id": "56e0a24e7aa994140058e67e", "answers": [{"text": "alleged collaboration with the Germans", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What republic was the territory of the Karachay Autonomous Oblast transferred to?", "id": "56e0a24e7aa994140058e67f", "answers": [{"text": "Georgian SSR", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Karachay Autonomous Oblast", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "Which oblast was kept together in 1943?", "id": "5acdfd8532bba1001ae49963", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Central Asia", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "Where were the Karachays not sent after their oblast was broken up?", "id": "5acdfd8532bba1001ae49964", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Georgian SSR", "answer_start": 204}], "question": "Which SSR rejected the land of the Karachays' oblast?", "id": "5acdfd8532bba1001ae49965", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Joseph Stalin", "answer_start": 53}], "question": "Who didn't break up the Karachays' oblast?", "id": "5acdfd8532bba1001ae49966", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1943", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When was the Karachay Autonomous Oblast not ended?", "id": "5acdfd8532bba1001ae49967", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1943, Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin, when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the Germans and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what date was the RSFSR established?", "id": "56e098f17aa994140058e60f", "answers": [{"text": "November 7, 1917", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event led to the establishment of the RSFSR?", "id": "56e098f17aa994140058e610", "answers": [{"text": "October Revolution", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the Constitution adopted?", "id": "56e098f17aa994140058e611", "answers": [{"text": "1918", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Treaty on the Creation of the USSR was signed in what year?", "id": "56e098f17aa994140058e612", "answers": [{"text": "1922", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "November 7, 1917", "answer_start": 29}], "question": "On what date was the RSFSR abolished?", "id": "5acdf31832bba1001ae498b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "October Revolution", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "What event led to the abolishment of the RSFSR?", "id": "5acdf31832bba1001ae498ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1918", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "In what year was the Constitution rejected?", "id": "5acdf31832bba1001ae498bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1922", "answer_start": 136}], "question": "The Treaty on the Creation of the USSR was not signed in what year?", "id": "5acdf31832bba1001ae498bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1918", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "What year was the first Constitution not adopted?", "id": "5acdf31832bba1001ae498bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The RSFSR was established on November 7, 1917 (October Revolution) as a sovereign state. The first Constitution was adopted in 1918. In 1922 the Russian SFSR signed the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How much of the USSR's electricity was produced in the RSFSR?", "id": "56e099747aa994140058e617", "answers": [{"text": "two-thirds", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two countries produced more petroleum than Russia in 1961?", "id": "56e099747aa994140058e618", "answers": [{"text": "the United States and Saudi Arabia", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many students were in institutions of higher education in Russia in 1974?", "id": "56e099747aa994140058e619", "answers": [{"text": "23,941,000", "answer_start": 410}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many institutions of higher education did Russia possess in 1974?", "id": "56e099747aa994140058e61a", "answers": [{"text": "475", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In how many languages were students in institutions of higher education being educated in 1974?", "id": "56e099747aa994140058e61b", "answers": [{"text": "47", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "about two-thirds", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "How much of the USSR's electricity was delayed in the RSFSR?", "id": "5acdf3b332bba1001ae498c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United States and Saudi Arabia", "answer_start": 263}], "question": "What two countries produced less petroleum than Russia in 1961?", "id": "5acdf3b332bba1001ae498c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "23,941,000", "answer_start": 410}], "question": "How many students were in institutions of lower education in Russia in 1974?", "id": "5acdf3b332bba1001ae498c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "475", "answer_start": 315}], "question": "How many institutions of high school did Russia possess in 1974?", "id": "5acdf3b332bba1001ae498c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "47", "answer_start": 389}], "question": "In how many languages were students in institutions of high school being educated in 1974?", "id": "5acdf3b332bba1001ae498c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The economy of Russia became heavily industrialized, accounting for about two-thirds of the electricity produced in the USSR. It was, by 1961, the third largest producer of petroleum due to new discoveries in the Volga-Urals region and Siberia, trailing only the United States and Saudi Arabia. In 1974, there were 475 institutes of higher education in the republic providing education in 47 languages to some 23,941,000 students. A network of territorially-organized public-health services provided health care. After 1985, the restructuring policies of the Gorbachev administration relatively liberalised the economy, which had become stagnant since the late 1970s, with the introduction of non-state owned enterprises such as cooperatives. The effects of market policies led to the failure of many enterprises and total instability by 1990."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what date was the Declaration of State Sovereignty adopted?", "id": "56e099da231d4119001ac2c1", "answers": [{"text": "June 12, 1990", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who became president on June 12, 1991?", "id": "56e099da231d4119001ac2c2", "answers": [{"text": "Boris Yeltsin", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date were the Belavezha Accords signed?", "id": "56e099da231d4119001ac2c3", "answers": [{"text": "December 8, 1991", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Russian Parliament ratify the Belavezha Accords?", "id": "56e099da231d4119001ac2c4", "answers": [{"text": "December 12", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What agreement did the Belavezha Accords supersede?", "id": "56e099da231d4119001ac2c5", "answers": [{"text": "1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "June 12, 1990", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "On what date was the Declaration of State Sovereignty rejected?", "id": "5acdf41532bba1001ae498cd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Boris Yeltsin", "answer_start": 116}], "question": "Who became prime minister on June 12, 1991?", "id": "5acdf41532bba1001ae498ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December 8, 1991", "answer_start": 166}], "question": "On what date were the Belavezha Accords rejected?", "id": "5acdf41532bba1001ae498cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December 12", "answer_start": 411}], "question": "When did the Russian Parliament reject the Belavezha Accords?", "id": "5acdf41532bba1001ae498d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR", "answer_start": 342}], "question": "What agreement did the Belavezha Accords superimpose?", "id": "5acdf41532bba1001ae498d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On June 12, 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty. On June 12, 1991, Boris Yeltsin was elected the first President. On December 8, 1991, heads of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed the Belavezha Accords. The agreement declared dissolution of the USSR by its founder states (i.e. denunciation of 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR) and established the CIS. On December 12, the agreement was ratified by the Russian Parliament, therefore Russian SFSR denounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and de facto declared Russia's independence from the USSR."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the new name given to the RSFSR on December 25, 1991?", "id": "56e09a4e7aa994140058e621", "answers": [{"text": "Russian Federation", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date was the USSR dissolved?", "id": "56e09a4e7aa994140058e622", "answers": [{"text": "December 26, 1991", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What body was responsible for the dissolution of the USSR?", "id": "56e09a4e7aa994140058e623", "answers": [{"text": "Soviet of Nationalities", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What house of the Supreme Soviet was not functioning as of December 26, 1991?", "id": "56e09a4e7aa994140058e624", "answers": [{"text": "Soviet of the Union", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was one right of the Soviet government that the government of Russia assumed?", "id": "56e09a4e7aa994140058e625", "answers": [{"text": "UN membership", "answer_start": 493}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Russian Federation", "answer_start": 55}], "question": "What was the new name given to the RSFSR on November 25, 1991", "id": "5acdf51b32bba1001ae498d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December 26, 1991", "answer_start": 78}], "question": "On what date was the USSR resolved?", "id": "5acdf51b32bba1001ae498d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Soviet of Nationalities", "answer_start": 132}], "question": "What body was responsible for the solution of the USSR?", "id": "5acdf51b32bba1001ae498d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Soviet of the Union", "answer_start": 247}], "question": "What house of the Supreme Soviet was functioning as of December 26, 1991?", "id": "5acdf51b32bba1001ae498da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "UN membership", "answer_start": 493}], "question": "What was one right of the Soviet government that the citizens of Russia assumed?", "id": "5acdf51b32bba1001ae498db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On December 25, 1991, the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation. On December 26, 1991, the USSR was self-dissolved by the Soviet of Nationalities, which by that time was the only functioning house of the Supreme Soviet (the other house, Soviet of the Union, had already lost the quorum after recall of its members by the union republics). After dissolution of the USSR, Russia declared that it assumed the rights and obligations of the dissolved central Soviet government, including UN membership."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what date was the state named the Soviet Russian Republic?", "id": "56e09b2a7aa994140058e635", "answers": [{"text": "January 25, 1918", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What body renamed the state the Soviet Russian Republic?", "id": "56e09b2a7aa994140058e636", "answers": [{"text": "All-Russian Congress of Soviets", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed?", "id": "56e09b2a7aa994140058e637", "answers": [{"text": "March 3, 1918", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ceded land to what state?", "id": "56e09b2a7aa994140058e638", "answers": [{"text": "Germany", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What document renamed the state the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic?", "id": "56e09b2a7aa994140058e639", "answers": [{"text": "Russian Constitution of 1918", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "January 25, 1918", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "On what date was the state named the Soviet Communist Republic?", "id": "5acdf66132bba1001ae498eb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "All-Russian Congress of Soviets", "answer_start": 45}], "question": "What head renamed the state the Soviet Russian Republic?", "id": "5acdf66132bba1001ae498ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "March 3, 1918", "answer_start": 179}], "question": "When was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk rejected?", "id": "5acdf66132bba1001ae498ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Germany", "answer_start": 255}], "question": "The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk took land from what state?", "id": "5acdf66132bba1001ae498ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Russian Constitution of 1918", "answer_start": 339}], "question": "What person renamed the state the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic?", "id": "5acdf66132bba1001ae498ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On January 25, 1918 the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets renamed the unrecognized state the Soviet Russian Republic. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed on March 3, 1918, giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany in exchange for peace during the rest of World War I. On July 10, 1918, the Russian Constitution of 1918 renamed the country the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. By 1918, during the Russian Civil War, several states within the former Russian Empire seceded, reducing the size of the country even more."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What treaty resulted in the recognition of the RSFSR by Latvia and other states?", "id": "56e09b837aa994140058e63f", "answers": [{"text": "Treaty of Tartu", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Estonia, Latvia, Finland and Lithuania, what state recognized the RSFSR in 1920?", "id": "56e09b837aa994140058e640", "answers": [{"text": "Irish Republic", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Treaty of Tartu", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "What treaty resulted in the nonrecognition of the RSFSR by Latvia and other states?", "id": "5acdf79132bba1001ae498f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Irish Republic", "answer_start": 168}], "question": "Along with Estonia, Latvia, Finland and Lithuania, what state went didn't recognize the RSFSR in 1920?", "id": "5acdf79132bba1001ae498f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1920", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "What year was the RSFSW nor recognized as an independent state?", "id": "5acdf79132bba1001ae498f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the RSFSR was recognized as an independent state", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "What didn't happen in 1920?", "id": "5acdf79132bba1001ae498f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Estonia, Finland, Latvia and Lithuania", "answer_start": 83}], "question": "Which countries refused to recognize the RSFSR?", "id": "5acdf79132bba1001ae498f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Internationally, in 1920, the RSFSR was recognized as an independent state only by Estonia, Finland, Latvia and Lithuania in the Treaty of Tartu and by the short-lived Irish Republic."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the common name of the Soviet Union?", "id": "56e09c24231d4119001ac2cb", "answers": [{"text": "Russia", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Technically, what type of state was Russia?", "id": "56e09c24231d4119001ac2cc", "answers": [{"text": "republic", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the largest republic in the Soviet Union?", "id": "56e09c24231d4119001ac2cd", "answers": [{"text": "Russia", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Russia", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "What was the uncommon name of the Soviet Union?", "id": "5acdf87832bba1001ae49909", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "republic", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "Technically, what type of state wasn't Russia?", "id": "5acdf87832bba1001ae4990a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Russia", "answer_start": 108}], "question": "What was the smallest republic in the Soviet Union?", "id": "5acdf87832bba1001ae4990b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Russia", "answer_start": 108}], "question": "Which republic was the least developed?", "id": "5acdf87832bba1001ae4990c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Russia", "answer_start": 108}], "question": "Which republic was the least powerful?", "id": "5acdf87832bba1001ae4990d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "For most of the Soviet Union's existence, it was commonly referred to as \"Russia,\" even though technically \"Russia\" was only one republic within the larger union\u2014albeit by far the largest, most powerful and most highly developed."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of the RSFSR was made up of plains?", "id": "56e09ff67aa994140058e657", "answers": [{"text": "70%", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what part of the RSFSR did tundra mainly exist?", "id": "56e09ff67aa994140058e658", "answers": [{"text": "the east", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with petroleum and iron ore, what resource was abundant in the RSFSR?", "id": "56e09ff67aa994140058e659", "answers": [{"text": "natural gas", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "70%", "answer_start": 8}], "question": "What percentage of the RSFSR wasn't made up of plains?", "id": "5acdfa8d32bba1001ae49927", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the east", "answer_start": 119}], "question": "In what part of the RSFSR did tundra mainly not exist?", "id": "5acdfa8d32bba1001ae49928", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "natural gas", "answer_start": 189}], "question": "Along with petroleum and iron ore, what resource was depleted in the RSFSR?", "id": "5acdfa8d32bba1001ae49929", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mineral resources, including petroleum, natural gas, and iron ore", "answer_start": 149}], "question": "What scarce resources are there?", "id": "5acdfa8d32bba1001ae4992a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the east", "answer_start": 119}], "question": "Where are the desert regions mainly concentrated?", "id": "5acdfa8d32bba1001ae4992b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Roughly 70% of the area in the RSFSR consisted of broad plains, with mountainous tundra regions mainly concentrated in the east. The area is rich in mineral resources, including petroleum, natural gas, and iron ore."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what date was the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR passed?", "id": "56e0a1517aa994140058e667", "answers": [{"text": "December 30, 1922", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What body passed the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR?", "id": "56e0a1517aa994140058e668", "answers": [{"text": "First Congress of the Soviets of the USSR", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, what state joined Russia to form the Soviet Union?", "id": "56e0a1517aa994140058e669", "answers": [{"text": "Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date was the 1924 Soviet Constitution adopted?", "id": "56e0a1517aa994140058e66a", "answers": [{"text": "January 31, 1924", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What body adopted the 1924 Soviet Constitution?", "id": "56e0a1517aa994140058e66b", "answers": [{"text": "the Second Congress of Soviets of the USSR", "answer_start": 442}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December 30, 1922", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "On what date was the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR rejected?", "id": "5acdfbdc32bba1001ae49945", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "First Congress of the Soviets of the USSR", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "What body rejected the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR?", "id": "5acdfbdc32bba1001ae49946", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic", "answer_start": 234}], "question": "Along with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, what state didn't join Russia to form the Soviet Union?", "id": "5acdfbdc32bba1001ae49947", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "January 31, 1924", "answer_start": 422}], "question": "On what date was the 1942 Soviet Constitution adopted?", "id": "5acdfbdc32bba1001ae49948", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Second Congress of Soviets of the USSR", "answer_start": 446}], "question": "What body rejected the 1924 Soviet Constitution?", "id": "5acdfbdc32bba1001ae49949", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On December 30, 1922, the First Congress of the Soviets of the USSR approved the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR, by which Russia was united with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, and Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic into a single federal state, the Soviet Union. Later treaty was included in the 1924 Soviet Constitution,[clarification needed] adopted on January 31, 1924 by the Second Congress of Soviets of the USSR."}, {"qas": [{"question": "During what span was there a famine in the Soviet Union?", "id": "56e0a1d07aa994140058e671", "answers": [{"text": "1932\u20131933", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What document was ratified on December 5, 1936?", "id": "56e0a1d07aa994140058e672", "answers": [{"text": "the 1936 Soviet Constitution", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the Kazakh ASSR and Kirghiz ASSR renamed per the 1936 Soviet Constitution?", "id": "56e0a1d07aa994140058e673", "answers": [{"text": "the Kazakh and Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republics", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What republic did the Karakalpak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic become a part of?", "id": "56e0a1d07aa994140058e674", "answers": [{"text": "the Uzbek SSR", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What effect did the 1936 Soviet Constitution have on the size of the Russia?", "id": "56e0a1d07aa994140058e675", "answers": [{"text": "reduced", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1932\u20131933", "answer_start": 61}], "question": "During what span was there a feast in the Soviet Union?", "id": "5acdfc4232bba1001ae4994f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1936 Soviet Constitution", "answer_start": 215}], "question": "What document was rejected on December 5, 1936?", "id": "5acdfc4232bba1001ae49950", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kazakh and Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republics", "answer_start": 369}], "question": "What were the Kazakh ASSR and Kirghiz ASSR not named per the 1936 Soviet Constitution?", "id": "5acdfc4232bba1001ae49951", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Uzbek SSR", "answer_start": 491}], "question": "What republic did the Karakalpak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic cease being a part of?", "id": "5acdfc4232bba1001ae49952", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "reduced", "answer_start": 301}], "question": "What effect did the 1963 Soviet Constitution have on the size of the Russia?", "id": "5acdfc4232bba1001ae49953", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Many regions in Russia were affected by the Soviet famine of 1932\u20131933: Volga; Central Black Soil Region; North Caucasus; the Urals; the Crimea; part of Western Siberia; and the Kazak ASSR. With the adoption of the 1936 Soviet Constitution on December 5, 1936, the size of the RSFSR was significantly reduced. The Kazakh ASSR and Kirghiz ASSR were transformed into the Kazakh and Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republics. The Karakalpak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic was transferred to the Uzbek SSR."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was Soviet Russia called as of 1937?", "id": "56e0a208231d4119001ac2ef", "answers": [{"text": "the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What document changed the name of Russia in 1937?", "id": "56e0a208231d4119001ac2f0", "answers": [{"text": "the Russian Constitution of 1937", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "answer_start": 124}], "question": "What was Soviet Russia not called as of 1937?", "id": "5acdfd2f32bba1001ae49959", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "answer_start": 124}], "question": "What was Soviet Russia called as of 1973?", "id": "5acdfd2f32bba1001ae4995a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Russian Constitution of 1937", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "What document changed the name of Russia in 1973?", "id": "5acdfd2f32bba1001ae4995b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Russian Constitution of 1937", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "What document kept the name of Russia in 1937?", "id": "5acdfd2f32bba1001ae4995c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "answer_start": 124}], "question": "The final name for the republic during the Soviet era was rejected by the Russian Constitution of 1937", "id": "5acdfd2f32bba1001ae4995d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The final name for the republic during the Soviet era was adopted by the Russian Constitution of 1937, which renamed it the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What state was dissolved on March 3, 1944?", "id": "56e0a2a3231d4119001ac2f3", "answers": [{"text": "the Chechen-Ingush ASSR", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who ordered the deportation of the residents of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR?", "id": "56e0a2a3231d4119001ac2f4", "answers": [{"text": "Stalin", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why were the residents of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR deported?", "id": "56e0a2a3231d4119001ac2f5", "answers": [{"text": "accusations of collaboration with the invaders and separatism", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with the RSFSR, what republic received territory from the former Chechen-Ingush ASSR?", "id": "56e0a2a3231d4119001ac2f6", "answers": [{"text": "Georgian SSR", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chechen-Ingush ASSR", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "What state was created on March 3, 1944?", "id": "5ace04ac32bba1001ae4996d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Stalin", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "Who ordered the naturalization of the residents of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR?", "id": "5ace04ac32bba1001ae4996e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "accusations of collaboration with the invaders and separatism", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "Why were the residents of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR not deported?", "id": "5ace04ac32bba1001ae4996f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Georgian SSR", "answer_start": 286}], "question": "Along with the RSFSR, what republic didn't receive territory from the former Chechen-Ingush ASSR?", "id": "5ace04ac32bba1001ae49970", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chechen-Ingush ASSR", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "What state was dissolved on March 4, 1943?", "id": "5ace04ac32bba1001ae49971", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On March 3, 1944, on the orders of Stalin, the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was disbanded and its population forcibly deported upon the accusations of collaboration with the invaders and separatism. The territory of the ASSR was divided between other administrative unit of Russian SFSR and the Georgian SSR."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the Tuvan People's Republic renamed when it joined the RSFSR?", "id": "56e0a2f0231d4119001ac2fb", "answers": [{"text": "Tuvan Autonomous Oblast", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did the Tuvan People's Republic join the Russian SFSR?", "id": "56e0a2f0231d4119001ac2fc", "answers": [{"text": "October 11, 1944", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the former Tuvan People's Republic become in 1961?", "id": "56e0a2f0231d4119001ac2fd", "answers": [{"text": "an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tuvan People's Republic", "answer_start": 25}], "question": "What was the Tuvan People's Republic renamed when it exited the RSFSR?", "id": "5ace051a32bba1001ae49977", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "October 11, 1944", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "On what date did the Tuvan People's Republic leave the Russian SFSR?", "id": "5ace051a32bba1001ae49978", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic", "answer_start": 125}], "question": "What did the former Tuvan People's Republic become in 1916?", "id": "5ace051a32bba1001ae49979", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Tuvan People's Republic joined the Russian SFSR as the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast", "answer_start": 21}], "question": "What happened on October 11, 1941?", "id": "5ace051a32bba1001ae4997a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tuvan People's Republic", "answer_start": 25}], "question": "What wasn't renamed to Tuvan Autonomous Oblast?", "id": "5ace051a32bba1001ae4997b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On October 11, 1944, the Tuvan People's Republic joined the Russian SFSR as the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast, in 1961 becoming an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Along with Estonia, what country was taken over by the Russian SFSR in 1944?", "id": "56e0a38a231d4119001ac301", "answers": [{"text": "Latvia", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What modern districts of Estonia and Latvia were annexed by the RSFSR in 1944?", "id": "56e0a38a231d4119001ac302", "answers": [{"text": "Pechorsky and Pytalovsky Districts", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Near what town did the RSFSR annex territory in 1944?", "id": "56e0a38a231d4119001ac303", "answers": [{"text": "Ivangorod", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Latvia", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "Along with Estonia, what country was left alone by the Russian SFSR in 1944?", "id": "5ace059132bba1001ae49981", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pechorsky and Pytalovsky Districts", "answer_start": 141}], "question": "What modern districts of Estonia and Latvia were annexed by the RSFSR in 1934?", "id": "5ace059132bba1001ae49982", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ivangorod", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "Near what town did the RSFSR leave territory in 1944?", "id": "5ace059132bba1001ae49983", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Russian SFSR annexed their easternmost territories", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "What happened to Estonia and Latvia in 1494?", "id": "5ace059132bba1001ae49984", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Estonia", "answer_start": 19}], "question": "Along with Latvia, what country was traded over by the Russian SFSR in 1944?", "id": "5ace059132bba1001ae49985", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After reconquering Estonia and Latvia in 1944, the Russian SFSR annexed their easternmost territories around Ivangorod and within the modern Pechorsky and Pytalovsky Districts in 1944-1945."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Along with Sakhalin Island, what islands were occupied by the Soviets after the Second World War?", "id": "56e0a3d47aa994140058e685", "answers": [{"text": "Kuril Islands", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What administrative division did Sakhalin Island become a part of?", "id": "56e0a3d47aa994140058e686", "answers": [{"text": "the RSFSR", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The ownership of what islands are disputed with Japan?", "id": "56e0a3d47aa994140058e687", "answers": [{"text": "the southernmost Kurils", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kuril Islands", "answer_start": 83}], "question": "Along with Sakhalin Island, what islands were occupied by the Soviets after the First World War?", "id": "5ace05dc32bba1001ae4998b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kuril Islands", "answer_start": 83}], "question": "Along with Sakhalin Island, what islands were not occupied by the Soviets after the Second World War?", "id": "5ace05dc32bba1001ae4998c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the RSFSR", "answer_start": 118}], "question": "What administrative division did Sakhalin Island not become a part of?", "id": "5ace05dc32bba1001ae4998d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the RSFSR", "answer_start": 118}], "question": "What military division did Sakhalin Island become a part of?", "id": "5ace05dc32bba1001ae4998e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the southernmost Kurils", "answer_start": 143}], "question": "The ownership of what islands are not disputed with Japan?", "id": "5ace05dc32bba1001ae4998f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "At the end of World War II Soviet troops occupied southern Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands, making them part of the RSFSR. The status of the southernmost Kurils remains in dispute with Japan."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what date was Kaliningrad Oblast annexed?", "id": "56e0a41f7aa994140058e68b", "answers": [{"text": "April 17, 1946", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What province of Germany did Kaliningrad Oblast form a part of?", "id": "56e0a41f7aa994140058e68c", "answers": [{"text": "East Prussia", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What administrative division did Kaliningrad Oblast become a part of?", "id": "56e0a41f7aa994140058e68d", "answers": [{"text": "the Russian SFSR", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "April 17, 1946", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "On what date was Kaliningrad Oblast trade away?", "id": "5ace063c32bba1001ae49995", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "April 17, 1946", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "On what date was Kaliningrad Ozarks annexed?", "id": "5ace063c32bba1001ae49996", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "East Prussia", "answer_start": 98}], "question": "What state of Germany did Kaliningrad Oblast form a part of?", "id": "5ace063c32bba1001ae49997", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "East Prussia", "answer_start": 98}], "question": "What province of Germany did Kaliningrad Oblast cease to be a part of?", "id": "5ace063c32bba1001ae49998", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Russian SFSR", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "What administrative division did Kaliningrad Oblast leave?", "id": "5ace063c32bba1001ae49999", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On April 17, 1946, the Kaliningrad Oblast \u2014 the northern portion of the former German province of East Prussia\u2014was annexed by the Soviet Union and made part of the Russian SFSR."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was demoted on February 8, 1955?", "id": "56e0a46c231d4119001ac307", "answers": [{"text": "Malenkov", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what position was Malenkov demoted?", "id": "56e0a46c231d4119001ac308", "answers": [{"text": "deputy Prime Minister", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What position was held by Nikita Khrushchev?", "id": "56e0a46c231d4119001ac309", "answers": [{"text": "First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who benefited from the demotion of Malenkov?", "id": "56e0a46c231d4119001ac30a", "answers": [{"text": "Nikita Khrushchev", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Malenkov", "answer_start": 21}], "question": "Who was promoted on February 8, 1955?", "id": "5ace06bb32bba1001ae4999f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Malenkov", "answer_start": 21}], "question": "Who was demoted on February 8, 1945?", "id": "5ace06bb32bba1001ae499a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "deputy Prime Minister", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "To what position was Malenkov promoted?", "id": "5ace06bb32bba1001ae499a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "What position wasn't held by Nikita Khrushchev?", "id": "5ace06bb32bba1001ae499a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nikita Khrushchev", "answer_start": 147}], "question": "Who benefited from the promotion of Malenkov?", "id": "5ace06bb32bba1001ae499a3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On February 8, 1955, Malenkov was officially demoted to deputy Prime Minister. As First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, Nikita Khrushchev's authority was significantly enhanced by Malenkov's demotion."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic transferred from the Georgian SSR?", "id": "56e0a4e7231d4119001ac30f", "answers": [{"text": "January 9, 1957", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What territory was transferred along with the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic?", "id": "56e0a4e7231d4119001ac310", "answers": [{"text": "Karachay Autonomous Oblast", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who transferred the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1957?", "id": "56e0a4e7231d4119001ac311", "answers": [{"text": "Khrushchev", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what republic was the Karachay Autonomous Oblast transferred in 1957?", "id": "56e0a4e7231d4119001ac312", "answers": [{"text": "the Russian SFSR", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What republic had the Karachay Autonomous Oblast previously been a part of?", "id": "56e0a4e7231d4119001ac313", "answers": [{"text": "the Georgian SSR", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "January 9, 1957", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When was the Chechen-Irish Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic transferred from the Georgian SSR?", "id": "5ace071932bba1001ae499a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Karachay Autonomous Oblast", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "What territory was kept along with the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic?", "id": "5ace071932bba1001ae499aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Khrushchev", "answer_start": 120}], "question": "Who transferred the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1975?", "id": "5ace071932bba1001ae499ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Russian SFSR", "answer_start": 187}], "question": "To what republic was the Karachay Autonomous Oblast kept from in 1957?", "id": "5ace071932bba1001ae499ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Georgian SSR", "answer_start": 166}], "question": "What republic had the Karachay Autonomous Oblast previously not been a part of?", "id": "5ace071932bba1001ae499ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On January 9, 1957, Karachay Autonomous Oblast and Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were restored by Khrushchev and they were transferred from the Georgian SSR back to the Russian SFSR."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who lost power in 1964?", "id": "56e0a534231d4119001ac319", "answers": [{"text": "Nikita Khrushchev", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who assumed a position of power in 1964?", "id": "56e0a534231d4119001ac31a", "answers": [{"text": "Leonid Brezhnev", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Leonid Brezhnev die?", "id": "56e0a534231d4119001ac31b", "answers": [{"text": "1982", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose assumption of power ended the era of stagnation?", "id": "56e0a534231d4119001ac31c", "answers": [{"text": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Mikhail Gorbachev end the era of stagnation?", "id": "56e0a534231d4119001ac31d", "answers": [{"text": "introduced liberal reforms in Soviet society", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nikita Khrushchev", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "Who lost power in 1946?", "id": "5ace076932bba1001ae499b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Leonid Brezhnev", "answer_start": 84}], "question": "Who assumed a position of power in 1946?", "id": "5ace076932bba1001ae499b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1982", "answer_start": 224}], "question": "When did Leonard Brezhnev die?", "id": "5ace076932bba1001ae499b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "answer_start": 255}], "question": "Whose assumption of power continued the era of stagnation?", "id": "5ace076932bba1001ae499b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "introduced liberal reforms in Soviet society", "answer_start": 288}], "question": "How did Mikhail Gorbachev begin the era of stagnation?", "id": "5ace076932bba1001ae499b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1964, Nikita Khrushchev was removed from his position of power and replaced with Leonid Brezhnev. Under his rule, the Russian SFSR and the rest of the Soviet Union went through an era of stagnation. Even after he died in 1982, the era didn\u2019t end until Mikhail Gorbachev took power and introduced liberal reforms in Soviet society."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what date was the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR adopted?", "id": "56e0a5b6231d4119001ac323", "answers": [{"text": "June 12, 1990", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What body passed the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR?", "id": "56e0a5b6231d4119001ac324", "answers": [{"text": "the Congress of People's Deputies of the Republic", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the period inaugurated by the passage of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR?", "id": "56e0a5b6231d4119001ac325", "answers": [{"text": "the \"War of Laws\"", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What government was the Russian Federation fighting against during this period?", "id": "56e0a5b6231d4119001ac326", "answers": [{"text": "the Soviet Union", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "June 12, 1990", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "On what date was the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR rejected?", "id": "5ace07c332bba1001ae499bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Congress of People's Deputies of the Republic", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "What body rejected the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR?", "id": "5ace07c332bba1001ae499be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "War of Laws", "answer_start": 166}], "question": "What was the name of the period ended by the passage of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR?", "id": "5ace07c332bba1001ae499bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Soviet Union", "answer_start": 188}], "question": "What government was the Russian Federation fighting alongside during this period?", "id": "5ace07c332bba1001ae499c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Soviet Union", "answer_start": 188}], "question": "What government was the Russian Federation not fighting against during this period?", "id": "5ace07c332bba1001ae499c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On June 12, 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies of the Republic adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR, which was the beginning of the \"War of Laws\", pitting the Soviet Union against the Russian Federation and other constituent republics."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what date was the office of President of the RSFSR created?", "id": "56e0a622231d4119001ac32b", "answers": [{"text": "March 17, 1991", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first President of the RSFSR?", "id": "56e0a622231d4119001ac32c", "answers": [{"text": "Boris Yeltsin", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the President of the Soviet Union in 1991?", "id": "56e0a622231d4119001ac32d", "answers": [{"text": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did the first election for President of the RSFSR occur?", "id": "56e0a622231d4119001ac32e", "answers": [{"text": "June 12", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what period was there an attempted coup in Moscow?", "id": "56e0a622231d4119001ac32f", "answers": [{"text": "August 19\u201321, 1991", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "March 17, 1991", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "On what date was the office of President of the RSFSR not created?", "id": "5ace081c32bba1001ae499c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Boris Yeltsin", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "Who wasn't the first President of the RSFSR?", "id": "5ace081c32bba1001ae499c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "answer_start": 359}], "question": "Who was the President of the Soviet Union in 1919?", "id": "5ace081c32bba1001ae499c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "June 12", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "On what date did the second election for President of the RSFSR occur?", "id": "5ace081c32bba1001ae499ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "August 19\u201321, 1991", "answer_start": 203}], "question": "During what period was there an attempted coup in Kiev?", "id": "5ace081c32bba1001ae499cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On March 17, 1991, an all-Russian referendum created the post of President of the RSFSR. On June 12, Boris Yeltsin was elected President of Russia by popular vote. During an unsuccessful coup attempt on August 19\u201321, 1991 in Moscow, the capital of the Soviet Union and Russia, President of Russia Yeltsin strongly supported the President of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what date was the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR suspended?", "id": "56e0a6c4231d4119001ac335", "answers": [{"text": "August 23", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who signed the decree suspending the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR?", "id": "56e0a6c4231d4119001ac336", "answers": [{"text": "Yeltsin", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date was the Communist Parties of the USSR banned from operating in the RSFSR?", "id": "56e0a6c4231d4119001ac337", "answers": [{"text": "November 6", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Aside from Yeltsin, what notable figure was present at the signing of the August 23 decree?", "id": "56e0a6c4231d4119001ac338", "answers": [{"text": "Gorbachev", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "August 23", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "On what date was the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR upheld?", "id": "5ace08a732bba1001ae499d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Yeltsin", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "Who didn't sign the decree suspending the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR?", "id": "5ace08a732bba1001ae499d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Yeltsin", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "Who signed the decree upholding the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR?", "id": "5ace08a732bba1001ae499d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "November 6", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "On what date was the Socialist Parties of the USSR banned from operating in the RSFSR?", "id": "5ace08a732bba1001ae499d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gorbachev", "answer_start": 61}], "question": "Aside from Yeltsin, what notable figure was present at the signing of the August 3 decree?", "id": "5ace08a732bba1001ae499d5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On August 23, after the failure of GKChP, in the presence of Gorbachev, Yeltsin signed a decree suspending all activity by the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR in the territory of Russia. On November 6, he went further, banning the Communist Parties of the USSR and the RSFSR from the territory of the RSFSR."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what country is Viskuli located?", "id": "56e0a753231d4119001ac33d", "answers": [{"text": "Belarus", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date was the Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States signed?", "id": "56e0a753231d4119001ac33e", "answers": [{"text": "December 8, 1991", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for the Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States?", "id": "56e0a753231d4119001ac33f", "answers": [{"text": "Belavezha Accords", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What body ratified the Belavezha Accords on December 12?", "id": "56e0a753231d4119001ac340", "answers": [{"text": "the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR", "answer_start": 811}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Belavezha Accords consisted of how many articles?", "id": "56e0a753231d4119001ac341", "answers": [{"text": "fourteen", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Belarus", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "In what country is Viskuli not located?", "id": "5ace090a32bba1001ae499db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December 8, 1991", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "On what date was the Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States rejected?", "id": "5ace090a32bba1001ae499dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Belavezha Accords", "answer_start": 245}], "question": "What isn't another name for the Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States?", "id": "5ace090a32bba1001ae499dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR", "answer_start": 811}], "question": "What body ratified the Belavezha Accords on December 21?", "id": "5ace090a32bba1001ae499de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR", "answer_start": 811}], "question": "What body rejected the Belavezha Accords on December 12?", "id": "5ace090a32bba1001ae499df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On December 8, 1991, at Viskuli near Brest (Belarus), the President of the Russian SFSR and the heads of Byelorussian SSR and Ukrainian SSR signed the \"Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States\" (known in media as Belavezha Accords). The document, consisting of a preamble and fourteen articles, stated that the Soviet Union ceased to exist as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality. However, based on the historical community of peoples, relations between them, given the bilateral treaties, the desire for a democratic rule of law, the intention to develop their relations based on mutual recognition and respect for state sovereignty, the parties agreed to the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. On December 12, the agreement was ratified by the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR by an overwhelming majority: 188 votes for, 6 against, 7 abstentions. On the same day, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR denounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and recalled all Russian deputies from the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The legality of this act is the subject of discussions because, according to the 1978 Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian SFSR, the Russian Supreme Soviet had no right to do so. However, by this time the Soviet government had been rendered more or less impotent, and was in no position to object. Although the December 12 vote is sometimes reckoned as the moment that the RSFSR seceded from the collapsing Soviet Union, this is not the case. It appears that the RSFSR took the line that it was not possible to secede from an entity that no longer existed."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Russian Federation assume the Soviet Union's membership in the UN?", "id": "56e0a80a7aa994140058e691", "answers": [{"text": "December 24", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what day did Gorbachev give up the presidency of the Soviet Union?", "id": "56e0a80a7aa994140058e692", "answers": [{"text": "December 25", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the new name given to the Russian SFSR after the resignation of Gorbachev?", "id": "56e0a80a7aa994140058e693", "answers": [{"text": "the Russian Federation", "answer_start": 539}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first president of the Russian Federation?", "id": "56e0a80a7aa994140058e694", "answers": [{"text": "Yeltsin", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what periodical was the new sovereign status of the Russian Federation first published?", "id": "56e0a80a7aa994140058e695", "answers": [{"text": "Rossiyskaya Gazeta", "answer_start": 711}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December 24", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did the Russian Federation reject the Soviet Union's membership in the UN?", "id": "5ace097a32bba1001ae499e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December 25", "answer_start": 429}], "question": "On what day did Gorbachev keep the presidency of the Soviet Union?", "id": "5ace097a32bba1001ae499e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Russian Federation", "answer_start": 539}], "question": "What was the new name given to the Russian SFSR after the killing of Gorbachev?", "id": "5ace097a32bba1001ae499e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Yeltsin", "answer_start": 622}], "question": "Who wasn't the first president of the Russian Federation?", "id": "5ace097a32bba1001ae499e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rossiyskaya Gazeta", "answer_start": 711}], "question": "In what periodical was the new sovereign status of the Russian Federation last published?", "id": "5ace097a32bba1001ae499e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On December 24, Yeltsin informed the Secretary-General of the United Nations that by agreement of the member states of the CIS Russian Federation would assume the membership of the Soviet Union in all UN organs (including permanent membership in the UN Security Council). Thus, Russia is considered to be an original member of the UN (since October 24, 1945) along with Ukraine (Ukrainian SSR) and Belarus (Byelorussian SSR). On December 25\u2014just hours after Gorbachev resigned as president of the Soviet Union\u2014the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation (Russia), reflecting that it was now a sovereign state with Yeltsin assuming the Presidency. The change was originally published on January 6, 1992 (Rossiyskaya Gazeta). According to law, during 1992, it was allowed to use the old name of the RSFSR for official business (forms, seals and stamps). The Russian Federation's Constitution (Fundamental Law) of 1978, though with the 1991\u20131992 Amendements, remained in effect until the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the government of the RSFSR called up to 1946?", "id": "56e0a85e7aa994140058e69b", "answers": [{"text": "the Council of People's Commissars", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the RSFSR government called starting in 1946?", "id": "56e0a85e7aa994140058e69c", "answers": [{"text": "Council of Ministers", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When the Soviet Union ended in 1991, what was the RSFSR government called?", "id": "56e0a85e7aa994140058e69d", "answers": [{"text": "Council of Ministers\u2013Government", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the first government of the RSFSR?", "id": "56e0a85e7aa994140058e69e", "answers": [{"text": "Vladimir Lenin", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the final government of the RSFSR?", "id": "56e0a85e7aa994140058e69f", "answers": [{"text": "Boris Yeltsin", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Council of People's Commissars", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "What was the government of the RSFSR called up to 1964?", "id": "5ace09cd32bba1001ae499ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Council of Ministers", "answer_start": 87}], "question": "What was the RSFSR government called starting in 1964?", "id": "5ace09cd32bba1001ae499f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Council of Ministers\u2013Government", "answer_start": 124}], "question": "When the Soviet Union started in 1991, what was the RSFSR government called?", "id": "5ace09cd32bba1001ae499f1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vladimir Lenin", "answer_start": 204}], "question": "Who rejected the first government of the RSFSR?", "id": "5ace09cd32bba1001ae499f2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Boris Yeltsin", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "Who rejected the final government of the RSFSR?", "id": "5ace09cd32bba1001ae499f3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Government was known officially as the Council of People's Commissars (1917\u20131946), Council of Ministers (1946\u20131978) and Council of Ministers\u2013Government (1978\u20131991). The first government was headed by Vladimir Lenin as \"Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR\" and the last by Boris Yeltsin as both head of government and head of state under the title \"President\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What political organization controlled the RSFSR up to 1991?", "id": "56e0a8ad231d4119001ac347", "answers": [{"text": "the Communist Party of the Soviet Union", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event prompted the end to the control of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the RSFSR?", "id": "56e0a8ad231d4119001ac348", "answers": [{"text": "the abortive 1991 August coup", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who suspended the Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic?", "id": "56e0a8ad231d4119001ac349", "answers": [{"text": "Yeltsin", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Communist Party of the Soviet Union", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "What political organization controlled the RSFSR up to 1919?", "id": "5ace0a6932bba1001ae499f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Communist Party of the Soviet Union", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "What political organization didn't control the RSFSR up to 1991?", "id": "5ace0a6932bba1001ae499fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the abortive 1991 August coup", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "What event prompted the start of the control of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the RSFSR?", "id": "5ace0a6932bba1001ae499fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "President Yeltsin", "answer_start": 128}], "question": "Who didn't suspend the Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic?", "id": "5ace0a6932bba1001ae499fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "President Yeltsin", "answer_start": 128}], "question": "Who suspended the Socialist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic?", "id": "5ace0a6932bba1001ae499fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Russian SFSR was controlled by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, until the abortive 1991 August coup, which prompted President Yeltsin to suspend the recently created Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic."}]}, {"title": "Alexander_Graham_Bell", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What is Bell most famous for inventing?", "id": "56df75d15ca0a614008f9a9a", "answers": [{"text": "telephone", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Bell die?", "id": "56df75d15ca0a614008f9a9b", "answers": [{"text": "1922", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was special about his telephone?", "id": "56df75d15ca0a614008f9a9c", "answers": [{"text": "practical", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Bell's full name?", "id": "56df75d15ca0a614008f9a9d", "answers": [{"text": "Alexander Graham Bell", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Bell famous for inventing?", "id": "56df764f5ca0a614008f9aae", "answers": [{"text": "telephone", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Alexander Graham Bell (March 3, 1847 \u2013 August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born[N 3] scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What were his relatives known for working on?", "id": "56df76c85ca0a614008f9ac3", "answers": [{"text": "elocution and speech", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was interesting about his mother and wife?", "id": "56df76c85ca0a614008f9ac4", "answers": [{"text": "deaf", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Bell get the patent for his telephone?", "id": "56df76c85ca0a614008f9ac5", "answers": [{"text": "1876", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what country did Bell patent his telephone?", "id": "56df76c85ca0a614008f9ac6", "answers": [{"text": "U.S.", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Bell never put in his study?", "id": "56df76c85ca0a614008f9ac7", "answers": [{"text": "telephone", "answer_start": 348}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices which eventually culminated in Bell being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone in 1876.[N 4] Bell considered his most famous invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.[N 5]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many people started the National Geographic Society?", "id": "56df778a5ca0a614008f9adb", "answers": [{"text": "33", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Bell was the second president of what magazine?", "id": "56df778a5ca0a614008f9adc", "answers": [{"text": "National Geographic Society", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What field did Bell later work in, apart from optical telecommunications and aeronautics?", "id": "56df778a5ca0a614008f9ade", "answers": [{"text": "hydrofoils", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Bell become President of the National Geographic magazine?", "id": "56df778a5ca0a614008f9adf", "answers": [{"text": "1898", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including groundbreaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils and aeronautics. Although Bell was not one of the 33 founders of the National Geographic Society, he had a strong influence on the magazine while serving as the second president from January 7, 1898 until 1903."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What city was Bell born in?", "id": "56df781c5ca0a614008f9aef", "answers": [{"text": "Edinburgh", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What material marks Bells family  home as his birthplace?", "id": "56df781c5ca0a614008f9af0", "answers": [{"text": "stone", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What disease did his two brothers die of?", "id": "56df781c5ca0a614008f9af1", "answers": [{"text": "tuberculosis", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what age did Bell ask for a middle name?", "id": "56df781c5ca0a614008f9af2", "answers": [{"text": "10", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did those close to him call Bell?", "id": "56df781c5ca0a614008f9af3", "answers": [{"text": "Aleck", "answer_start": 799}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Alexander Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on March 3, 1847. The family home was at 16 South Charlotte Street, and has a stone inscription marking it as Alexander Graham Bell's birthplace. He had two brothers: Melville James Bell (1845\u201370) and Edward Charles Bell (1848\u201367), both of whom would die of tuberculosis. His father was Professor Alexander Melville Bell, a phonetician, and his mother was Eliza Grace (n\u00e9e Symonds). Born as just \"Alexander Bell\", at age 10 he made a plea to his father to have a middle name like his two brothers.[N 6] For his 11th birthday, his father acquiesced and allowed him to adopt the name \"Graham\", chosen out of respect for Alexander Graham, a Canadian being treated by his father who had become a family friend. To close relatives and friends he remained \"Aleck\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What sort of things did Bell collect as a child?", "id": "56df7d005ca0a614008f9b1b", "answers": [{"text": "botanical specimens", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Bell's closest friend as a child?", "id": "56df7d005ca0a614008f9b1c", "answers": [{"text": "Ben Herdman", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sort of mill did Bell's neighbors run?", "id": "56df7d005ca0a614008f9b1d", "answers": [{"text": "flour", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Bell's dehusking machine combined what with nail brushes?", "id": "56df7d005ca0a614008f9b1e", "answers": [{"text": "rotating paddles", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Bell's reward for his dehusking machine?", "id": "56df7d005ca0a614008f9b1f", "answers": [{"text": "small workshop", "answer_start": 650}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As a child, young Bell displayed a natural curiosity about his world, resulting in gathering botanical specimens as well as experimenting even at an early age. His best friend was Ben Herdman, a neighbor whose family operated a flour mill, the scene of many forays. Young Bell asked what needed to be done at the mill. He was told wheat had to be dehusked through a laborious process and at the age of 12, Bell built a homemade device that combined rotating paddles with sets of nail brushes, creating a simple dehusking machine that was put into operation and used steadily for a number of years. In return, John Herdman gave both boys the run of a small workshop in which to \"invent\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Bell was gifted at art, poetry, and what?", "id": "56df7da25ca0a614008f9b2d", "answers": [{"text": "music", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Bell succeed at without being taught?", "id": "56df7da25ca0a614008f9b2e", "answers": [{"text": "piano", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Bell when his mom started to go deaf?", "id": "56df7da25ca0a614008f9b2f", "answers": [{"text": "12", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of his mom's head would Bell talk into?", "id": "56df7da25ca0a614008f9b30", "answers": [{"text": "forehead", "answer_start": 740}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Bell research because of his mom's deafness?", "id": "56df7da25ca0a614008f9b31", "answers": [{"text": "acoustics", "answer_start": 866}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "From his early years, Bell showed a sensitive nature and a talent for art, poetry, and music that was encouraged by his mother. With no formal training, he mastered the piano and became the family's pianist. Despite being normally quiet and introspective, he reveled in mimicry and \"voice tricks\" akin to ventriloquism that continually entertained family guests during their occasional visits. Bell was also deeply affected by his mother's gradual deafness, (she began to lose her hearing when he was 12) and learned a manual finger language so he could sit at her side and tap out silently the conversations swirling around the family parlour. He also developed a technique of speaking in clear, modulated tones directly into his mother's forehead wherein she would hear him with reasonable clarity. Bell's preoccupation with his mother's deafness led him to study acoustics."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Bell's uncle live?", "id": "56df7e4f5ca0a614008f9b37", "answers": [{"text": "Dublin", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Bell's father most famous for publishing?", "id": "56df7e4f5ca0a614008f9b38", "answers": [{"text": "The Standard Elocutionist", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Bell learned to accurately read lips even without knowing what?", "id": "56df7e4f5ca0a614008f9b3a", "answers": [{"text": "pronunciation", "answer_start": 1136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Standard Elocutionist was printed how many times?", "id": "56df7e4f5ca0a614008f9b3b", "answers": [{"text": "168", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "His family was long associated with the teaching of elocution: his grandfather, Alexander Bell, in London, his uncle in Dublin, and his father, in Edinburgh, were all elocutionists. His father published a variety of works on the subject, several of which are still well known, especially his The Standard Elocutionist (1860), which appeared in Edinburgh in 1868. The Standard Elocutionist appeared in 168 British editions and sold over a quarter of a million copies in the United States alone. In this treatise, his father explains his methods of how to instruct deaf-mutes (as they were then known) to articulate words and read other people's lip movements to decipher meaning. Bell's father taught him and his brothers not only to write Visible Speech but to identify any symbol and its accompanying sound. Bell became so proficient that he became a part of his father's public demonstrations and astounded audiences with his abilities. He could decipher Visible Speech representing virtually every language, including Latin, Scottish Gaelic, and even Sanskrit, accurately reciting written tracts without any prior knowledge of their pronunciation."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who taught Bell when he was very young?", "id": "56df7edb5ca0a614008f9b4b", "answers": [{"text": "father", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What school did Bell leave at 15?", "id": "56df7edb5ca0a614008f9b4c", "answers": [{"text": "Royal High School", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Bell's favorite subject?", "id": "56df7edb5ca0a614008f9b4e", "answers": [{"text": "biology", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Bell when he became a \"pupil-teacher\"?", "id": "56df7edb5ca0a614008f9b4f", "answers": [{"text": "16", "answer_start": 896}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As a young child, Bell, like his brothers, received his early schooling at home from his father. At an early age, however, he was enrolled at the Royal High School, Edinburgh, Scotland, which he left at age 15, completing only the first four forms. His school record was undistinguished, marked by absenteeism and lacklustre grades. His main interest remained in the sciences, especially biology, while he treated other school subjects with indifference, to the dismay of his demanding father. Upon leaving school, Bell travelled to London to live with his grandfather, Alexander Bell. During the year he spent with his grandfather, a love of learning was born, with long hours spent in serious discussion and study. The elder Bell took great efforts to have his young pupil learn to speak clearly and with conviction, the attributes that his pupil would need to become a teacher himself. At age 16, Bell secured a position as a \"pupil-teacher\" of elocution and music, in Weston House Academy, at Elgin, Moray, Scotland. Although he was enrolled as a student in Latin and Greek, he instructed classes himself in return for board and \u00a310 per session. The following year, he attended the University of Edinburgh; joining his older brother Melville who had enrolled there the previous year. In 1868, not long before he departed for Canada with his family, Bell completed his matriculation exams and was accepted for admission to the University of London."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Bell's father take him to see an automaton?", "id": "56df7f5a56340a1900b29c4a", "answers": [{"text": "1863", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who created the automaton Bell saw?", "id": "56df7f5a56340a1900b29c4b", "answers": [{"text": "Sir Charles Wheatstone", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the automaton mimic?", "id": "56df7f5a56340a1900b29c4c", "answers": [{"text": "human voice", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Bell built his own automaton with who?", "id": "56df7f5a56340a1900b29c4d", "answers": [{"text": "Melville", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of the automaton did Bell create?", "id": "56df7f5a56340a1900b29c4e", "answers": [{"text": "skull", "answer_start": 749}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "His father encouraged Bell's interest in speech and, in 1863, took his sons to see a unique automaton, developed by Sir Charles Wheatstone based on the earlier work of Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen. The rudimentary \"mechanical man\" simulated a human voice. Bell was fascinated by the machine and after he obtained a copy of von Kempelen's book, published in German, and had laboriously translated it, he and his older brother Melville built their own automaton head. Their father, highly interested in their project, offered to pay for any supplies and spurred the boys on with the enticement of a \"big prize\" if they were successful. While his brother constructed the throat and larynx, Bell tackled the more difficult task of recreating a realistic skull. His efforts resulted in a remarkably lifelike head that could \"speak\", albeit only a few words. The boys would carefully adjust the \"lips\" and when a bellows forced air through the windpipe, a very recognizable \"Mama\" ensued, to the delight of neighbors who came to see the Bell invention."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What living thing did Bell use in his research?", "id": "56df7fea56340a1900b29c58", "answers": [{"text": "Skye Terrier", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Bell's pet's name?", "id": "56df7fea56340a1900b29c59", "answers": [{"text": "Trouve", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What phrase did people believe Bell's dog could say?", "id": "56df7fea56340a1900b29c5a", "answers": [{"text": "How are you grandma?", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Bell investigated resonance using what?", "id": "56df7fea56340a1900b29c5b", "answers": [{"text": "tuning forks", "answer_start": 638}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Bell  instruct his dog to do?", "id": "56df7fea56340a1900b29c5c", "answers": [{"text": "growl continuously", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Intrigued by the results of the automaton, Bell continued to experiment with a live subject, the family's Skye Terrier, \"Trouve\". After he taught it to growl continuously, Bell would reach into its mouth and manipulate the dog's lips and vocal cords to produce a crude-sounding \"Ow ah oo ga ma ma\". With little convincing, visitors believed his dog could articulate \"How are you grandma?\" More indicative of his playful nature, his experiments convinced onlookers that they saw a \"talking dog\". However, these initial forays into experimentation with sound led Bell to undertake his first serious work on the transmission of sound, using tuning forks to explore resonance."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Bell get to read his work?", "id": "56df80625ca0a614008f9b81", "answers": [{"text": "Alexander Ellis", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country was doing work similar to Bell's?", "id": "56df80625ca0a614008f9b82", "answers": [{"text": "Germany", "answer_start": 284}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote The Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music?", "id": "56df80625ca0a614008f9b83", "answers": [{"text": "Hermann von Helmholtz", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Bell when he wrote his paper?", "id": "56df80625ca0a614008f9b84", "answers": [{"text": "19", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What fictional character is based on Alexander Ellis?", "id": "56df80625ca0a614008f9b85", "answers": [{"text": "Professor Henry Higgins", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "At the age of 19, he wrote a report on his work and sent it to philologist Alexander Ellis, a colleague of his father (who would later be portrayed as Professor Henry Higgins in Pygmalion). Ellis immediately wrote back indicating that the experiments were similar to existing work in Germany, and also lent Bell a copy of Hermann von Helmholtz's work, The Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music."}, {"qas": [{"question": "By what means did Bell conclude vowel sounds could be made?", "id": "56df812d56340a1900b29c7b", "answers": [{"text": "electrical", "answer_start": 499}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What else besides vowels did Bell decide could be created?", "id": "56df812d56340a1900b29c7c", "answers": [{"text": "consonants", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language was Bell happy he couldn't read?", "id": "56df812d56340a1900b29c7d", "answers": [{"text": "German", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Bell think he didn't know well enough?", "id": "56df812d56340a1900b29c7e", "answers": [{"text": "electricity", "answer_start": 685}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Dismayed to find that groundbreaking work had already been undertaken by Helmholtz who had conveyed vowel sounds by means of a similar tuning fork \"contraption\", he pored over the German scientist's book. Working from his own erroneous mistranslation of a French edition, Bell fortuitously then made a deduction that would be the underpinning of all his future work on transmitting sound, reporting: \"Without knowing much about the subject, it seemed to me that if vowel sounds could be produced by electrical means, so could consonants, so could articulate speech.\" He also later remarked: \"I thought that Helmholtz had done it ... and that my failure was due only to my ignorance of electricity. It was a valuable blunder ... If I had been able to read German in those days, I might never have commenced my experiments!\"[N 7]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did the Bell's move to London?", "id": "56df819c5ca0a614008f9bb1", "answers": [{"text": "1865", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Bell go in work in 1865?", "id": "56df819c5ca0a614008f9bb2", "answers": [{"text": "Weston House", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What building was Bell in?", "id": "56df819c5ca0a614008f9bb3", "answers": [{"text": "Somerset College", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Bell sign his letters?", "id": "56df819c5ca0a614008f9bb4", "answers": [{"text": "A.G. Bell", "answer_start": 589}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Bell move home?", "id": "56df819c5ca0a614008f9bb5", "answers": [{"text": "1867", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1865, when the Bell family moved to London, Bell returned to Weston House as an assistant master and, in his spare hours, continued experiments on sound using a minimum of laboratory equipment. Bell concentrated on experimenting with electricity to convey sound and later installed a telegraph wire from his room in Somerset College to that of a friend. Throughout late 1867, his health faltered mainly through exhaustion. His younger brother, Edward \"Ted,\" was similarly bed-ridden, suffering from tuberculosis. While Bell recovered (by then referring to himself in correspondence as \"A.G. Bell\") and served the next year as an instructor at Somerset College, Bath, England, his brother's condition deteriorated. Edward would never recover. Upon his brother's death, Bell returned home in 1867. His older brother Melville had married and moved out. With aspirations to obtain a degree at University College London, Bell considered his next years as preparation for the degree examinations, devoting his spare time at his family's residence to studying."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What city is Susanna E. Hull located in?", "id": "56df82285ca0a614008f9bc7", "answers": [{"text": "South Kensington", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sort of student attended Susanna E. Hull?", "id": "56df82285ca0a614008f9bc8", "answers": [{"text": "deaf", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who died in 1870?", "id": "56df82285ca0a614008f9bc9", "answers": [{"text": "Melville", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Bell's father go to recover from illness?", "id": "56df82285ca0a614008f9bca", "answers": [{"text": "Newfoundland", "answer_start": 672}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Bell help his final student get rid of?", "id": "56df82285ca0a614008f9bcb", "answers": [{"text": "lisp", "answer_start": 999}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Helping his father in Visible Speech demonstrations and lectures brought Bell to Susanna E. Hull's private school for the deaf in South Kensington, London. His first two pupils were \"deaf mute\" girls who made remarkable progress under his tutelage. While his older brother seemed to achieve success on many fronts including opening his own elocution school, applying for a patent on an invention, and starting a family, Bell continued as a teacher. However, in May 1870, Melville died from complications due to tuberculosis, causing a family crisis. His father had also suffered a debilitating illness earlier in life and had been restored to health by a convalescence in Newfoundland. Bell's parents embarked upon a long-planned move when they realized that their remaining son was also sickly. Acting decisively, Alexander Melville Bell asked Bell to arrange for the sale of all the family property,[N 8] conclude all of his brother's affairs (Bell took over his last student, curing a pronounced lisp), and join his father and mother in setting out for the \"New World\". Reluctantly, Bell also had to conclude a relationship with Marie Eccleston, who, as he had surmised, was not prepared to leave England with him."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How old was Bell when he went to Canada?", "id": "56df828c5ca0a614008f9bd1", "answers": [{"text": "23", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What boat did Bell travel on?", "id": "56df828c5ca0a614008f9bd2", "answers": [{"text": "SS Nestorian", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what Canadian city did Bell first arrive?", "id": "56df828c5ca0a614008f9bd3", "answers": [{"text": "Quebec City", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city did Bell arrive at by train?", "id": "56df828c5ca0a614008f9bd4", "answers": [{"text": "Paris", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many acres was the farm the Bell's bought in Canada?", "id": "56df828c5ca0a614008f9bd5", "answers": [{"text": "10.5", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1870, at age 23, Bell, his brother's widow, Caroline (Margaret Ottaway), and his parents travelled on the SS Nestorian to Canada. After landing at Quebec City the Bells transferred to another steamer to Montreal and then boarded a train to Paris, Ontario, to stay with the Reverend Thomas Henderson, a family friend. After a brief stay with the Hendersons, the Bell family purchased a farm of 10.5 acres (42,000 m2) at Tutelo Heights (now called Tutela Heights), near Brantford, Ontario. The property consisted of an orchard, large farm house, stable, pigsty, hen-house, and a carriage house, which bordered the Grand River.[N 9]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What building did Bell use as a workshop?", "id": "56df836e5ca0a614008f9beb", "answers": [{"text": "carriage house", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Bell call his special spot in the back of the property?", "id": "56df836e5ca0a614008f9bec", "answers": [{"text": "dreaming place", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Native American language did Bell learn?", "id": "56df836e5ca0a614008f9bed", "answers": [{"text": "Mohawk", "answer_start": 483}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What special status did Bell get in the Mohawk tribe?", "id": "56df836e5ca0a614008f9bee", "answers": [{"text": "Honorary Chief", "answer_start": 612}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the Six Nations Reserve located?", "id": "56df836e5ca0a614008f9bef", "answers": [{"text": "Onondaga", "answer_start": 458}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "At the homestead, Bell set up his own workshop in the converted carriage house near to what he called his \"dreaming place\", a large hollow nestled in trees at the back of the property above the river. Despite his frail condition upon arriving in Canada, Bell found the climate and environs to his liking, and rapidly improved.[N 10] He continued his interest in the study of the human voice and when he discovered the Six Nations Reserve across the river at Onondaga, he learned the Mohawk language and translated its unwritten vocabulary into Visible Speech symbols. For his work, Bell was awarded the title of Honorary Chief and participated in a ceremony where he donned a Mohawk headdress and danced traditional dances.[N 11]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did Bell rework to send music?", "id": "56df83c756340a1900b29cba", "answers": [{"text": "melodeon", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a melodeon a kind of?", "id": "56df83c756340a1900b29cbb", "answers": [{"text": "pump organ", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Bell go to Montreal?", "id": "56df83c756340a1900b29cbc", "answers": [{"text": "1871", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who went with Bell to Montreal?", "id": "56df83c756340a1900b29cbd", "answers": [{"text": "father", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Bell's reworked melodeon send music?", "id": "56df83c756340a1900b29cbe", "answers": [{"text": "electrically", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After setting up his workshop, Bell continued experiments based on Helmholtz's work with electricity and sound. He also modified a melodeon (a type of pump organ) so that it could transmit its music electrically over a distance. Once the family was settled in, both Bell and his father made plans to establish a teaching practice and in 1871, he accompanied his father to Montreal, where Melville was offered a position to teach his System of Visible Speech."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who ran the Boston School for Deaf Mutes?", "id": "56df84d756340a1900b29cd2", "answers": [{"text": "Sarah Fuller", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What name does the Boston School for Deaf Mutes go by now?", "id": "56df84d756340a1900b29cd3", "answers": [{"text": "the public Horace Mann School for the Deaf", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What month did Bell go to Boston?", "id": "56df84d756340a1900b29cd4", "answers": [{"text": "April", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Bell trained who in Boston?", "id": "56df84d756340a1900b29cd5", "answers": [{"text": "instructors", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city was the American Asylum in?", "id": "56df84d756340a1900b29cd6", "answers": [{"text": "Hartford", "answer_start": 504}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Bell's father was invited by Sarah Fuller, principal of the Boston School for Deaf Mutes (which continues today as the public Horace Mann School for the Deaf), in Boston, Massachusetts, to introduce the Visible Speech System by providing training for Fuller's instructors, but he declined the post in favor of his son. Traveling to Boston in April 1871, Bell proved successful in training the school's instructors. He was subsequently asked to repeat the program at the American Asylum for Deaf-mutes in Hartford, Connecticut, and the Clarke School for the Deaf in Northampton, Massachusetts."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many wires did Bell send a signal through?", "id": "56df85525ca0a614008f9bfe", "answers": [{"text": "1", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For  his system to work, Bell had to change what about each code?", "id": "56df85525ca0a614008f9bff", "answers": [{"text": "pitch", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Bell needed to fix both the transmitter and what?", "id": "56df85525ca0a614008f9c00", "answers": [{"text": "receiver", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Bell's home?", "id": "56df85525ca0a614008f9c01", "answers": [{"text": "Brantford", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Returning home to Brantford after six months abroad, Bell continued his experiments with his \"harmonic telegraph\".[N 12] The basic concept behind his device was that messages could be sent through a single wire if each message was transmitted at a different pitch, but work on both the transmitter and receiver was needed."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What city did Bell decide to return to?", "id": "56df860a56340a1900b29ce0", "answers": [{"text": "Boston", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Bell open his own school?", "id": "56df860a56340a1900b29ce2", "answers": [{"text": "1872", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people were in Bell's first class?", "id": "56df860a56340a1900b29ce3", "answers": [{"text": "30", "answer_start": 509}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of Bell's students is the most well known?", "id": "56df860a56340a1900b29ce4", "answers": [{"text": "Helen Keller", "answer_start": 597}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Unsure of his future, he first contemplated returning to London to complete his studies, but decided to return to Boston as a teacher. His father helped him set up his private practice by contacting Gardiner Greene Hubbard, the president of the Clarke School for the Deaf for a recommendation. Teaching his father's system, in October 1872, Alexander Bell opened his \"School of Vocal Physiology and Mechanics of Speech\" in Boston, which attracted a large number of deaf pupils, with his first class numbering 30 students. While he was working as a private tutor, one of his most famous pupils was Helen Keller, who came to him as a young child unable to see, hear, or speak. She was later to say that Bell dedicated his life to the penetration of that \"inhuman silence which separates and estranges.\" In 1893, Keller performed the sod-breaking ceremony for the construction of the new Bell's new Volta Bureau, dedicated to \"the increase and diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Bell's goal was to instruct the deaf to speak and not use what?", "id": "56df86c056340a1900b29cf4", "answers": [{"text": "sign language", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What would happen so some children's hands in schools?", "id": "56df86c056340a1900b29cf5", "answers": [{"text": "tied behind their backs", "answer_start": 412}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what light to many pro-deaf people see Bell?", "id": "56df86c056340a1900b29cf6", "answers": [{"text": "negative", "answer_start": 649}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the only language many deaf people had?", "id": "56df86c056340a1900b29cf7", "answers": [{"text": "signing", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Several influential people of the time, including Bell, viewed deafness as something that should be eradicated, and also believed that with resources and effort they could teach the deaf to speak and avoid the use of sign language, thus enabling their integration within the wider society from which many were often being excluded. In several schools, children were mistreated, for example by having their hands tied behind their backs so they could not communicate by signing\u2014the only language they knew\u2014in an attempt to force them to attempt oral communication. Owing to his efforts to suppress the teaching of sign language, Bell is often viewed negatively by those embracing Deaf culture."}, {"qas": [{"question": "With what school did Bell get his next teaching job?", "id": "56df875256340a1900b29d00", "answers": [{"text": "Boston University School of Oratory.", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Bell's discipline?", "id": "56df875256340a1900b29d01", "answers": [{"text": "Vocal Physiology and Elocution", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Bell do late at night?", "id": "56df875256340a1900b29d02", "answers": [{"text": "experiments", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What health condition did Bell start to have?", "id": "56df875256340a1900b29d03", "answers": [{"text": "headaches", "answer_start": 1080}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Bell start to focus on research into sound?", "id": "56df875256340a1900b29d04", "answers": [{"text": "1873", "answer_start": 1119}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the following year, Bell became professor of Vocal Physiology and Elocution at the Boston University School of Oratory. During this period, he alternated between Boston and Brantford, spending summers in his Canadian home. At Boston University, Bell was \"swept up\" by the excitement engendered by the many scientists and inventors residing in the city. He continued his research in sound and endeavored to find a way to transmit musical notes and articulate speech, but although absorbed by his experiments, he found it difficult to devote enough time to experimentation. While days and evenings were occupied by his teaching and private classes, Bell began to stay awake late into the night, running experiment after experiment in rented facilities at his boarding house. Keeping \"night owl\" hours, he worried that his work would be discovered and took great pains to lock up his notebooks and laboratory equipment. Bell had a specially made table where he could place his notes and equipment inside a locking cover. Worse still, his health deteriorated as he suffered severe headaches. Returning to Boston in fall 1873, Bell made a fateful decision to concentrate on his experiments in sound."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Bell's two remaining students were \"Georgie\" Sanders and who?", "id": "56df880c56340a1900b29d12", "answers": [{"text": "Mabel Hubbard", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Georgie's father's name?", "id": "56df880c56340a1900b29d13", "answers": [{"text": "Thomas Sanders", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What disease made Mabel deaf?", "id": "56df880c56340a1900b29d15", "answers": [{"text": "scarlet fever", "answer_start": 909}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Mabel when she became deaf?", "id": "56df880c56340a1900b29d16", "answers": [{"text": "15", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Deciding to give up his lucrative private Boston practice, Bell retained only two students, six-year-old \"Georgie\" Sanders, deaf from birth, and 15-year-old Mabel Hubbard. Each pupil would play an important role in the next developments. George's father, Thomas Sanders, a wealthy businessman, offered Bell a place to stay in nearby Salem with Georgie's grandmother, complete with a room to \"experiment\". Although the offer was made by George's mother and followed the year-long arrangement in 1872 where her son and his nurse had moved to quarters next to Bell's boarding house, it was clear that Mr. Sanders was backing the proposal. The arrangement was for teacher and student to continue their work together, with free room and board thrown in. Mabel was a bright, attractive girl who was ten years Bell's junior, but became the object of his affection. Having lost her hearing after a near-fatal bout of scarlet fever close to her fifth birthday,[N 13] she had learned to read lips but her father, Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell's benefactor and personal friend, wanted her to work directly with her teacher."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what material did the phonautograph operate?", "id": "56df890b38dc421700152018", "answers": [{"text": "smoked glass", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of reed did Bell want to play with?", "id": "56df890b38dc421700152019", "answers": [{"text": "metal", "answer_start": 542}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Bell believe the reeds would turn the signal into?", "id": "56df890b38dc42170015201a", "answers": [{"text": "sound", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What instrument is a phonautograph similar to?", "id": "56df890b38dc42170015201b", "answers": [{"text": "pen", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Bell really working on his telegraph?", "id": "56df890b38dc42170015201c", "answers": [{"text": "1874", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "By 1874, Bell's initial work on the harmonic telegraph had entered a formative stage, with progress made both at his new Boston \"laboratory\" (a rented facility) and at his family home in Canada a big success.[N 14] While working that summer in Brantford, Bell experimented with a \"phonautograph\", a pen-like machine that could draw shapes of sound waves on smoked glass by tracing their vibrations. Bell thought it might be possible to generate undulating electrical currents that corresponded to sound waves. Bell also thought that multiple metal reeds tuned to different frequencies like a harp would be able to convert the undulating currents back into sound. But he had no working model to demonstrate the feasibility of these ideas."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What business was William Orton in charge of?", "id": "56df8a214a1a83140091eb0c", "answers": [{"text": "Western Union", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1874 the telegraph was known as the what of commerce?", "id": "56df8a214a1a83140091eb0d", "answers": [{"text": "nervous system", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the primary motivation for not building new telegraph lines?", "id": "56df8a214a1a83140091eb0e", "answers": [{"text": "cost", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Thomas Edison and what other scientist were already asked to work on a better telegraph?", "id": "56df8a214a1a83140091eb10", "answers": [{"text": "Elisha Gray", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1874, telegraph message traffic was rapidly expanding and in the words of Western Union President William Orton, had become \"the nervous system of commerce\". Orton had contracted with inventors Thomas Edison and Elisha Gray to find a way to send multiple telegraph messages on each telegraph line to avoid the great cost of constructing new lines. When Bell mentioned to Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders that he was working on a method of sending multiple tones on a telegraph wire using a multi-reed device, the two wealthy patrons began to financially support Bell's experiments. Patent matters would be handled by Hubbard's patent attorney, Anthony Pollok."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Bell go to see in 1875?", "id": "56df8c1e4a1a83140091eb1a", "answers": [{"text": "Joseph Henry", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who ran the Smithsonian in 1875?", "id": "56df8c1e4a1a83140091eb1b", "answers": [{"text": "Joseph Henry", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Henry's reply to Bell's statement that he lacked information to complete his telegraph?", "id": "56df8c1e4a1a83140091eb1c", "answers": [{"text": "Get it!", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Bell meet in 1874?", "id": "56df8c1e4a1a83140091eb1d", "answers": [{"text": "Thomas A. Watson", "answer_start": 642}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of business did Watson work at?", "id": "56df8c1e4a1a83140091eb1e", "answers": [{"text": "electrical machine", "answer_start": 715}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In March 1875, Bell and Pollok visited the famous scientist Joseph Henry, who was then director of the Smithsonian Institution, and asked Henry's advice on the electrical multi-reed apparatus that Bell hoped would transmit the human voice by telegraph. Henry replied that Bell had \"the germ of a great invention\". When Bell said that he did not have the necessary knowledge, Henry replied, \"Get it!\" That declaration greatly encouraged Bell to keep trying, even though he did not have the equipment needed to continue his experiments, nor the ability to create a working model of his ideas. However, a chance meeting in 1874 between Bell and Thomas A. Watson, an experienced electrical designer and mechanic at the electrical machine shop of Charles Williams, changed all that."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Bell take on to work with him?", "id": "56df8ce34a1a83140091eb24", "answers": [{"text": "Thomas Watson", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What month and day did Watson and Bell have a breakthrough?", "id": "56df8ce34a1a83140091eb25", "answers": [{"text": "June 2", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many reeds did Bell conclude he needed?", "id": "56df8ce34a1a83140091eb26", "answers": [{"text": "1", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What name was given to the telephone that sort of worked?", "id": "56df8ce34a1a83140091eb27", "answers": [{"text": "gallows", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who gave money to Bell and Watson?", "id": "56df8ce34a1a83140091eb28", "answers": [{"text": "Sanders and Hubbard", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "With financial support from Sanders and Hubbard, Bell hired Thomas Watson as his assistant,[N 15] and the two of them experimented with acoustic telegraphy. On June 2, 1875, Watson accidentally plucked one of the reeds and Bell, at the receiving end of the wire, heard the overtones of the reed; overtones that would be necessary for transmitting speech. That demonstrated to Bell that only one reed or armature was necessary, not multiple reeds. This led to the \"gallows\" sound-powered telephone, which could transmit indistinct, voice-like sounds, but not clear speech."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did Bell promise to split with his financers?", "id": "56df8d8438dc421700152034", "answers": [{"text": "U.S. profits", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what country other than the U.S. did Bell try to patent his telegraph?", "id": "56df8d8438dc421700152035", "answers": [{"text": "Britain", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which country did Bell first try to get a patent?", "id": "56df8d8438dc421700152036", "answers": [{"text": "Britain", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Bell ask to get a patent in Britain?", "id": "56df8d8438dc421700152037", "answers": [{"text": "George Brown", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of telegraph did Bell create?", "id": "56df8d8438dc421700152038", "answers": [{"text": "acoustic", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1875, Bell developed an acoustic telegraph and drew up a patent application for it. Since he had agreed to share U.S. profits with his investors Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders, Bell requested that an associate in Ontario, George Brown, attempt to patent it in Britain, instructing his lawyers to apply for a patent in the U.S. only after they received word from Britain (Britain would issue patents only for discoveries not previously patented elsewhere)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What material did Elisha Gray use to convey sound?", "id": "56df8e3e38dc42170015203e", "answers": [{"text": "water", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did Gray and Bell both put in for a patent?", "id": "56df8e3e38dc42170015203f", "answers": [{"text": "February 14, 1876", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what day did Bell get to Washington?", "id": "56df8e3e38dc421700152040", "answers": [{"text": "February 26", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What office in Washington did Bell and Gray visit?", "id": "56df8e3e38dc421700152041", "answers": [{"text": "U.S. Patent Office", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sort of machine did Bell and Gray both try to patent at the same time?", "id": "56df8e3e38dc421700152042", "answers": [{"text": "telephone", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Meanwhile, Elisha Gray was also experimenting with acoustic telegraphy and thought of a way to transmit speech using a water transmitter. On February 14, 1876, Gray filed a caveat with the U.S. Patent Office for a telephone design that used a water transmitter. That same morning, Bell's lawyer filed Bell's application with the patent office. There is considerable debate about who arrived first and Gray later challenged the primacy of Bell's patent. Bell was in Boston on February 14 and did not arrive in Washington until February 26."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What number is Bell's patent?", "id": "56df8ed54a1a83140091eb38", "answers": [{"text": "174,465", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did Bell get his patent?", "id": "56df8ed54a1a83140091eb39", "answers": [{"text": "March 7, 1876", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Bell's patent was for the method and what for transmitting vocal and other sounds telegraphically?", "id": "56df8ed54a1a83140091eb3a", "answers": [{"text": "apparatus", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what day did Bell go back to Boston?", "id": "56df8ed54a1a83140091eb3b", "answers": [{"text": "March 7, 1876", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Bell sketched a design that looked like the work of who?", "id": "56df8ed54a1a83140091eb3c", "answers": [{"text": "Gray", "answer_start": 451}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Bell's patent 174,465, was issued to Bell on March 7, 1876, by the U.S. Patent Office. Bell's patent covered \"the method of, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically ... by causing electrical undulations, similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sound\" [N 16] Bell returned to Boston the same day and the next day resumed work, drawing in his notebook a diagram similar to that in Gray's patent caveat."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of transmitter did Bell put in his telephone?", "id": "56df8f994a1a83140091eb47", "answers": [{"text": "liquid", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Bell refer to his partner in his well known line?", "id": "56df8f994a1a83140091eb49", "answers": [{"text": "Mr. Watson", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the vibrations cause to change?", "id": "56df8f994a1a83140091eb4a", "answers": [{"text": "electrical resistance", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On March 10, 1876, three days after his patent was issued, Bell succeeded in getting his telephone to work, using a liquid transmitter similar to Gray's design. Vibration of the diaphragm caused a needle to vibrate in the water, varying the electrical resistance in the circuit. When Bell spoke the famous sentence \"Mr. Watson\u2014Come here\u2014I want to see you\" into the liquid transmitter, Watson, listening at the receiving end in an adjoining room, heard the words clearly."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Bell implemented Gray's design as a what?", "id": "56df930f38dc42170015206f", "answers": [{"text": "proof of concept", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Bell stopped using the liquid-based method after what month?", "id": "56df930f38dc421700152070", "answers": [{"text": "March", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Bell used his own design in all public demonstrations and what?", "id": "56df930f38dc421700152072", "answers": [{"text": "commercial use", "answer_start": 481}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although Bell was, and still is, accused of stealing the telephone from Gray, Bell used Gray's water transmitter design only after Bell's patent had been granted, and only as a proof of concept scientific experiment, to prove to his own satisfaction that intelligible \"articulate speech\" (Bell's words) could be electrically transmitted. After March 1876, Bell focused on improving the electromagnetic telephone and never used Gray's liquid transmitter in public demonstrations or commercial use."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What part of the telephone was investigated by the patent officer?", "id": "56df93124a1a83140091eb62", "answers": [{"text": "variable resistance", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Bell put in his prior patent?", "id": "56df93124a1a83140091eb63", "answers": [{"text": "February 25, 1875", "answer_start": 459}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What liquid did Bell use in his first application?", "id": "56df93124a1a83140091eb64", "answers": [{"text": "mercury", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The question of priority for the variable resistance feature of the telephone was raised by the examiner before he approved Bell's patent application. He told Bell that his claim for the variable resistance feature was also described in Gray's caveat. Bell pointed to a variable resistance device in Bell's previous application in which Bell described a cup of mercury, not water. Bell had filed the mercury application at the patent office a year earlier on February 25, 1875, long before Elisha Gray described the water device. In addition, Gray abandoned his caveat, and because he did not contest Bell's priority, the examiner approved Bell's patent on March 3, 1876. Gray had reinvented the variable resistance telephone, but Bell was the first to write down the idea and the first to test it in a telephone."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who declared himself an alcoholic?", "id": "56df93a338dc421700152078", "answers": [{"text": "Zenas Fisk Wilber", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what war did Wilber and Bailey fight together?", "id": "56df93a338dc421700152079", "answers": [{"text": "Civil War", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Wilber say Bell gave him in order to look at Gray's paperwork?", "id": "56df93a338dc42170015207a", "answers": [{"text": "$100", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Bell only admit to knowing in a letter?", "id": "56df93a338dc42170015207b", "answers": [{"text": "technical details", "answer_start": 518}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The patent examiner, Zenas Fisk Wilber, later stated in an affidavit that he was an alcoholic who was much in debt to Bell's lawyer, Marcellus Bailey, with whom he had served in the Civil War. He claimed he showed Gray's patent caveat to Bailey. Wilber also claimed (after Bell arrived in Washington D.C. from Boston) that he showed Gray's caveat to Bell and that Bell paid him $100. Bell claimed they discussed the patent only in general terms, although in a letter to Gray, Bell admitted that he learned some of the technical details. Bell denied in an affidavit that he ever gave Wilber any money."}, {"qas": [{"question": "From what city did Bell send his first message?", "id": "56df94574a1a83140091eb74", "answers": [{"text": "Mount Pleasant", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Bell sent messages over wires hooked onto telegraph lines and what?", "id": "56df94574a1a83140091eb77", "answers": [{"text": "fences", "answer_start": 565}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the group at the Bells house hear other people doing?", "id": "56df94574a1a83140091eb78", "answers": [{"text": "reading and singing", "answer_start": 672}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Continuing his experiments in Brantford, Bell brought home a working model of his telephone. On August 3, 1876, from the telegraph office in Mount Pleasant five miles (eight km) away from Brantford, Bell sent a tentative telegram indicating that he was ready. With curious onlookers packed into the office as witnesses, faint voices were heard replying. The following night, he amazed guests as well as his family when a message was received at the Bell home from Brantford, four miles (six km) distant, along an improvised wire strung up along telegraph lines and fences, and laid through a tunnel. This time, guests at the household distinctly heard people in Brantford reading and singing. These experiments clearly proved that the telephone could work over long distances."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How much did Bell et al. try to sell his patent for?", "id": "56df96344a1a83140091eb86", "answers": [{"text": "$100,000", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Bell et al. try to sell his patent to?", "id": "56df96344a1a83140091eb87", "answers": [{"text": "Western Union", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the President think the telephone was, such that he refused to buy the patent?", "id": "56df96344a1a83140091eb88", "answers": [{"text": "a toy", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much the the President of Western Union want to pay for the patent later on?", "id": "56df96344a1a83140091eb89", "answers": [{"text": "$25 million", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Bell and his partners, Hubbard and Sanders, offered to sell the patent outright to Western Union for $100,000. The president of Western Union balked, countering that the telephone was nothing but a toy. Two years later, he told colleagues that if he could get the patent for $25 million he would consider it a bargain. By then, the Bell company no longer wanted to sell the patent. Bell's investors would become millionaires, while he fared well from residuals and at one point had assets of nearly one million dollars."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what city was the 1876 Centennial Exposition?", "id": "56df973238dc421700152096", "answers": [{"text": "Philadelphia", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What important person saw the telephone at the Centennial Exposition?", "id": "56df973238dc421700152097", "answers": [{"text": "Emperor Pedro II", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Pedro II was the Emperor of what Country?", "id": "56df973238dc421700152098", "answers": [{"text": "Brazil", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Queen did Bell present his invention to?", "id": "56df973238dc42170015209a", "answers": [{"text": "Victoria", "answer_start": 561}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Bell began a series of public demonstrations and lectures to introduce the new invention to the scientific community as well as the general public. A short time later, his demonstration of an early telephone prototype at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia brought the telephone to international attention. Influential visitors to the exhibition included Emperor Pedro II of Brazil. Later Bell had the opportunity to demonstrate the invention personally to Sir William Thomson (later, Lord Kelvin), a renowned Scottish scientist, as well as to Queen Victoria, who had requested a private audience at Osborne House, her Isle of Wight home. She called the demonstration \"most extraordinary\". The enthusiasm surrounding Bell's public displays laid the groundwork for universal acceptance of the revolutionary device."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was the Bell Telephone Company founded?", "id": "56df97b838dc4217001520a0", "answers": [{"text": "1877", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people in the United States had a telephone by 1886?", "id": "56df97b838dc4217001520a1", "answers": [{"text": "150,000", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Bell get some of Edison's patents?", "id": "56df97b838dc4217001520a2", "answers": [{"text": "1879", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What addition let people stop yelling into the telephone?", "id": "56df97b838dc4217001520a3", "answers": [{"text": "carbon microphone", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company did Bell acquire the carbon microphone from?", "id": "56df97b838dc4217001520a4", "answers": [{"text": "Western Union", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Bell Telephone Company was created in 1877, and by 1886, more than 150,000 people in the U.S. owned telephones. Bell Company engineers made numerous other improvements to the telephone, which emerged as one of the most successful products ever. In 1879, the Bell company acquired Edison's patents for the carbon microphone from Western Union. This made the telephone practical for longer distances, and it was no longer necessary to shout to be heard at the receiving telephone."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what month and year did Bell telephone across the country?", "id": "56df983d38dc4217001520aa", "answers": [{"text": "January 1915", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company office did Bell make the original cross country phone call from?", "id": "56df983d38dc4217001520ab", "answers": [{"text": "AT&T", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city did Bell make the first cross country call from?", "id": "56df983d38dc4217001520ac", "answers": [{"text": "New York", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city did Bell make the first cross country call to?", "id": "56df983d38dc4217001520ad", "answers": [{"text": "San Francisco", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was on the other end of the first cross country phone call?", "id": "56df983d38dc4217001520ae", "answers": [{"text": "Thomas Watson", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In January 1915, Bell made the first ceremonial transcontinental telephone call. Calling from the AT&T head office at 15 Dey Street in New York City, Bell was heard by Thomas Watson at 333 Grant Avenue in San Francisco. The New York Times reported:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "During how many years did the Bell Company battle lawsuits?", "id": "56df98d938dc4217001520b4", "answers": [{"text": "18", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many times were Bell's patents contested?", "id": "56df98d938dc4217001520b5", "answers": [{"text": "587", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of the court cases wound up at the Supreme Court?", "id": "56df98d938dc4217001520b6", "answers": [{"text": "5", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Elisha Gray and what other man were behind many of the court cases?", "id": "56df98d938dc4217001520b8", "answers": [{"text": "Amos Dolbear", "answer_start": 713}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As is sometimes common in scientific discoveries, simultaneous developments can occur, as evidenced by a number of inventors who were at work on the telephone. Over a period of 18 years, the Bell Telephone Company faced 587 court challenges to its patents, including five that went to the U.S. Supreme Court, but none was successful in establishing priority over the original Bell patent and the Bell Telephone Company never lost a case that had proceeded to a final trial stage. Bell's laboratory notes and family letters were the key to establishing a long lineage to his experiments. The Bell company lawyers successfully fought off myriad lawsuits generated initially around the challenges by Elisha Gray and Amos Dolbear. In personal correspondence to Bell, both Gray and Dolbear had acknowledged his prior work, which considerably weakened their later claims."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In 1887 the US Government wanted to undo Bell's patent due to fraud and what?", "id": "56df9ad738dc4217001520c6", "answers": [{"text": "misrepresentation", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The US Government lost the bid to overturn Bell's patent in what court?", "id": "56df9ad738dc4217001520c7", "answers": [{"text": "Supreme Court", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many years did Bell and the US Government fight in court?", "id": "56df9ad738dc4217001520c8", "answers": [{"text": "9", "answer_start": 845}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What excuse did the judges have for the trial despite the fact that the patents had expired?", "id": "56df9ad738dc4217001520c9", "answers": [{"text": "precedent", "answer_start": 654}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did the US Government stop legal action?", "id": "56df9ad738dc4217001520ca", "answers": [{"text": "November 30, 1897", "answer_start": 830}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On January 13, 1887, the U,S. Government moved to annul the patent issued to Bell on the grounds of fraud and misrepresentation. After a series of decisions and reversals, the Bell company won a decision in the Supreme Court, though a couple of the original claims from the lower court cases were left undecided. By the time that the trial wound its way through nine years of legal battles, the U.S. prosecuting attorney had died and the two Bell patents (No. 174,465 dated March 7, 1876 and No. 186,787 dated January 30, 1877) were no longer in effect, although the presiding judges agreed to continue the proceedings due to the case's importance as a \"precedent\". With a change in administration and charges of conflict of interest (on both sides) arising from the original trial, the US Attorney General dropped the lawsuit on November 30, 1897 leaving several issues undecided on the merits."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who claimed to have invented the in 1834?", "id": "56df9dbd4a1a83140091eb98", "answers": [{"text": "Antonio Meucci", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many court trials did Meucci participate in?", "id": "56df9dbd4a1a83140091eb99", "answers": [{"text": "3", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what company were Meucci's prototypes supposedly lost?", "id": "56df9dbd4a1a83140091eb9a", "answers": [{"text": "American District Telegraph (ADT)", "answer_start": 480}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Western Union absorb ADT?", "id": "56df9dbd4a1a83140091eb9b", "answers": [{"text": "1901", "answer_start": 592}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event caused Meucci's trials to be dropped?", "id": "56df9dbd4a1a83140091eb9c", "answers": [{"text": "death", "answer_start": 809}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During a deposition filed for the 1887 trial, Italian inventor Antonio Meucci also claimed to have created the first working model of a telephone in Italy in 1834. In 1886, in the first of three cases in which he was involved, Meucci took the stand as a witness in the hopes of establishing his invention's priority. Meucci's evidence in this case was disputed due to a lack of material evidence for his inventions as his working models were purportedly lost at the laboratory of American District Telegraph (ADT) of New York, which was later incorporated as a subsidiary of Western Union in 1901. Meucci's work, like many other inventors of the period, was based on earlier acoustic principles and despite evidence of earlier experiments, the final case involving Meucci was eventually dropped upon Meucci's death. However, due to the efforts of Congressman Vito Fossella, the U.S. House of Representatives on June 11, 2002 stated that Meucci's \"work in the invention of the telephone should be acknowledged\", even though this did not put an end to a still contentious issue.[N 17] Some modern scholars do not agree with the claims that Bell's work on the telephone was influenced by Meucci's inventions.[N 18]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Because of their patent, what didn't Siemens & Halske have to give Bell?", "id": "56df9f954a1a83140091eba4", "answers": [{"text": "royalties", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the home city for the International Bell Telephone Company?", "id": "56df9f954a1a83140091eba5", "answers": [{"text": "Brussels", "answer_start": 483}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the International Bell Telephone Company founded?", "id": "56df9f954a1a83140091eba6", "answers": [{"text": "1880", "answer_start": 504}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The value of the Bell patent was acknowledged throughout the world, and patent applications were made in most major countries, but when Bell had delayed the German patent application, the electrical firm of Siemens & Halske (S&H) managed to set up a rival manufacturer of Bell telephones under their own patent. The Siemens company produced near-identical copies of the Bell telephone without having to pay royalties. The establishment of the International Bell Telephone Company in Brussels, Belgium in 1880, as well as a series of agreements in other countries eventually consolidated a global telephone operation. The strain put on Bell by his constant appearances in court, necessitated by the legal battles, eventually resulted in his resignation from the company.[N 19]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Bell marry in 1877?", "id": "56dfa0414a1a83140091ebac", "answers": [{"text": "Mabel Hubbard", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many children did Bell and Mabel have?", "id": "56dfa0414a1a83140091ebad", "answers": [{"text": "4", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Bell and his wife go on their honeymoon?", "id": "56dfa0414a1a83140091ebae", "answers": [{"text": "Europe", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Before 1897, what did Bell get most of his money from?", "id": "56dfa0414a1a83140091ebb0", "answers": [{"text": "lectures", "answer_start": 736}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On July 11, 1877, a few days after the Bell Telephone Company was established, Bell married Mabel Hubbard (1857\u20131923) at the Hubbard estate in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His wedding present to his bride was to turn over 1,487 of his 1,497 shares in the newly formed Bell Telephone Company. Shortly thereafter, the newlyweds embarked on a year-long honeymoon in Europe. During that excursion, Bell took a handmade model of his telephone with him, making it a \"working holiday\". The courtship had begun years earlier; however, Bell waited until he was more financially secure before marrying. Although the telephone appeared to be an \"instant\" success, it was not initially a profitable venture and Bell's main sources of income were from lectures until after 1897. One unusual request exacted by his fianc\u00e9e was that he use \"Alec\" rather than the family's earlier familiar name of \"Aleck\". From 1876, he would sign his name \"Alec Bell\". They had four children:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Mabel's father move to Washington D.C.?", "id": "56dfa0c238dc421700152130", "answers": [{"text": "1880", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Bell acquire a house in D.C.?", "id": "56dfa0c238dc421700152131", "answers": [{"text": "1882", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Bell and Mabel live before 1880?", "id": "56dfa0c238dc421700152133", "answers": [{"text": "Cambridge, Massachusetts", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Bell have to go to court for in D.C.?", "id": "56dfa0c238dc421700152134", "answers": [{"text": "patent disputes", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Bell family home was in Cambridge, Massachusetts, until 1880 when Bell's father-in-law bought a house in Washington, D.C., and later in 1882 bought a home in the same city for Bell's family, so that they could be with him while he attended to the numerous court cases involving patent disputes."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Bell officially become an American?", "id": "56dfa18f4a1a83140091ebca", "answers": [{"text": "1882", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Bell's original nationality?", "id": "56dfa18f4a1a83140091ebcb", "answers": [{"text": "British", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides the US and UK, what other country claims Bell as a citizen?", "id": "56dfa18f4a1a83140091ebcd", "answers": [{"text": "Canada", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Bell call people who are citizens of two countries?", "id": "56dfa18f4a1a83140091ebce", "answers": [{"text": "hyphenated", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Bell was a British subject throughout his early life in Scotland and later in Canada until 1882, when he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. In 1915, he characterized his status as: \"I am not one of those hyphenated Americans who claim allegiance to two countries.\" Despite this declaration, Bell has been proudly claimed as a \"native son\" by all three countries he resided in: the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What Island in Nova Scotia did the Bells go to in 1885?", "id": "56dfa2804a1a83140091ebe8", "answers": [{"text": "Breton Island", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1886, what lake did Bell start building a house near?", "id": "56dfa2804a1a83140091ebe9", "answers": [{"text": "Bras d'Or", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Bells call the house completed in 1889?", "id": "56dfa2804a1a83140091ebea", "answers": [{"text": "The Lodge", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people worked for the Bell Boatyard?", "id": "56dfa2804a1a83140091ebec", "answers": [{"text": "40", "answer_start": 615}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "By 1885, a new summer retreat was contemplated. That summer, the Bells had a vacation on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, spending time at the small village of Baddeck. Returning in 1886, Bell started building an estate on a point across from Baddeck, overlooking Bras d'Or Lake. By 1889, a large house, christened The Lodge was completed and two years later, a larger complex of buildings, including a new laboratory, were begun that the Bells would name Beinn Bhreagh (Gaelic: beautiful mountain) after Bell's ancestral Scottish highlands.[N 21] Bell also built the Bell Boatyard on the estate, employing up to 40 people building experimental craft as well as wartime lifeboats and workboats for the Royal Canadian Navy and pleasure craft for the Bell family. An enthusiastic boater, Bell and his family sailed or rowed a long series of vessels on Bras d'Or Lake, ordering additional vessels from the H.W. Embree and Sons boatyard in Port Hawkesbury, Nova Scotia. In his final, and some of his most productive years, Bell split his residency between Washington, D.C., where he and his family initially resided for most of the year, and at Beinn Bhreagh where they spent increasing amounts of time."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where did the Bells live when the Halifax Explosion happened?", "id": "56dfa545231d4119001abc3d", "answers": [{"text": "Beinn Bhreagh", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what day did the Halifax Explosion happen?", "id": "56dfa545231d4119001abc3e", "answers": [{"text": "December 6, 1917", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of their two homes did the Bells start spending more time as Bell aged?", "id": "56dfa545231d4119001abc3f", "answers": [{"text": "Beinn Bhreagh", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city adopted the Bells?", "id": "56dfa545231d4119001abc40", "answers": [{"text": "Baddeck", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Bells do to help the victims in Halifax?", "id": "56dfa545231d4119001abc41", "answers": [{"text": "mobilized the community", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Until the end of his life, Bell and his family would alternate between the two homes, but Beinn Bhreagh would, over the next 30 years, become more than a summer home as Bell became so absorbed in his experiments that his annual stays lengthened. Both Mabel and Bell became immersed in the Baddeck community and were accepted by the villagers as \"their own\".[N 22] The Bells were still in residence at Beinn Bhreagh when the Halifax Explosion occurred on December 6, 1917. Mabel and Bell mobilized the community to help victims in Halifax."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What series of books does Gray say Bell would go to sleep reading?", "id": "56dfa5ca7aa994140058df86", "answers": [{"text": "Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many solo patents did Bell get?", "id": "56dfa5ca7aa994140058df87", "answers": [{"text": "18", "answer_start": 432}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many patents did Bell co-author?", "id": "56dfa5ca7aa994140058df88", "answers": [{"text": "12", "answer_start": 477}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although Alexander Graham Bell is most often associated with the invention of the telephone, his interests were extremely varied. According to one of his biographers, Charlotte Gray, Bell's work ranged \"unfettered across the scientific landscape\" and he often went to bed voraciously reading the Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica, scouring it for new areas of interest. The range of Bell's inventive genius is represented only in part by the 18 patents granted in his name alone and the 12 he shared with his collaborators. These included 14 for the telephone and telegraph, four for the photophone, one for the phonograph, five for aerial vehicles, four for \"hydroairplanes\" and two for selenium cells. Bell's inventions spanned a wide range of interests and included a metal jacket to assist in breathing, the audiometer to detect minor hearing problems, a device to locate icebergs, investigations on how to separate salt from seawater, and work on finding alternative fuels."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What famous lab did Bell spend time working for?", "id": "56dfa6747aa994140058df8f", "answers": [{"text": "Volta", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of energy did Bell investigate at the Volta Laboratory?", "id": "56dfa6747aa994140058df90", "answers": [{"text": "magnetic", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The magnetic field is part of what sort of recorder?", "id": "56dfa6747aa994140058df91", "answers": [{"text": "tape recorder", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Bell worked extensively in medical research and invented techniques for teaching speech to the deaf. During his Volta Laboratory period, Bell and his associates considered impressing a magnetic field on a record as a means of reproducing sound. Although the trio briefly experimented with the concept, they could not develop a workable prototype. They abandoned the idea, never realizing they had glimpsed a basic principle which would one day find its application in the tape recorder, the hard disc and floppy disc drive and other magnetic media."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What form of water played a part in Bell's home cooling system?", "id": "56dfa7277aa994140058df9f", "answers": [{"text": "ice", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Bell think could be collected from farm and factory byproduct?", "id": "56dfa7277aa994140058dfa0", "answers": [{"text": "Methane gas", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of toilet did Bell work on?", "id": "56dfa7277aa994140058dfa1", "answers": [{"text": "composting", "answer_start": 347}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Right before his death, what kind of energy did he speculate about?", "id": "56dfa7277aa994140058dfa2", "answers": [{"text": "solar", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Bell's own home used a primitive form of air conditioning, in which fans blew currents of air across great blocks of ice. He also anticipated modern concerns with fuel shortages and industrial pollution. Methane gas, he reasoned, could be produced from the waste of farms and factories. At his Canadian estate in Nova Scotia, he experimented with composting toilets and devices to capture water from the atmosphere. In a magazine interview published shortly before his death, he reflected on the possibility of using solar panels to heat houses."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did Bell call his cord-free phone?", "id": "56dfae017aa994140058dfd1", "answers": [{"text": "photophone", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Bell invent the cord-free phone with?", "id": "56dfae017aa994140058dfd2", "answers": [{"text": "Charles Sumner Tainter", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Bell's cord-free phone use to transmit messages?", "id": "56dfae017aa994140058dfd3", "answers": [{"text": "light", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What lab association did Bell and Tainter both eventually join?", "id": "56dfae017aa994140058dfd4", "answers": [{"text": "Volta Laboratory Association", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the photophone, light carried sound and what?", "id": "56dfae017aa994140058dfd5", "answers": [{"text": "normal human conversations", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Bell and his assistant Charles Sumner Tainter jointly invented a wireless telephone, named a photophone, which allowed for the transmission of both sounds and normal human conversations on a beam of light. Both men later became full associates in the Volta Laboratory Association."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Bell and his assistant first used their photophone on what date?", "id": "56dfae9c7aa994140058dfdb", "answers": [{"text": "June 21, 1880", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many feet did the first photophone message travel?", "id": "56dfae9c7aa994140058dfdc", "answers": [{"text": "700", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what building was the first photophone message sent?", "id": "56dfae9c7aa994140058dfde", "answers": [{"text": "Franklin School", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many years after this photophone message would the first message take place over radio?", "id": "56dfae9c7aa994140058dfdf", "answers": [{"text": "19", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On June 21, 1880, Bell's assistant transmitted a wireless voice telephone message a considerable distance, from the roof of the Franklin School in Washington, D.C., to Bell at the window of his laboratory, some 213 metres (700 ft) away, 19 years before the first voice radio transmissions."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did Bell call the best thing he ever made?", "id": "56dfafa2231d4119001abc6f", "answers": [{"text": "The photophone", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Bell thought the photophone was better than what famous invention?", "id": "56dfafa2231d4119001abc70", "answers": [{"text": "telephone", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What modern technology takes the next step from the photophone?", "id": "56dfafa2231d4119001abc71", "answers": [{"text": "fiber-optic communication", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was fiber-optics first patented?", "id": "56dfafa2231d4119001abc72", "answers": [{"text": "1880", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what decade did fiber-optics become widely used?", "id": "56dfafa2231d4119001abc73", "answers": [{"text": "1980s", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Bell believed the photophone's principles were his life's \"greatest achievement\", telling a reporter shortly before his death that the photophone was \"the greatest invention [I have] ever made, greater than the telephone\". The photophone was a precursor to the fiber-optic communication systems which achieved popular worldwide usage in the 1980s. Its master patent was issued in December 1880, many decades before the photophone's principles came into popular use."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did Bell create in 1881?", "id": "56dfb0e97aa994140058dfe5", "answers": [{"text": "metal detector", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was in James Garfield that they wanted to get out?", "id": "56dfb0e97aa994140058dfe6", "answers": [{"text": "bullet", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Bell think was wrong with the bed, which prevented his machine from finding the bullet?", "id": "56dfb0e97aa994140058dfe7", "answers": [{"text": "metal bed frame", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On which run did Bell's metal detector give a small indication?", "id": "56dfb0e97aa994140058dfe8", "answers": [{"text": "first", "answer_start": 646}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Bell's metal detector work well?", "id": "56dfb0e97aa994140058dfe9", "answers": [{"text": "in tests", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Bell is also credited with developing one of the early versions of a metal detector in 1881. The device was quickly put together in an attempt to find the bullet in the body of U.S. President James Garfield. According to some accounts, the metal detector worked flawlessly in tests but did not find the assassin's bullet partly because the metal bed frame on which the President was lying disturbed the instrument, resulting in static. The president's surgeons, who were skeptical of the device, ignored Bell's requests to move the president to a bed not fitted with metal springs. Alternatively, although Bell had detected a slight sound on his first test, the bullet may have been lodged too deeply to be detected by the crude apparatus."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Bell gave his story about trying to find the bullet to the American Association for the Advancement of what?", "id": "56dfb3687aa994140058dfef", "answers": [{"text": "Science", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Bell go the day after trying to find the bullet?", "id": "56dfb3687aa994140058dff0", "answers": [{"text": "Executive Mansion", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of mattress was the President directly on?", "id": "56dfb3687aa994140058dff1", "answers": [{"text": "horse-hair", "answer_start": 622}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Bell indicate that the bullet was too deep for his machine to register?", "id": "56dfb3687aa994140058dff3", "answers": [{"text": "footnote", "answer_start": 1062}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Bell's own detailed account, presented to the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1882, differs in several particulars from most of the many and varied versions now in circulation, most notably by concluding that extraneous metal was not to blame for failure to locate the bullet. Perplexed by the peculiar results he had obtained during an examination of Garfield, Bell \"...proceeded to the Executive Mansion the next morning...to ascertain from the surgeons whether they were perfectly sure that all metal had been removed from the neighborhood of the bed. It was then recollected that underneath the horse-hair mattress on which the President lay was another mattress composed of steel wires. Upon obtaining a duplicate, the mattress was found to consist of a sort of net of woven steel wires, with large meshes. The extent of the [area that produced a response from the detector] having been so small, as compared with the area of the bed, it seemed reasonable to conclude that the steel mattress had produced no detrimental effect.\" In a footnote, Bell adds that \"The death of President Garfield and the subsequent post-mortem examination, however, proved that the bullet was at too great a distance from the surface to have affected our apparatus.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who wrote the paper laying out hydrofoils and hydroplanes?", "id": "56dfb42e7aa994140058dff9", "answers": [{"text": "William E. Meacham", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What nationality was Meacham?", "id": "56dfb42e7aa994140058dffa", "answers": [{"text": "American", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Bell start drawing after reading the article?", "id": "56dfb42e7aa994140058dffb", "answers": [{"text": "hydrofoil boat", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who helped Bell investigate hydrofoils in 1908?", "id": "56dfb42e7aa994140058dffc", "answers": [{"text": "Frederick W. \"Casey\" Baldwin", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Italian scientist did Baldwin draw inspiration from?", "id": "56dfb42e7aa994140058dffd", "answers": [{"text": "Enrico Forlanini", "answer_start": 541}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The March 1906 Scientific American article by American pioneer William E. Meacham explained the basic principle of hydrofoils and hydroplanes. Bell considered the invention of the hydroplane as a very significant achievement. Based on information gained from that article he began to sketch concepts of what is now called a hydrofoil boat. Bell and assistant Frederick W. \"Casey\" Baldwin began hydrofoil experimentation in the summer of 1908 as a possible aid to airplane takeoff from water. Baldwin studied the work of the Italian inventor Enrico Forlanini and began testing models. This led him and Bell to the development of practical hydrofoil watercraft."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what country did Baldwin and Forlanini get together?", "id": "56dfb4e37aa994140058e017", "answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Baldwin liken the hydrofoil boat to?", "id": "56dfb4e37aa994140058e018", "answers": [{"text": "flying", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which boat was first powered by a Renault engine?", "id": "56dfb4e37aa994140058e019", "answers": [{"text": "HD-4", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During his world tour of 1910\u201311, Bell and Baldwin met with Forlanini in France. They had rides in the Forlanini hydrofoil boat over Lake Maggiore. Baldwin described it as being as smooth as flying. On returning to Baddeck, a number of initial concepts were built as experimental models, including the Dhonnas Beag, the first self-propelled Bell-Baldwin hydrofoil. The experimental boats were essentially proof-of-concept prototypes that culminated in the more substantial HD-4, powered by Renault engines. A top speed of 54 miles per hour (87 km/h) was achieved, with the hydrofoil exhibiting rapid acceleration, good stability and steering along with the ability to take waves without difficulty. In 1913, Dr. Bell hired Walter Pinaud, a Sydney yacht designer and builder as well as the proprietor of Pinaud's Yacht Yard in Westmount, Nova Scotia to work on the pontoons of the HD-4. Pinaud soon took over the boatyard at Bell Laboratories on Beinn Bhreagh, Bell's estate near Baddeck, Nova Scotia. Pinaud's experience in boat-building enabled him to make useful design changes to the HD-4. After the First World War, work began again on the HD-4. Bell's report to the U.S. Navy permitted him to obtain two 350 horsepower (260 kilowatts) engines in July 1919. On September 9, 1919, the HD-4 set a world marine speed record of 70.86 miles per hour (114.04 kilometres per hour), a record which stood for ten years."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What color silk covered Bell's kites?", "id": "56dfb5977aa994140058e02b", "answers": [{"text": "maroon", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was on Cygnet I when it crashed?", "id": "56dfb5977aa994140058e02c", "answers": [{"text": "Selfridge", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Bell's kits were flown from 1907 to what year?", "id": "56dfb5977aa994140058e02d", "answers": [{"text": "1912", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many tetrahedral wings did Bell create?", "id": "56dfb5977aa994140058e02e", "answers": [{"text": "3", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Some of the kites remain at what National Historic Site?", "id": "56dfb5977aa994140058e02f", "answers": [{"text": "Alexander Graham Bell", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1898, Bell experimented with tetrahedral box kites and wings constructed of multiple compound tetrahedral kites covered in maroon silk.[N 23] The tetrahedral wings were named Cygnet I, II and III, and were flown both unmanned and manned (Cygnet I crashed during a flight carrying Selfridge) in the period from 1907\u20131912. Some of Bell's kites are on display at the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What organization did Bell set up due to his interest in aerospace?", "id": "56dfb6917aa994140058e049", "answers": [{"text": "Aerial Experiment Association", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the AEA founded?", "id": "56dfb6917aa994140058e04a", "answers": [{"text": "1907", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which original member of the AEA held motorcycle speed records?", "id": "56dfb6917aa994140058e04c", "answers": [{"text": "Glenn H. Curtiss", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which branch of the military was Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge in?", "id": "56dfb6917aa994140058e04d", "answers": [{"text": "army", "answer_start": 840}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Bell was a supporter of aerospace engineering research through the Aerial Experiment Association (AEA), officially formed at Baddeck, Nova Scotia, in October 1907 at the suggestion of his wife Mabel and with her financial support after the sale of some of her real estate. The AEA was headed by Bell and the founding members were four young men: American Glenn H. Curtiss, a motorcycle manufacturer at the time and who held the title \"world's fastest man\", having ridden his self-constructed motor bicycle around in the shortest time, and who was later awarded the Scientific American Trophy for the first official one-kilometre flight in the Western hemisphere, and who later became a world-renowned airplane manufacturer; Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge, an official observer from the U.S. Federal government and one of the few people in the army who believed that aviation was the future; Frederick W. Baldwin, the first Canadian and first British subject to pilot a public flight in Hammondsport, New York, and J.A.D. McCurdy \u2014Baldwin and McCurdy being new engineering graduates from the University of Toronto."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did the AEA work on after kites?", "id": "56dfb726231d4119001abcd3", "answers": [{"text": "gliders", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What material was the Red Wing's frame made of?", "id": "56dfb726231d4119001abcd4", "answers": [{"text": "bamboo", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of plane was the Red Wing?", "id": "56dfb726231d4119001abcd5", "answers": [{"text": "biplane", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many accident-free flights had the AEA taken by 1909?", "id": "56dfb726231d4119001abcd6", "answers": [{"text": "150", "answer_start": 760}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first person to die in a plane crash?", "id": "56dfb726231d4119001abcd7", "answers": [{"text": "Selfridge", "answer_start": 946}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The AEA's work progressed to heavier-than-air machines, applying their knowledge of kites to gliders. Moving to Hammondsport, the group then designed and built the Red Wing, framed in bamboo and covered in red silk and powered by a small air-cooled engine. On March 12, 1908, over Keuka Lake, the biplane lifted off on the first public flight in North America.[N 24] [N 25] The innovations that were incorporated into this design included a cockpit enclosure and tail rudder (later variations on the original design would add ailerons as a means of control). One of the AEA's inventions, a practical wingtip form of the aileron, was to become a standard component on all aircraft. [N 26] The White Wing and June Bug were to follow and by the end of 1908, over 150 flights without mishap had been accomplished. However, the AEA had depleted its initial reserves and only a $15,000 grant from Mrs. Bell allowed it to continue with experiments. Lt. Selfridge had also become the first person killed in a powered heavier-than-air flight in a crash of the Wright Flyer at Fort Myer, Virginia, on September 17, 1908."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did the AEA name their last plane?", "id": "56dfb7b6231d4119001abce7", "answers": [{"text": "Silver Dart", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first to fly the Silver Dart?", "id": "56dfb7b6231d4119001abce8", "answers": [{"text": "J.A.D. McCurdy", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What professional did Bell make sure was present during the first Silver Dart flight?", "id": "56dfb7b6231d4119001abce9", "answers": [{"text": "a doctor", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What business did Baldwin and McCurdy start after the AEA folded?", "id": "56dfb7b6231d4119001abcea", "answers": [{"text": "Canadian Aerodrome Company", "answer_start": 480}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what month and day did the Silver Dart take its first flight?", "id": "56dfb7b6231d4119001abceb", "answers": [{"text": "February 23", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Their final aircraft design, the Silver Dart, embodied all of the advancements found in the earlier machines. On February 23, 1909, Bell was present as the Silver Dart flown by J.A.D. McCurdy from the frozen ice of Bras d'Or, made the first aircraft flight in Canada. Bell had worried that the flight was too dangerous and had arranged for a doctor to be on hand. With the successful flight, the AEA disbanded and the Silver Dart would revert to Baldwin and McCurdy who began the Canadian Aerodrome Company and would later demonstrate the aircraft to the Canadian Army."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of parents did Bell state were more prone to having deaf children?", "id": "56dfb8f2231d4119001abcfb", "answers": [{"text": "congenitally deaf parents", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1921 the American Museum of Natural History hosted what event?", "id": "56dfb8f2231d4119001abcfd", "answers": [{"text": "Second International Congress of Eugenics", "answer_start": 876}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which biologist ran the Committee on Eugenics?", "id": "56dfb8f2231d4119001abcfe", "answers": [{"text": "David Starr", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Bell like to do that led to his involvement with eugenics?", "id": "56dfb8f2231d4119001abcff", "answers": [{"text": "livestock breeding", "answer_start": 409}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Bell was connected with the eugenics movement in the United States. In his lecture Memoir upon the formation of a deaf variety of the human race presented to the National Academy of Sciences on November 13, 1883 he noted that congenitally deaf parents were more likely to produce deaf children and tentatively suggested that couples where both parties were deaf should not marry. However, it was his hobby of livestock breeding which led to his appointment to biologist David Starr Jordan's Committee on Eugenics, under the auspices of the American Breeders' Association. The committee unequivocally extended the principle to man. From 1912 until 1918 he was the chairman of the board of scientific advisers to the Eugenics Record Office associated with Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York, and regularly attended meetings. In 1921, he was the honorary president of the Second International Congress of Eugenics held under the auspices of the American Museum of Natural History in New York. Organisations such as these advocated passing laws (with success in some states) that established the compulsory sterilization of people deemed to be, as Bell called them, a \"defective variety of the human race.\" By the late 1930s, about half the states in the U.S. had eugenics laws, and California's compulsory sterilization law was used as a model for that of Nazi Germany."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are Bell's personal papers known as?", "id": "56dfb9b87aa994140058e08d", "answers": [{"text": "Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what part of the Library of Congress are Bell's papers kept?", "id": "56dfb9b87aa994140058e08e", "answers": [{"text": "Manuscript Division", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Apart from in person, how can one look at many of Bell's papers?", "id": "56dfb9b87aa994140058e08f", "answers": [{"text": "online", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what university is the Alexander Graham Bell Institute?", "id": "56dfb9b87aa994140058e090", "answers": [{"text": "Cape Breton University", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what province is the Alexander Graham Bell Institute located?", "id": "56dfb9b87aa994140058e091", "answers": [{"text": "Nova Scotia", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A large number of Bell's writings, personal correspondence, notebooks, papers and other documents reside at both the United States Library of Congress Manuscript Division (as the Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers), and at the Alexander Graham Bell Institute, Cape Breton University, Nova Scotia; major portions of which are available for online viewing."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Adjusted for inflation, how many dollars were awarded to Bell alongside the Volta Prize?", "id": "56dfbab97aa994140058e0ab", "answers": [{"text": "$250,000", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Victor Hugo and what other author helped judge the Volta Prize in 1880?", "id": "56dfbab97aa994140058e0ac", "answers": [{"text": "Alexandre Dumas", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who first established the Volta Prize?", "id": "56dfbab97aa994140058e0ad", "answers": [{"text": "Napoleon Bonaparte", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Volta lab improved the phonograph by replacing tinfoil with what substance?", "id": "56dfbab97aa994140058e0ae", "answers": [{"text": "wax", "answer_start": 1095}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Bell-founded institution still operates in Georgetown today?", "id": "56dfbab97aa994140058e0af", "answers": [{"text": "Volta Bureau", "answer_start": 822}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1880, Bell received the Volta Prize with a purse of 50,000 francs (approximately US$250,000 in today's dollars) for the invention of the telephone from the Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise, representing the French government. Among the luminaries who judged were Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas. The Volta Prize was conceived by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801, and named in honor of Alessandro Volta, with Bell receiving the third grand prize in its history. Since Bell was becoming increasingly affluent, he used his prize money to create endowment funds (the 'Volta Fund') and institutions in and around the United States capital of Washington, D.C.. These included the prestigious 'Volta Laboratory Association' (1880), also known as the Volta Laboratory and as the 'Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory', and which eventually led to the Volta Bureau (1887) as a center for studies on deafness which is still in operation in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. The Volta Laboratory became an experimental facility devoted to scientific discovery, and the very next year it improved Edison's phonograph by substituting wax for tinfoil as the recording medium and incising the recording rather than indenting it, key upgrades that Edison himself later adopted. The laboratory was also the site where he and his associate invented his \"proudest achievement\", \"the photophone\", the \"optical telephone\" which presaged fibre optical telecommunications, while the Volta Bureau would later evolve into the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (the AG Bell), a leading center for the research and pedagogy of deafness."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What magazine did Bell found alongside Hubbard?", "id": "56dfc1cc7aa994140058e135", "answers": [{"text": "Science", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Bell cease to be President of the National Geographic Society?", "id": "56dfc1cc7aa994140058e136", "answers": [{"text": "1903", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What enduring feature of National Geographic did Bell help implement?", "id": "56dfc1cc7aa994140058e137", "answers": [{"text": "illustrations", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What award did Bell win in 1902?", "id": "56dfc1cc7aa994140058e138", "answers": [{"text": "Albert Medal", "answer_start": 548}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In partnership with Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell helped establish the publication Science during the early 1880s. In 1898, Bell was elected as the second president of the National Geographic Society, serving until 1903, and was primarily responsible for the extensive use of illustrations, including photography, in the magazine. he also became a Regent of the Smithsonian Institution (1898\u20131922). The French government conferred on him the decoration of the L\u00e9gion d'honneur (Legion of Honor); the Royal Society of Arts in London awarded him the Albert Medal in 1902; the University of W\u00fcrzburg, Bavaria, granted him a PhD, and he was awarded the Franklin Institute's Elliott Cresson Medal in 1912. He was one of the founders of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1884, and served as its president from 1891\u201392. Bell was later awarded the AIEE's Edison Medal in 1914 \"For meritorious achievement in the invention of the telephone\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did Bell receive from many centers of post-secondary education?", "id": "56dfc2707aa994140058e149", "answers": [{"text": "honorary degrees", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most famous statue built for Bell and his creation?", "id": "56dfc2707aa994140058e14a", "answers": [{"text": "Bell Telephone Memorial", "answer_start": 460}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?", "id": "56dfc2707aa994140058e14b", "answers": [{"text": "1917", "answer_start": 564}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what city was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?", "id": "56dfc2707aa994140058e14c", "answers": [{"text": "Brantford", "answer_start": 541}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which gardens was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?", "id": "56dfc2707aa994140058e14d", "answers": [{"text": "Alexander Graham Bell Gardens", "answer_start": 508}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Honors and tributes flowed to Bell in increasing numbers as his most famous invention became ubiquitous and his personal fame grew. Bell received numerous honorary degrees from colleges and universities, to the point that the requests almost became burdensome. During his life he also received dozens of major awards, medals and other tributes. These included statuary monuments to both him and the new form of communication his telephone created, notably the Bell Telephone Memorial erected in his honor in Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in Brantford, Ontario, in 1917."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In 1936, what place did Bell receive on a list of best inventors?", "id": "56dfc3097aa994140058e15d", "answers": [{"text": "First", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was created in Bell's image in 1940?", "id": "56dfc3097aa994140058e15e", "answers": [{"text": "commemorative stamp", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Bell's stamp is part of which line?", "id": "56dfc3097aa994140058e15f", "answers": [{"text": "Famous Americans Series", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date was the stamp officially released?", "id": "56dfc3097aa994140058e160", "answers": [{"text": "October 28", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which city was the stamp officially released?", "id": "56dfc3097aa994140058e161", "answers": [{"text": "Boston", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1936 the US Patent Office declared Bell first on its list of the country's greatest inventors, leading to the US Post Office issuing a commemorative stamp honoring Bell in 1940 as part of its 'Famous Americans Series'. The First Day of Issue ceremony was held on October 28 in Boston, Massachusetts, the city where Bell spent considerable time on research and working with the deaf. The Bell stamp became very popular and sold out in little time. The stamp became, and remains to this day, the most valuable one of the series."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What bird is depicted on the Scottish banknote?", "id": "56dfc400231d4119001abdba", "answers": [{"text": "geese", "answer_start": 477}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do the sheep on the Scottish banknote represent?", "id": "56dfc400231d4119001abdbb", "answers": [{"text": "genetics", "answer_start": 567}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What form of currency did Canada issue to celebrate Bell in 1997?", "id": "56dfc400231d4119001abdbc", "answers": [{"text": "C$100 gold coin", "answer_start": 644}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Canada put out a coin to commemorate the Silver Dart?", "id": "56dfc400231d4119001abdbd", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 749}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The 150th anniversary of Bell's birth in 1997 was marked by a special issue of commemorative \u00a31 banknotes from the Royal Bank of Scotland. The illustrations on the reverse of the note include Bell's face in profile, his signature, and objects from Bell's life and career: users of the telephone over the ages; an audio wave signal; a diagram of a telephone receiver; geometric shapes from engineering structures; representations of sign language and the phonetic alphabet; the geese which helped him to understand flight; and the sheep which he studied to understand genetics. Additionally, the Government of Canada honored Bell in 1997 with a C$100 gold coin, in tribute also to the 150th anniversary of his birth, and with a silver dollar coin in 2009 in honor of the 100th anniversary of flight in Canada. That first flight was made by an airplane designed under Dr. Bell's tutelage, named the Silver Dart. Bell's image, and also those of his many inventions have graced paper money, coinage and postal stamps in numerous countries worldwide for many dozens of years."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In 2002, where did Bell place in a list of the Greatest Britons?", "id": "56dfc4ba231d4119001abdcd", "answers": [{"text": "57th", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2004 Bell was listed in the top how many Greatest Canadians?", "id": "56dfc4ba231d4119001abdce", "answers": [{"text": "10", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what Scottish Hall of Fame is Bell listed?", "id": "56dfc4ba231d4119001abdcf", "answers": [{"text": "Scottish Science Hall of Fame", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which institution listed Bell in their Hall of Fame?", "id": "56dfc4ba231d4119001abdd0", "answers": [{"text": "National Library of Scotland", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Alexander Graham Bell was ranked 57th among the 100 Greatest Britons (2002) in an official BBC nationwide poll, and among the Top Ten Greatest Canadians (2004), and the 100 Greatest Americans (2005). In 2006 Bell was also named as one of the 10 greatest Scottish scientists in history after having been listed in the National Library of Scotland's 'Scottish Science Hall of Fame'. Bell's name is still widely known and used as part of the names of dozens of educational institutes, corporate namesakes, street and place names around the world."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What disease contributed greatly to Bell's death?", "id": "56dfc5307aa994140058e183", "answers": [{"text": "diabetes", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what day and month did Bell die?", "id": "56dfc5307aa994140058e184", "answers": [{"text": "August 2", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the last person to see Bell alive?", "id": "56dfc5307aa994140058e186", "answers": [{"text": "Mabel", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what Province did Bell die?", "id": "56dfc5307aa994140058e187", "answers": [{"text": "Nova Scotia", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Bell died of complications arising from diabetes on August 2, 1922, at his private estate, Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia, at age 75. Bell had also been afflicted with pernicious anemia. His last view of the land he had inhabited was by moonlight on his mountain estate at 2:00 a.m.[N 29][N 30] While tending to him after his long illness, Mabel, his wife, whispered, \"Don't leave me.\" By way of reply, Bell traced the sign for \"no\" in the air \u2014and then he died."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of wood was Bell's coffin made from?", "id": "56dfc5897aa994140058e18d", "answers": [{"text": "Beinn Bhreagh pine", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What color silk was used in Bell's coffin?", "id": "56dfc5897aa994140058e18f", "answers": [{"text": "red", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What color were attendees asked to not wear at Bell's funeral?", "id": "56dfc5897aa994140058e190", "answers": [{"text": "black", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which singer performed at Bell's funeral?", "id": "56dfc5897aa994140058e191", "answers": [{"text": "Jean MacDonald", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Bell's coffin was constructed of Beinn Bhreagh pine by his laboratory staff, lined with the same red silk fabric used in his tetrahedral kite experiments. To help celebrate his life, his wife asked guests not to wear black (the traditional funeral color) while attending his service, during which soloist Jean MacDonald sang a verse of Robert Louis Stevenson's \"Requiem\":"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where was Bell buried?", "id": "56dfc6087aa994140058e197", "answers": [{"text": "atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Bell's living daughters were named Elsie May and what?", "id": "56dfc6087aa994140058e19a", "answers": [{"text": "Marian", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Over how many years did Bell spend a great deal of time at Beinn Bhreagh?", "id": "56dfc6087aa994140058e19b", "answers": [{"text": "35", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Dr. Alexander Graham Bell was buried atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain, on his estate where he had resided increasingly for the last 35 years of his life, overlooking Bras d'Or Lake. He was survived by his wife Mabel, his two daughters, Elsie May and Marian, and nine of his grandchildren."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What unit is named after Bell?", "id": "56dfc6f4231d4119001abdf1", "answers": [{"text": "The bel", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the bel and decibel measure?", "id": "56dfc6f4231d4119001abdf2", "answers": [{"text": "sound intensity", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What lab invented the term \"bel.\"", "id": "56dfc6f4231d4119001abdf3", "answers": [{"text": "Bell Labs", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what field is the Alexander Graham Bell Medal given out?", "id": "56dfc6f4231d4119001abdf4", "answers": [{"text": "telecommunications", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first year the Alexander Graham Bell Medal was given out?", "id": "56dfc6f4231d4119001abdf5", "answers": [{"text": "1976", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The bel (B) and the smaller decibel (dB) are units of measurement of sound intensity invented by Bell Labs and named after him. [N 28] Since 1976 the IEEE's Alexander Graham Bell Medal has been awarded to honor outstanding contributions in the field of telecommunications."}]}, {"title": "Pub", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What is the term 'pub' short for?", "id": "56dfb4987aa994140058e003", "answers": [{"text": "public house", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where in the United States are pubs located?", "id": "56dfb4987aa994140058e004", "answers": [{"text": "New England", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What continental European country has pubs?", "id": "56dfb4987aa994140058e005", "answers": [{"text": "Denmark", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other than the United States, where in North America are pubs located?", "id": "56dfb4987aa994140058e006", "answers": [{"text": "Canada", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said that pubs are the heart of England?", "id": "56dfb4987aa994140058e007", "answers": [{"text": "Samuel Pepys", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A pub /p\u028cb/, or public house is, despite its name, a private house, but is called a public house because it is licensed to sell alcohol to the general public. It is a drinking establishment in Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, Denmark and New England. In many places, especially in villages, a pub can be the focal point of the community. The writings of Samuel Pepys describe the pub as the heart of England."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What Roman businesses were analogous to modern day pubs?", "id": "56dfb4d6231d4119001abc97", "answers": [{"text": "taverns", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What similar establishments existed in the Anglo-Saxon world?", "id": "56dfb4d6231d4119001abc98", "answers": [{"text": "alehouse", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what century did the tied house system develop?", "id": "56dfb4d6231d4119001abc99", "answers": [{"text": "19th century", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The history of pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns, through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the modern tied house system in the 19th century."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are traditional pub windows made out of?", "id": "56dfb587231d4119001abca1", "answers": [{"text": "smoked or frosted glass", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the windows of 1990s and later pubs often made of?", "id": "56dfb587231d4119001abca2", "answers": [{"text": "clear glass", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Aside from beverages, what types of food do pubs typically offer?", "id": "56dfb587231d4119001abca3", "answers": [{"text": "snacks", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Historically, pubs have been socially and culturally distinct from caf\u00e9s, bars and German beer halls. Most pubs offer a range of beers, wines, spirits, and soft drinks and snacks. Traditionally the windows of town pubs were of smoked or frosted glass to obscure the clientele from the street but from the 1990s onwards, there has been a move towards clear glass, in keeping with brighter interiors."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is a proper term for the licensee of the pub?", "id": "56dfb6067aa994140058e035", "answers": [{"text": "pub landlord", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the pub landlord often called in Victorian times?", "id": "56dfb6067aa994140058e036", "answers": [{"text": "publican", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are pubs called by those who regularly visit there?", "id": "56dfb6067aa994140058e037", "answers": [{"text": "locals", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Teams for what sport can be found congregating at pubs?", "id": "56dfb6067aa994140058e038", "answers": [{"text": "darts", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What gaming tables can often be found in pubs?", "id": "56dfb6067aa994140058e039", "answers": [{"text": "pool or snooker", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The owner, tenant or manager (licensee) of a pub is properly known as the \"pub landlord\". The term publican (in historical Roman usage a public contractor or tax farmer) has come into use since Victorian times to designate the pub landlord. Known as \"locals\" to regulars, pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work, the availability of a particular beer, as a place to smoke (or avoid it), hosting a darts team, having a pool or snooker table, or appealing to friends."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what decade did pubs tend to cease selling alcohol for off-premises drinking?", "id": "56dfb69b231d4119001abcc9", "answers": [{"text": "1970s", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the counter where pubs traditionally sold alcohol to drink at home?", "id": "56dfb69b231d4119001abcca", "answers": [{"text": "off-sales counter", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was a colloquial term for the off-sales counter?", "id": "56dfb69b231d4119001abccb", "answers": [{"text": "the jug and bottle", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with high street chain stores and off-licenses, what stores undercut pub alcohol sales in the 1970s?", "id": "56dfb69b231d4119001abccc", "answers": [{"text": "supermarkets", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Until the 1970s most of the larger pubs also featured an off-sales counter or attached shop for the sales of beers, wines and spirits for home consumption. In the 1970s the newly built supermarkets and high street chain stores or off-licences undercut the pub prices to such a degree that within ten years all but a handful of pubs had closed their off-sale counters, which had often been referred to colloquially as the jug and bottle."}, {"qas": [{"question": "During what historical epoch did Britons begin drinking ale?", "id": "56dfb7187aa994140058e05d", "answers": [{"text": "the Bronze Age", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what century did the Romans arrive in Britain?", "id": "56dfb7187aa994140058e05e", "answers": [{"text": "the 1st Century", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Latin term for the Roman inns?", "id": "56dfb7187aa994140058e05f", "answers": [{"text": "tabernae", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what century did the Romans leave Britain?", "id": "56dfb7187aa994140058e060", "answers": [{"text": "5th Century", "answer_start": 358}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What color bush did an Anglo-Saxon woman raise to indicate that her ale was done brewing?", "id": "56dfb7187aa994140058e061", "answers": [{"text": "green", "answer_start": 527}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age, but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire in its shores in the 1st Century, and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns, called tabernae, in which travellers could obtain refreshment began to appear. After the departure of Roman authority in the 5th Century and the fall of the Romano-British kingdoms, the Anglo-Saxons established alehouses that grew out of domestic dwellings, the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole to let people know her brew was ready. These alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. Herein lies the origin of the modern public house, or \"Pub\" as it is colloquially called in England. They rapidly spread across the Kingdom, becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that there should be no more than one alehouse per village."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Hostellers of London become a guild?", "id": "56dfb76e7aa994140058e067", "answers": [{"text": "1446", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Hostellers of London change their name to the Worshipful Company of Innholders?", "id": "56dfb76e7aa994140058e068", "answers": [{"text": "1514", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did travelers early in the Middle Ages often find lodgings?", "id": "56dfb76e7aa994140058e069", "answers": [{"text": "monasteries", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What religious activity was responsible for the growing demand for hostelries?", "id": "56dfb76e7aa994140058e06a", "answers": [{"text": "pilgrimages", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Aside from lodging, what amenities are often offered at inns?", "id": "56dfb801231d4119001abcf1", "answers": [{"text": "food and drink", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What road is an inn often located near?", "id": "56dfb801231d4119001abcf2", "answers": [{"text": "highway", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many thousand years ago did the Romans build their road system?", "id": "56dfb801231d4119001abcf3", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how old are the oldest inns in Europe?", "id": "56dfb801231d4119001abcf4", "answers": [{"text": "several centuries", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What role did inns serve other than housing travelers?", "id": "56dfb801231d4119001abcf5", "answers": [{"text": "community gathering places", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago.[citation needed] Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What amenity does an inn offer that pubs, alehouses and taverns usually do not?", "id": "56dfb89e7aa994140058e06f", "answers": [{"text": "accommodation", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what nation's pubs is food often served?", "id": "56dfb89e7aa994140058e070", "answers": [{"text": "the UK", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Southwark and The Tabard, what is a notable London inn?", "id": "56dfb89e7aa994140058e071", "answers": [{"text": "The George", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what country is \"The Welcome Inn\" frequently used as a name for pubs?", "id": "56dfb89e7aa994140058e072", "answers": [{"text": "Scotland", "answer_start": 856}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Aside from human beings, what creature's needs were traditionally seen to at inns?", "id": "56dfb89e7aa994140058e073", "answers": [{"text": "horses", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to provide alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically they provided not only food and lodging, but also stabling and fodder for the traveller's horse(s) and on some roads fresh horses for the mail coach. Famous London inns include The George, Southwark and The Tabard. There is however no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. Many pubs use \"Inn\" in their name, either because they are long established former coaching inns, or to summon up a particular kind of image, or in many cases simply as a pun on the word \"in\", as in \"The Welcome Inn\", the name of many pubs in Scotland."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the main service of an inn, now also attainable in motels, hotels and lodges?", "id": "56dfb914231d4119001abd05", "answers": [{"text": "lodging", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the main provision that pubs offer?", "id": "56dfb914231d4119001abd06", "answers": [{"text": "alcohol", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are customers seeking when they visit restaurants or taverns?", "id": "56dfb914231d4119001abd07", "answers": [{"text": "food and drink", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a noted hotel brand throughout North America?", "id": "56dfb914231d4119001abd08", "answers": [{"text": "Holiday Inn", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the United States, what are operators of lodgings sometimes called?", "id": "56dfb914231d4119001abd09", "answers": [{"text": "innkeepers", "answer_start": 491}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments, such as hotels, lodges, and motels, which focus more on lodging customers than on other services, although they usually provide meals; pubs, which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments; and restaurants and taverns, which serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word \"inn\" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Along with the Inns of Chancery, in what inns did British lawyers historically conduct business?", "id": "56dfb970231d4119001abd0f", "answers": [{"text": "Inns of Court", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what city are the Inns of Chancery located?", "id": "56dfb970231d4119001abd10", "answers": [{"text": "London", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Outside England, what other country does the legal system founded around the Inns of Court operate in?", "id": "56dfb970231d4119001abd11", "answers": [{"text": "Wales", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do business, but became institutions of the legal profession in England and Wales."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the one ingredient of traditional English ale?", "id": "56dfb9fe231d4119001abd15", "answers": [{"text": "fermented malt", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country pioneered the introduction of hops for beer production?", "id": "56dfb9fe231d4119001abd16", "answers": [{"text": "the Netherlands", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what century was the process of using hops to produce beer introduced to England?", "id": "56dfb9fe231d4119001abd17", "answers": [{"text": "15th", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what century did the first independent breweries appear in England?", "id": "56dfb9fe231d4119001abd18", "answers": [{"text": "17th", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What businesses were the dominant brewers of beer in England by the close of the 17th century?", "id": "56dfb9fe231d4119001abd19", "answers": [{"text": "commercial breweries", "answer_start": 345}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Traditional English ale was made solely from fermented malt. The practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the Netherlands in the early 15th century. Alehouses would each brew their own distinctive ale, but independent breweries began to appear in the late 17th century. By the end of the century almost all beer was brewed by commercial breweries."}, {"qas": [{"question": "After what political upheaval was gin introduced to England?", "id": "56dfba5f231d4119001abd29", "answers": [{"text": "the Glorious Revolution", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What people introduced gin to England?", "id": "56dfba5f231d4119001abd2a", "answers": [{"text": "the Dutch", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Glorious Revolution occur?", "id": "56dfba5f231d4119001abd2b", "answers": [{"text": "1688", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much more gin than beer was made in England in 1740?", "id": "56dfba5f231d4119001abd2c", "answers": [{"text": "six times", "answer_start": 608}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1740, what fraction of London drinking establishments were gin shops?", "id": "56dfba5f231d4119001abd2d", "answers": [{"text": "half", "answer_start": 734}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments, primarily due to the introduction of gin. Gin was brought to England by the Dutch after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and became very popular after the government created a market for \"cuckoo grain\" or \"cuckoo malt\" that was unfit to be used in brewing and distilling by allowing unlicensed gin and beer production, while imposing a heavy duty on all imported spirits. As thousands of gin-shops sprang up all over England, brewers fought back by increasing the number of alehouses. By 1740 the production of gin had increased to six times that of beer and because of its cheapness it became popular with the poor, leading to the so-called Gin Craze. Over half of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London were gin shops."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What artist created the engraving Beer Street and Gin Lane?", "id": "56dfbb977aa994140058e0b5", "answers": [{"text": "William Hogarth", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What law imposed a high tax on gin shops and resulted in riots?", "id": "56dfbb977aa994140058e0b6", "answers": [{"text": "The Gin Act 1736", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the Gin Act 1736 duties eliminated? ", "id": "56dfbb977aa994140058e0b7", "answers": [{"text": "1742", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What law placed gin shops under the control of local magistrates?", "id": "56dfbb977aa994140058e0b8", "answers": [{"text": "The Gin Act 1751", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The drunkenness and lawlessness created by gin was seen to lead to ruination and degradation of the working classes. The distinction[clarification needed] was illustrated by William Hogarth in his engravings Beer Street and Gin Lane. The Gin Act 1736 imposed high taxes on retailers and led to riots in the streets. The prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751 however was more successful. It forced distillers to sell only to licensed retailers and brought gin shops under the jurisdiction of local magistrates."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what century did gin houses proliferate throughout Britain?", "id": "56dfbdc47aa994140058e0d7", "answers": [{"text": "19th", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What book by Dickens described activities in drinking establishments?", "id": "56dfbdc47aa994140058e0d8", "answers": [{"text": "Sketches by Boz", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Over what two-year period was Sketches by Boz written?", "id": "56dfbdc47aa994140058e0d9", "answers": [{"text": "1835\u20131836", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was another name for gin houses early in the 19th century?", "id": "56dfbdc47aa994140058e0da", "answers": [{"text": "\"Gin Palaces\"", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what British city did gin houses first appear?", "id": "56dfbdc47aa994140058e0db", "answers": [{"text": "London", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "By the early 19th century, encouraged by lower duties on gin, the gin houses or \"Gin Palaces\" had spread from London to most cities and towns in Britain, with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed. These bawdy, loud and unruly drinking dens so often described by Charles Dickens in his Sketches by Boz (published 1835\u20131836) increasingly came to be held as unbridled cesspits of immorality or crime and the source of much ill-health and alcoholism among the working classes."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What law allowed the existence of beer houses?", "id": "56dfbe6f231d4119001abd67", "answers": [{"text": "Beer Act of 1830", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what way did small beer differ from regular beer?", "id": "56dfbe6f231d4119001abd68", "answers": [{"text": "low alcohol content", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What alcohol was regarded as evil when compared to beer?", "id": "56dfbe6f231d4119001abd69", "answers": [{"text": "gin", "answer_start": 616}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the intention behind the passage of the Beer Act of 1830?", "id": "56dfbe6f231d4119001abd6a", "answers": [{"text": "reducing public drunkenness", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Under a banner of \"reducing public drunkenness\" the Beer Act of 1830 introduced a new lower tier of premises permitted to sell alcohol, the Beer Houses. At the time beer was viewed as harmless, nutritious and even healthy. Young children were often given what was described as small beer, which was brewed to have a low alcohol content, as the local water was often unsafe. Even the evangelical church and temperance movements of the day viewed the drinking of beer very much as a secondary evil and a normal accompaniment to a meal. The freely available beer was thus intended to wean the drinkers off the evils of gin, or so the thinking went."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the approximate modern value of two guineas in 1830?", "id": "56dfbeed7aa994140058e0f3", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a3168", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Beer Act allow a householder to sell from his home?", "id": "56dfbeed7aa994140058e0f4", "answers": [{"text": "beer or cider", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what day were beer houses closed?", "id": "56dfbeed7aa994140058e0f5", "answers": [{"text": "Sundays", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with barrels, what was beer typically dispensed from?", "id": "56dfbeed7aa994140058e0f6", "answers": [{"text": "jugs", "answer_start": 496}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was forbidden from being sold in beer houses?", "id": "56dfbeed7aa994140058e0f7", "answers": [{"text": "spirits and fortified wines", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Under the 1830 Act any householder who paid rates could apply, with a one-off payment of two guineas (roughly equal in value to \u00a3168 today), to sell beer or cider in his home (usually the front parlour) and even to brew his own on his premises. The permission did not extend to the sale of spirits and fortified wines, and any beer house discovered selling those items was closed down and the owner heavily fined. Beer houses were not permitted to open on Sundays. The beer was usually served in jugs or dispensed directly from tapped wooden barrels on a table in the corner of the room. Often profits were so high the owners were able to buy the house next door to live in, turning every room in their former home into bars and lounges for customers."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many beer houses opened their doors in the inaugural year of the Beer Act?", "id": "56dfbf737aa994140058e103", "answers": [{"text": "400", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many beer houses existed throughout Britain eight years after the passage of the Beer Act?", "id": "56dfbf737aa994140058e104", "answers": [{"text": "46,000", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year were additional licensing laws introduced for beer houses?", "id": "56dfbf737aa994140058e105", "answers": [{"text": "1869", "answer_start": 451}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the first year, 400 beer houses opened and within eight years there were 46,000 across the country, far outnumbering the combined total of long-established taverns, pubs, inns and hotels. Because it was so easy to obtain permission and the profits could be huge compared to the low cost of gaining permission, the number of beer houses was continuing to rise and in some towns nearly every other house in a street could be a beer house. Finally in 1869 the growth had to be checked by magisterial control and new licensing laws were introduced. Only then was it made harder to get a licence, and the licensing laws which operate today were formulated."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What establishments did beer houses become after buying an additional license?", "id": "56dfbfff7aa994140058e111", "answers": [{"text": "pubs", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By the end of what century were most beer houses closed?", "id": "56dfbfff7aa994140058e112", "answers": [{"text": "19th", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are purpose-built pubs typically located?", "id": "56dfbfff7aa994140058e113", "answers": [{"text": "corners or road junctions", "answer_start": 551}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What modern brewers often first began as beer houses?", "id": "56dfbfff7aa994140058e114", "answers": [{"text": "real ale micro-brewers", "answer_start": 604}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although the new licensing laws prevented new beer houses from being created, those already in existence were allowed to continue and many did not close until nearly the end of the 19th century. A very small number remained into the 21st century. The vast majority of the beer houses applied for the new licences and became full pubs. These usually small establishments can still be identified in many towns, seemingly oddly located in the middle of otherwise terraced housing part way up a street, unlike purpose-built pubs that are usually found on corners or road junctions. Many of today's respected real ale micro-brewers in the UK started as home based Beer House brewers under the 1830 Act."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Along with The Royal Oak and The Crown, what is a traditional name for a pub?", "id": "56dfc02e7aa994140058e119", "answers": [{"text": "The Red Lion", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a name for a beer house?", "id": "56dfc02e7aa994140058e11a", "answers": [{"text": "Smith's Beer House", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The beer houses tended to avoid the traditional pub names like The Crown, The Red Lion, The Royal Oak etc. and, if they did not simply name their place Smith's Beer House, they would apply topical pub names in an effort to reflect the mood of the times."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In addition to a license to sell spirits, what did tavern owners require a license to sell?", "id": "56dfc0887aa994140058e11d", "answers": [{"text": "ale", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what century did public drinking regulations first exist in England?", "id": "56dfc0887aa994140058e11e", "answers": [{"text": "17th", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What party received income from the sale of public drinking house licenses?", "id": "56dfc0887aa994140058e11f", "answers": [{"text": "the crown", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There was already regulation on public drinking spaces in the 17th and 18th centuries,[citation needed] and the income earned from licences was beneficial to the crown. Tavern owners were required to possess a licence to sell ale, and a separate licence for distilled spirits."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what century were the operating hours of drinking establishments first limited?", "id": "56dfc0e0231d4119001abd9f", "answers": [{"text": "19th", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what decade were the restrictions on public drinking establishment licenses loosened?", "id": "56dfc0e0231d4119001abda0", "answers": [{"text": "1960s", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What bodies controlled drinking establishment licensing administration as of 2005?", "id": "56dfc0e0231d4119001abda1", "answers": [{"text": "Local Authorities", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "From the mid-19th century on the opening hours of licensed premises in the UK were restricted. However licensing was gradually liberalised after the 1960s, until contested licensing applications became very rare, and the remaining administrative function was transferred to Local Authorities in 2005."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What law mandated a license from the local magistrate to sell beer?", "id": "56dfd598231d4119001abe0f", "answers": [{"text": "Wine and Beerhouse Act 1869", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what locations were public house licenses granted?", "id": "56dfd598231d4119001abe10", "answers": [{"text": "special Licensing Sessions courts", "answer_start": 458}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Retirees from what two professions often sought licenses for pubs?", "id": "56dfd598231d4119001abe11", "answers": [{"text": "ex-servicemen or ex-policemen", "answer_start": 555}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were licenses called that allowed spirits to be served at temporary premises?", "id": "56dfd598231d4119001abe12", "answers": [{"text": "Occasional Licences", "answer_start": 1129}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Wine and Beerhouse Act 1869 reintroduced the stricter controls of the previous century. The sale of beers, wines or spirits required a licence for the premises from the local magistrates. Further provisions regulated gaming, drunkenness, prostitution and undesirable conduct on licensed premises, enforceable by prosecution or more effectively by the landlord under threat of forfeiting his licence. Licences were only granted, transferred or renewed at special Licensing Sessions courts, and were limited to respectable individuals. Often these were ex-servicemen or ex-policemen; retiring to run a pub was popular amongst military officers at the end of their service. Licence conditions varied widely, according to local practice. They would specify permitted hours, which might require Sunday closing, or conversely permit all-night opening near a market. Typically they might require opening throughout the permitted hours, and the provision of food or lavatories. Once obtained, licences were jealously protected by the licensees (who were expected to be generally present, not an absentee owner or company), and even \"Occasional Licences\" to serve drinks at temporary premises such as f\u00eates would usually be granted only to existing licensees. Objections might be made by the police, rival landlords or anyone else on the grounds of infractions such as serving drunks, disorderly or dirty premises, or ignoring permitted hours."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where can historical licensing records be examined?", "id": "56dfd601231d4119001abe17", "answers": [{"text": "London Metropolitan Archives centre", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with a public house's address, licensee, and the licensee's misdemeanors, what information was kept in licensing records?", "id": "56dfd601231d4119001abe18", "answers": [{"text": "owner", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Detailed licensing records were kept, giving the Public House, its address, owner, licensee and misdemeanours of the licensees, often going back for hundreds of years[citation needed]. Many of these records survive and can be viewed, for example, at the London Metropolitan Archives centre."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What law further restricted public houses?", "id": "56dfd68c231d4119001abe1b", "answers": [{"text": "the Defence of the Realm Act", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what month and year was the Defence of the Realm Act passed?", "id": "56dfd68c231d4119001abe1c", "answers": [{"text": "August 1914", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with the period 6:30 pm\u20139:30 pm, what opening hours were acceptable under the Defence of the Realm Act?", "id": "56dfd68c231d4119001abe1d", "answers": [{"text": "12 noon\u20132:30 pm", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a county where provinces were closed for violating the Defence of the Realm Act?", "id": "56dfd68c231d4119001abe1e", "answers": [{"text": "Pembrokeshire", "answer_start": 485}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What body enforced pubs' closing hours under the Defence of the Realm Act?", "id": "56dfd68c231d4119001abe1f", "answers": [{"text": "the police", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The restrictions were tightened by the Defence of the Realm Act of August 1914, which, along with the introduction of rationing and the censorship of the press for wartime purposes, restricted pubs' opening hours to 12 noon\u20132:30 pm and 6:30 pm\u20139:30 pm. Opening for the full licensed hours was compulsory, and closing time was equally firmly enforced by the police; a landlord might lose his licence for infractions. Pubs were closed under the Act and compensation paid, for example in Pembrokeshire."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the mandated closing time of pubs in Kensington in the 1960s?", "id": "56dfd73b231d4119001abe25", "answers": [{"text": "10:30 pm", "answer_start": 377}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the mandated closing time of pubs in Knightsbridge in the 1960s?", "id": "56dfd73b231d4119001abe26", "answers": [{"text": "11 pm", "answer_start": 493}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of an English city where breweries were run by the government?", "id": "56dfd73b231d4119001abe27", "answers": [{"text": "Carlisle", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the State Management Scheme cease?", "id": "56dfd73b231d4119001abe28", "answers": [{"text": "1973", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what days were Scottish and Welsh pubs often 'dry'?", "id": "56dfd73b231d4119001abe29", "answers": [{"text": "Sundays", "answer_start": 632}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There was a special case established under the State Management Scheme where the brewery and licensed premises were bought and run by the state until 1973, most notably in Carlisle. During the 20th century elsewhere, both the licensing laws and enforcement were progressively relaxed, and there were differences between parishes; in the 1960s, at closing time in Kensington at 10:30 pm, drinkers would rush over the parish boundary to be in good time for \"Last Orders\" in Knightsbridge before 11 pm, a practice observed in many pubs adjoining licensing area boundaries. Some Scottish and Welsh parishes remained officially \"dry\" on Sundays (although often this merely required knocking at the back door of the pub). These restricted opening hours led to the tradition of lock-ins."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Circa 2000, what was the latest pubs in Wales could be open until on every day but Sunday?", "id": "56dfd7cf231d4119001abe2f", "answers": [{"text": "11 pm", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the latest legal closing time on Sundays in English pubs as of 2000?", "id": "56dfd7cf231d4119001abe30", "answers": [{"text": "10:30 pm", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many hours per day were pubs located near Billingsgate fish market allowed to remain open?", "id": "56dfd7cf231d4119001abe31", "answers": [{"text": "24", "answer_start": 637}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2000, what was the earliest Welsh and English pubs could open on Sundays?", "id": "56dfd7cf231d4119001abe32", "answers": [{"text": "12 noon", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2000, what was the earliest Welsh and English pubs could open on any day but Sunday?", "id": "56dfd7cf231d4119001abe33", "answers": [{"text": "11 am", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "However, closing times were increasingly disregarded in the country pubs. In England and Wales by 2000 pubs could legally open from 11 am (12 noon on Sundays) through to 11 pm (10:30 pm on Sundays). That year was also the first to allow continuous opening for 36 hours from 11 am on New Year's Eve to 11 pm on New Year's Day. In addition, many cities had by-laws to allow some pubs to extend opening hours to midnight or 1 am, whilst nightclubs had long been granted late licences to serve alcohol into the morning. Pubs near London's Smithfield market, Billingsgate fish market and Covent Garden fruit and flower market could stay open 24 hours a day since Victorian times to provide a service to the shift working employees of the markets."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When were wartime licensing laws ended in Scotland?", "id": "56dfd80f231d4119001abe39", "answers": [{"text": "1976", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What constituent countries of the United Kingdom's licensing laws were notably flexible?", "id": "56dfd80f231d4119001abe3a", "answers": [{"text": "Scotland's and Northern Ireland's", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Scotland's and Northern Ireland's licensing laws have long been more flexible, allowing local authorities to set pub opening and closing times. In Scotland, this stemmed out of[clarification needed] a late repeal of the wartime licensing laws, which stayed in force until 1976."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Licensing Act 2003 come into effect?", "id": "56dfdaca7aa994140058e1b5", "answers": [{"text": "24 November 2005", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After the Licensing Act 2003, who determined the operating hours of pubs?", "id": "56dfdaca7aa994140058e1b6", "answers": [{"text": "the local council", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Due to the traditional closing hours, when was there often violence outside of pubs?", "id": "56dfdaca7aa994140058e1b7", "answers": [{"text": "11.30 pm", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many alcohol involved hospital admissions were there in 2006/7?", "id": "56dfdaca7aa994140058e1b8", "answers": [{"text": "207,800", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many pubs applied to be allowed to sell alcohol 24 hours a day?", "id": "56dfdaca7aa994140058e1b9", "answers": [{"text": "1,121", "answer_start": 661}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Licensing Act 2003, which came into force on 24 November 2005, consolidated the many laws into a single Act. This allowed pubs in England and Wales to apply to the local council for the opening hours of their choice. It was argued that this would end the concentration of violence around 11.30 pm, when people had to leave the pub, making policing easier. In practice, alcohol-related hospital admissions rose following the change in the law, with alcohol involved in 207,800 admissions in 2006/7. Critics claimed that these laws would lead to \"24-hour drinking\". By the time the law came into effect, 60,326 establishments had applied for longer hours and 1,121 had applied for a licence to sell alcohol 24 hours a day. However nine months later many pubs had not changed their hours, although some stayed open longer at the weekend, but rarely beyond 1:00 am."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is it called when the owner of a pub allows patrons to remain when the pub should have closed?", "id": "56dfdb677aa994140058e1bf", "answers": [{"text": "\"lock-in\"", "answer_start": 2}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What law allows pubs to apply to extend their closing hours after 11pm?", "id": "56dfdb677aa994140058e1c0", "answers": [{"text": "Licensing Act 2003", "answer_start": 737}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A law of what year prompted the existence of the \"lock-in\"?", "id": "56dfdb677aa994140058e1c1", "answers": [{"text": "1915", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What action by a pub owner can result in his prosecution?", "id": "56dfdb677aa994140058e1c2", "answers": [{"text": "allowing smoking", "answer_start": 1081}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A \"lock-in\" is when a pub owner lets drinkers stay in the pub after the legal closing time, on the theory that once the doors are locked, it becomes a private party rather than a pub. Patrons may put money behind the bar before official closing time, and redeem their drinks during the lock-in so no drinks are technically sold after closing time. The origin of the British lock-in was a reaction to 1915 changes in the licensing laws in England and Wales, which curtailed opening hours to stop factory workers from turning up drunk and harming the war effort. Since 1915, the UK licensing laws had changed very little, with comparatively early closing times. The tradition of the lock-in therefore remained. Since the implementation of Licensing Act 2003, premises in England and Wales may apply to extend their opening hours beyond 11 pm, allowing round-the-clock drinking and removing much of the need for lock-ins. Since the smoking ban, some establishments operated a lock-in during which the remaining patrons could smoke without repercussions but, unlike drinking lock-ins, allowing smoking in a pub was still a prosecutable offence."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what month and year was smoking banned in public places in Scotland?", "id": "56dfdbee7aa994140058e1c7", "answers": [{"text": "March 2006", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Wales outlaw smoking in public?", "id": "56dfdbee7aa994140058e1c8", "answers": [{"text": "April 2007", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the month and year when England banned public smoking?", "id": "56dfdbee7aa994140058e1c9", "answers": [{"text": "July 2007", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company took over Scottish & Newcastle's pubs?", "id": "56dfdbee7aa994140058e1ca", "answers": [{"text": "Carlsberg and Heineken", "answer_start": 579}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What chain of pubs reported favorable profits in June 2009?", "id": "56dfdbee7aa994140058e1cb", "answers": [{"text": "Wetherspoon", "answer_start": 441}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In March 2006, a law was introduced to forbid smoking in all enclosed public places in Scotland. Wales followed suit in April 2007, with England introducing the ban in July 2007. Pub landlords had raised concerns prior to the implementation of the law that a smoking ban would have a negative impact on sales. After two years, the impact of the ban was mixed; some pubs suffered declining sales, while others developed their food sales. The Wetherspoon pub chain reported in June 2009 that profits were at the top end of expectations; however, Scottish & Newcastle's takeover by Carlsberg and Heineken was reported in January 2008 as partly the result of its weakness following falling sales due to the ban. Similar bans are applied in Australian pubs with smoking only allowed in designated areas."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What street in Islington was named for a pub run by Mr Ball?", "id": "56dfdc887aa994140058e1d1", "answers": [{"text": "Balls Pond Road", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what street was the Grecian Saloon located?", "id": "56dfdc887aa994140058e1d2", "answers": [{"text": "City Road", "answer_start": 836}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What pub was the home of the Grecian Saloon?", "id": "56dfdc887aa994140058e1d3", "answers": [{"text": "The Eagle", "answer_start": 825}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is rhyming slang for 'coat'?", "id": "56dfdc887aa994140058e1d4", "answers": [{"text": "weasel", "answer_start": 994}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what century did saloons become established?", "id": "56dfdc887aa994140058e1d5", "answers": [{"text": "18th", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "By the end of the 18th century a new room in the pub was established: the saloon.[citation needed] Beer establishments had always provided entertainment of some sort\u2014singing, gaming or sport.[citation needed] Balls Pond Road in Islington was named after an establishment run by a Mr Ball that had a duck pond at the rear, where drinkers could, for a fee, go out and take a potshot at the ducks. More common, however, was a card room or a billiard room.[citation needed] The saloon was a room where for an admission fee or a higher price of drinks, singing, dancing, drama or comedy was performed and drinks would be served at the table.[citation needed] From this came the popular music hall form of entertainment\u2014a show consisting of a variety of acts.[citation needed] A most famous London saloon was the Grecian Saloon in The Eagle, City Road, which is still famous because of a nursery rhyme: \"Up and down the City Road / In and out The Eagle / That's the way the money goes / Pop goes the weasel.\" This meant that the customer had spent all his money at The Eagle, and needed to pawn his \"weasel\" to get some more. The meaning of the \"weasel\" is unclear but the two most likely definitions are: a flat iron used for finishing clothing; or rhyming slang for a coat (weasel and stoat)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Along with cabaret, striptease, bands and drama, what is a type of stage performance that can be found in pubs?", "id": "56dfdd297aa994140058e1db", "answers": [{"text": "stand-up comedy", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with karaoke, what type of prerecorded music is often found in pubs?", "id": "56dfdd297aa994140058e1dc", "answers": [{"text": "juke boxes", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A few pubs have stage performances such as serious drama, stand-up comedy, musical bands, cabaret or striptease; however juke boxes, karaoke and other forms of pre-recorded music have otherwise replaced the musical tradition of a piano or guitar and singing.[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What socioeconomic class was associated with the lounge bar in the 20th century?", "id": "56dfddab7aa994140058e1df", "answers": [{"text": "middle-class", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What economic class was most likely to be found in the tap room?", "id": "56dfddab7aa994140058e1e0", "answers": [{"text": "working class", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In pence, what did the cheapest beer cost in the four-ale bar?", "id": "56dfddab7aa994140058e1e1", "answers": [{"text": "4", "answer_start": 504}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the tap room sawdust meant to absorb spills and spit called?", "id": "56dfddab7aa994140058e1e2", "answers": [{"text": "spit and sawdust", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for the lounge bar?", "id": "56dfddab7aa994140058e1e3", "answers": [{"text": "saloon", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "By the 20th century, the saloon, or lounge bar, had become a middle-class room[citation needed]\u2014carpets on the floor, cushions on the seats, and a penny or two on the prices,[citation needed] while the public bar, or tap room, remained working class with bare boards, sometimes with sawdust to absorb the spitting and spillages (known as \"spit and sawdust\"), hard bench seats, and cheap beer[citation needed]. This bar was known as the four-ale bar from the days when the cheapest beer served there cost 4 pence (4d) a quart.[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what decades did class distinctions break down in Britain?", "id": "56dfde447aa994140058e1e9", "answers": [{"text": "the 1960s and 1970s", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was a common way of removing the division between the saloon and bar?", "id": "56dfde447aa994140058e1ea", "answers": [{"text": "removal of the dividing wall or partition", "answer_start": 452}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Later, the public bars gradually improved until sometimes almost the only difference was in the prices, so that customers could choose between economy and exclusivity (or youth and age, or a jukebox or dartboard).[citation needed] With the blurring of class divisions in the 1960s and 1970s,[citation needed] the distinction between the saloon and the public bar was often seen as archaic,[citation needed] and was frequently abolished, usually by the removal of the dividing wall or partition.[citation needed] While the names of saloon and public bar may still be seen on the doors of pubs, the prices (and often the standard of furnishings and decoration) are the same throughout the premises, and many pubs now comprise one large room. However the modern importance of dining in pubs encourages some establishments to maintain distinct rooms or areas."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is another name for the smoke room?", "id": "56dfdeb27aa994140058e1ed", "answers": [{"text": "snug", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the relationship between the price of beer in the smoke room versus the rest of the bar?", "id": "56dfdeb27aa994140058e1ee", "answers": [{"text": "higher", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with the local police, what profession is given as an example of someone who might use the snug?", "id": "56dfdeb27aa994140058e1ef", "answers": [{"text": "the parish priest", "answer_start": 573}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the windows in the snug made out of?", "id": "56dfdeb27aa994140058e1f0", "answers": [{"text": "frosted glass", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The \"snug\", sometimes called the smoke room, was typically a small, very private room with access to the bar that had a frosted glass external window, set above head height. A higher price was paid for beer in the snug and nobody could look in and see the drinkers. It was not only the wealthy visitors who would use these rooms. The snug was for patrons who preferred not to be seen in the public bar. Ladies would often enjoy a private drink in the snug in a time when it was frowned upon for women to be in a pub. The local police officer might nip in for a quiet pint, the parish priest for his evening whisky, or lovers for a rendezvous."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many pubs were part of the CAMRA survey?", "id": "56dfdeda231d4119001abe3d", "answers": [{"text": "50,000", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to CAMRA, how many pubs in Britain possess classic snugs?", "id": "56dfdeda231d4119001abe3e", "answers": [{"text": "very few", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "CAMRA have surveyed the 50,000 pubs in Britain and they believe that there are very few pubs that still have classic snugs. These are on a historic interiors list in order that they can be preserved."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In Germany, what do servers do to serve beer in beer gardens?", "id": "56dfdf67231d4119001abe41", "answers": [{"text": "bring the beer out to the table", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Before the pub, where did beer establishments keep their casks of ale?", "id": "56dfdf67231d4119001abe42", "answers": [{"text": "taproom", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What establishments inspired pubs to set up serving bars?", "id": "56dfdf67231d4119001abe43", "answers": [{"text": "gin houses", "answer_start": 549}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what settlement is the pub known as The Vine located?", "id": "56dfdf67231d4119001abe44", "answers": [{"text": "Brierley Hill", "answer_start": 1040}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do the locals call The Vine?", "id": "56dfdf67231d4119001abe45", "answers": [{"text": "The Bull and Bladder", "answer_start": 1015}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "It was the pub that first introduced the concept of the bar counter being used to serve the beer. Until that time beer establishments used to bring the beer out to the table or benches, as remains the practice in (for example) beer gardens and other drinking establishments in Germany. A bar might be provided for the manager to do paperwork while keeping an eye on his or her customers, but the casks of ale were kept in a separate taproom. When the first pubs were built, the main room was the public room with a large serving bar copied from the gin houses, the idea being to serve the maximum number of people in the shortest possible time. It became known as the public bar[citation needed]. The other, more private, rooms had no serving bar\u2014they had the beer brought to them from the public bar. There are a number of pubs in the Midlands or the North which still retain this set up but these days the beer is fetched by the customer from the taproom or public bar. One of these is The Vine, known locally as The Bull and Bladder, in Brierley Hill near Birmingham, another the Cock at Broom, Bedfordshire a series of small rooms served drinks and food by waiting staff. In the Manchester district the public bar was known as the \"vault\", other rooms being the lounge and snug as usual elsewhere. By the early 1970s there was a tendency to change to one large drinking room and breweries were eager to invest in interior design and theming."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who pioneered the circular bar?", "id": "56dfdfae231d4119001abe4b", "answers": [{"text": "Isambard Kingdom Brunel", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what establishment was the circular bar introduced?", "id": "56dfdfae231d4119001abe4c", "answers": [{"text": "Swindon station pub", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Isambard Brunel's occuption?", "id": "56dfdfae231d4119001abe4d", "answers": [{"text": "engineer and railway builder", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Isambard Brunel's nationality?", "id": "56dfdfae231d4119001abe4e", "answers": [{"text": "British", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the British engineer and railway builder, introduced the idea of a circular bar into the Swindon station pub in order that customers were served quickly and did not delay his trains. These island bars became popular as they also allowed staff to serve customers in several different rooms surrounding the bar."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is a \"beer engine\"?", "id": "56dfdfd97aa994140058e1f5", "answers": [{"text": "a device for pumping beer", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the function of a \"beer engine\"?", "id": "56dfdfd97aa994140058e1f6", "answers": [{"text": "to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub's basement or cellar", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A \"beer engine\" is a device for pumping beer, originally manually operated and typically used to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub's basement or cellar."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who invented the beer pump in England?", "id": "56dfe0127aa994140058e1f9", "answers": [{"text": "John Lofting", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what city was the beer pump invented?", "id": "56dfe0127aa994140058e1fa", "answers": [{"text": "London", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what country was John Lofting born?", "id": "56dfe0127aa994140058e1fb", "answers": [{"text": "Netherlands", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the death year of John Lofting?", "id": "56dfe0127aa994140058e1fc", "answers": [{"text": "1742", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was John Lofting born?", "id": "56dfe0127aa994140058e1fd", "answers": [{"text": "1659", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first beer pump known in England is believed to have been invented by John Lofting (b. Netherlands 1659-d. Great Marlow Buckinghamshire 1742) an inventor, manufacturer and merchant of London."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what newspaper did John Lofting mention his beer pump?", "id": "56dfe043231d4119001abe53", "answers": [{"text": "London Gazette", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what day was Lofting's fire engine patent published?", "id": "56dfe043231d4119001abe54", "answers": [{"text": "17 March 1691", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The London Gazette of 17 March 1691 published a patent in favour of John Lofting for a fire engine, but remarked upon and recommended another invention of his, for a beer pump:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many barrels did Lofting promise his beer pump would deliver hourly?", "id": "56dfe0ba231d4119001abe57", "answers": [{"text": "20 to 30", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What location did John Lofting live near?", "id": "56dfe0ba231d4119001abe58", "answers": [{"text": "St Thomas Apostle London", "answer_start": 549}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what London borough did Nicholas Wall reside?", "id": "56dfe0ba231d4119001abe59", "answers": [{"text": "Islington", "answer_start": 639}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was William Tillcar's profession?", "id": "56dfe0ba231d4119001abe5a", "answers": [{"text": "Turner", "answer_start": 676}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What tavern did William Tillcar live adjacent to?", "id": "56dfe0ba231d4119001abe5b", "answers": [{"text": "Sun Tavern", "answer_start": 736}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "\"Whereas their Majesties have been Graciously Pleased to grant Letters patent to John Lofting of London Merchant for a New Invented Engine for Extinguishing Fires which said Engine have found every great encouragement. The said Patentee hath also projected a Very Useful Engine for starting of beer and other liquors which will deliver from 20 to 30 barrels an hour which are completely fixed with Brass Joints and Screws at Reasonable Rates. Any Person that hath occasion for the said Engines may apply themselves to the Patentee at his house near St Thomas Apostle London or to Mr. Nicholas Wall at the Workshoppe near Saddlers Wells at Islington or to Mr. William Tillcar, Turner, his agent at his house in Woodtree next door to the Sun Tavern London.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is a common name for a beer pump powered by hand?", "id": "56dfe0f17aa994140058e203", "answers": [{"text": "handpump", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with electricity, what sometimes powers beer pumps that aren't operated by hand?", "id": "56dfe0f17aa994140058e204", "answers": [{"text": "gas", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Strictly the term refers to the pump itself, which is normally manually operated, though electrically powered and gas powered pumps are occasionally used. When manually powered, the term \"handpump\" is often used to refer to both the pump and the associated handle."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name for a pub that could sell beer from more than one brewery?", "id": "56dfe16f7aa994140058e207", "answers": [{"text": "a Free house", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what century did the habit arise of pubs selling beer from only one brewery?", "id": "56dfe16f7aa994140058e208", "answers": [{"text": "18th", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the private individual who rented out a pub owned by a brewery?", "id": "56dfe16f7aa994140058e209", "answers": [{"text": "landlord", "answer_start": 345}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After the development of the large London Porter breweries in the 18th century, the trend grew for pubs to become tied houses which could only sell beer from one brewery (a pub not tied in this way was called a Free house). The usual arrangement for a tied house was that the pub was owned by the brewery but rented out to a private individual (landlord) who ran it as a separate business (even though contracted to buy the beer from the brewery). Another very common arrangement was (and is) for the landlord to own the premises (whether freehold or leasehold) independently of the brewer, but then to take a mortgage loan from a brewery, either to finance the purchase of the pub initially, or to refurbish it, and be required as a term of the loan to observe the solus tie."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is a notable brewery in Kent that owns hundreds of pubs?", "id": "56dfe1e57aa994140058e20d", "answers": [{"text": "Shepherd Neame", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What London breweries each own many pubs?", "id": "56dfe1e57aa994140058e20e", "answers": [{"text": "Young's and Fuller's", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a brewer that owns pubs throughout Britain?", "id": "56dfe1e57aa994140058e20f", "answers": [{"text": "Greene King", "answer_start": 304}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What law required that a pub offer at least one beer from a brewery it wasn't tied to?", "id": "56dfe1e57aa994140058e210", "answers": [{"text": "The Beer Orders", "answer_start": 718}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year were the Beer Orders passed?", "id": "56dfe1e57aa994140058e211", "answers": [{"text": "1989", "answer_start": 745}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A trend in the late 20th century was for breweries to run their pubs directly, using managers rather than tenants. Most such breweries, such as the regional brewery Shepherd Neame in Kent and Young's and Fuller's in London, control hundreds of pubs in a particular region of the UK, while a few, such as Greene King, are spread nationally. The landlord of a tied pub may be an employee of the brewery\u2014in which case he/she would be a manager of a managed house, or a self-employed tenant who has entered into a lease agreement with a brewery, a condition of which is the legal obligation (trade tie) only to purchase that brewery's beer. The beer selection is mainly limited to beers brewed by that particular company. The Beer Orders, passed in 1989, were aimed at getting tied houses to offer at least one alternative beer, known as a guest beer, from another brewery. This law has now been repealed but while in force it dramatically altered the industry. Some pubs still offer a regularly changing selection of guest beers."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Along with Punch Taverns and Weatherspoons, what was an organization formed as a result of the Beer Orders?", "id": "56dfe23b7aa994140058e217", "answers": [{"text": "O'Neill's", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of a company that retails but does not manufacture drinks?", "id": "56dfe23b7aa994140058e218", "answers": [{"text": "PubCo", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with breweries, what type of company may run a pub chain?", "id": "56dfe23b7aa994140058e219", "answers": [{"text": "PubCo", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what country was Punch Taverns established?", "id": "56dfe23b7aa994140058e21a", "answers": [{"text": "the UK", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Organisations such as Wetherspoons, Punch Taverns and O'Neill's were formed in the UK in the wake of the Beer Orders. A PubCo is a company involved in the retailing but not the manufacture of beverages, while a Pub chain may be run either by a PubCo or by a brewery."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When a pub is bought by a new owner, what often happens to them?", "id": "56dfe2d27aa994140058e21f", "answers": [{"text": "renamed", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What often happens to regional breweries after they sell their pubs?", "id": "56dfe2d27aa994140058e220", "answers": [{"text": "closed down", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Pubs within a chain will usually have items in common, such as fittings, promotions, ambience and range of food and drink on offer. A pub chain will position itself in the marketplace for a target audience. One company may run several pub chains aimed at different segments of the market. Pubs for use in a chain are bought and sold in large units, often from regional breweries which are then closed down. Newly acquired pubs are often renamed by the new owners, and many people resent the loss of traditional names, especially if their favourite regional beer disappears at the same time."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the closest outlet for a brewery's beers called?", "id": "56dfe336231d4119001abe61", "answers": [{"text": "A brewery tap", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If the brewery tap is not located in the brewery, where is it usually located?", "id": "56dfe336231d4119001abe62", "answers": [{"text": "the nearest pub", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term for a pub that brews and sells its own beer?", "id": "56dfe336231d4119001abe63", "answers": [{"text": "brewpub", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A brewery tap is the nearest outlet for a brewery's beers. This is usually a room or bar in the brewery itself, though the name may be applied to the nearest pub. The term is not applied to a brewpub which brews and sells its beer on the same premises."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is another name for a rural public house?", "id": "56dfe3a7231d4119001abe67", "answers": [{"text": "country pub", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was a function of distant country pubs before the rise of motor vehicles?", "id": "56dfe3a7231d4119001abe68", "answers": [{"text": "serving travellers as coaching inns", "answer_start": 479}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Over what period of years has the traditional function of country pubs been changing?", "id": "56dfe3a7231d4119001abe69", "answers": [{"text": "the last thirty", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A \"country pub\" by tradition is a rural public house. However, the distinctive culture surrounding country pubs, that of functioning as a social centre for a village and rural community, has been changing over the last thirty or so years. In the past, many rural pubs provided opportunities for country folk to meet and exchange (often local) news, while others\u2014especially those away from village centres\u2014existed for the general purpose, before the advent of motor transport, of serving travellers as coaching inns."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is a frequent modern function of country pubs?", "id": "56dfe3f5231d4119001abe6d", "answers": [{"text": "providing seating facilities for the consumption of food", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with community meetings, what was the traditional purpose of country pubs?", "id": "56dfe3f5231d4119001abe6e", "answers": [{"text": "drinking", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In more recent years, however, many country pubs have either closed down, or have been converted to establishments intent on providing seating facilities for the consumption of food, rather than a venue for members of the local community meeting and convivially drinking."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is a blanket term for pubs that, for example, cater to sports fans?", "id": "56dfe4617aa994140058e223", "answers": [{"text": "theme pubs", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a theme pub that caters to people of a certain nationality?", "id": "56dfe4617aa994140058e224", "answers": [{"text": "Irish pubs", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a theme pub that caters to people with certain musical interests?", "id": "56dfe4617aa994140058e225", "answers": [{"text": "rock pubs", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sort of theme pub would be likely to feature strippers?", "id": "56dfe4617aa994140058e226", "answers": [{"text": "strip pubs", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what sort of theme pub could one find visitors singing with musical accompaniment?", "id": "56dfe4617aa994140058e227", "answers": [{"text": "karaoke bars", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Pubs that cater for a niche clientele, such as sports fans or people of certain nationalities are known as theme pubs. Examples of theme pubs include sports bars, rock pubs, biker pubs, Goth pubs, strip pubs, gay bars, karaoke bars and Irish pubs."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which monarch required landlords to post a sign if they wanted to sell ale?", "id": "56dfe4e97aa994140058e22d", "answers": [{"text": "Richard II", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the king demand ale-sellers post signage on pain of forfeiture?", "id": "56dfe4e97aa994140058e22e", "answers": [{"text": "1393", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was William Shakespeare's father's first name?", "id": "56dfe4e97aa994140058e22f", "answers": [{"text": "John", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was John Shakespeare's profession?", "id": "56dfe4e97aa994140058e230", "answers": [{"text": "inspectors", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If an ale-seller refused to post a sign, what punishment would he receive?", "id": "56dfe4e97aa994140058e231", "answers": [{"text": "forfeit his ale", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1393 King Richard II compelled landlords to erect signs outside their premises. The legislation stated \"Whosoever shall brew ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign, otherwise he shall forfeit his ale.\" This was to make alehouses easily visible to passing inspectors, borough ale tasters, who would decide the quality of the ale they provided. William Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, was one such inspector."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what historical period was a large portion of the population illiterate?", "id": "56dfe625231d4119001abe71", "answers": [{"text": "the Middle Ages", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From where did pubs without written names derive their names?", "id": "56dfe625231d4119001abe72", "answers": [{"text": "the illustration on the pub's sign", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Another important factor was that during the Middle Ages a large proportion of the population would have been illiterate and so pictures on a sign were more useful than words as a means of identifying a public house. For this reason there was often no reason to write the establishment's name on the sign and inns opened without a formal written name, the name being derived later from the illustration on the pub's sign."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Inscriptions from what language were sometimes present on pub signs?", "id": "56dfe6cc7aa994140058e237", "answers": [{"text": "Latin", "answer_start": 617}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with The Star and The Sun, what was a typical symbol used on a pub sign?", "id": "56dfe6cc7aa994140058e238", "answers": [{"text": "The Cross", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What graphic belonging to the local lord was sometimes incorporated on the pub sign?", "id": "56dfe6cc7aa994140058e239", "answers": [{"text": "the coat of arms", "answer_start": 519}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What plants were sometimes featured on pub signs?", "id": "56dfe6cc7aa994140058e23a", "answers": [{"text": "hops", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Local pub nicknames were often related to what profession?", "id": "56dfe6cc7aa994140058e23b", "answers": [{"text": "farming", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The earliest signs were often not painted but consisted, for example, of paraphernalia connected with the brewing process such as bunches of hops or brewing implements, which were suspended above the door of the pub. In some cases local nicknames, farming terms and puns were used. Local events were often commemorated in pub signs. Simple natural or religious symbols such as 'The Sun', 'The Star' and 'The Cross' were incorporated into pub signs, sometimes being adapted to incorporate elements of the heraldry (e.g. the coat of arms) of the local lords who owned the lands upon which the pub stood. Some pubs have Latin inscriptions."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was an example of a battle that might lend itself to a pub name?", "id": "56dfe7397aa994140058e241", "answers": [{"text": "Trafalgar", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What town is The Crow and Gate located in?", "id": "56dfe7397aa994140058e242", "answers": [{"text": "Crowborough", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What county is home to The Crow and Gate?", "id": "56dfe7397aa994140058e243", "answers": [{"text": "East Sussex", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Members of what family were sometimes used as pub names?", "id": "56dfe7397aa994140058e244", "answers": [{"text": "royal", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Other subjects that lent themselves to visual depiction included the name of battles (e.g. Trafalgar), explorers, local notables, discoveries, sporting heroes and members of the royal family. Some pub signs are in the form of a pictorial pun or rebus. For example, a pub in Crowborough, East Sussex called The Crow and Gate has an image of a crow with gates as wings."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What hangs today over most British pub doors?", "id": "56dfe78e7aa994140058e249", "answers": [{"text": "decorated signs", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What piece of information is almost always listed on a pub sign?", "id": "56dfe78e7aa994140058e24a", "answers": [{"text": "the name of the pub", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What purpose do stand-alone signs serve for country pubs?", "id": "56dfe78e7aa994140058e24b", "answers": [{"text": "directing potential customers to their door", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Most British pubs still have decorated signs hanging over their doors, and these retain their original function of enabling the identification of the pub. Today's pub signs almost always bear the name of the pub, both in words and in pictorial representation. The more remote country pubs often have stand-alone signs directing potential customers to their door."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is an example of a memorable name for a pub chain?", "id": "56dfe7dc231d4119001abe75", "answers": [{"text": "Slug and Lettuce", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sort of theme is thought memorable for modern pub names?", "id": "56dfe7dc231d4119001abe76", "answers": [{"text": "comic", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the purpose of a pub name?", "id": "56dfe7dc231d4119001abe77", "answers": [{"text": "to identify and differentiate each pub", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Pub names are used to identify and differentiate each pub. Modern names are sometimes a marketing ploy or attempt to create \"brand awareness\", frequently using a comic theme thought to be memorable, Slug and Lettuce for a pub chain being an example. Interesting origins are not confined to old or traditional names, however. Names and their origins can be broken up into a relatively small number of categories."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of pub signs were useful to an illiterate clientele?", "id": "56dfe8087aa994140058e24f", "answers": [{"text": "pictorial signs", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As many pubs are centuries old, many of their early customers were unable to read, and pictorial signs could be readily recognised when lettering and words could not be read."}, {"qas": [{"question": "After whom was the Marquis of Granby pub named?", "id": "56dfe86b7aa994140058e251", "answers": [{"text": "John Manners, Marquess of Granby", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the father of John Manners, Marquess of Granby?", "id": "56dfe86b7aa994140058e252", "answers": [{"text": "John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the military rank of the 3rd Duke of Rutland?", "id": "56dfe86b7aa994140058e253", "answers": [{"text": "general", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what century did the 3rd Duke of Rutland live?", "id": "56dfe86b7aa994140058e254", "answers": [{"text": "18th", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were pubs licensed in 1780 named?", "id": "56dfe86b7aa994140058e255", "answers": [{"text": "the Royal George", "answer_start": 465}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Pubs often have traditional names. A common name is the \"Marquis of Granby\". These pubs were named after John Manners, Marquess of Granby, who was the son of John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland and a general in the 18th century British Army. He showed a great concern for the welfare of his men, and on their retirement, provided funds for many of them to establish taverns, which were subsequently named after him. All pubs granted their licence in 1780 were called the Royal George[citation needed], after King George III, and the twentieth anniversary of his coronation."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The pub \"The Bag o'Nails\" was a corruption of what word?", "id": "56dfe8c67aa994140058e25b", "answers": [{"text": "Bacchanals", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What phrase was \"The Goat and Compasses\" a corruption of?", "id": "56dfe8c67aa994140058e25c", "answers": [{"text": "God Encompasseth Us", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Chaton Fid\u00e8le mean in English?", "id": "56dfe8c67aa994140058e25d", "answers": [{"text": "Faithful Kitten", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What location does Boulogne Bouche refer to?", "id": "56dfe8c67aa994140058e25e", "answers": [{"text": "Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who won a victory at Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour?", "id": "56dfe8c67aa994140058e25f", "answers": [{"text": "Henry VIII", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Many names for pubs that appear nonsensical may have come from corruptions of old slogans or phrases, such as \"The Bag o'Nails\" (Bacchanals), \"The Goat and Compasses\" (God Encompasseth Us), \"The Cat and the Fiddle\" (Chaton Fid\u00e8le: Faithful Kitten) and \"The Bull and Bush\", which purportedly celebrates the victory of Henry VIII at \"Boulogne Bouche\" or Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What game played in both Britain and America has become increasingly popular in pubs?", "id": "56dfe9737aa994140058e265", "answers": [{"text": "pool", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Aunt Sally and ringing the bull, what is one of the obscure traditional games played in pubs?", "id": "56dfe9737aa994140058e266", "answers": [{"text": "Nine Men's Morris", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with darts, skittles, dominoes and bar billiards, what is a well-known pub game?", "id": "56dfe9737aa994140058e267", "answers": [{"text": "cards", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with dominoes, on what pub game can you legally bet in the United Kingdom?", "id": "56dfe9737aa994140058e268", "answers": [{"text": "cribbage", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What table-based version of soccer is an increasingly popular pub game?", "id": "56dfe9737aa994140058e269", "answers": [{"text": "Table Football", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Traditional games are played in pubs, ranging from the well-known darts, skittles, dominoes, cards and bar billiards, to the more obscure Aunt Sally, Nine Men's Morris and ringing the bull. In the UK betting is legally limited to certain games such as cribbage or dominoes, played for small stakes. In recent decades the game of pool (both the British and American versions) has increased in popularity as well as other table based games such as snooker or Table Football becoming common."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Along with slot machines, what is a modern game that is increasingly present in pubs?", "id": "56dfe9e07aa994140058e26f", "answers": [{"text": "video games", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a pub that plays pop and hip-hop music called?", "id": "56dfe9e07aa994140058e270", "answers": [{"text": "dance bar", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what sort of pub can you watch rugby union on television?", "id": "56dfe9e07aa994140058e271", "answers": [{"text": "sports bar", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Bat and trap, what game is popular in south London pubs?", "id": "56dfe9e07aa994140058e272", "answers": [{"text": "Shove ha'penny", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Increasingly, more modern games such as video games and slot machines are provided. Pubs hold special events, from tournaments of the aforementioned games to karaoke nights to pub quizzes. Some play pop music and hip-hop (dance bar), or show football and rugby union on big screen televisions (sports bar). Shove ha'penny and Bat and trap were also popular in pubs south of London."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the term for pub-based football that is often played on Sundays?", "id": "56dfea2b231d4119001abe7b", "answers": [{"text": "Sunday League Football", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sport is played on a pub's bowling green?", "id": "56dfea2b231d4119001abe7c", "answers": [{"text": "Bowling", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some pubs in the UK also have football teams composed of regular customers. Many of these teams are in leagues that play matches on Sundays, hence the term \"Sunday League Football\". Bowling is found in association with pubs in some parts of the country and the local team will play matches against teams invited from elsewhere on the pub's bowling green."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Dr. Feelgood and the Kursaal Flyers are examples of bands from what genre of music?", "id": "56dfea72231d4119001abe7f", "answers": [{"text": "Pub rock", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What genre of music was influenced by pub rock?", "id": "56dfea72231d4119001abe80", "answers": [{"text": "Punk music", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what decade was Pub rock popular?", "id": "56dfea72231d4119001abe81", "answers": [{"text": "the 1970s", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Pubs may be venues for pub songs and live music. During the 1970s pubs provided an outlet for a number of bands, such as Kilburn and the High Roads, Dr. Feelgood and The Kursaal Flyers, who formed a musical genre called Pub rock that was a precursor to Punk music."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Pork scratchings, pickled eggs and salted crisps are examples of what type of food?", "id": "56dfead8231d4119001abe85", "answers": [{"text": "bar snacks", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In London, what food vendors could often be found near pubs?", "id": "56dfead8231d4119001abe86", "answers": [{"text": "mobile shellfish stalls", "answer_start": 445}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what section of London can mobile shellfish stalls still be found today?", "id": "56dfead8231d4119001abe87", "answers": [{"text": "East End", "answer_start": 531}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What seafood can often be purchased in jars at pubs?", "id": "56dfead8231d4119001abe88", "answers": [{"text": "pickled cockles and mussels", "answer_start": 552}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Many pubs were drinking establishments, and little emphasis was placed on the serving of food, other than sandwiches and \"bar snacks\", such as pork scratchings, pickled eggs, salted crisps and peanuts which helped to increase beer sales. In South East England (especially London) it was common until recent times for vendors selling cockles, whelks, mussels, and other shellfish to sell to customers during the evening and at closing time. Many mobile shellfish stalls would set up near pubs, a practice that continues in London's East End. Otherwise, pickled cockles and mussels may be offered by the pub in jars or packets."}, {"qas": [{"question": "During what decade did some British pubs provide \"a pie and a pint\"?", "id": "56dfeb4f231d4119001abe8d", "answers": [{"text": "1950s", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what decade was the ploughman's lunch often consumed in pubs?", "id": "56dfeb4f231d4119001abe8e", "answers": [{"text": "1960s", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What decade saw the popularity of \"chicken in a basket\"?", "id": "56dfeb4f231d4119001abe8f", "answers": [{"text": "1960s", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was \"chicken in a basket\" served in?", "id": "56dfeb4f231d4119001abe90", "answers": [{"text": "a wicker basket", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with chicken, what food was included in \"chicken in a basket\"?", "id": "56dfeb4f231d4119001abe91", "answers": [{"text": "chips", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the 1950s some British pubs would offer \"a pie and a pint\", with hot individual steak and ale pies made easily on the premises by the proprietor's wife during the lunchtime opening hours. The ploughman's lunch became popular in the late 1960s. In the late 1960s \"chicken in a basket\", a portion of roast chicken with chips, served on a napkin, in a wicker basket became popular due to its convenience."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are foods like fish and chips and chicken wings called when they're served at a pub?", "id": "56dfec1b231d4119001abe97", "answers": [{"text": "Pub grub", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what day do pubs sometimes offer free snacks?", "id": "56dfec1b231d4119001abe98", "answers": [{"text": "Sunday", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What culture's cuisine is ploughman's lunch a part of?", "id": "56dfec1b231d4119001abe99", "answers": [{"text": "British", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Quality dropped but variety increased with the introduction of microwave ovens and freezer food. \"Pub grub\" expanded to include British food items such as steak and ale pie, shepherd's pie, fish and chips, bangers and mash, Sunday roast, ploughman's lunch, and pasties. In addition, dishes such as burgers, chicken wings, lasagne and chilli con carne are often served. Some pubs offer elaborate hot and cold snacks free to customers at Sunday lunchtimes, to prevent them getting hungry and leaving for their lunch at home."}, {"qas": [{"question": "During what decade did food become an important aspect of a pub's business?", "id": "56dfec9f231d4119001abe9d", "answers": [{"text": "the 1990s", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with dinners, what meals do modern pubs often serve?", "id": "56dfec9f231d4119001abe9e", "answers": [{"text": "lunches", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a term for pubs that serve restaurant-quality food?", "id": "56dfec9f231d4119001abe9f", "answers": [{"text": "gastropubs", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other than the bar, in what room might patrons of a pub eat?", "id": "56dfec9f231d4119001abea0", "answers": [{"text": "dining room", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Since the 1990s food has become a more important part of a pub's trade, and today most pubs serve lunches and dinners at the table in addition to (or instead of) snacks consumed at the bar. They may have a separate dining room. Some pubs serve meals to a higher standard, to match good restaurant standards; these are sometimes termed gastropubs."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What two words is 'gastropub' a portanteau of?", "id": "56dfecfb231d4119001abea5", "answers": [{"text": "pub and gastronomy", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the term gastropub invented?", "id": "56dfecfb231d4119001abea6", "answers": [{"text": "1991", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with David Eyre, who took over the Eagle pub?", "id": "56dfecfb231d4119001abea7", "answers": [{"text": "Mike Belben", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what city is the Eagle pub located?", "id": "56dfecfb231d4119001abea8", "answers": [{"text": "London", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what area of London is the Eagle pub located?", "id": "56dfecfb231d4119001abea9", "answers": [{"text": "Clerkenwell", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A gastropub concentrates on quality food. The name is a portmanteau of pub and gastronomy and was coined in 1991 when David Eyre and Mike Belben took over The Eagle pub in Clerkenwell, London. The concept of a restaurant in a pub reinvigorated both pub culture and British dining, though has occasionally attracted criticism for potentially removing the character of traditional pubs."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many pubs does the National Trust own?", "id": "56dfed637aa994140058e277", "answers": [{"text": "thirty-six", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what city is the George Inn located?", "id": "56dfed637aa994140058e278", "answers": [{"text": "London", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city is home to The Crown Liquor Saloon?", "id": "56dfed637aa994140058e279", "answers": [{"text": "Belfast", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of the United Kingdom is Belfast located in?", "id": "56dfed637aa994140058e27a", "answers": [{"text": "Northern Ireland", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What body maintains a National Inventory of notable pubs?", "id": "56dfed637aa994140058e27b", "answers": [{"text": "CAMRA", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "CAMRA maintains a \"National Inventory\" of historical notability and of architecturally and decoratively notable pubs. The National Trust owns thirty-six public houses of historic interest including the George Inn, Southwark, London and The Crown Liquor Saloon, Belfast, Northern Ireland."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What pub in England is the highest above sea level?", "id": "56dfeddd7aa994140058e281", "answers": [{"text": "the Tan Hill Inn", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what county is the Tan Hill Inn located?", "id": "56dfeddd7aa994140058e282", "answers": [{"text": "Yorkshire", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many meters above sea level is the Tan Hill Inn?", "id": "56dfeddd7aa994140058e283", "answers": [{"text": "528", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what settlement is the pub known as The Old Forge located?", "id": "56dfeddd7aa994140058e284", "answers": [{"text": "Inverie", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what country of the United Kingdom is the Old Forge pub located?", "id": "56dfeddd7aa994140058e285", "answers": [{"text": "Scotland", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The highest pub in the United Kingdom is the Tan Hill Inn, Yorkshire, at 1,732 feet (528 m) above sea level. The remotest pub on the British mainland is The Old Forge in the village of Inverie, Lochaber, Scotland. There is no road access and it may only be reached by an 18-mile (29 km) walk over mountains, or a 7-mile (11 km) sea crossing. Likewise, The Berney Arms in Norfolk has no road access. It may be reached by foot or by boat, and by train as it is served by the nearby Berney Arms railway station, which likewise has no road access and serves no other settlement."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What pub holds the Guinness World Record as the oldest in England?", "id": "56dfee94231d4119001abeaf", "answers": [{"text": "Ye Olde Fighting Cocks", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what century was the building occupied by Ye Olde Fighting Cocks built?", "id": "56dfee94231d4119001abeb0", "answers": [{"text": "11th", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem located?", "id": "56dfee94231d4119001abeb1", "answers": [{"text": "Nottingham", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When does Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem claim to have been founded?", "id": "56dfee94231d4119001abeb2", "answers": [{"text": "1189", "answer_start": 554}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was a pub documented as existing on the current site of the Nags Head?", "id": "56dfee94231d4119001abeb3", "answers": [{"text": "1086", "answer_start": 830}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A number of pubs claim to be the oldest surviving establishment in the United Kingdom, although in several cases original buildings have been demolished and replaced on the same site. Others are ancient buildings that saw uses other than as a pub during their history. Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St Albans, Hertfordshire, holds the Guinness World Record for the oldest pub in England, as it is an 11th-century structure on an 8th-century site. Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem in Nottingham is claimed to be the \"oldest inn in England\". It has a claimed date of 1189, based on the fact it is constructed on the site of the Nottingham Castle brewhouse; the present building dates from around 1650. Likewise, The Nags Head in Burntwood, Staffordshire only dates back to the 16th century, but there has been a pub on the site since at least 1086, as it is mentioned in the Domesday Book."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where is The Old Ferryboat Inn located?", "id": "56dfeec77aa994140058e28b", "answers": [{"text": "Holywell", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How far back does the foundation of The Old Ferryboat Inn date?", "id": "56dfeec77aa994140058e28c", "answers": [{"text": "460", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was ale first served at the site of The Old Ferryboat Inn?", "id": "56dfeec77aa994140058e28d", "answers": [{"text": "560", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There is archaeological evidence that parts of the foundations of The Old Ferryboat Inn in Holywell may date to AD 460, and there is evidence of ale being served as early as AD 560."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When does The Bingley Arms claim to have been founded?", "id": "56dfef297aa994140058e291", "answers": [{"text": "905", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what county is the Bingley Arms located?", "id": "56dfef297aa994140058e292", "answers": [{"text": "Yorkshire", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When does the building housing Ye Olde Salutation Inn date back to?", "id": "56dfef297aa994140058e293", "answers": [{"text": "1240", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Ye Olde Salutation Inn located?", "id": "56dfef297aa994140058e294", "answers": [{"text": "Nottingham", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When does the building housing Ye Olde Man & Scythe date from?", "id": "56dfef297aa994140058e295", "answers": [{"text": "1631", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Bingley Arms, Bardsey, Yorkshire, is claimed to date to 905 AD. Ye Olde Salutation Inn in Nottingham dates from 1240, although the building served as a tannery and a private residence before becoming an inn sometime before the English Civil War. The Adam and Eve in Norwich was first recorded in 1249, when it was an alehouse for the workers constructing nearby Norwich Cathedral. Ye Olde Man & Scythe in Bolton, Lancashire, is mentioned by name in a charter of 1251, but the current building is dated 1631. Its cellars are the only surviving part of the older structure."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What town is the Q Inn located in?", "id": "56dfef72231d4119001abeb9", "answers": [{"text": "Stalybridge", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What county is home to The Old 13th Cheshire Rifleman Corps Inn?", "id": "56dfef72231d4119001abeba", "answers": [{"text": "Cheshire", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What pub has the shortest name in the United Kingdom?", "id": "56dfef72231d4119001abebb", "answers": [{"text": "the Q Inn", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the pub with the longest name in the UK?", "id": "56dfef72231d4119001abebc", "answers": [{"text": "The Old 13th Cheshire Rifleman Corps Inn", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What county is Stalybridge in?", "id": "56dfef72231d4119001abebd", "answers": [{"text": "Cheshire", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The town of Stalybridge in Cheshire is thought to have the pubs with both the longest and shortest names in the United Kingdom \u2014 The Old 13th Cheshire Rifleman Corps Inn and the Q Inn."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was a smoking ban passed in the United Kingdom?", "id": "56dfefe9231d4119001abec3", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the number of United Kingdom pubs generally start to decline?", "id": "56dfefe9231d4119001abec4", "answers": [{"text": "1982", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Competition from what new form of establishment is sometimes blamed for the decline of pubs?", "id": "56dfefe9231d4119001abec5", "answers": [{"text": "gastro-pubs", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What business that sells cheap alcohol has sometimes been held to have resulted in the decline of pubs?", "id": "56dfefe9231d4119001abec6", "answers": [{"text": "supermarkets", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The number of pubs in the UK has declined year on year, at least since 1982. Various reasons are put forward for this, such as the failure of some establishments to keep up with customer requirements. Others claim the smoking ban of 2007, intense competition from gastro-pubs, the availability of cheap alcohol in supermarkets or the general economic climate are either to blame, or are factors in the decline. Changes in demographics may be an additional factor."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many closed pubs did The Lost Pubs Project catalog?", "id": "56dff050231d4119001abecb", "answers": [{"text": "28,095", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Parliament inquire into the frequency of pub closures?", "id": "56dff050231d4119001abecc", "answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Parliament promise to pass as a result of increased pub closures?", "id": "56dff050231d4119001abecd", "answers": [{"text": "legislation to improve relations between owners and tenants", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Lost Pubs Project listed 28,095 closed pubs on 21 April 2015, with photographs of many. In 2015 the rate of pub closures came under the scrutiny of Parliament in the UK, with a promise of legislation to improve relations between owners and tenants."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was based out of the Swan Inn?", "id": "56dff0b1231d4119001abed1", "answers": [{"text": "Dick Turpin", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what county was the Swan Inn located?", "id": "56dff0b1231d4119001abed2", "answers": [{"text": "Buckinghamshire", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the innkeeper at the Spread Eagle in the 1920s?", "id": "56dff0b1231d4119001abed3", "answers": [{"text": "John Fothergill", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was An Innkeeper's Diary published?", "id": "56dff0b1231d4119001abed4", "answers": [{"text": "1931", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What publishing house published An Innkeeper's Diary?", "id": "56dff0b1231d4119001abed5", "answers": [{"text": "Chatto & Windus", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The highwayman Dick Turpin used the Swan Inn at Woughton-on-the-Green in Buckinghamshire as his base. In the 1920s John Fothergill (1876\u20131957) was the innkeeper of the Spread Eagle in Thame, Berkshire, and published his autobiography: An Innkeeper's Diary (London: Chatto & Windus, 1931). During his idiosyncratic occupancy many famous people came to stay, such as H. G. Wells. United States president George W. Bush fulfilled his lifetime ambition of visiting a 'genuine British pub' during his November 2003 state visit to the UK when he had lunch and a pint of non-alcoholic lager (Bush being a teetotaler) with British Prime Minister Tony Blair at the Dun Cow pub in Sedgefield, County Durham in Blair's home constituency. There were approximately 53,500 public houses in 2009 in the United Kingdom. This number has been declining every year, so that nearly half of the smaller villages no longer have a local pub."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What pub was associated with Samuel Johnson, perhaps erroneously?", "id": "56dff154231d4119001abedb", "answers": [{"text": "Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with the Prospect of Whitby, what pub was Samuel Pepys associated with?", "id": "56dff154231d4119001abedc", "answers": [{"text": "the Cock Tavern", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What writer was known to visit both the Cheshire Cheese and the Prospect of Whitby?", "id": "56dff154231d4119001abedd", "answers": [{"text": "Charles Dickens", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with the Prospect of Whitby and the Cheshire Cheese, what pub did Dickens visit?", "id": "56dff154231d4119001abede", "answers": [{"text": "Ye Olde Cock Tavern", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Many of London's pubs are known to have been used by famous people, but in some cases, such as the association between Samuel Johnson and Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese, this is speculative, based on little more than the fact that the person is known to have lived nearby. However, Charles Dickens is known to have visited the Cheshire Cheese, the Prospect of Whitby, Ye Olde Cock Tavern and many others. Samuel Pepys is also associated with the Prospect of Whitby and the Cock Tavern."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the street address of The Fitzroy Tavern?", "id": "56dff1be231d4119001abee3", "answers": [{"text": "16 Charlotte Street", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what district of London is The Fitzroy Tavern located?", "id": "56dff1be231d4119001abee4", "answers": [{"text": "Fitzrovia", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what district of London is Pillars of Hercules located?", "id": "56dff1be231d4119001abee5", "answers": [{"text": "Soho", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What real-life pub provided the model for Orwell's The Moon Under Water?", "id": "56dff1be231d4119001abee6", "answers": [{"text": "The Canonbury Tavern", "answer_start": 544}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what district of London is The Canonbury Tavern located?", "id": "56dff1be231d4119001abee7", "answers": [{"text": "Canonbury", "answer_start": 548}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Fitzroy Tavern is a pub situated at 16 Charlotte Street in the Fitzrovia district, to which it gives its name. It became famous (or according to others, infamous) during a period spanning the 1920s to the mid-1950s as a meeting place for many of London's artists, intellectuals and bohemians such as Dylan Thomas, Augustus John, and George Orwell. Several establishments in Soho, London, have associations with well-known, post-war literary and artistic figures, including the Pillars of Hercules, The Colony Room and the Coach and Horses. The Canonbury Tavern, Canonbury, was the prototype for Orwell's ideal English pub, The Moon Under Water."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where is the Red Lion located?", "id": "56dff2277aa994140058e29b", "answers": [{"text": "Parliament Square", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What notable feature of the Red Lion reflects its parliamentary connection?", "id": "56dff2277aa994140058e29c", "answers": [{"text": "a Division bell", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who owned the Punch Bowl with Guy Ritchie?", "id": "56dff2277aa994140058e29d", "answers": [{"text": "Madonna", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what district of London was the Punch Bowl located?", "id": "56dff2277aa994140058e29e", "answers": [{"text": "Mayfair", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What pub was visited by Freddie Mercury?", "id": "56dff2277aa994140058e29f", "answers": [{"text": "The Coleherne", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Red Lion in Parliament Square is close to the Palace of Westminster and is consequently used by political journalists and members of parliament. The pub is equipped with a Division bell that summons MPs back to the chamber when they are required to take part in a vote. The Punch Bowl, Mayfair was at one time jointly owned by Madonna and Guy Ritchie. The Coleherne public house in Earls Court was a well-known gay pub from the 1950s. It attracted many well-known patrons, such as Freddie Mercury, Kenny Everett and Rudolph Nureyev. It was used by the serial-killer Colin Ireland to pick up victims."}, {"qas": [{"question": "At what pub did Ronnie Kray kill someone in 1966?", "id": "56dff2937aa994140058e2a5", "answers": [{"text": "The Blind Beggar", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What pub is associated with some of Jack the Ripper's victims?", "id": "56dff2937aa994140058e2a6", "answers": [{"text": "The Ten Bells", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Outside what pub was David Blakely shot?", "id": "56dff2937aa994140058e2a7", "answers": [{"text": "The Magdala", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the present name of the former Crown and Anchor?", "id": "56dff2937aa994140058e2a8", "answers": [{"text": "The Crown Tavern", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Joseph Stalin visit London?", "id": "56dff2937aa994140058e2a9", "answers": [{"text": "1903", "answer_start": 579}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1966 The Blind Beggar in Whitechapel became infamous as the scene of a murder committed by gangster Ronnie Kray. The Ten Bells is associated with several of the victims of Jack the Ripper. In 1955, Ruth Ellis, the last woman executed in the United Kingdom, shot David Blakely as he emerged from The Magdala in South Hill Park, Hampstead, the bullet holes can still be seen in the walls outside. It is said that Vladimir Lenin and a young Joseph Stalin met in the Crown and Anchor pub (now known as The Crown Tavern) on Clerkenwell Green when the latter was visiting London in 1903."}, {"qas": [{"question": "At what pub did Thomas Paine write The Rights of Man?", "id": "56dff3097aa994140058e2af", "answers": [{"text": "The Angel", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what district of London is The Angel located?", "id": "56dff3097aa994140058e2b0", "answers": [{"text": "Islington", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What writer mentioned The Angel pub in his writings?", "id": "56dff3097aa994140058e2b1", "answers": [{"text": "Charles Dickens", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the present status of the Angel pub?", "id": "56dff3097aa994140058e2b2", "answers": [{"text": "a Co-operative Bank", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Prior to becoming a pub, what did the Angel serve as?", "id": "56dff3097aa994140058e2b3", "answers": [{"text": "a coaching inn", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Angel, Islington was formerly a coaching inn, the first on the route northwards out of London, where Thomas Paine is believed to have written much of The Rights of Man. It was mentioned by Charles Dickens, became a Lyons Corner House, and is now a Co-operative Bank."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Along with the Eagle and Child, at what pub did the Inklings regularly meet?", "id": "56dff36d7aa994140058e2b9", "answers": [{"text": "the Lamb and Flag", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Eagle and Child located?", "id": "56dff36d7aa994140058e2ba", "answers": [{"text": "Oxford", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with J. R. R. Tolkien, who was a noted member of the Inklings?", "id": "56dff36d7aa994140058e2bb", "answers": [{"text": "C. S. Lewis", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Eagle pub located?", "id": "56dff36d7aa994140058e2bc", "answers": [{"text": "Cambridge", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did Francis Crick announce to an audience of pub-goers that he had discovered DNA?", "id": "56dff36d7aa994140058e2bd", "answers": [{"text": "28 February 1953", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Eagle and Child and the Lamb and Flag, Oxford, were regular meeting places of the Inklings, a writers' group which included J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis. The Eagle in Cambridge is where Francis Crick interrupted patrons' lunchtime on 28 February 1953 to announce that he and James Watson had \"discovered the secret of life\" after they had come up with their proposal for the structure of DNA. The anecdote is related in Watson's book The Double Helix. and commemorated with a blue plaque on the outside wall."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What pub is feature on the British soap opera Coronation Street?", "id": "56dff3c2231d4119001abeed", "answers": [{"text": "The Rovers Return", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What pub is featured on EastEnders?", "id": "56dff3c2231d4119001abeee", "answers": [{"text": "The Queen Vic", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What channel is EastEnders broadcast on?", "id": "56dff3c2231d4119001abeef", "answers": [{"text": "BBC One", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What channel is home to the soap opera Emmerdale?", "id": "56dff3c2231d4119001abef0", "answers": [{"text": "ITV", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What pub is featured on Emmerdale?", "id": "56dff3c2231d4119001abef1", "answers": [{"text": "the Woolpack", "answer_start": 295}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The major soap operas on British television each feature a pub, and these pubs have become household names. The Rovers Return is the pub in Coronation Street, the British soap broadcast on ITV. The Queen Vic (short for the Queen Victoria) is the pub in EastEnders, the major soap on BBC One and the Woolpack in ITV's Emmerdale. The sets of each of the three major television soap operas have been visited by some of the members of the royal family, including Queen Elizabeth II. The centrepiece of each visit was a trip into the Rovers, the Queen Vic, or the Woolpack to be offered a drink. The Bull in the BBC Radio 4 soap opera The Archers is an important meeting point."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What would be a more accurate classification for many \"British\" pubs found outside Britain?", "id": "56dff407231d4119001abef7", "answers": [{"text": "themed bars", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although \"British\" pubs found outside of Britain and its former colonies are often themed bars owing little to the original British pub, a number of \"true\" pubs may be found around the world."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What continental European country has pubs that would be familiar to a Briton?", "id": "56dff46f231d4119001abef9", "answers": [{"text": "Denmark", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many British cask beers were present at the 2008 European Beer Festival?", "id": "56dff46f231d4119001abefa", "answers": [{"text": "56", "answer_start": 577}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what city did the 2008 European Beer Festival take place?", "id": "56dff46f231d4119001abefb", "answers": [{"text": "Copenhagen", "answer_start": 652}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many people visited the 2008 European Beer Festival?", "id": "56dff46f231d4119001abefc", "answers": [{"text": "20,000", "answer_start": 696}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Denmark\u2014a country, like Britain, with a long tradition of brewing\u2014a number of pubs have opened which eschew \"theming\", and which instead focus on the business of providing carefully conditioned beer, often independent of any particular brewery or chain, in an environment which would not be unfamiliar to a British pub-goer. Some import British cask ale, rather than beer in kegs, to provide the full British real ale experience to their customers. This newly established Danish interest in British cask beer and the British pub tradition is reflected by the fact that some 56 British cask beers were available at the 2008 European Beer Festival in Copenhagen, which was attended by more than 20,000 people."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the native Irish term for a pub's atmosphere?", "id": "56dff532231d4119001abf01", "answers": [{"text": "craic", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does teach t\u00e1bhairne mean in English?", "id": "56dff532231d4119001abf02", "answers": [{"text": "tavernhouse", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Irish term means \"drinkinghouse\"?", "id": "56dff532231d4119001abf03", "answers": [{"text": "teach \u00f3il", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Vis-\u00e0-vis pubs in Ireland, what feature do pubs in Northern Ireland lack?", "id": "56dff532231d4119001abf04", "answers": [{"text": "spirit grocers", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country outside Ireland is known for having Irish pubs?", "id": "56dff532231d4119001abf05", "answers": [{"text": "New Zealand", "answer_start": 664}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Ireland, pubs are known for their atmosphere or \"craic\". In Irish, a pub is referred to as teach t\u00e1bhairne (\"tavernhouse\") or teach \u00f3il (\"drinkinghouse\"). Live music, either sessions of traditional Irish music or varieties of modern popular music, is frequently featured in the pubs of Ireland. Pubs in Northern Ireland are largely identical to their counterparts in the Republic of Ireland except for the lack of spirit grocers. A side effect of \"The Troubles\" was that the lack of a tourist industry meant that a higher proportion of traditional bars have survived the wholesale refitting of Irish pub interiors in the 'English style' in the 1950s and 1960s. New Zealand sports a number of Irish pubs."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Traditionally, what was the popular term for a drinking establishment in English-speaking Canada?", "id": "56dff5ca231d4119001abf0b", "answers": [{"text": "tavern", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what decade did \"bar\" become the popular term for a drinking establishment in English-speaking Canada?", "id": "56dff5ca231d4119001abf0c", "answers": [{"text": "1970s", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the 19th century, what term was used in English-speaking Canada to describe a drinking establishment?", "id": "56dff5ca231d4119001abf0d", "answers": [{"text": "public house", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What body often runs pubs on the campuses of Canadian universities?", "id": "56dff5ca231d4119001abf0e", "answers": [{"text": "the student's union", "answer_start": 598}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what decade could one find an \"English looking\" pub trend in Canada?", "id": "56dff5ca231d4119001abf0f", "answers": [{"text": "1990s", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The most popular term in English-speaking Canada used for a drinking establishment was \"tavern\", until the 1970s when the term \"bar\" became widespread as in the United States. In the 1800s the term used was \"public house\" as in England but \"pub culture\" did not spread to Canada. A fake \"English looking\" pub trend started in the 1990s, built into existing storefronts, like regular bars. Most universities in Canada have campus pubs which are central to student life, as it would be bad form just to serve alcohol to students without providing some type of basic food. Often these pubs are run by the student's union. The gastropub concept has caught on, as traditional British influences are to be found in many Canadian dishes. There are now pubs in the large cities of Canada that cater to anyone interested in a \"pub\" type drinking environment.[citation needed]"}]}, {"title": "Internet_service_provider", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What does ISP stand for?", "id": "56dfb9227aa994140058e079", "answers": [{"text": "Internet service provider", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what does an isp do?", "id": "56dfb9227aa994140058e07a", "answers": [{"text": "provides services for accessing, using, the Internet", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What forms can an isp be organized in?", "id": "56dfb9227aa994140058e07b", "answers": [{"text": "commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ISP", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "What are the initials for an Internet service proxy?", "id": "5a10c34906e79900185c33e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Internet", "answer_start": 113}], "question": "What kind of service providers are always commercial providers?", "id": "5a10c34906e79900185c33e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Internet service provider", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What kind of organization are all for profit?", "id": "5a10c34906e79900185c33e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing, using, the Internet. Internet service providers may be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of organization provides internet access?", "id": "56dfb9837aa994140058e083", "answers": [{"text": "ISPs", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some services provided by an isp?", "id": "56dfb9837aa994140058e084", "answers": [{"text": "Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ISPs", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "What kind of organization blocks Internet access", "id": "5a10c42a06e79900185c33e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation", "answer_start": 53}], "question": "What are some services not provided by an ISP?", "id": "5a10c42a06e79900185c33e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Internet services typically provided by ISPs include Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Why was the internet developed?", "id": "56dfba2a7aa994140058e097", "answers": [{"text": "a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "when was the internet developed?", "id": "56dfba2a7aa994140058e098", "answers": [{"text": "1980s", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what happened to the internet in the late 1980s?", "id": "56dfba2a7aa994140058e099", "answers": [{"text": "a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were remaining restrictions on the internet removed?", "id": "56dfba2a7aa994140058e09a", "answers": [{"text": "1995", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "how long after the introduction of the world wide web was 1995?", "id": "56dfba2a7aa994140058e09b", "answers": [{"text": "4 years", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Internet", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was developed as a way for various universities to communicate with each other?", "id": "5a10c72c06e79900185c33eb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet", "answer_start": 149}], "question": "What process was set up by the early 1980s?", "id": "5a10c72c06e79900185c33ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1995", "answer_start": 265}], "question": "When was the Internet further restricted?", "id": "5a10c72c06e79900185c33ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The remaining restrictions were removed", "answer_start": 222}], "question": "What happened four years after the introduction of the World Wide Web?", "id": "5a10c72c06e79900185c33ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Internet was developed as a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities. By the late 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. The remaining restrictions were removed by 1995, 4 years after the introduction of the World Wide Web."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where were the first isps established?", "id": "56dfba8b7aa994140058e0a1", "answers": [{"text": "Australia and the United States", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "where was the first commercial isp in the us located? ", "id": "56dfba8b7aa994140058e0a2", "answers": [{"text": "Brookline, Massachusetts", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "when was the first commercial isp customer served?", "id": "56dfba8b7aa994140058e0a3", "answers": [{"text": "November 1989", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "when were the first commercial isps established?", "id": "56dfba8b7aa994140058e0a4", "answers": [{"text": "1989", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was the name of the first commercial isp in the us?", "id": "56dfba8b7aa994140058e0a5", "answers": [{"text": "The World", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Australia and the United States", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "Where was the first ISP S established in 1999?", "id": "5a10c96506e79900185c33f3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the first commercial ISP", "answer_start": 123}], "question": "What was established in Boston Massachusetts?", "id": "5a10c96506e79900185c33f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The World", "answer_start": 106}], "question": "What was the name of the first private ISP?", "id": "5a10c96506e79900185c33f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Its first customer was served", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "What did the world do in 1999?", "id": "5a10c96506e79900185c33f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1989, the first ISPs were established in Australia and the United States. In Brookline, Massachusetts, The World became the first commercial ISP in the US. Its first customer was served in November 1989."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What would the absence of net neutrality permit? ", "id": "56dfbb8c231d4119001abd3b", "answers": [{"text": "ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what may possibly be a solution to net neutrality concerns? ", "id": "56dfbb8c231d4119001abd3c", "answers": [{"text": "municipal broadband", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "how did president obama recommend to classify the internet? ", "id": "56dfbb8c231d4119001abd3d", "answers": [{"text": "a telecommunications service", "answer_start": 788}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what did the fcc choose to apply to the internet? ", "id": "56dfbb8c231d4119001abd3e", "answers": [{"text": "Title II (common carrier)", "answer_start": 1240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what would the internet be classified as based on title ii? ", "id": "56dfbb8c231d4119001abd3f", "answers": [{"text": "telecommunications", "answer_start": 790}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content", "answer_start": 126}], "question": "What did the implementation of net neutrality permit?", "id": "5a10d02306e79900185c33fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "municipal broadband", "answer_start": 298}], "question": "What was net neutrality a solution to?", "id": "5a10d02306e79900185c33fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Professor Susan Crawford", "answer_start": 332}], "question": "What yell Law school professor considered to options regarding Internet service?", "id": "5a10d02306e79900185c33fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a U.S. Congress H.R. discussion draft bill", "answer_start": 924}], "question": "What did the Democrats present in 2015", "id": "5a10d02306e79900185c33fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "net neutrality", "answer_start": 1577}], "question": "What is the FCC expected to oppose with its vote?", "id": "5a10d02306e79900185c33ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On 23 April 2014, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was reported to be considering a new rule that will permit ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content, thus reversing their earlier net neutrality position. A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may be municipal broadband, according to Professor Susan Crawford, a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School. On 15 May 2014, the FCC decided to consider two options regarding Internet services: first, permit fast and slow broadband lanes, thereby compromising net neutrality; and second, reclassify broadband as a telecommunication service, thereby preserving net neutrality. On 10 November 2014, President Barack Obama recommended that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality. On 16 January 2015, Republicans presented legislation, in the form of a U.S. Congress H.R. discussion draft bill, that makes concessions to net neutrality but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting any further regulation affecting Internet service providers. On 31 January 2015, AP News reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying (\"with some caveats\") Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 to the internet in a vote expected on 26 February 2015. Adoption of this notion would reclassify internet service from one of information to one of the telecommunications and, according to Tom Wheeler, chairman of the FCC, ensure net neutrality. The FCC is expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote, according to the New York Times."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the FCC rule on net neturality?", "id": "56dfbc1d7aa994140058e0bd", "answers": [{"text": "February 2015", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the FCC rule on net neutrality?", "id": "56dfbc1d7aa994140058e0be", "answers": [{"text": "in favor", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what did the FCC adopt for the internet? ", "id": "56dfbc1d7aa994140058e0bf", "answers": [{"text": "Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what amendment did the chairman of the FCC compare this ruling to? ", "id": "56dfbc1d7aa994140058e0c0", "answers": [{"text": "the First Amendment", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what did the FCC chairman say both the internet and the first amendment stand for?", "id": "56dfbc1d7aa994140058e0c1", "answers": [{"text": "free speech", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "FCC", "answer_start": 25}], "question": "Who ruled against neutrality in February 2015?", "id": "5a10d1d006e79900185c3405", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 in the Telecommunications act of 1996", "answer_start": 103}], "question": "What to ask did FCC rule against?", "id": "5a10d1d006e79900185c3406", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The FCC Chairman, Tom Wheeler,", "answer_start": 205}], "question": "Who compared his ruling to the fourth amendment?", "id": "5a10d1d006e79900185c3407", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "free speech.", "answer_start": 343}], "question": "The telecommunication act of 1934 and the Internet were compared to what?", "id": "5a10d1d006e79900185c3408", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On 26 February 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by adopting Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 in the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet. The FCC Chairman, Tom Wheeler, commented, \"This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the FCC publish its final rule on net neutrality regulations?", "id": "56dfbcec231d4119001abd54", "answers": [{"text": "13 April 2015", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "12 March 2015", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When was a general summary of net neutrality released?", "id": "5a10d23306e79900185c340d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "13 April 2015,", "answer_start": 88}], "question": "When was the first draft of the net neutrality regulations published?", "id": "5a10d23306e79900185c340e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On 12 March 2015, the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules. On 13 April 2015, the FCC published the final rule on its new \"Net Neutrality\" regulations."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What do ISPs provide?", "id": "56dfbd5e231d4119001abd57", "answers": [{"text": "Internet access", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "how do isps provide internet access?", "id": "56dfbd5e231d4119001abd58", "answers": [{"text": "a range of technologies to connect users to their network", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what is one type of technology used to connect to the internet? ", "id": "56dfbd5e231d4119001abd59", "answers": [{"text": "television cable (CATV)", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what type of technology is used to connect to the internet wirelessly? ", "id": "56dfbd5e231d4119001abd5a", "answers": [{"text": "wireless Ethernet (wi-fi)", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was an earlier technology used to connect to the internet? ", "id": "56dfbd5e231d4119001abd5b", "answers": [{"text": "telephone lines", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ISPs", "answer_start": 1}], "question": "Who provides the Internet?", "id": "5a10d81806e79900185c3411", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "telephone lines", "answer_start": 182}], "question": "What old technology was unable to be used to connect to the Internet?", "id": "5a10d81806e79900185c3412", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "wireless Ethernet (wi-fi), and fiber optics", "answer_start": 227}], "question": "What technology is used to connect the Internet through wires?", "id": "5a10d81806e79900185c3413", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "connect users to their network", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "Computer motherboards are used to do what?", "id": "5a10d81806e79900185c3414", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": " ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to connect users to their network. Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to telephone lines, to television cable (CATV), wireless Ethernet (wi-fi), and fiber optics."}, {"qas": [{"question": "what traditional options were available for users and small businesses? ", "id": "56dfbdc9231d4119001abd61", "answers": [{"text": "copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface)", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what is it called when fiber-optics are used for end users?", "id": "56dfbdc9231d4119001abd62", "answers": [{"text": "Fiber To The Home", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who is served by dial-up, dsl, adsl, cable modems, or isdns?", "id": "56dfbdc9231d4119001abd63", "answers": [{"text": "users and small businesses", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "copper wires to provide dial-up", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "What options were available to large businesses?", "id": "5a10d8b706e79900185c3419", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Fiber To The Home", "answer_start": 285}], "question": "What is using fiber optics to providers called?", "id": "5a10d8b706e79900185c341a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "What modern options are available to users and small businesses?", "id": "5a10d8b706e79900185c341b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "For users and small businesses, traditional options include copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface). Using fiber-optics to end users is called Fiber To The Home or similar names."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of customers would typically have more demanding requirements? ", "id": "56dfbe7c231d4119001abd70", "answers": [{"text": "medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what does atm stand for in relation to internet providers? ", "id": "56dfbe7c231d4119001abd71", "answers": [{"text": "Asynchronous Transfer Mode", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what is high-speed dsl used for? ", "id": "56dfbe7c231d4119001abd72", "answers": [{"text": "customers with more demanding requirements", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what is SONET? ", "id": "56dfbe7c231d4119001abd73", "answers": [{"text": "synchronous optical networking", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "higher-speed DSL", "answer_start": 107}], "question": "What is available to customers with less demanding requirements?", "id": "5a10d9ce06e79900185c341f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ATM", "answer_start": 275}], "question": "What's the abbreviation for synchronous transfer mode", "id": "5a10d9ce06e79900185c3420", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "SONET", "answer_start": 344}], "question": "What are the abbreviations for asynchronous optical networking", "id": "5a10d9ce06e79900185c3421", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "For customers with more demanding requirements (such as medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs) can use higher-speed DSL (such as single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line), Ethernet, metropolitan Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay, ISDN Primary Rate Interface, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and synchronous optical networking (SONET)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is a mailbox provider? ", "id": "56dfbedb7aa994140058e0e9", "answers": [{"text": "an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an organization that provides hosting of electronic mail domains? ", "id": "56dfbedb7aa994140058e0ea", "answers": [{"text": "A mailbox provider", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what is the purpose of a mailbox provider? ", "id": "56dfbedb7aa994140058e0eb", "answers": [{"text": "It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "how does a user store electronic mail?", "id": "56dfbedb7aa994140058e0ed", "answers": [{"text": "A mailbox provider", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "What is an Internet mail service provider?", "id": "5a10dac206e79900185c3425", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "electronic mail", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "What online service does not provide storage?", "id": "5a10dac206e79900185c3426", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mailbox provider", "answer_start": 2}], "question": "Who allows people to send but not accept in-store mail?", "id": "5a10dac206e79900185c3427", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mailbox provider", "answer_start": 2}], "question": "Who invented male domains?", "id": "5a10dac206e79900185c3428", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A mailbox provider is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes. It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email for end users or other organizations."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is SMTP?", "id": "56dfbf91231d4119001abd83", "answers": [{"text": "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is IMAP?", "id": "56dfbf91231d4119001abd84", "answers": [{"text": "Internet Message Access Protocol", "answer_start": 477}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is access to mail provided? ", "id": "56dfbf91231d4119001abd85", "answers": [{"text": "implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.", "answer_start": 377}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what are most mailbox providers as well? ", "id": "56dfbf91231d4119001abd86", "answers": [{"text": "access providers", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who possibly controls their own mail servers? ", "id": "56dfbf91231d4119001abd87", "answers": [{"text": "companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "also access providers,", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "All mailbox providers were also what?", "id": "5a10dce006e79900185c342d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Yahoo! Mail, Outlook.com, Gmail, AOL Mail, Po box", "answer_start": 78}], "question": "What are examples of access providers?", "id": "5a10dce006e79900185c342e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", "answer_start": 390}], "question": "What is used by organizations that depend on others to provide mail services?", "id": "5a10dce006e79900185c342f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Post Office Protocol", "answer_start": 518}], "question": "How is traditional male provided?", "id": "5a10dce006e79900185c3430", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Many mailbox providers are also access providers, while others are not (e.g., Yahoo! Mail, Outlook.com, Gmail, AOL Mail, Po box). The definition given in RFC 6650 covers email hosting services, as well as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals that manage their mail servers themselves. The task is typically accomplished by implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What do internet hosting services provide? ", "id": "56dfc016231d4119001abd8d", "answers": [{"text": "email, web-hosting, or online storage services", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who provides a virtual server service?", "id": "56dfc016231d4119001abd8e", "answers": [{"text": "Internet hosting services", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who provides cloud services?", "id": "56dfc016231d4119001abd8f", "answers": [{"text": "Internet hosting services", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "email, web-hosting, or online storage services.", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "Internet hosting protocols provide what?", "id": "5a10dd9906e79900185c3435", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Internet hosting services", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who provides physical servers to customers", "id": "5a10dd9906e79900185c3436", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Internet hosting services", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who provides off-line storage services", "id": "5a10dd9906e79900185c3437", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Internet hosting services provide email, web-hosting, or online storage services. Other services include virtual server, cloud services, or physical server operation."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who does an ISP pay for internet access?", "id": "56dfc0ae231d4119001abd95", "answers": [{"text": "upstream ISPs", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why does an ISP need to pay an upstream ISP?", "id": "56dfc0ae231d4119001abd96", "answers": [{"text": "An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does an upstream ISP provide for an ISP?", "id": "56dfc0ae231d4119001abd97", "answers": [{"text": "access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what usually has a larger network, the ISP of the customer or the upstream ISP?", "id": "56dfc0ae231d4119001abd99", "answers": [{"text": "upstream ISPs", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Internet access", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "What do ISPs pay customers for?", "id": "5a10dee906e79900185c343b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "An upstream ISP", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "What usually has a small network than a contracting ISP?", "id": "5a10dee906e79900185c343c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Internet access", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "What does an upstream ISP provide for customers?", "id": "5a10dee906e79900185c343d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "parts of the Internet", "answer_start": 236}], "question": "What does the contracting ISP have access to that the upstream ISP does not?", "id": "5a10dee906e79900185c343e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Just as their customers pay them for Internet access, ISPs themselves pay upstream ISPs for Internet access. An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP or is able to provide the contracting ISP with access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the simplest case of an ISP using an upstream ISP? ", "id": "56dfc22f7aa994140058e13f", "answers": [{"text": "transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what do transit ISPs provide? ", "id": "56dfc22f7aa994140058e140", "answers": [{"text": "large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs", "answer_start": 573}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching what?", "id": "56dfc22f7aa994140058e141", "answers": [{"text": "a tier 1 carrier", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a PoP?", "id": "56dfc22f7aa994140058e142", "answers": [{"text": "point of presence", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What provides bandwidth for the connecting of hosting ISPs and access ISPs?", "id": "56dfc22f7aa994140058e143", "answers": [{"text": "Transit ISPs", "answer_start": 552}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Transit ISPs", "answer_start": 552}], "question": "Who provides minimal amounts of bandwidth for connecting ISPs?", "id": "5a10e0bf06e79900185c3443", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "PoP", "answer_start": 350}], "question": "What is a point of protocol abbreviated as?", "id": "5a10e0bf06e79900185c3444", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ISPs with more than one point of presence", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "What has the same connection to an upstream ISP?", "id": "5a10e0bf06e79900185c3445", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "upstream ISP", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "What transmits Internet within the home?", "id": "5a10e0bf06e79900185c3446", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the simplest case, a single connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network; this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a tier 1 carrier. In reality, the situation is often more complex. ISPs with more than one point of presence (PoP) may have separate connections to an upstream ISP at multiple PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence. Transit ISPs provide large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is a VISP?", "id": "56dfc2de231d4119001abdaf", "answers": [{"text": "virtual ISP", "answer_start": 2}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do VISPs resemble? ", "id": "56dfc2de231d4119001abdb1", "answers": [{"text": "mobile virtual network operators", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do visps purchase services from? ", "id": "56dfc2de231d4119001abdb2", "answers": [{"text": "a wholesale ISP", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A virtual ISP", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who does an ISP purchase services from?", "id": "5a10e2b206e79900185c344b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "VISP", "answer_start": 15}], "question": "Who do wholesale ISP purchased services from?", "id": "5a10e2b206e79900185c344c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "VISPs", "answer_start": 260}], "question": "What do virtual network operators resemble?", "id": "5a10e2b206e79900185c344d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "using services and infrastructure owned and operated by the wholesale ISP", "answer_start": 185}], "question": "How do VISP's customers access the Internet?", "id": "5a10e2b206e79900185c344e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A virtual ISP (VISP) is an operation that purchases services from another ISP, sometimes called a wholesale ISP in this context, which allow the VISP's customers to access the Internet using services and infrastructure owned and operated by the wholesale ISP. VISPs resemble mobile virtual network operators and competitive local exchange carriers for voice communications."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are free ISPs?", "id": "56dfc3487aa994140058e167", "answers": [{"text": "Internet service providers that provide service free of charge", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do free ISPs display in exchange for service?", "id": "56dfc3487aa994140058e168", "answers": [{"text": "advertisements", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are free ISPs similar to? ", "id": "56dfc3487aa994140058e169", "answers": [{"text": "commercial television", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are freenets run? ", "id": "56dfc3487aa994140058e16b", "answers": [{"text": "on a nonprofit basis", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Free ISPs", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What type of ISPs are free of restrictions?", "id": "5a10e3cc06e79900185c3453", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Free ISPs", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who accepts donations instead of charging for services?", "id": "5a10e3cc06e79900185c3454", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "commercial television,", "answer_start": 150}], "question": "What kind of television are free ISPs like?", "id": "5a10e3cc06e79900185c3455", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "freenets", "answer_start": 275}], "question": "What are for-profit ISPs called?", "id": "5a10e3cc06e79900185c3456", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial television, in a sense they are selling the user's attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, sometimes called freenets, are run on a nonprofit basis, usually with volunteer staff.[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is a WISP? ", "id": "56dfc3c77aa994140058e171", "answers": [{"text": "wireless Internet service provider", "answer_start": 2}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What technology is part of a WISP?", "id": "56dfc3c77aa994140058e172", "answers": [{"text": "commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some bands that Wi-Fi can operate over? ", "id": "56dfc3c77aa994140058e173", "answers": [{"text": "900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a wireless internet service provider's network based on?", "id": "56dfc3c77aa994140058e174", "answers": [{"text": "wireless networking", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an Internet service provider with a network based on wireless networking", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "What is a wired Internet service provider?", "id": "5a10e4ae06e79900185c345b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking", "answer_start": 156}], "question": "What kind of uncommon networking is used for WISPs", "id": "5a10e4ae06e79900185c345c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "WISP", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "What operates unlicensed frequencies?", "id": "5a10e4ae06e79900185c345d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "proprietary equipment", "answer_start": 191}], "question": "What is designed to operate under open 900 MHz", "id": "5a10e4ae06e79900185c345e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "UHF band", "answer_start": 375}], "question": "W ISP do not operate in what band?", "id": "5a10e4ae06e79900185c345f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A wireless Internet service provider (WISP) is an Internet service provider with a network based on wireless networking. Technology may include commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands or licensed frequencies such as 2.5 GHz (EBS/BRS), 3.65 GHz (NN) and in the UHF band (including the MMDS frequency band) and LMDS.[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is peering? ", "id": "56dfc460231d4119001abdc3", "answers": [{"text": "multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does peering allow? ", "id": "56dfc460231d4119001abdc4", "answers": [{"text": "routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why is peering used? ", "id": "56dfc460231d4119001abdc5", "answers": [{"text": "data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are IXs? ", "id": "56dfc460231d4119001abdc6", "answers": [{"text": "Internet exchange points", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where do multiple ISPs connect? ", "id": "56dfc460231d4119001abdc7", "answers": [{"text": "peering points or Internet exchange points", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ISPs", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who may not engage in peering?", "id": "5a10e82f06e79900185c3465", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "data transmitted", "answer_start": 198}], "question": "Different networks charge each other for what?", "id": "5a10e82f06e79900185c3466", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "charges from the upstream ISP.", "answer_start": 293}], "question": "What would've been incurred by data passing through a third upstream ISP?", "id": "5a10e82f06e79900185c3467", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "peering points", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "Nothing to what costs ISPs more money?", "id": "5a10e82f06e79900185c3468", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "ISPs may engage in peering, where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points (IXs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted\u2014data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Is a tradeoff between efficiency and cost possible? ", "id": "56dfc4e0231d4119001abdd8", "answers": [{"text": "A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sort of route does data follow? ", "id": "56dfc4e0231d4119001abdd9", "answers": [{"text": "the most efficient route", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "between cost and efficiency", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "What trade-off is not possible?", "id": "5a10e91306e79900185c346d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "data", "answer_start": 135}], "question": "What follows most inefficient route?", "id": "5a10e91306e79900185c346e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "upstream connections", "answer_start": 178}], "question": "What works unreliably?", "id": "5a10e91306e79900185c346f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Network hardware, software and specifications", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What ensures upstream connections are not reliable?", "id": "5a10e91306e79900185c3470", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Network hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible.[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are ISPs subject to monitoring by in some countries? ", "id": "56dfc592231d4119001abddd", "answers": [{"text": "intelligence agencies", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the controversial N.S.A. program used in the U.S.?", "id": "56dfc592231d4119001abdde", "answers": [{"text": "PRISM", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does PRISM do? ", "id": "56dfc592231d4119001abddf", "answers": [{"text": "provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic", "answer_start": 413}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do ISPs integrate into their network to provide information to intelligence agencies? ", "id": "56dfc592231d4119001abde0", "answers": [{"text": "a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment", "answer_start": 627}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do DCSnet in the US and SORM in Russia do? ", "id": "56dfc592231d4119001abde1", "answers": [{"text": "allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time", "answer_start": 831}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "allow law enforcement agencies to monitor some or all of the information transmitted by the ISP", "answer_start": 151}], "question": "What are ISPs not legally required to do?", "id": "5a10eb6d06e79900185c3475", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "broad monitoring of Internet users traffic", "answer_start": 426}], "question": "What this PRISM stopped the national security agency for doing?", "id": "5a10eb6d06e79900185c3476", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "National Security Agency", "answer_start": 365}], "question": "Who objects to PRISM", "id": "5a10eb6d06e79900185c3477", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment", "answer_start": 627}], "question": "What do ISPs remove from their networks to discourage intelligence agencies?", "id": "5a10eb6d06e79900185c3478", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "broad monitoring of Internet users traffic", "answer_start": 426}], "question": "What do many people say violates the First Amendment?", "id": "5a10eb6d06e79900185c3479", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Internet service providers in many countries are legally required (e.g., via Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) in the U.S.) to allow law enforcement agencies to monitor some or all of the information transmitted by the ISP. Furthermore, in some countries ISPs are subject to monitoring by intelligence agencies. In the U.S., a controversial National Security Agency program known as PRISM provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic and has raised concerns about potential violation of the privacy protections in the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Modern ISPs integrate a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment into their networks, which then feeds the data to law-enforcement/intelligence networks (such as DCSNet in the United States, or SORM in Russia) allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time."}]}, {"title": "Comics", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Which form of comics entails the use of photographic images?", "id": "56e01244231d4119001abf16", "answers": [{"text": "fumetti", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can be used to show the dialogue in comics?", "id": "56e01244231d4119001abf17", "answers": [{"text": "speech balloons", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of comic has taken off in the 21st century?", "id": "56e01244231d4119001abf18", "answers": [{"text": "online webcomics", "answer_start": 756}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged help with what aspect of comics?", "id": "56e01244231d4119001abf19", "answers": [{"text": "narrative pacing", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fumetti", "answer_start": 484}], "question": "Which form of comics entails the use of autographic images?", "id": "5acf6bcf77cf76001a684dd0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "speech balloons", "answer_start": 215}], "question": "In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can't be used to show the dialogue in comics?", "id": "5acf6bcf77cf76001a684dd1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "speech balloons", "answer_start": 215}], "question": "In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can be used to show the non-dialogue in comics?", "id": "5acf6bcf77cf76001a684dd2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "online webcomics", "answer_start": 756}], "question": "What type of comic has taken off in the 20th century?", "id": "5acf6bcf77cf76001a684dd3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "narrative pacing", "answer_start": 371}], "question": "The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged don't help with what aspect of comics?", "id": "5acf6bcf77cf76001a684dd4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Comics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing. Cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics; fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, and comic books. Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comics albums, and tank\u014dbon have become increasingly common, and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer create cartoons?", "id": "56e01379231d4119001abf20", "answers": [{"text": "1830s", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which superhero appeared in comics in 1938?", "id": "56e01379231d4119001abf22", "answers": [{"text": "Superman", "answer_start": 711}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Japanese cartooning known as?", "id": "56e01379231d4119001abf23", "answers": [{"text": "manga", "answer_start": 783}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1830s", "answer_start": 384}], "question": "When did Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer create news?", "id": "5acf6c2d77cf76001a684dda", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Superman", "answer_start": 711}], "question": "Which superhero appeared in comics in 1983?", "id": "5acf6c2d77cf76001a684ddb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Superman", "answer_start": 711}], "question": "Which antihero appeared in comics in 1938?", "id": "5acf6c2d77cf76001a684ddc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "manga", "answer_start": 783}], "question": "What is Chinese cartooning known as?", "id": "5acf6c2d77cf76001a684ddd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "manga", "answer_start": 783}], "question": "What is Japanese cartooning not known as?", "id": "5acf6c2d77cf76001a684dde", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European comics is often traced to Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer's cartoon strips of the 1830s, and became popular following the success in the 1930s of strips and books such as The Adventures of Tintin. American comics emerged as a mass medium in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips; magazine-style comic books followed in the 1930s, in which the superhero genre became prominent after Superman appeared in 1938. Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning (manga) propose origins as early as the 12th century. Modern comic strips emerged in Japan in the early 20th century, and the output of comics magazines and books rapidly expanded in the post-World War II era with the popularity of cartoonists such as Osamu Tezuka. Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of its history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and in academia."}, {"qas": [{"question": "French comics are also known as what?", "id": "56e014a37aa994140058e2c3", "answers": [{"text": "bandes dessin\u00e9es", "answer_start": 499}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is the term comics considered singular rather than plural?", "id": "56e014a37aa994140058e2c4", "answers": [{"text": "when it refers to the medium", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what?", "id": "56e014a37aa994140058e2c5", "answers": [{"text": "recurring characters", "answer_start": 792}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Some experts believe comics is a combination of what two things?", "id": "56e014a37aa994140058e2c6", "answers": [{"text": "images and text", "answer_start": 660}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are Japanese comics called?", "id": "56e014a37aa994140058e2c7", "answers": [{"text": "manga", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bandes dessin\u00e9es", "answer_start": 499}], "question": "French comics are not known as what?", "id": "5acf6cc177cf76001a684dee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "when it refers to the medium", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "When is the term comics considered multiple rather than plural?", "id": "5acf6cc177cf76001a684def", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "recurring characters", "answer_start": 792}], "question": "The non-historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what?", "id": "5acf6cc177cf76001a684df0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "images and text", "answer_start": 660}], "question": "No experts believe comics is a combination of what two things?", "id": "5acf6cc177cf76001a684df1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "manga", "answer_start": 469}], "question": "What are Japanese comics never called?", "id": "5acf6cc177cf76001a684df2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also for non-humorous works. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessin\u00e9es for French-language comics. There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who is best known for being the first comics creator in Europe?", "id": "56e01a8f7aa994140058e2cd", "answers": [{"text": "Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is considered to be the first comic creator in America?", "id": "56e01a8f7aa994140058e2ce", "answers": [{"text": "Richard F. Outcault", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in newspapers?", "id": "56e01a8f7aa994140058e2cf", "answers": [{"text": "1890s", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War II?", "id": "56e01a8f7aa994140058e2d0", "answers": [{"text": "satirical", "answer_start": 395}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer", "answer_start": 150}], "question": "Who is best known for being the last comics creator in Europe?", "id": "5acf6d3877cf76001a684e02", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer", "answer_start": 150}], "question": "Who is least known for being the first comics creator in Europe?", "id": "5acf6d3877cf76001a684e03", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Richard F. Outcault", "answer_start": 237}], "question": "Who is considered to be the last comic creator in America?", "id": "5acf6d3877cf76001a684e04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1890s", "answer_start": 259}], "question": "When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in books?", "id": "5acf6d3877cf76001a684e05", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "satirical", "answer_start": 395}], "question": "What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War I?", "id": "5acf6d3877cf76001a684e06", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans have come to recognize T\u00f6pffer's precedence. Japan had a long prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the early 19th century. In the post-war era modern Japanese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Towards the close of the 20th century, these three traditions converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the comics album in Europe, the tank\u014dbon[a] in Japan, and the graphic novel in the English-speaking countries."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In France, what did historians find that they consider a precedent for comics?", "id": "56e01bf5231d4119001abf29", "answers": [{"text": "Lascaux cave paintings", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?", "id": "56e01bf5231d4119001abf2a", "answers": [{"text": "The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Egypt, historians consider what to be a precedent for comics?", "id": "56e01bf5231d4119001abf2b", "answers": [{"text": "hieroglyphs", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Rome, what do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?", "id": "56e01bf5231d4119001abf2c", "answers": [{"text": "Trajan's Column", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lascaux cave paintings", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "In France, what did historians find that they consider a irrelevant for comics?", "id": "5acf6dbd77cf76001a684e0c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel", "answer_start": 378}], "question": "What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be irrelevant for comics?", "id": "5acf6dbd77cf76001a684e0d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel", "answer_start": 378}], "question": "What Donatello work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?", "id": "5acf6dbd77cf76001a684e0e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hieroglyphs", "answer_start": 207}], "question": "In Egypt, historians consider what to be irrelevant for comics?", "id": "5acf6dbd77cf76001a684e0f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Trajan's Column", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "In Rome, what do scientists consider to be a precedent for comics?", "id": "5acf6dbd77cf76001a684e10", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the 15th-century Ars moriendi and block books, Michelangelo's The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel, and William Hogarth's 17th-century sequential engravings, amongst others.[b]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the first illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century?", "id": "56e01d2f231d4119001abf33", "answers": [{"text": "The Glasgow Looking Glass", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did The Glasgow Looking Glass begin?", "id": "56e01d2f231d4119001abf34", "answers": [{"text": "1825", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Britain, what was the most liked illustrated humor periodical?", "id": "56e01d2f231d4119001abf35", "answers": [{"text": "Punch", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which comic character was the first to appear in a weekly magazine?", "id": "56e01d2f231d4119001abf36", "answers": [{"text": "Ally Sloper", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Ally Sloper first appear?", "id": "56e01d2f231d4119001abf37", "answers": [{"text": "1884", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Glasgow Looking Glass", "answer_start": 111}], "question": "What was the last illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century?", "id": "5acf6e3a77cf76001a684e20", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1825", "answer_start": 140}], "question": "When did The Glasgow Looking Glass end?", "id": "5acf6e3a77cf76001a684e21", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Punch", "answer_start": 167}], "question": "In Britain, what was the least liked illustrated humor periodical?", "id": "5acf6e3a77cf76001a684e22", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ally Sloper", "answer_start": 320}], "question": "Which comic character was the last to appear in a weekly magazine?", "id": "5acf6e3a77cf76001a684e23", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1884", "answer_start": 446}], "question": "When did Ally Sloper last appear?", "id": "5acf6e3a77cf76001a684e24", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which outlet did comic supplements find success in?", "id": "56e02060231d4119001abf3e", "answers": [{"text": "New York World", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which strip had a good deal of success as a comic strip?", "id": "56e02060231d4119001abf3f", "answers": [{"text": "Outcault's The Yellow Kid", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "New York World", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "Which outlet did comic supplements fail in?", "id": "5acf7cec77cf76001a684f4a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "New York World", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "Which outlet did news supplements find success in?", "id": "5acf7cec77cf76001a684f4b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "New York World", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "Which outlet didn't comic supplements find success in?", "id": "5acf7cec77cf76001a684f4c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Outcault's The Yellow Kid", "answer_start": 188}], "question": "Which strip had no success as a comic strip?", "id": "5acf7cec77cf76001a684f4d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Outcault's The Yellow Kid", "answer_start": 188}], "question": "Which strip had a good deal of success as a news article?", "id": "5acf7cec77cf76001a684f4e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "American comics developed out of such magazines as Puck, Judge, and Life. The success of illustrated humour supplements in the New York World and later the New York American, particularly Outcault's The Yellow Kid, led to the development of newspaper comic strips. Early Sunday strips were full-page and often in colour. Between 1896 and 1901 cartoonists experimented with sequentiality, movement, and speech balloons."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What comic strip did Bud Fisher have success with?", "id": "56e020e2231d4119001abf47", "answers": [{"text": "Mutt and Jeff", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Mutt and Jeff appear?", "id": "56e020e2231d4119001abf49", "answers": [{"text": "1907", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did comic books make an appearance?", "id": "56e020e2231d4119001abf4a", "answers": [{"text": "1930s", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which comic book had success with its first superhero in 1938?", "id": "56e020e2231d4119001abf4b", "answers": [{"text": "Action Comics", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mutt and Jeff", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "What comic strip did Bud Fisher fail with?", "id": "5acf7d5e77cf76001a684f66", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mutt and Jeff", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "What news column did Bud Fisher have success with?", "id": "5acf7d5e77cf76001a684f67", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1907", "answer_start": 139}], "question": "When did Mutt and Jeff end?", "id": "5acf7d5e77cf76001a684f68", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1930s", "answer_start": 233}], "question": "When did news books make an appearance?", "id": "5acf7d5e77cf76001a684f69", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Action Comics", "answer_start": 517}], "question": "Which comic book failed with its first superhero in 1938?", "id": "5acf7d5e77cf76001a684f6a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became popular. Thin periodicals called comic books appeared in the 1930s, at first reprinting newspaper comic strips; by the end of the decade, original content began to dominate. The success in 1938 of Action Comics and its lead hero Superman marked the beginning of the Golden Age of Comic Books, in which the superhero genre was prominent."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which genre of comic books had parents concerned?", "id": "56e02191231d4119001abf52", "answers": [{"text": "crime and horror", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which group was created after a Senate hearing on comic books content?", "id": "56e02191231d4119001abf53", "answers": [{"text": "Comics Code Authority", "answer_start": 447}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did super heroes become popular again in comic books?", "id": "56e02191231d4119001abf54", "answers": [{"text": "1960s", "answer_start": 741}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the alternative comics movement begin?", "id": "56e02191231d4119001abf55", "answers": [{"text": "1980s", "answer_start": 938}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "crime and horror", "answer_start": 286}], "question": "Which genre of comic books had children concerned?", "id": "5acf7f8777cf76001a684fc0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "crime and horror", "answer_start": 286}], "question": "Which genre of comic books had parents excited?", "id": "5acf7f8777cf76001a684fc1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Comics Code Authority", "answer_start": 447}], "question": "Which group was disbanded after a Senate hearing on comic books content?", "id": "5acf7f8777cf76001a684fc2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1960s", "answer_start": 741}], "question": "When did super heroes lose popularity again in comic books?", "id": "5acf7f8777cf76001a684fc3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1980s", "answer_start": 938}], "question": "When did the alternative comics movement end?", "id": "5acf7f8777cf76001a684fc4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The popularity of superhero comic books declined following World War II, while comic book sales continued to increase as other genres proliferated, such as romance, westerns, crime, horror, and humour. Following a sales peak in the early 1950s, the content of comic books (particularly crime and horror) was subjected to scrutiny from parent groups and government agencies, which culminated in Senate hearings that led to the establishment of the Comics Code Authority self-censoring body. The Code has been blamed for stunting the growth of American comics and maintaining its low status in American society for much of the remainder of the century. Superheroes re-established themselves as the most prominent comic book genre by the early 1960s. Underground comix challenged the Code and readers with adult, countercultural content in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The underground gave birth to the alternative comics movement in the 1980s and its mature, often experimental content in non-superhero genres."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Serialization of comics became less popular when?", "id": "56e02a437aa994140058e2dd", "answers": [{"text": "1980s", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How were comics published when serialization became less common?", "id": "56e02a437aa994140058e2de", "answers": [{"text": "as albums", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which small publisher published in formats that were not traditional?", "id": "56e02a437aa994140058e2df", "answers": [{"text": "L'Association", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Comics continue to thrive regardless of the decrease in what market?", "id": "56e02a437aa994140058e2e1", "answers": [{"text": "print market", "answer_start": 507}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1980s", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "Serialization of comics became more popular when?", "id": "5acf875d77cf76001a685102", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1980s", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "Serialization of newspapers became less popular when?", "id": "5acf875d77cf76001a685103", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "albums", "answer_start": 188}], "question": "How were comics published when serialization became more common?", "id": "5acf875d77cf76001a685104", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "L'Association", "answer_start": 223}], "question": "Which major publisher published in formats that were not traditional?", "id": "5acf875d77cf76001a685105", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "print market", "answer_start": 507}], "question": "Comics continue to decline regardless of the decrease in what market?", "id": "5acf875d77cf76001a685106", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "From the 1980s, mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to be published directly as albums. Smaller publishers such as L'Association that published longer works in non-traditional formats by auteur-istic creators also became common. Since the 1990s, mergers resulted in fewer large publishers, while smaller publishers proliferated. Sales overall continued to grow despite the trend towards a shrinking print market."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What picture books from the 17th century show manga origins?", "id": "56e02acd231d4119001abf6d", "answers": [{"text": "toba-e and kiby\u014dshi picture books", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is ukiyo-e an example of?", "id": "56e02acd231d4119001abf6e", "answers": [{"text": "woodblock prints", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "toba-e and kiby\u014dshi picture books", "answer_start": 185}], "question": "What picture books from the 16th century show manga origins?", "id": "5acf87db77cf76001a685126", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "toba-e and kiby\u014dshi picture books", "answer_start": 185}], "question": "What picture newspapers from the 17th century show manga origins?", "id": "5acf87db77cf76001a685127", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "toba-e and kiby\u014dshi picture books", "answer_start": 185}], "question": "What picture books from the 17th century don't show manga origins?", "id": "5acf87db77cf76001a685128", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "popular between the 17th and 20th centuries", "answer_start": 268}], "question": "What is ukiyo-e not an example of?", "id": "5acf87db77cf76001a685129", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ukiyo-e", "answer_start": 249}], "question": "what didn't become popular between the 17th and 20th centuries?", "id": "5acf87db77cf76001a68512a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Japanese comics and cartooning (manga),[g] have a history that has been seen as far back as the anthropomorphic characters in the 12th-to-13th-century Ch\u014dj\u016b-jinbutsu-giga, 17th-century toba-e and kiby\u014dshi picture books, and woodblock prints such as ukiyo-e which were popular between the 17th and 20th centuries. The kiby\u014dshi contained examples of sequential images, movement lines, and sound effects."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did comic supplements start showing up in Japan?", "id": "56e02b8d231d4119001abf75", "answers": [{"text": "1890s", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who introduced satirical strips to Japan?", "id": "56e02b8d231d4119001abf76", "answers": [{"text": "Western expatriates", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Jiji Manga debut?", "id": "56e02b8d231d4119001abf77", "answers": [{"text": "1900", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who started the first Japanese comic strip in modern times?", "id": "56e02b8d231d4119001abf78", "answers": [{"text": "Rakuten Kitazawa", "answer_start": 477}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did comic strips start appearing in hardback collection volumes?", "id": "56e02b8d231d4119001abf79", "answers": [{"text": "1930s", "answer_start": 546}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1890s", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "When did comic supplements stop showing up in Japan?", "id": "5acf88c177cf76001a68514a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1890s", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "When did comic supplements start showing up in China?", "id": "5acf88c177cf76001a68514b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Western expatriates", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "Who never introduced satirical strips to Japan?", "id": "5acf88c177cf76001a68514c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1900", "answer_start": 336}], "question": "When did Jiji Manga end?", "id": "5acf88c177cf76001a68514d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rakuten Kitazawa", "answer_start": 477}], "question": "Who started the last Japanese comic strip in modern times?", "id": "5acf88c177cf76001a68514e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Illustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well as some American comic strips. 1900 saw the debut of the Jiji Manga in the Jiji Shinp\u014d newspaper\u2014the first use of the word \"manga\" in its modern sense, and where, in 1902, Rakuten Kitazawa began the first modern Japanese comic strip. By the 1930s, comic strips were serialized in large-circulation monthly girls' and boys' magazine and collected into hardback volumes."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What comic strip was created by Osamu Tezuka?", "id": "56e02d07231d4119001abf7f", "answers": [{"text": "Sazae-san", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were comic strip stories first serialized?", "id": "56e02d07231d4119001abf81", "answers": [{"text": "magazines", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is considered the start of the modern comics in Japan?", "id": "56e02d07231d4119001abf82", "answers": [{"text": "after World War II", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sazae-san", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "What comic strip was ended by Osamu Tezuka?", "id": "5acf8a5777cf76001a68517c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sazae-san", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "What comic strip wasn't created by Osamu Tezuka?", "id": "5acf8a5777cf76001a68517d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "magazines", "answer_start": 271}], "question": "Where were comic strip stories never serialized?", "id": "5acf8a5777cf76001a68517e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "after World War II", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "What is considered the end of the modern comics in Japan?", "id": "5acf8a5777cf76001a68517f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "after World War II", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "What is considered the start of the ancient comics in Japan?", "id": "5acf8a5777cf76001a685180", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san. Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds of pages thick and may over a dozen stories; they are later compiled in tank\u014dbon-format books. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, nearly a quarter of all printed material in Japan was comics. translations became extremely popular in foreign markets\u2014in some cases equaling or surpassing the sales of domestic comics."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where do comics usually appear?", "id": "56e02db6231d4119001abf8f", "answers": [{"text": "newspapers", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "newspapers", "answer_start": 97}], "question": "Where do comics never appear?", "id": "5acf8b4b77cf76001a685196", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "US", "answer_start": 116}], "question": "What country do weekly strips have normally occupied a single tier?", "id": "5acf8b4b77cf76001a685197", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "US", "answer_start": 116}], "question": "What country do daily strips have abnormally occupied a single tier?", "id": "5acf8b4b77cf76001a685198", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "US", "answer_start": 116}], "question": "What country do daily strips have normally occupied a double tier?", "id": "5acf8b4b77cf76001a685199", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "multiple", "answer_start": 207}], "question": "while Saturday strips have been given how many tiers?", "id": "5acf8b4b77cf76001a68519a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Comic strips are generally short, multipanel comics that traditionally most commonly appeared in newspapers. In the US, daily strips have normally occupied a single tier, while Sunday strips have been given multiple tiers. In the early 20th century, daily strips were typically in black-and-white and Sundays were usually in colour and often occupied a full page."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where do serialized comics in Japan typically appear?", "id": "56e02e6e231d4119001abf9a", "answers": [{"text": "magazines", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How often are European serialized comics in magazines?", "id": "56e02e6e231d4119001abf9b", "answers": [{"text": "monthly or weekly", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How often do serialized comics typically appear in Japanese magazines?", "id": "56e02e6e231d4119001abf9c", "answers": [{"text": "weekly", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long is the typical Japanese comic magazine?", "id": "56e02e6e231d4119001abf9d", "answers": [{"text": "hundreds of pages", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "magazines", "answer_start": 226}], "question": "Where do non-serialized comics in Japan typically appear?", "id": "5acf8c8477cf76001a6851d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "magazines", "answer_start": 226}], "question": "Where do serialized comics in Japan atypically appear?", "id": "5acf8c8477cf76001a6851d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "monthly or weekly", "answer_start": 236}], "question": "How often are American serialized comics in magazines?", "id": "5acf8c8477cf76001a6851d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "weekly", "answer_start": 297}], "question": "How often do serialized comics typically appear in Chinese magazines?", "id": "5acf8c8477cf76001a6851d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hundreds of pages", "answer_start": 356}], "question": "How long is the atypical Japanese comic magazine?", "id": "5acf8c8477cf76001a6851d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Specialized comics periodicals formats vary greatly in different cultures. Comic books, primarily an American format, are thin periodicals usually published in colour. European and Japanese comics are frequently serialized in magazines\u2014monthly or weekly in Europe, and usually black-and-white and weekly in Japan. Japanese comics magazine typically run to hundreds of pages."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are bounds volumes of comics called in America?", "id": "56e02f3b7aa994140058e30d", "answers": [{"text": "graphic novels", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name given to Japanese comics volumes?", "id": "56e02f3b7aa994140058e30f", "answers": [{"text": "tank\u014dbon", "answer_start": 460}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of work is the word novel generally geared towards?", "id": "56e02f3b7aa994140058e310", "answers": [{"text": "fiction", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term can mean a non-fiction piece of a collection of short pieces?", "id": "56e02f3b7aa994140058e311", "answers": [{"text": "graphic novels", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "graphic novels", "answer_start": 205}], "question": "What are bounds volumes of newspapers called in America?", "id": "5acf8d1977cf76001a6851ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tank\u014dbon", "answer_start": 460}], "question": "What is the name not given to Japanese comics volumes?", "id": "5acf8d1977cf76001a6851ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fiction", "answer_start": 329}], "question": "What type of play is the word novel generally geared towards?", "id": "5acf8d1977cf76001a6851ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "graphic novel", "answer_start": 338}], "question": "What term can mean a fiction piece of a collection of short pieces?", "id": "5acf8d1977cf76001a6851ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "graphic novel", "answer_start": 338}], "question": "What term can mean a non-fiction piece of a collection of long pieces?", "id": "5acf8d1977cf76001a6851f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Book-length comics take different forms in different cultures. European comics albums are most commonly printed in A4-size colour volumes. In English-speaking countries, bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats. Despite incorporating the term \"novel\"\u2014a term normally associated with fiction\u2014\"graphic novel\" also refers to non-fiction and collections of short works. Japanese comics are collected in volumes called tank\u014dbon following magazine serialization."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where did gag cartoons first make an appearance?", "id": "56e02fd17aa994140058e323", "answers": [{"text": "Europe", "answer_start": 377}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did gag single-panel illustrations become known as cartoons?", "id": "56e02fd17aa994140058e324", "answers": [{"text": "1843", "answer_start": 477}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which publication was cartoon first used to describe gag single-panel illustrations?", "id": "56e02fd17aa994140058e325", "answers": [{"text": "Punch", "answer_start": 513}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Europe", "answer_start": 377}], "question": "Where did gag cartoons last make an appearance?", "id": "5acf8d6477cf76001a68520a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Europe", "answer_start": 377}], "question": "Where did serious cartoons first make an appearance?", "id": "5acf8d6477cf76001a68520b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1843", "answer_start": 477}], "question": "When did serious single-panel illustrations become known as cartoons?", "id": "5acf8d6477cf76001a68520c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1843", "answer_start": 477}], "question": "When did gag single-panel illustrations become known as comics?", "id": "5acf8d6477cf76001a68520d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Punch", "answer_start": 513}], "question": "In which publication was cartoon last used to describe gag single-panel illustrations?", "id": "5acf8d6477cf76001a68520e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Gag and editorial cartoons usually consist of a single panel, often incorporating a caption or speech balloon. Definitions of comics which emphasize sequence usually exclude gag, editorial, and other single-panel cartoons; they can be included in definitions that emphasize the combination of word and image. Gag cartoons first began to proliferate in broadsheets published in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the term \"cartoon\"[h] was first used to describe them in 1843 in the British humour magazine Punch."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did comics have in the United States because of cultural roots?", "id": "56e03088231d4119001abfa3", "answers": [{"text": "lowbrow reputation", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who thought pop culture was a risk?", "id": "56e03088231d4119001abfa4", "answers": [{"text": "cultural elites", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was thought to be only good for children and those who could not read or write?", "id": "56e03088231d4119001abfa6", "answers": [{"text": "Comics", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lowbrow reputation", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "What did comics have in the United States because of sports roots?", "id": "5acf7fe177cf76001a684fdc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lowbrow reputation", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "What did comics not have in the United States because of cultural roots?", "id": "5acf7fe177cf76001a684fdd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cultural elites", "answer_start": 87}], "question": "Who thought pop culture wasn't at risk?", "id": "5acf7fe177cf76001a684fde", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Comics", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "What was thought to be bad for children and those who could not read or write?", "id": "5acf7fe177cf76001a684fdf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Comics", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "What was thought to be only good for children and those who could read or write?", "id": "5acf7fe177cf76001a684fe0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Comics in the US has had a lowbrow reputation stemming from its roots in mass culture; cultural elites sometimes saw popular culture as threatening culture and society. In the latter half of the 20th century, popular culture won greater acceptance, and the lines between high and low culture began to blur. Comics nevertheless continued to be stigmatized, as the medium was seen as entertainment for children and illiterates."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is a comic that is as long as a book called?", "id": "56e03125231d4119001abfab", "answers": [{"text": "graphic novel", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who helped \"graphic novel\" get public attention?", "id": "56e03125231d4119001abfac", "answers": [{"text": "Will Eisner", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What decade did the term \"graphic novel\" become well known by the public?", "id": "56e03125231d4119001abfad", "answers": [{"text": "1980s", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to printed graphic novels in stores, what became popular online?", "id": "56e03125231d4119001abfae", "answers": [{"text": "webcomics", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The popularity of the Watchmen, The Dark Knight Returns and what other comic helped popularize \"graphic novel\" as a term?", "id": "56e03125231d4119001abfaf", "answers": [{"text": "Maus", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "graphic novel", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What is a comic that is as short as a book called?", "id": "5acf804277cf76001a684ff0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Will Eisner", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "Who helped \"graphic novel\" lose public attention?", "id": "5acf804277cf76001a684ff1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mid-1980s", "answer_start": 270}], "question": "What decade did the term \"graphic novel\" become lesser known by the public?", "id": "5acf804277cf76001a684ff2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "webcomics", "answer_start": 378}], "question": "In addition to printed graphic novels in stores, what became popular offline?", "id": "5acf804277cf76001a684ff3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Maus", "answer_start": 219}], "question": "The loss in popularity of the Watchmen, The Dark Knight Returns and what other comic helped popularize \"graphic novel\" as a term?", "id": "5acf804277cf76001a684ff4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The graphic novel\u2014book-length comics\u2014began to gain attention after Will Eisner popularized the term with his book A Contract with God (1978). The term became widely known with the public after the commercial success of Maus, Watchmen, and The Dark Knight Returns in the mid-1980s. In the 21st century graphic novels became established in mainstream bookstores and libraries and webcomics became common."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who started producing comic strips and theories about them in 1827?", "id": "56e031847aa994140058e33f", "answers": [{"text": "Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What century had comics in wide production?", "id": "56e031847aa994140058e340", "answers": [{"text": "19th", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What 1925 cartoon made speech bubbles popular?", "id": "56e031847aa994140058e341", "answers": [{"text": "Zig et Puce", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What comics began to dominate in Europe?", "id": "56e031847aa994140058e342", "answers": [{"text": "Franco-Belgian", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was \"The Adventures of Tintin\" serialized?", "id": "56e031847aa994140058e343", "answers": [{"text": "1929", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "Who started producing comic strips and theories about them in 1872?", "id": "5acf824377cf76001a685046", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "19th", "answer_start": 182}], "question": "What century had comics in local production?", "id": "5acf824377cf76001a685047", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Zig et Puce", "answer_start": 211}], "question": "What 1925 cartoon made speech bubbles unpopular?", "id": "5acf824377cf76001a685048", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1929", "answer_start": 472}], "question": "When was \"The Adventures of Tintin\" unserialized?", "id": "5acf824377cf76001a68504a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The francophone Swiss Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer produced comic strips beginning in 1827, and published theories behind the form. Cartoons appeared widely in newspapers and magazines from the 19th century. The success of Zig et Puce in 1925 popularized the use of speech balloons in European comics, after which Franco-Belgian comics began to dominate. The Adventures of Tintin, with its signature clear line style, was first serialized in newspaper comics supplements beginning in 1929, and became an icon of Franco-Belgian comics."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In the United States in the middle of the 20th century comics were seen as a risk to culture and what?", "id": "56e031db231d4119001abfb7", "answers": [{"text": "literacy", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was seen as \"infantile\" in the United States?", "id": "56e031db231d4119001abfb8", "answers": [{"text": "comics", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Comics were quoted as a sabotage of art and what?", "id": "56e031db231d4119001abfb9", "answers": [{"text": "literature", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "literacy", "answer_start": 260}], "question": "In the United States in the middle of the 19th century comics were seen as a risk to culture and what?", "id": "5acf860877cf76001a6850b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "literacy", "answer_start": 260}], "question": "In the United States in the middle of the 20th century comics were seen as a boon to culture and what?", "id": "5acf860877cf76001a6850b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "comics", "answer_start": 202}], "question": "What was seen as sophisticated reading in the United States?", "id": "5acf860877cf76001a6850b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "literature", "answer_start": 402}], "question": "Comics were quoted as a product of art and what?", "id": "5acf860877cf76001a6850b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "literature", "answer_start": 402}], "question": "Comics were quoted as a sabotage of writing and what?", "id": "5acf860877cf76001a6850b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Following the success of Le Journal de Mickey (1934\u201344), dedicated comics magazines and full-colour comics albums became the primary outlet for comics in the mid-20th century. As in the US, at the time comics were seen as infantile and a threat to culture and literacy; commentators stated that \"none bear up to the slightest serious analysis\",[c] and that comics were \"the sabotage of all art and all literature\".[d]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Comics for adults began to be called what?", "id": "56e032247aa994140058e34b", "answers": [{"text": "Ninth Art", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Pilote begin?", "id": "56e032247aa994140058e34c", "answers": [{"text": "1959", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What became a best-seller comic in the French language?", "id": "56e032247aa994140058e34d", "answers": [{"text": "Adventures of Asterix", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "drawn strips", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "What does bandes dessin\u00e9es not mean?", "id": "5acf864b77cf76001a6850d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ninth Art", "answer_start": 178}], "question": "Comics for kids began to be called what?", "id": "5acf864b77cf76001a6850d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1959", "answer_start": 357}], "question": "What year did Pilote end?", "id": "5acf864b77cf76001a6850d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Adventures of Asterix", "answer_start": 437}], "question": "What became a best-seller comic in the English language?", "id": "5acf864b77cf76001a6850d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Adventures of Asterix", "answer_start": 437}], "question": "What became a low-seller comic in the French language?", "id": "5acf864b77cf76001a6850d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the 1960s, the term bandes dessin\u00e9es (\"drawn strips\") came into wide use in French to denote the medium. Cartoonists began creating comics for mature audiences, and the term \"Ninth Art\"[e] was coined, as comics began to attract public and academic attention as an artform. A group including Ren\u00e9 Goscinny and Albert Uderzo founded the magazine Pilote in 1959 to give artists greater freedom over their work. Goscinny and Uderzo's The Adventures of Asterix appeared in it and went on to become the best-selling French-language comics series. From 1960, the satirical and taboo-breaking Hara-Kiri defied censorship laws in the countercultural spirit that led to the May 1968 events."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Pilote cartoonists were upset with censorship and what?", "id": "56e032687aa994140058e353", "answers": [{"text": "editorial interference", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was L'\u00c9cho des savanes begun?", "id": "56e032687aa994140058e354", "answers": [{"text": "1972", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "M\u00e9tal hurlant was of what genre?", "id": "56e032687aa994140058e356", "answers": [{"text": "science fiction", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What format did adult comics begin to be published in?", "id": "56e032687aa994140058e357", "answers": [{"text": "prestige", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "editorial interference", "answer_start": 32}], "question": "Pilote cartoonists were happy with censorship and what?", "id": "5acf86e977cf76001a6850ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "editorial interference", "answer_start": 32}], "question": "Pilote readers were upset with censorship and what?", "id": "5acf86e977cf76001a6850ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1972", "answer_start": 139}], "question": "When was L'\u00c9cho des savanes ended?", "id": "5acf86e977cf76001a6850f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "science fiction", "answer_start": 237}], "question": "M\u00e9tal hurlant wasn't of what genre?", "id": "5acf86e977cf76001a6850f1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prestige", "answer_start": 338}], "question": "What format did child comics begin to be published in?", "id": "5acf86e977cf76001a6850f2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Frustration with censorship and editorial interference led to a group of Pilote cartoonists to found the adults-only L'\u00c9cho des savanes in 1972. Adult-oriented and experimental comics flourished in the 1970s, such as in the experimental science fiction of M\u0153bius and others in M\u00e9tal hurlant, even mainstream publishers took to publishing prestige-format adult comics."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which historical overview did Seiki Hosokibara create?", "id": "56e033fc7aa994140058e35d", "answers": [{"text": "Nihon Manga-Shi", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Hosokibara create Nihon Manga-Shi?", "id": "56e033fc7aa994140058e35e", "answers": [{"text": "1924", "answer_start": 358}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was created in 2001 to give students comic scholarships?", "id": "56e033fc7aa994140058e35f", "answers": [{"text": "Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics", "answer_start": 1079}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who helped the rest of the world use the word manga outside of Japan's borders?", "id": "56e033fc7aa994140058e360", "answers": [{"text": "Frederik L. Schodt", "answer_start": 1209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What publication is Schodt responsible for?", "id": "56e033fc7aa994140058e361", "answers": [{"text": "Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics", "answer_start": 1230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nihon Manga-Shi", "answer_start": 336}], "question": "Which historical overview did Seiki Hosokibara reject?", "id": "5acf90a577cf76001a685292", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1924", "answer_start": 358}], "question": "When did Hosokibara reject Nihon Manga-Shi?", "id": "5acf90a577cf76001a685293", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics", "answer_start": 1079}], "question": "What was abolished in 2001 to give students comic scholarships?", "id": "5acf90a577cf76001a685294", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Frederik L. Schodt", "answer_start": 1209}], "question": "Who helped the rest of the world use the word manga inside of Japan's borders?", "id": "5acf90a577cf76001a685295", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics", "answer_start": 1230}], "question": "What publication is Schodt not responsible for?", "id": "5acf90a577cf76001a685296", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Historical narratives of manga tend to focus either on its recent, post-WWII history, or on attempts to demonstrates deep roots in the past, such as to the Ch\u014dj\u016b-jinbutsu-giga picture scroll of the 12th and 13th centuries, or the early 19th-century Hokusai Manga. The first historical overview of Japanese comics was Seiki Hosokibara's Nihon Manga-Shi[i] in 1924. Early post-war Japanese criticism was mostly of a left-wing political nature until the 1986 publication for Tomofusa Kure's Modern Manga: The Complete Picture,[j] which de-emphasized politics in favour of formal aspects, such as structure and a \"grammar\" of comics. The field of manga studies increased rapidly, with numerous books on the subject appearing in the 1990s. Formal theories of manga have focused on developing a \"manga expression theory\",[k] with emphasis on spatial relationships in the structure of images on the page, distinguishing the medium from film or literature, in which the flow of time is the basic organizing element. Comics studies courses have proliferated at Japanese universities, and Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics (ja)[l] was established in 2001 to promote comics scholarship. The publication of Frederik L. Schodt's Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics in 1983 led to the spread of use of the word manga outside Japan to mean \"Japanese comics\" or \"Japanese-style comics\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who put together a history of American comics in 1947?", "id": "56e0353d7aa994140058e371", "answers": [{"text": "Coulton Waugh", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Waugh's work?", "id": "56e0353d7aa994140058e372", "answers": [{"text": "The Comics", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who created a book about comics from a philosophical point of view?", "id": "56e0353d7aa994140058e373", "answers": [{"text": "David Carrier", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What book did Will Eisner create in 1985?", "id": "56e0353d7aa994140058e375", "answers": [{"text": "Comics and Sequential Art", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Coulton Waugh", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who put together a history of American comics in 1974?", "id": "5acf915177cf76001a6852a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Coulton Waugh", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who didn't put together a history of American comics in 1947?", "id": "5acf915177cf76001a6852a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Comics", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "What wasn't the name of Waugh's work?", "id": "5acf915177cf76001a6852a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "David Carrier", "answer_start": 259}], "question": "Who created a book about comics from a biographical point of view?", "id": "5acf915177cf76001a6852a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Comics and Sequential Art", "answer_start": 113}], "question": "What book did Will Eisner create in 1958?", "id": "5acf915177cf76001a6852a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Coulton Waugh attempted the first comprehensive history of American comics with The Comics (1947). Will Eisner's Comics and Sequential Art (1985) and Scott McCloud's Understanding Comics (1993) were early attempts in English to formalize the study of comics. David Carrier's The Aesthetics of Comics (2000) was the first full-length treatment of comics from a philosophical perspective. Prominent American attempts at definitions of comics include Eisner's, McCloud's, and Harvey's. Eisner described what he called \"sequential art\" as \"the arrangement of pictures or images and words to narrate a story or dramatize an idea\"; Scott McCloud defined comics \"juxtaposed pictorial and other images in deliberate sequence, intended to convey information and/or to produce an aesthetic response in the viewer\", a strictly formal definition which detached comics from its historical and cultural trappings. R. C. Harvey defined comics as \"pictorial narratives or expositions in which words (often lettered into the picture area within speech balloons) usually contribute to the meaning of the pictures and vice versa\". Each definition has had its detractors. Harvey saw McCloud's definition as excluding single-panel cartoons, and objected to McCloud's de-emphasizing verbal elements, insisting \"the essential characteristic of comics is the incorporation of verbal content\". Aaron Meskin saw McCloud's theories as an artificial attempt to legitimize the place of comics in art history."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What word is used in France for comics?", "id": "56e035be7aa994140058e385", "answers": [{"text": "bandes dessin\u00e9es", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What word is used in Japan for comics?", "id": "56e035be7aa994140058e386", "answers": [{"text": "manga", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does bandes dessin\u00e9es mean?", "id": "56e035be7aa994140058e388", "answers": [{"text": "drawn strip", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the definitive factor of bandes dessin\u00e9es?", "id": "56e035be7aa994140058e389", "answers": [{"text": "drawn images", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bandes dessin\u00e9es", "answer_start": 169}], "question": "What word is rejected in France for comics?", "id": "5acf91a777cf76001a6852ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bandes dessin\u00e9es", "answer_start": 169}], "question": "What word is used in France for comedies?", "id": "5acf91a777cf76001a6852af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "manga", "answer_start": 337}], "question": "What word isn't used in Japan for comics?", "id": "5acf91a777cf76001a6852b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "drawn strip", "answer_start": 188}], "question": "What doesn't bandes dessin\u00e9es mean?", "id": "5acf91a777cf76001a6852b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "drawn images", "answer_start": 234}], "question": "What is the non-definitive factor of bandes dessin\u00e9es?", "id": "5acf91a777cf76001a6852b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Cross-cultural study of comics is complicated by the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for \"comics\" in different languages. The French term for comics, bandes dessin\u00e9es (\"drawn strip\") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor, which can imply the exclusion of even photographic comics. The term manga is used in Japanese to indicate all forms of comics, cartooning, and caricature."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What comics are on the Internet?", "id": "56e038497aa994140058e3a5", "answers": [{"text": "Webcomics", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Webcomics reach large audiences and new what?", "id": "56e038497aa994140058e3a6", "answers": [{"text": "readers", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With webcomics, readers have access to what?", "id": "56e038497aa994140058e3a7", "answers": [{"text": "archived installments", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Not held back by size limits, webcomics are said to have a what?", "id": "56e038497aa994140058e3a8", "answers": [{"text": "infinite canvas", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Webcomics", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What comics aren't on the Internet?", "id": "5acf8dae77cf76001a685228", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "readers", "answer_start": 105}], "question": "Webcomics reach small audiences and new what?", "id": "5acf8dae77cf76001a685229", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "readers", "answer_start": 105}], "question": "Webcomics reach large audiences and old what?", "id": "5acf8dae77cf76001a68522a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "archived installments", "answer_start": 132}], "question": "With webcomics, readers have no access to what?", "id": "5acf8dae77cf76001a68522b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "infinite canvas", "answer_start": 184}], "question": "Held back by size limits, webcomics are said to have a what?", "id": "5acf8dae77cf76001a68522c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Webcomics are comics that are available on the internet. They are able to reach large audiences, and new readers usually can access archived installments. Webcomics can make use of an infinite canvas\u2014meaning they are not constrained by size or dimensions of a page."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Storyboards and what are thought to be comics by some?", "id": "56e0388a231d4119001abfdd", "answers": [{"text": "Wordless novels", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Storyboards are used a lot by what?", "id": "56e0388a231d4119001abfde", "answers": [{"text": "Film studios", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Storyboards are not considered what?", "id": "56e0388a231d4119001abfdf", "answers": [{"text": "an end product", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does not often see storyboards used in film making?", "id": "56e0388a231d4119001abfe0", "answers": [{"text": "the public", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A book with pictures with no captions that tell a story are called what?", "id": "56e0388a231d4119001abfe1", "answers": [{"text": "Wordless novels", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wordless novels", "answer_start": 247}], "question": "Storyboards and what are thought to be comics by all?", "id": "5acf8e0f77cf76001a685232", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Film studios", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "Storyboards are not used a lot by what?", "id": "5acf8e0f77cf76001a685233", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Film studios", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "Scripts are used a lot by what?", "id": "5acf8e0f77cf76001a685234", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an end product", "answer_start": 197}], "question": "Storyboards are considered what?", "id": "5acf8e0f77cf76001a685235", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wordless novels", "answer_start": 247}], "question": "A book without pictures with no captions that tell a story are called what?", "id": "5acf8e0f77cf76001a685236", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some consider storyboards and wordless novels to be comics. Film studios, especially in animation, often use sequences of images as guides for film sequences. These storyboards are not intended as an end product and are rarely seen by the public. Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to deliver a narrative."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What has not been reached as far as defining comics is concerned?", "id": "56e038cc7aa994140058e3b5", "answers": [{"text": "consensus", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "R. C. Harvey, Will Eisner and others are considered to be comic what?", "id": "56e038cc7aa994140058e3b6", "answers": [{"text": "Theorists", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are there prominent examples of in comic history?", "id": "56e038cc7aa994140058e3b7", "answers": [{"text": "pantomime comics", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Comic critics, such as McCloud, stressed that sequences of what should be primary?", "id": "56e038cc7aa994140058e3b8", "answers": [{"text": "images", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What century had forgotten comic forms rediscovered?", "id": "56e038cc7aa994140058e3b9", "answers": [{"text": "20th", "answer_start": 572}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "consensus", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "What has been reached as far as defining comics is concerned?", "id": "5acf8e7077cf76001a685258", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Theorists", "answer_start": 209}], "question": "R. C. Harvey, Will Eisner and others are not considered to be comic what?", "id": "5acf8e7077cf76001a685259", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pantomime comics", "answer_start": 393}], "question": "What aren't there prominent examples of in comic history?", "id": "5acf8e7077cf76001a68525a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "images", "answer_start": 539}], "question": "Comic critics, such as McCloud, stressed that sequences of what should be secondary?", "id": "5acf8e7077cf76001a68525b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "20th", "answer_start": 572}], "question": "What century had remembered comic forms rediscovered?", "id": "5acf8e7077cf76001a68525c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Similar to the problems of defining literature and film, no consensus has been reached on a definition of the comics medium, and attempted definitions and descriptions have fallen prey to numerous exceptions. Theorists such as T\u00f6pffer, R. C. Harvey, Will Eisner, David Carrier, Alain Rey, and Lawrence Grove emphasize the combination of text and images, though there are prominent examples of pantomime comics throughout its history. Other critics, such as Thierry Groensteen and Scott McCloud, have emphasized the primacy of sequences of images. Towards the close of the 20th century, different cultures' discoveries of each other's comics traditions, the rediscovery of forgotten early comics forms, and the rise of new forms made defining comics a more complicated task."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In the 1840s, T\u00f6pffer wrote theories about whose work?", "id": "56e039097aa994140058e3bf", "answers": [{"text": "his own", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who introduced the term \"multiframe\"?", "id": "56e039097aa994140058e3c0", "answers": [{"text": "Henri Vanlier", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who used a semiotics method to study comics in the 1970s?", "id": "56e039097aa994140058e3c2", "answers": [{"text": "Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who used cognitive science to learn how people understand comics?", "id": "56e039097aa994140058e3c3", "answers": [{"text": "Neil Cohn", "answer_start": 1096}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "his own", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "In the 1940s, T\u00f6pffer wrote theories about whose work?", "id": "5acf902777cf76001a685288", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Henri Vanlier", "answer_start": 423}], "question": "Who rejected the term \"multiframe\"?", "id": "5acf902777cf76001a685289", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "Who never used a semiotics method to study comics in the 1970s", "id": "5acf902777cf76001a68528a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "Who used a semiotics method to study comics in the 1980s", "id": "5acf902777cf76001a68528b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Neil Cohn", "answer_start": 1096}], "question": "Who used cognitive science to learn how dogs understand comics?", "id": "5acf902777cf76001a68528c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "European comics studies began with T\u00f6pffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual\u2013verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text\u2013image relations, page-level image relations, and image discontinuities, or what Scott McCloud later dubbed \"closure\". In 1987, Henri Vanlier introduced the term multicadre, or \"multiframe\", to refer to the comics a page as a semantic unit. By the 1990s, theorists such as Beno\u00eet Peeters and Thierry Groensteen turned attention to artists' po\u00efetic creative choices. Thierry Smolderen and Harry Morgan have held relativistic views of the definition of comics, a medium that has taken various, equally valid forms over its history. Morgan sees comics as a subset of \"les litt\u00e9ratures dessin\u00e9es\" (or \"drawn literatures\"). French theory has come to give special attention to the page, in distinction from American theories such as McCloud's which focus on panel-to-panel transitions. Since the mid-2000s, Neil Cohn has begun analyzing how comics are understood using tools from cognitive science, extending beyond theory by using actual psychological and neuroscience experiments. This work has argued that sequential images and page layouts both use separate rule-bound \"grammars\" to be understood that extend beyond panel-to-panel transitions and categorical distinctions of types of layouts, and that the brain's comprehension of comics is similar to comprehending other domains, such as language and music."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What Russian word is used for comics?", "id": "56e039947aa994140058e3d3", "answers": [{"text": "komiks", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What German word is used for comics?", "id": "56e039947aa994140058e3d4", "answers": [{"text": "comics", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Chinese word was derived from the Japanese word manga?", "id": "56e039947aa994140058e3d5", "answers": [{"text": "manhua", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Korean word was derived from the Japanese word for manga?", "id": "56e039947aa994140058e3d6", "answers": [{"text": "manhwa", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "komiks", "answer_start": 98}], "question": "What Russian word isn't used for comics?", "id": "5acf95a777cf76001a685380", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0441, komiks", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "What Prussian word is used for comics?", "id": "5acf95a777cf76001a685381", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "comic", "answer_start": 118}], "question": "What German word isn't used for comics?", "id": "5acf95a777cf76001a685382", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "manhua", "answer_start": 154}], "question": "What Chinese word wasn't derived from the Japanese word manga?", "id": "5acf95a777cf76001a685383", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "manhwa", "answer_start": 176}], "question": "What Korean word wasn't derived from the Japanese word for manga?", "id": "5acf95a777cf76001a685384", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Many cultures have taken their words for comics from English, including Russian (Russian: \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0441, komiks) and German (comic). Similarly, the Chinese term manhua and the Korean manhwa derive from the Chinese characters with which the Japanese term manga is written."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The word comic comes from the humorous pieces found where?", "id": "56e03ae1231d4119001abfff", "answers": [{"text": "newspaper comic strips", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Comic is used for what other kind of work other than humorous works?", "id": "56e03ae1231d4119001ac000", "answers": [{"text": "non-humorous", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Comic books are what type of books?", "id": "56e03ae1231d4119001ac001", "answers": [{"text": "periodicals", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term that the English use for the comics out of Japan?", "id": "56e03ae1231d4119001ac002", "answers": [{"text": "manga", "answer_start": 466}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term that the English use for the comics that come out of Belgian?", "id": "56e03ae1231d4119001ac003", "answers": [{"text": "bandes dessin\u00e9es", "answer_start": 496}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "newspaper comic strips", "answer_start": 105}], "question": "The word comic comes from the nonhumorous pieces found where?", "id": "5acf955a77cf76001a68536c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "non-humorous", "answer_start": 171}], "question": "Comic is used for what other kind of work especially humorous works?", "id": "5acf955a77cf76001a68536d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "periodicals", "answer_start": 329}], "question": "Comic books aren't what type of books?", "id": "5acf955a77cf76001a68536e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "manga", "answer_start": 466}], "question": "What is the term that the French use for the comics out of Japan?", "id": "5acf955a77cf76001a68536f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bandes dessin\u00e9es", "answer_start": 496}], "question": "What is the term that the English use for the comics that don't come out of Belgian?", "id": "5acf955a77cf76001a685370", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The English term comics derives from the humorous (or \"comic\") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term \"comic book\" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, but rather periodicals. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessin\u00e9es for French-language Franco-Belgian comics."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Though one person typically creates the comic, there are usually a number of what involved in actually designing it?", "id": "56e03b7f7aa994140058e3e4", "answers": [{"text": "specialists", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a person called who does the initial pencil work for the artwork?", "id": "56e03b7f7aa994140058e3e5", "answers": [{"text": "penciller", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does an inker do?", "id": "56e03b7f7aa994140058e3e6", "answers": [{"text": "finishes the artwork in ink", "answer_start": 428}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "specialists", "answer_start": 121}], "question": "Though one person always creates the comic, there are usually a number of what involved in actually designing it?", "id": "5acf950277cf76001a685352", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "penciller", "answer_start": 367}], "question": "What is a person called who doesn't do the initial pencil work for the artwork?", "id": "5acf950277cf76001a685353", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "penciller", "answer_start": 367}], "question": "What is a person called who does the initial pen work for the artwork?", "id": "5acf950277cf76001a685354", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "finishes the artwork in ink", "answer_start": 428}], "question": "What does an linker do?", "id": "5acf950277cf76001a685355", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "finishes the artwork in ink", "answer_start": 428}], "question": "What doesn't an inker do?", "id": "5acf950277cf76001a685356", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "While comics are often the work of a single creator, the labour of making them is frequently divided between a number of specialists. There may be separate writers and artists, and artists may specialize in parts of the artwork such as characters or backgrounds, as is common in Japan. Particularly in American superhero comic books, the art may be divided between a penciller, who lays out the artwork in pencil; an inker, who finishes the artwork in ink; a colourist; and a letterer, who adds the captions and speech balloons."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are the individual images with action called in comics?", "id": "56e03c3c7aa994140058e3ed", "answers": [{"text": "Panels", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Narrative is placed into panels using what?", "id": "56e03c3c7aa994140058e3ee", "answers": [{"text": "encapsulation", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who puts the panels together using closure?", "id": "56e03c3c7aa994140058e3ef", "answers": [{"text": "The reader", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Timing and pace of comics is made by adjusting size, shape and what of panels?", "id": "56e03c3c7aa994140058e3f0", "answers": [{"text": "arrangement", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When a comic panel has events that are not at the same time the panel is considered to be what?", "id": "56e03c3c7aa994140058e3f1", "answers": [{"text": "asynchronous", "answer_start": 483}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Panels", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What are the multiple images with action called in comics?", "id": "5acf933f77cf76001a6852f2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "encapsulation", "answer_start": 169}], "question": "Narrative isn't placed into panels using what?", "id": "5acf933f77cf76001a6852f3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The reader", "answer_start": 184}], "question": "Who takes the panels apart using closure?", "id": "5acf933f77cf76001a6852f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "arrangement", "answer_start": 378}], "question": "Timing and pace of comics is made by not adjusting size, shape and what of panels?", "id": "5acf933f77cf76001a6852f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "asynchronous", "answer_start": 483}], "question": "When a comic panel has events that are at the same time the panel is considered to be what?", "id": "5acf933f77cf76001a6852f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Panels are individual images containing a segment of action, often surrounded by a border. Prime moments in a narrative are broken down into panels via a process called encapsulation. The reader puts the pieces together via the process of closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to combine panels mentally into events. The size, shape, and arrangement of panels each affect the timing and pacing of the narrative. The contents of a panel may be asynchronous, with events depicted in the same image not necessarily occurring at the same time."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What association with comics is strong?", "id": "56e03c7e231d4119001ac00b", "answers": [{"text": "Speech balloons", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The presence of a single speech balloon in an image turns it into what?", "id": "56e03c7e231d4119001ac00c", "answers": [{"text": "comics", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of words are used to do sound effects in comics?", "id": "56e03c7e231d4119001ac00d", "answers": [{"text": "onomatopoeia", "answer_start": 536}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Speech balloons", "answer_start": 332}], "question": "What association with comics is weak?", "id": "5acf93b577cf76001a685306", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Speech balloons", "answer_start": 332}], "question": "What disassociation with comics is strong?", "id": "5acf93b577cf76001a685307", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "comics", "answer_start": 475}], "question": "The presence of a double speech balloon in an image turns it into what?", "id": "5acf93b577cf76001a685308", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "comics", "answer_start": 475}], "question": "The non-presence of a single speech balloon in an image turns it into what?", "id": "5acf93b577cf76001a685309", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "onomatopoeia", "answer_start": 536}], "question": "What type of words are used to do word effects in comics?", "id": "5acf93b577cf76001a68530a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Text is frequently incorporated into comics via speech balloons, captions, and sound effects. Speech balloons indicate dialogue (or thought, in the case of thought balloons), with tails pointing at their respective speakers. Captions can give voice to a narrator, convey characters' dialogue or thoughts, or indicate place or time. Speech balloons themselves are strongly associated with comics, such that the addition of one to an image is sufficient to turn the image into comics. Sound effects mimic non-vocal sounds textually using onomatopoeia sound-words."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of ink is often used in making comics?", "id": "56e03cc27aa994140058e3f7", "answers": [{"text": "India ink", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What method is mostly used in making comics?", "id": "56e03cc27aa994140058e3f8", "answers": [{"text": "Cartooning", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Mixed media and what else are becoming popular for making comics?", "id": "56e03cc27aa994140058e3f9", "answers": [{"text": "digital technology", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Motion lines and what are often used in comics?", "id": "56e03cc27aa994140058e3fa", "answers": [{"text": "abstract symbols", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "India ink", "answer_start": 89}], "question": "What type of ink is never used in making comics?", "id": "5acf940d77cf76001a685324", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "India ink", "answer_start": 89}], "question": "What type of ink is often used in making comedies?", "id": "5acf940d77cf76001a685325", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cartooning", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What method is least used in making comics?", "id": "5acf940d77cf76001a685326", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "digital technology", "answer_start": 146}], "question": "Mixed media and what else are becoming unpopular for making comics?", "id": "5acf940d77cf76001a685327", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "abstract symbols", "answer_start": 232}], "question": "Motion lines and what are never used in comics?", "id": "5acf940d77cf76001a685328", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Cartooning is most frequently used in making comics, traditionally using ink (especially India ink) with dip pens or ink brushes; mixed media and digital technology have become common. Cartooning techniques such as motion lines and abstract symbols are often employed."}, {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "comics medium", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "The term comedies refers to what?", "id": "5acf92b877cf76001a6852e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "comics medium", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "The term comics doesn't refer to what?", "id": "5acf92b877cf76001a6852e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "instances of the medium", "answer_start": 214}], "question": "When comic appears as a countable verb it refers to what?", "id": "5acf92b877cf76001a6852ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "instances of the medium", "answer_start": 214}], "question": "When comedies appears as a countable noun it refers to what?", "id": "5acf92b877cf76001a6852eb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "instances of the medium", "answer_start": 214}], "question": "When comic doesn't appear as a countable noun it refers to what?", "id": "5acf92b877cf76001a6852ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The term comics refers to the comics medium when used as an uncountable noun and thus takes the singular: \"comics is a medium\" rather than \"comics are a medium\". When comic appears as a countable noun it refers to instances of the medium, such as individual comic strips or comic books: \"Tom's comics are in the basement.\""}]}, {"title": "Saint_Helena", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What is Saint Helena tropical island named after?", "id": "56e02701231d4119001abf5b", "answers": [{"text": "Saint Helena of Constantinople", "answer_start": 509}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ocean is Saint Helena located in?", "id": "56e02701231d4119001abf5c", "answers": [{"text": "South Atlantic Ocean", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the population of Saint Helena?", "id": "56e02701231d4119001abf5d", "answers": [{"text": "4,255", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How big is Saint Helena tropical Island?", "id": "56e02701231d4119001abf5e", "answers": [{"text": "16 by 8 kilometres", "answer_start": 413}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Saint Helena (/\u02ccse\u026ant h\u0259\u02c8li\u02d0n\u0259/ SAYNT-h\u0259-LEE-n\u0259) is a volcanic tropical island in the South Atlantic Ocean, 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) east of Rio de Janeiro and 1,950 kilometres (1,210 mi) west of the Cunene River, which marks the border between Namibia and Angola in southwestern Africa. It is part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Saint Helena measures about 16 by 8 kilometres (10 by 5 mi) and has a population of 4,255 (2008 census). It was named after Saint Helena of Constantinople."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the island discovered?", "id": "56e0285a231d4119001abf63", "answers": [{"text": "1502", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Boers were taken prisoner during the Second Boer War?", "id": "56e0285a231d4119001abf64", "answers": [{"text": "more than 5,000", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo imprisoned on the island?", "id": "56e0285a231d4119001abf66", "answers": [{"text": "leading a Zulu army against British rule", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The island was uninhabited when discovered by the Portuguese in 1502. One of the most remote islands in the world, it was for centuries an important stopover for ships sailing to Europe from Asia and South Africa. Napoleon was imprisoned there in exile by the British, as were Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo (for leading a Zulu army against British rule) and more than 5,000 Boers taken prisoner during the Second Boer War."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The roots of what were established on Saint Helena?", "id": "56e029737aa994140058e2d7", "answers": [{"text": "environmentalism", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did scientists attempt to boost artificially on Saint Helena?", "id": "56e029737aa994140058e2d8", "answers": [{"text": "rainfall", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The environmental intervention was linked to the conceptualization of what process?", "id": "56e029737aa994140058e2d9", "answers": [{"text": "environmental change", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Between 1791 and 1833, Saint Helena became the site of a series of experiments in conservation, reforestation and attempts to boost rainfall artificially. This environmental intervention was closely linked to the conceptualisation of the processes of environmental change and helped establish the roots of environmentalism."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What date was the island discovered on?", "id": "56e02aba7aa994140058e2e7", "answers": [{"text": "21 May 1502", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What navigator discovered the island?", "id": "56e02aba7aa994140058e2e8", "answers": [{"text": "Jo\u00e3o da Nova", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country was Jo\u00e3o da Nova doing service for?", "id": "56e02aba7aa994140058e2e9", "answers": [{"text": "Portugal", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What person is Saint Helena Island named after?", "id": "56e02aba7aa994140058e2ea", "answers": [{"text": "Helena of Constantinople", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Most historical accounts state that the island was discovered on 21 May 1502 by the Galician navigator Jo\u00e3o da Nova sailing at the service of Portugal, and that he named it \"Santa Helena\" after Helena of Constantinople. Another theory holds that the island found by da Nova was actually Tristan da Cunha, 2,430 kilometres (1,510 mi) to the south, and that Saint Helena was discovered by some of the ships attached to the squadron of Est\u00eav\u00e3o da Gama expedition on 30 July 1503 (as reported in the account of clerk Thom\u00e9 Lopes). However, a paper published in 2015 reviewed the discovery date and dismissed the 18 August as too late for da Nova to make a discovery and then return to Lisbon by 11 September 1502, whether he sailed from St Helena or Tristan da Cunha. It demonstrates the 21 May is probably a Protestant rather than Catholic or Orthodox feast-day, first quoted in 1596 by Jan Huyghen van Linschoten, who was probably mistaken because the island was discovered several decades before the Reformation and start of Protestantism. The alternative discovery date of 3 May, the Catholic feast-day for the finding of the True Cross by Saint Helena in Jerusalem, quoted by Odoardo Duarte Lopes and Sir Thomas Herbert is suggested as being historically more credible."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did the island have an abundance of when discovered?", "id": "56e02b8a7aa994140058e2ef", "answers": [{"text": "trees and fresh water.", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was imported by the settlers of the island?", "id": "56e02b8a7aa994140058e2f0", "answers": [{"text": "livestock, fruit trees and vegetables", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of buildings were built by the settlers?", "id": "56e02b8a7aa994140058e2f1", "answers": [{"text": "a chapel and one or two houses.", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was left on the island to recover when sick?", "id": "56e02b8a7aa994140058e2f2", "answers": [{"text": "mariners", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the island a source of for ships travelling from Asia to Europe?", "id": "56e02b8a7aa994140058e2f3", "answers": [{"text": "food", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Portuguese found the island uninhabited, with an abundance of trees and fresh water. They imported livestock, fruit trees and vegetables, and built a chapel and one or two houses. Though they formed no permanent settlement, the island was an important rendezvous point and source of food for ships travelling from Asia to Europe, and frequently sick mariners were left on the island to recover, before taking passage on the next ship to call on the island."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who probably located the island on their final leg of their circumnavigation trip?", "id": "56e02cb57aa994140058e2f9", "answers": [{"text": "Englishman Sir Francis Drake", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did English ships of war attack on the island?", "id": "56e02cb57aa994140058e2fb", "answers": [{"text": "Portuguese India carracks", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who developed a far east trade and began to frequent the island?", "id": "56e02cb57aa994140058e2fc", "answers": [{"text": "the Dutch", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who gave up calling at the island due to attacks on their shipping?", "id": "56e02cb57aa994140058e2fd", "answers": [{"text": "The Portuguese and Spanish", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Englishman Sir Francis Drake probably located the island on the final leg of his circumnavigation of the world (1577\u20131580). Further visits by other English explorers followed, and, once Saint Helena\u2019s location was more widely known, English ships of war began to lie in wait in the area to attack Portuguese India carracks on their way home. In developing their Far East trade, the Dutch also began to frequent the island. The Portuguese and Spanish soon gave up regularly calling at the island, partly because they used ports along the West African coast, but also because of attacks on their shipping, the desecration of their chapel and religious icons, destruction of their livestock and destruction of plantations by Dutch and English sailors."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who claimed Saint Helena in 1633?", "id": "56e02d8d231d4119001abf89", "answers": [{"text": "The Dutch Republic", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the Dutch abandon the island?", "id": "56e02d8d231d4119001abf8a", "answers": [{"text": "1651", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which colony did the Dutch abandon the island for?", "id": "56e02d8d231d4119001abf8b", "answers": [{"text": "Cape of Good Hope.", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Dutch Republic formally made claim to Saint Helena in 1633, although there is no evidence that they ever occupied, colonised or fortified it. By 1651, the Dutch had mainly abandoned the island in favour of their colony at the Cape of Good Hope."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was granted a charter to govern Saint Helena?", "id": "56e02e807aa994140058e303", "answers": [{"text": "the English East India Company", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who granted the English East company a character to govern the island?", "id": "56e02e807aa994140058e304", "answers": [{"text": "Oliver Cromwell", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first governor of Saint Helena?", "id": "56e02e807aa994140058e305", "answers": [{"text": "Captain John Dutton", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the first governor arrive to Saint Helena?", "id": "56e02e807aa994140058e306", "answers": [{"text": "1659", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who had the sole right to fortify and colonize the island?", "id": "56e02e807aa994140058e307", "answers": [{"text": "East India Company", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1657, Oliver Cromwell granted the English East India Company a charter to govern Saint Helena and the following year the company decided to fortify the island and colonise it with planters. The first governor, Captain John Dutton, arrived in 1659, making Saint Helena one of Britain's oldest colonies outside North America and the Caribbean. A fort and houses were built. After the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, the East India Company received a royal charter giving it the sole right to fortify and colonise the island. The fort was renamed James Fort and the town Jamestown, in honour of the Duke of York, later James II of England."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did the English East India Company have difficulty attracting?", "id": "56e02f6f7aa994140058e317", "answers": [{"text": "new immigrants", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What problems lead to a suggesting to relocate the population?", "id": "56e02f6f7aa994140058e318", "answers": [{"text": "Ecological problems", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the governor who suggested relocating the population of Saint Helena?", "id": "56e02f6f7aa994140058e319", "answers": [{"text": "Isaac Pyke", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the location that was suggested the population be moved too?", "id": "56e02f6f7aa994140058e31a", "answers": [{"text": "Mauritius", "answer_start": 448}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many slaves were on the island in 1723?", "id": "56e02f6f7aa994140058e31b", "answers": [{"text": "610", "answer_start": 634}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Between January and May 1673, the Dutch East India Company forcibly took the island, before English reinforcements restored English East India Company control. The company experienced difficulty attracting new immigrants, and sentiments of unrest and rebellion fomented among the inhabitants. Ecological problems, including deforestation, soil erosion, vermin and drought, led Governor Isaac Pyke to suggest in 1715 that the population be moved to Mauritius, but this was not acted upon and the company continued to subsidise the community because of the island's strategic location. A census in 1723 recorded 1,110 people, including 610 slaves."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Island start to experience a period of prosperity?", "id": "56e030597aa994140058e32b", "answers": [{"text": "1770", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What captain visited the island in 1775 on their trip around the world?", "id": "56e030597aa994140058e32c", "answers": [{"text": "James Cook", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What church was erected in Jamestown in 1774?", "id": "56e030597aa994140058e32d", "answers": [{"text": "St. James' Church", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the official residence of the governor?", "id": "56e030597aa994140058e32e", "answers": [{"text": "Plantation House", "answer_start": 522}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "18th century governors tried to tackle the island's problems by implementing tree plantation, improving fortifications, eliminating corruption, building a hospital, tackling the neglect of crops and livestock, controlling the consumption of alcohol and introducing legal reforms. From about 1770, the island enjoyed a lengthy period of prosperity. Captain James Cook visited the island in 1775 on the final leg of his second circumnavigation of the world. St. James' Church was erected in Jamestown in 1774 and in 1791\u201392 Plantation House was built, and has since been the official residence of the Governor."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who set up an astronomical observatory on Saint Helena?", "id": "56e031357aa994140058e335", "answers": [{"text": "Edmond Halley", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What university did Edmond Halley attend?", "id": "56e031357aa994140058e336", "answers": [{"text": "University of Oxford", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many feet was the telescope that was set up in the observatory?", "id": "56e031357aa994140058e337", "answers": [{"text": "24", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What district is the telescope set up in?", "id": "56e031357aa994140058e338", "answers": [{"text": "Longwood district", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What hemisphere of stars did Edmond Halley want to study with the telescope?", "id": "56e031357aa994140058e339", "answers": [{"text": "Southern", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On leaving the University of Oxford, in 1676, Edmond Halley visited Saint Helena and set up an astronomical observatory with a 7.3-metre-long (24 ft) aerial telescope with the intention of studying stars from the Southern Hemisphere. The site of this telescope is near Saint Mathew's Church in Hutt's Gate, in the Longwood district. The 680-metre (2,230 ft) high hill there is named for him and is called Halley's Mount."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Saint Helena was an important port of which company?", "id": "56e03502231d4119001abfbf", "answers": [{"text": "East India Company", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did ships replenish at Saint Helena?", "id": "56e03502231d4119001abfc0", "answers": [{"text": "water and provisions", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What vessel was owned by Captain James?", "id": "56e03502231d4119001abfc1", "answers": [{"text": "HMS Endeavour", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What vessel resupplied at the Island in May 1771?", "id": "56e03502231d4119001abfc2", "answers": [{"text": "HMS Endeavour", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Vessels of what navy protected convoys?", "id": "56e03502231d4119001abfc3", "answers": [{"text": "Royal", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Throughout this period, Saint Helena was an important port of call of the East India Company. East Indiamen would stop there on the return leg of their voyages to British India and China. At Saint Helena ships could replenish supplies of water and provisions, and during war time, form convoys that would sail under the protection of vessels of the Royal Navy. Captain James Cook's vessel HMS Endeavour anchored and resupplied off the coast of St Helena in May 1771, on her return from the European discovery of the east coast of Australia and rediscovery of New Zealand."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was made illegal in 1792?", "id": "56e0359f231d4119001abfc9", "answers": [{"text": "importation of slaves", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Coolie labourers arrive?", "id": "56e0359f231d4119001abfcb", "answers": [{"text": "1810", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many coolie labourers were on the island by 1818?", "id": "56e0359f231d4119001abfcc", "answers": [{"text": "600", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the population of the island in 1814?", "id": "56e0359f231d4119001abfcd", "answers": [{"text": "3,507", "answer_start": 362}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The importation of slaves was made illegal in 1792. Governor Robert Patton (1802\u20131807) recommended that the company import Chinese labour to supplement the rural workforce. The coolie labourers arrived in 1810, and their numbers reached 600 by 1818. Many were allowed to stay, and their descendents became integrated into the population. An 1814 census recorded 3,507 people on the island."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The British government detained who in Saint Helena?", "id": "56e036337aa994140058e38f", "answers": [{"text": "Napoleon Bonaparte", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Napoleon Bonaparte taken to the island?", "id": "56e036337aa994140058e390", "answers": [{"text": "1815", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Napoleon Bonaparte stay until he found permanent residence?", "id": "56e036337aa994140058e391", "answers": [{"text": "Briars pavilion", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ended up being the permanent residence of Napoleon Bonaparte?", "id": "56e036337aa994140058e392", "answers": [{"text": "Longwood House", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Napoleon Bonaparte pass away?", "id": "56e036337aa994140058e393", "answers": [{"text": "1821", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1815, the British government selected Saint Helena as the place of detention of Napoleon Bonaparte. He was taken to the island in October 1815. Napoleon stayed at the Briars pavilion on the grounds of the Balcombe family's home until his permanent residence, Longwood House, was completed in December 1815. Napoleon died there on 5 May 1821."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who took full control of the island after Napoleon's death?", "id": "56e036e0231d4119001abfd3", "answers": [{"text": "East India Company", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The EIC made what available to the government of the island between 1815 and 1830?", "id": "56e036e0231d4119001abfd4", "answers": [{"text": "the packet schooner St Helena", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The packet schooner St Helena brought supplies of what to the island?", "id": "56e036e0231d4119001abfd5", "answers": [{"text": "wine and provisions", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After Napoleon's death, the thousands of temporary visitors were soon withdrawn and the East India Company resumed full control of Saint Helena. Between 1815 and 1830, the EIC made available to the government of the island the packet schooner St Helena, which made multiple trips per year between the island and the Cape carrying passengers both ways, and supplies of wine and provisions back to the island."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which product of Saint Helena was praised by Napoleon?", "id": "56e037e17aa994140058e39f", "answers": [{"text": "coffee", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Saint Helena's coffee get popular after Napoleon's death?", "id": "56e037e17aa994140058e3a0", "answers": [{"text": "Paris", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What product got popular in Paris after Napoloen's death?", "id": "56e037e17aa994140058e3a1", "answers": [{"text": "coffee", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Owing to Napoleon's praise of Saint Helena\u2019s coffee during his exile on the island, the product enjoyed a brief popularity in Paris in the years after his death."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was importation of slaves banned in Saint Helena?", "id": "56e038637aa994140058e3ad", "answers": [{"text": "1792", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The emancipation of the slaves of Saint Helena did not take place until what year?", "id": "56e038637aa994140058e3ae", "answers": [{"text": "1827", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who banned slavery in their colonies?", "id": "56e038637aa994140058e3af", "answers": [{"text": "British Parliament", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Over how many slaves ended up getting emancipated on Saint Helena?", "id": "56e038637aa994140058e3b0", "answers": [{"text": "800", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although the importation of slaves to St Helena had been banned in 1792, the phased emancipation of over 800 resident slaves did not take place until 1827, which was still some six years before the British Parliament passed legislation to ban slavery in the colonies."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What act gave control of Saint Helena to the British Crown?", "id": "56e03942231d4119001abfe7", "answers": [{"text": "1833 India Act", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who turned over control of Saint Helena to the British Crown?", "id": "56e03942231d4119001abfe8", "answers": [{"text": "East India Company", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During the latter half of the 19th century what ships became prevalent that weren't dependent on trade winds?", "id": "56e03942231d4119001abfe9", "answers": [{"text": "steam ships", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many ships were going to the island in 1855?", "id": "56e03942231d4119001abfea", "answers": [{"text": "1,100", "answer_start": 744}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By 1889 how many ships were going to the island?", "id": "56e03942231d4119001abfeb", "answers": [{"text": "288", "answer_start": 766}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Under the provisions of the 1833 India Act, control of Saint Helena was passed from the East India Company to the British Crown, becoming a crown colony. Subsequent administrative cost-cutting triggered the start of a long-term population decline whereby those who could afford to do so tended to leave the island for better opportunities elsewhere. The latter half of the 19th century saw the advent of steam ships not reliant on trade winds, as well as the diversion of Far East trade away from the traditional South Atlantic shipping lanes to a route via the Red Sea (which, prior to the building of the Suez Canal, involved a short overland section). These factors contributed to a decline in the number of ships calling at the island from 1,100 in 1855 to only 288 in 1889."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who established a naval station to cut down on African slave trade on the island in 1840?", "id": "56e039be231d4119001abff1", "answers": [{"text": "British", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Between 1840 and 1849 how many freed slaves landed on the island?", "id": "56e039be231d4119001abff2", "answers": [{"text": "over 15,000", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the freed slaves known as?", "id": "56e039be231d4119001abff3", "answers": [{"text": "Liberated Africans", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1840, a British naval station established to suppress the African slave trade was based on the island, and between 1840 and 1849 over 15,000 freed slaves, known as \"Liberated Africans\", were landed there."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which french emperor gained possession of Longwood house and the land surrounding it?", "id": "56e03a4d231d4119001abff7", "answers": [{"text": "Napoleon III", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the French Emperor Napoleon III take control of Longwood house?", "id": "56e03a4d231d4119001abff8", "answers": [{"text": "1858", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the last resident of Longwood house before Napoleon III took it over?", "id": "56e03a4d231d4119001abff9", "answers": [{"text": "Napoleon I", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has authority over Longwood house?", "id": "56e03a4d231d4119001abffa", "answers": [{"text": "French Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1858, the French emperor Napoleon III successfully gained the possession, in the name of the French government, of Longwood House and the lands around it, last residence of Napoleon I (who died there in 1821). It is still French property, administered by a French representative and under the authority of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who arrived in Jamestown during their solo round the world voyage?", "id": "56e03aed7aa994140058e3db", "answers": [{"text": "Joshua Slocum", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Joshua Slocum arrive in Jamestown?", "id": "56e03aed7aa994140058e3dc", "answers": [{"text": "11 April 1898", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Joshua Slocum depart from Jamestown to continue his trip?", "id": "56e03aed7aa994140058e3dd", "answers": [{"text": "20 April 1898", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who presented two lectures on their voyage?", "id": "56e03aed7aa994140058e3de", "answers": [{"text": "Sir R A Standale", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 11 April 1898 American Joshua Slocum, on his famous and epic solo round the world voyage arrived at Jamestown. He departed on 20 April 1898 for the final leg of his circumnavigation having been extended hospitality from the governor, his Excellency Sir R A Standale, presented two lectures on his voyage and been invited to Longwood by the French Consular agent."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What country does the local industry that manufactures fibre get their flax from?", "id": "56e061f87aa994140058e429", "answers": [{"text": "New Zealand", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What island was made a dependency of Saint Helena in 1922?", "id": "56e061f87aa994140058e42a", "answers": [{"text": "Ascension Island", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the airport the United States built on Ascension Island?", "id": "56e061f87aa994140058e42b", "answers": [{"text": "Wideawake airport", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Wideawake Airport built?", "id": "56e061f87aa994140058e42c", "answers": [{"text": "1942", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A local industry manufacturing fibre from New Zealand flax was successfully reestablished in 1907 and generated considerable income during the First World War. Ascension Island was made a dependency of Saint Helena in 1922, and Tristan da Cunha followed in 1938. During the Second World War, the United States built Wideawake airport on Ascension in 1942, but no military use was made of Saint Helena."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did the Island sell for increased revenue during this period?", "id": "56e0628c231d4119001ac075", "answers": [{"text": "flax", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did flax prices peak?", "id": "56e0628c231d4119001ac076", "answers": [{"text": "1951", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The British Post Offices decision to use what kind of fibres hurt the flax industry?", "id": "56e0628c231d4119001ac077", "answers": [{"text": "synthetic fibres", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the Island's flax mills close?", "id": "56e0628c231d4119001ac078", "answers": [{"text": "1965", "answer_start": 374}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During this period, the island enjoyed increased revenues through the sale of flax, with prices peaking in 1951. However, the industry declined because of transportation costs and competition from synthetic fibres. The decision by the British Post Office to use synthetic fibres for its mailbags was a further blow, contributing to the closure of the island's flax mills in 1965."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did the Union Castle shipping line slowly start to reduce their service calls to the island?", "id": "56e063197aa994140058e439", "answers": [{"text": "1958", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which shipping company replaced Union-Castle Line mailship service?", "id": "56e063197aa994140058e43a", "answers": [{"text": "Curnow Shipping", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Union-Castle Line mailship replaced?", "id": "56e063197aa994140058e43b", "answers": [{"text": "1977", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "From 1958, the Union Castle shipping line gradually reduced its service calls to the island. Curnow Shipping, based in Avonmouth, replaced the Union-Castle Line mailship service in 1977, using the RMS (Royal Mail Ship) St Helena."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What right was lost by the citizen of the islands due to the act?", "id": "56e063ea231d4119001ac07e", "answers": [{"text": "right of abode in Britain", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What department was formed to help raise the living standards of the citizens in Saint Helena?", "id": "56e063ea231d4119001ac07f", "answers": [{"text": "The Development and Economic Planning Department", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the Development and Economic Planning Department formed?", "id": "56e063ea231d4119001ac080", "answers": [{"text": "1988", "answer_start": 451}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the only work outside of Saint Helena located?", "id": "56e063ea231d4119001ac081", "answers": [{"text": "Falkland Islands and Ascension Island", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The British Nationality Act 1981 reclassified Saint Helena and the other Crown colonies as British Dependent Territories. The islanders lost their right of abode in Britain. For the next 20 years, many could find only low-paid work with the island government, and the only available employment outside Saint Helena was on the Falkland Islands and Ascension Island. The Development and Economic Planning Department, which still operates, was formed in 1988 to contribute to raising the living standards of the people of Saint Helena."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year was the replacement for the RMS St Helena launched?", "id": "56e064667aa994140058e441", "answers": [{"text": "1989", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who launched the replacement RMS St Helena?", "id": "56e064667aa994140058e442", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Andrew", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What route was the replacement RMS St Helena built for?", "id": "56e064667aa994140058e443", "answers": [{"text": "Cardiff\u2013Cape Town route", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of layout did the RMS St Helena have?", "id": "56e064667aa994140058e444", "answers": [{"text": "a mixed cargo/passenger layout.", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1989, Prince Andrew launched the replacement RMS St Helena to serve the island; the vessel was specially built for the Cardiff\u2013Cape Town route and features a mixed cargo/passenger layout."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did the Saint Helena Constitution officially take effect?", "id": "56e06509231d4119001ac087", "answers": [{"text": "1989", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2002 what act granted full British citizenship to the citizens of the islands?", "id": "56e06509231d4119001ac088", "answers": [{"text": "British Overseas Territories Act 2002", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the dependent territories renamed to?", "id": "56e06509231d4119001ac089", "answers": [{"text": "British Overseas Territories", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Saint Helena Constitution took effect in 1989 and provided that the island would be governed by a Governor and Commander-in-Chief, and an elected Executive and Legislative Council. In 2002, the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 granted full British citizenship to the islanders, and renamed the Dependent Territories (including Saint Helena) the British Overseas Territories. In 2009, Saint Helena and its two territories received equal status under a new constitution, and the British Overseas Territory was renamed Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How much money was spent on construction of the island's airport?", "id": "56e065a0231d4119001ac08d", "answers": [{"text": "250 million", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which government built the island's airport?", "id": "56e065a0231d4119001ac08e", "answers": [{"text": "UK government", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the airport expected to be fully functional?", "id": "56e065a0231d4119001ac08f", "answers": [{"text": "early 2016", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which industry is the airport supposed to help when it becomes complete?", "id": "56e065a0231d4119001ac090", "answers": [{"text": "tourism", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many tourists are expected annually thanks to the airport?", "id": "56e065a0231d4119001ac091", "answers": [{"text": "up to 30,000", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The UK government has spent \u00a3250 million in the construction of the island's airport. Expected to be fully operational early 2016, it is expected to help the island towards self-sufficiency and encourage economic development, reducing dependence on British government aid. The airport is also expected to kick start the tourism industry, with up to 30,000 visitors expected annually. As of August, 2015 ticketing was postponed until an airline could be firmly designated."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the nearest port to Saint Helena?", "id": "56e066467aa994140058e449", "answers": [{"text": "Namibe", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the closest international airport to Saint Helena called?", "id": "56e066467aa994140058e44a", "answers": [{"text": "the Quatro de Fevereiro Airport", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the mail boat that serves the island called?", "id": "56e066467aa994140058e44b", "answers": [{"text": "RMS St Helena", "answer_start": 481}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What hemisphere is the island located in?", "id": "56e066467aa994140058e44c", "answers": [{"text": "Western", "answer_start": 822}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What area is the island classified as being in by the United Nations?", "id": "56e066467aa994140058e44d", "answers": [{"text": "West Africa", "answer_start": 961}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Located in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, more than 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) from the nearest major landmass, Saint Helena is one of the most remote places in the world. The nearest port on the continent is Namibe in southern Angola, and the nearest international airport the Quatro de Fevereiro Airport of Angola's capital Luanda; connections to Cape Town in South Africa are used for most shipping needs, such as the mail boat that serves the island, the RMS St Helena. The island is associated with two other isolated islands in the southern Atlantic, also British territories: Ascension Island about 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) due northwest in more equatorial waters and Tristan da Cunha, which is well outside the tropics 2,430 kilometres (1,510 mi) to the south. The island is situated in the Western Hemisphere and has the same longitude as Cornwall in the United Kingdom. Despite its remote location, it is classified as being in West Africa by the United Nations."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many square miles is Saint Helena?", "id": "56e06714231d4119001ac09f", "answers": [{"text": "47", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of rock are coastal regions of Saint Helena covered with?", "id": "56e06714231d4119001ac0a0", "answers": [{"text": "volcanic", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many feet high is the highest peak of Saint Helena?", "id": "56e06714231d4119001ac0a1", "answers": [{"text": "2,684", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Diana's Peak officially become a state park?", "id": "56e06714231d4119001ac0a2", "answers": [{"text": "1996", "answer_start": 347}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was formed in 2002 to replant parts of the great wood?", "id": "56e06714231d4119001ac0a3", "answers": [{"text": "Millennium Forest project", "answer_start": 559}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The island of Saint Helena has a total area of 122 km2 (47 sq mi), and is composed largely of rugged terrain of volcanic origin (the last volcanic eruptions occurred about 7 million years ago). Coastal areas are covered in volcanic rock and warmer and drier than the centre. The highest point of the island is Diana's Peak at 818 m (2,684 ft). In 1996 it became the island's first national park. Much of the island is covered by New Zealand flax, a legacy of former industry, but there are some original trees augmented by plantations, including those of the Millennium Forest project which was established in 2002 to replant part of the lost Great Wood and is now managed by the Saint Helena National Trust. When the island was discovered, it was covered with unique indigenous vegetation, including a remarkable cabbage tree species. The island's hinterland must have been a dense tropical forest but the coastal areas were probably also quite green. The modern landscape is very different, with widespread bare rock in the lower areas, although inland it is green, mainly due to introduced vegetation. There are no native land mammals, but cattle, cats, dogs, donkeys, goats, mice, rabbits, rats and sheep have been introduced, and native species have been adversely affected as a result. The dramatic change in landscape must be attributed to these introductions. As a result, the string tree (Acalypha rubrinervis) and the St Helena olive (Nesiota elliptica) are now extinct, and many of the other endemic plants are threatened with extinction."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How close are the rockets and islets off the coast?", "id": "56e067a27aa994140058e453", "answers": [{"text": "one kilometre", "answer_start": 475}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which direction from the island is Upper Black Rock located?", "id": "56e067a27aa994140058e454", "answers": [{"text": "South", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which direction from the island is Bird Island located?", "id": "56e067a27aa994140058e455", "answers": [{"text": "Southwest", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which direction from the island is Lighter Rock located?", "id": "56e067a27aa994140058e456", "answers": [{"text": "West", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which direction from the island is Frightus Rock located?", "id": "56e067a27aa994140058e457", "answers": [{"text": "Southeast", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There are several rocks and islets off the coast, including: Castle Rock, Speery Island, the Needle, Lower Black Rock, Upper Black Rock (South), Bird Island (Southwest), Black Rock, Thompson's Valley Island, Peaked Island, Egg Island, Lady's Chair, Lighter Rock (West), Long Ledge (Northwest), Shore Island, George Island, Rough Rock Island, Flat Rock (East), the Buoys, Sandy Bay Island, the Chimney, White Bird Island and Frightus Rock (Southeast), all of which are within one kilometre (0.62 miles) of the shore."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the national bird of Saint Helena?", "id": "56e067e7231d4119001ac0af", "answers": [{"text": "the Saint Helena plover", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Plover known locally as?", "id": "56e067e7231d4119001ac0b0", "answers": [{"text": "wirebird", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The national bird of Saint Helena is the Saint Helena plover, known locally as the wirebird. It appears on the coat of arms of Saint Helena and on the flag."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What current affects the environment of Saint Helena?", "id": "56e0689b231d4119001ac0bb", "answers": [{"text": "Benguela Current", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On average, how much lower are the temperatures in the central areas in celsius?", "id": "56e0689b231d4119001ac0be", "answers": [{"text": "5\u20136", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The climate of Saint Helena is tropical, marine and mild, tempered by the Benguela Current and trade winds that blow almost continuously. The climate varies noticeably across the island. Temperatures in Jamestown, on the north leeward shore, range between 21\u201328 \u00b0C (70\u201382 \u00b0F) in the summer (January to April) and 17\u201324 \u00b0C (63\u201375 \u00b0F) during the remainder of the year. The temperatures in the central areas are, on average, 5\u20136 \u00b0C (9.0\u201310.8 \u00b0F) lower. Jamestown also has a very low annual rainfall, while 750\u20131,000 mm (30\u201339 in) falls per year on the higher ground and the south coast, where it is also noticeably cloudier. There are weather recording stations in the Longwood and Blue Hill districts."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many districts is the island of Saint Helena divided into?", "id": "56e068fb7aa994140058e45d", "answers": [{"text": "eight", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do the districts also serve as?", "id": "56e068fb7aa994140058e45e", "answers": [{"text": "statistical subdivisions", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Saint Helena is divided into eight districts, each with a community centre. The districts also serve as statistical subdivisions. The island is a single electoral area and elects twelve representatives to the Legislative Council of fifteen."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was Saint Helena first settled?", "id": "56e06979231d4119001ac0c7", "answers": [{"text": "1659", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the population of the island in 1659", "id": "56e06979231d4119001ac0c8", "answers": [{"text": "4,250", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were slaves initially brought from to the island?", "id": "56e06979231d4119001ac0c9", "answers": [{"text": "Africa", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Later on, what two locations were slaves brought from?", "id": "56e06979231d4119001ac0ca", "answers": [{"text": "India and Madagascar", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which year did the inhabitants decide there were too many slaves?", "id": "56e06979231d4119001ac0cb", "answers": [{"text": "1792", "answer_start": 496}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Saint Helena was first settled by the English in 1659, and the island has a population of about 4,250 inhabitants, mainly descended from people from Britain \u2013 settlers (\"planters\") and soldiers \u2013 and slaves who were brought there from the beginning of settlement \u2013 initially from Africa (the Cape Verde Islands, Gold Coast and west coast of Africa are mentioned in early records), then India and Madagascar. Eventually the planters felt there were too many slaves and no more were imported after 1792."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In 1840 what did Saint Helena become?", "id": "56e06a027aa994140058e46f", "answers": [{"text": "a provisioning station", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What squadron was Saint Helena a provisioning station for?", "id": "56e06a027aa994140058e470", "answers": [{"text": "British West Africa Squadron", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country did the British West Africa Squadron prevent slaves from being sent to?", "id": "56e06a027aa994140058e471", "answers": [{"text": "Brazil", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many slaves ended up staying on the island after being freed?", "id": "56e06a027aa994140058e472", "answers": [{"text": "500", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many slaves were freed from the island?", "id": "56e06a027aa994140058e473", "answers": [{"text": "many thousands", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1840, St Helena became a provisioning station for the British West Africa Squadron, preventing slavery to Brazil (mainly), and many thousands of slaves were freed on the island. These were all African, and about 500 stayed while the rest were sent on to the West Indies and Cape Town, and eventually to Sierra Leone."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did Imported Chinese labor arrive?", "id": "56e06a5e231d4119001ac0d7", "answers": [{"text": "1810", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many imported Chinese laborers were there at the peak of importation?", "id": "56e06a5e231d4119001ac0d8", "answers": [{"text": "618", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did importation of Chinese Laborers peak?", "id": "56e06a5e231d4119001ac0d9", "answers": [{"text": "1818", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Imported Chinese labourers arrived in 1810, reaching a peak of 618 in 1818, after which numbers were reduced. Only a few older men remained after the British Crown took over the government of the island from the East India Company in 1834. The majority were sent back to China, although records in the Cape suggest that they never got any farther than Cape Town. There were also a very few Indian lascars who worked under the harbour master."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of citizenship do the citizens of Saint Helena hold?", "id": "56e06abd7aa994140058e47d", "answers": [{"text": "British Overseas Territories citizenship", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date was full British citizenship restored to the citizens of the island?", "id": "56e06abd7aa994140058e47e", "answers": [{"text": "21 May 2002", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What act restored the full British citizenship of the citizens of Saint Helena?", "id": "56e06abd7aa994140058e47f", "answers": [{"text": "British Overseas Territories Act 2002", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The citizens of Saint Helena hold British Overseas Territories citizenship. On 21 May 2002, full British citizenship was restored by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002. See also British nationality law."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was there a long pattern of from the island starting during the post Napoleonic period?", "id": "56e06b557aa994140058e483", "answers": [{"text": "emigration", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the population of the island start to steadily decline?", "id": "56e06b557aa994140058e484", "answers": [{"text": "late 1980s", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was a big factor in emmigration to the UK?", "id": "56e06b557aa994140058e486", "answers": [{"text": "prospect of higher wages", "answer_start": 632}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During periods of unemployment, there has been a long pattern of emigration from the island since the post-Napoleonic period. The majority of \"Saints\" emigrated to the UK, South Africa and in the early years, Australia. The population has steadily declined since the late 1980s and has dropped from 5,157 at the 1998 census to 4,255 in 2008. In the past emigration was characterised by young unaccompanied persons leaving to work on long-term contracts on Ascension and the Falkland Islands, but since \"Saints\" were re-awarded UK citizenship in 2002, emigration to the UK by a wider range of wage-earners has accelerated due to the prospect of higher wages and better progression prospects."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What communion do most residents of the island belong to?", "id": "56e06be17aa994140058e48b", "answers": [{"text": "Anglican", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the 150th anniversary of the diocese celebrated?", "id": "56e06be17aa994140058e48c", "answers": [{"text": "June 2009", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Not only are most residents of the island members of the Anglican communion, but what else?", "id": "56e06be17aa994140058e48d", "answers": [{"text": "the Diocese of St Helena", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Diocese of Saint Helena has it's own what?", "id": "56e06be17aa994140058e48e", "answers": [{"text": "bishop", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Most residents belong to the Anglican Communion and are members of the Diocese of St Helena, which has its own bishop and includes Ascension Island. The 150th anniversary of the diocese was celebrated in June 2009."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did Roman Catholics start to appear on the island?", "id": "56e06c87231d4119001ac0f3", "answers": [{"text": "1852", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the Salvation Army show up on Saint Helenas?", "id": "56e06c87231d4119001ac0f4", "answers": [{"text": "1884", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Baptists come to the island?", "id": "56e06c87231d4119001ac0f5", "answers": [{"text": "1845", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Johovah's Witnesses were on the island?", "id": "56e06c87231d4119001ac0f6", "answers": [{"text": "35", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Seventh-day Adventist arrive on the island?", "id": "56e06c87231d4119001ac0f7", "answers": [{"text": "1949", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Other Christian denominations on the island include: Roman Catholic (since 1852), Salvation Army (since 1884), Baptist (since 1845) and, in more recent times, Seventh-day Adventist (since 1949), New Apostolic and Jehovah's Witnesses (of which one in 35 residents is a member, the highest ratio of any country). The Catholics are pastorally served by the Mission sui iuris of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, whose office of ecclesiastical superior is vested in the Apostolic Prefecture of the Falkland Islands."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who has executive authority in Saint Helena?", "id": "56e06cf57aa994140058e497", "answers": [{"text": "Queen Elizabeth II", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who exercises the authority on behalf of the queen in Saint Helena?", "id": "56e06cf57aa994140058e498", "answers": [{"text": "the Governor", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is responsible for Defence and Foreign Affairs?", "id": "56e06cf57aa994140058e49a", "answers": [{"text": "the United Kingdom", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Executive authority in Saint Helena is vested in Queen Elizabeth II and is exercised on her behalf by the Governor of Saint Helena. The Governor is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the British government. Defence and Foreign Affairs remain the responsibility of the United Kingdom."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many seats are in the Legislative Council of Saint Helena?", "id": "56e06db77aa994140058e49f", "answers": [{"text": "15", "answer_start": 885}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who presides over the executive council?", "id": "56e06db77aa994140058e4a1", "answers": [{"text": "the Governor", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The head of government on the island is who?", "id": "56e06db77aa994140058e4a2", "answers": [{"text": "the Governor", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were proposals for a Chief Councillor put on hold?", "id": "56e06db77aa994140058e4a3", "answers": [{"text": "23 March 2013", "answer_start": 843}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There are fifteen seats in the Legislative Council of Saint Helena, a unicameral legislature, in addition to a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker. Twelve of the fifteen members are elected in elections held every four years. The three ex officio members are the Chief Secretary, Financial Secretary and Attorney General. The Executive Council is presided over by the Governor, and consists of three ex officio officers and five elected members of the Legislative Council appointed by the Governor. There is no elected Chief Minister, and the Governor acts as the head of government. In January 2013 it was proposed that the Executive Council would be led by a \"Chief Councillor\" who would be elected by the members of the Legislative Council and would nominate the other members of the Executive Council. These proposals were put to a referendum on 23 March 2013 where they were defeated by 158 votes to 42 on a 10% turnout."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What caused high unemployment on the island?", "id": "56e06e4a7aa994140058e4a9", "answers": [{"text": "loss of full passports", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the only reigning Monarch to have visited the island?", "id": "56e06e4a7aa994140058e4aa", "answers": [{"text": "King George VI", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did King George VI visit the island?", "id": "56e06e4a7aa994140058e4ab", "answers": [{"text": "1947", "answer_start": 347}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Prince Phillip arrive in Saint Helena?", "id": "56e06e4a7aa994140058e4ac", "answers": [{"text": "1957", "answer_start": 563}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Prince Andrews, son of Prince Phillip visited in what year?", "id": "56e06e4a7aa994140058e4ad", "answers": [{"text": "1984", "answer_start": 642}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "One commentator has observed that, notwithstanding the high unemployment resulting from the loss of full passports during 1981\u20132002, the level of loyalty to the British monarchy by the St Helena population is probably not exceeded in any other part of the world. King George VI is the only reigning monarch to have visited the island. This was in 1947 when the King, accompanied by Queen Elizabeth (later the Queen Mother), Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II) and Princess Margaret were travelling to South Africa. Prince Philip arrived at St Helena in 1957 and then his son Prince Andrew visited as a member of the armed forces in 1984 and his sister the Princess Royal arrived in 2002."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did the government of Saint Helena fund in 2012?", "id": "56e06ed17aa994140058e4b3", "answers": [{"text": "St. Helena Human Rights Action Plan 2012-2015", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of articles were published to help this plan?", "id": "56e06ed17aa994140058e4b4", "answers": [{"text": "awareness-raising articles", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was support for members of the public given?", "id": "56e06ed17aa994140058e4b5", "answers": [{"text": "with human rights queries", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2012, the government of St. Helena funded the creation of the St. Helena Human Rights Action Plan 2012-2015. Work is being done under this action plan, including publishing awareness-raising articles in local newspapers, providing support for members of the public with human rights queries, and extending several UN Conventions on human rights to St. Helena."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What has been more prominently reported in recent years in Saint Helena?", "id": "56e06f74231d4119001ac11d", "answers": [{"text": "reports of child abuse", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has been accused of lying about the child abuse issue of Saint Helena?", "id": "56e06f74231d4119001ac11e", "answers": [{"text": "Britain\u2019s Foreign and Commonwealth Office", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has Britain\u2019s Foreign and Commonwealth Office been accused of lying to about child abuse?", "id": "56e06f74231d4119001ac11f", "answers": [{"text": "the United Nations", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In recent years[when?], there have been reports of child abuse in St Helena. Britain\u2019s Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) has been accused of lying to the United Nations about child abuse in St Helena to cover up allegations, including cases of a police officer having raped a four-year-old girl and of a police officer having mutilated a two-year-old."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Saint Helena has a high proportion of what kind of birds?", "id": "56e07007231d4119001ac127", "answers": [{"text": "endemic", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of plants are common on Saint Helena?", "id": "56e07007231d4119001ac128", "answers": [{"text": "vascular", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What organization identified Saint Helena as important for bird conservation?", "id": "56e07007231d4119001ac12a", "answers": [{"text": "BirdLife International", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " Saint Helena is on the United Kingdom's list for future what?", "id": "56e07007231d4119001ac12b", "answers": [{"text": "UNESCO World Heritage Sites", "answer_start": 589}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "St Helena has long been known for its high proportion of endemic birds and vascular plants. The highland areas contain most of the 400 endemic species recognised to date. Much of the island has been identified by BirdLife International as being important for bird conservation, especially the endemic Saint Helena plover or wirebird, and for seabirds breeding on the offshore islets and stacks, in the north-east and the south-west Important Bird Areas. On the basis of these endemics and an exceptional range of habitats, Saint Helena is on the United Kingdom's tentative list for future UNESCO World Heritage Sites."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many lichen forming fungi have been recorded on the island?", "id": "56e07080231d4119001ac131", "answers": [{"text": "more than 200", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many endemic species of fungi have been found?", "id": "56e07080231d4119001ac132", "answers": [{"text": "9", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of invertebrates have been found on the island?", "id": "56e07080231d4119001ac133", "answers": [{"text": "freshwater, terrestrial and marine", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "St Helena's biodiversity, however, also includes marine vertebrates, invertebrates (freshwater, terrestrial and marine), fungi (including lichen-forming species), non-vascular plants, seaweeds and other biological groups. To date, very little is known about these, although more than 200 lichen-forming fungi have been recorded, including 9 endemics, suggesting that many significant discoveries remain to be made."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of crop economy did the Island originally have?", "id": "56e070fd231d4119001ac137", "answers": [{"text": "monocrop", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the crop economy change?", "id": "56e070fd231d4119001ac138", "answers": [{"text": "1966", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was produced during the time the Island was monocrop?", "id": "56e070fd231d4119001ac139", "answers": [{"text": "flax", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Saint Helena's economy is now almost completely sustained by what?", "id": "56e070fd231d4119001ac13a", "answers": [{"text": "aid from the British government", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much % of production does the public sector cover?", "id": "56e070fd231d4119001ac13b", "answers": [{"text": "50%", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The island had a monocrop economy until 1966, based on the cultivation and processing of New Zealand flax for rope and string. St Helena's economy is now weak, and is almost entirely sustained by aid from the British government. The public sector dominates the economy, accounting for about 50% of gross domestic product. Inflation was running at 4% in 2005. There have been increases in the cost of fuel, power and all imported goods."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the tourist industry mostly based around?", "id": "56e0716c231d4119001ac149", "answers": [{"text": "the promotion of Napoleon's imprisonment", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of fishing tourism occurs on the island?", "id": "56e0716c231d4119001ac14a", "answers": [{"text": "sportfishing", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many hotels are on the island?", "id": "56e0716c231d4119001ac14b", "answers": [{"text": "3", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Tourism is completely based on what arriving to the island?", "id": "56e0716c231d4119001ac14d", "answers": [{"text": "the RMS St Helena", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The tourist industry is heavily based on the promotion of Napoleon's imprisonment. A golf course also exists and the possibility for sportfishing tourism is great. Three hotels operate on the island but the arrival of tourists is directly linked to the arrival and departure schedule of the RMS St Helena. Some 3,200 short-term visitors arrived on the island in 2013."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does Saint Helena have the most expensive of?", "id": "56e071ca231d4119001ac153", "answers": [{"text": "coffee", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Tungi Spirit made out of?", "id": "56e071ca231d4119001ac154", "answers": [{"text": "Opuntia ficus-indica", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Ascension Island, Tristan da Cunha and Saint Helena all issue their own what?", "id": "56e071ca231d4119001ac155", "answers": [{"text": "postage stamps", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Saint Helena produces what is said to be the most expensive coffee in the world. It also produces and exports Tungi Spirit, made from the fruit of the prickly or cactus pears, Opuntia ficus-indica (\"Tungi\" is the local St Helenian name for the plant). Ascension Island, Tristan da Cunha and Saint Helena all issue their own postage stamps which provide a significant income."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the GDP of the island in 1999-2000?", "id": "56e0724a231d4119001ac159", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a312 million", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By 2006 the GDP had dropped to what?", "id": "56e0724a231d4119001ac15a", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a311 million", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Imports to the island mostly occur from what countries?", "id": "56e0724a231d4119001ac15b", "answers": [{"text": "the UK and South Africa", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the main exports of the island?", "id": "56e0724a231d4119001ac15c", "answers": [{"text": "fish and coffee", "answer_start": 295}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Tourists spent how much in  2004-05?", "id": "56e0724a231d4119001ac15d", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a30.4 million", "answer_start": 412}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Quoted at constant 2002 prices, GDP fell from \u00a312 million in 1999-2000 to \u00a311 million in 2005-06. Imports are mainly from the UK and South Africa and amounted to \u00a36.4 million in 2004-05 (quoted on an FOB basis). Exports are much smaller, amounting to \u00a30.2 million in 2004-05. Exports are mainly fish and coffee; Philatelic sales were \u00a30.06 million in 2004-05. The limited number of visiting tourists spent about \u00a30.4 million in 2004-05, representing a contribution to GDP of 3%."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How much was public expenditure on the island in 2001-2002?", "id": "56e07321231d4119001ac163", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a310 million", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By 2005-06 public expenditure had risen to what?", "id": "56e07321231d4119001ac164", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a312 million", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2012-2013, public expenditure was what?", "id": "56e07321231d4119001ac165", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a328m", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "UK aid had risen to how much in the same period?", "id": "56e07321231d4119001ac166", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a312.1 million", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " Wages and salaries represent how much % of the island's expenditure?", "id": "56e07321231d4119001ac167", "answers": [{"text": "38%", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Public expenditure rose from \u00a310 million in 2001-02 to \u00a312 million in 2005-06 to \u00a328m in 2012-13. The contribution of UK budgetary aid to total SHG government expenditure rose from \u00a34.6 million in to \u00a36.4 million to \u00a312.1 million over the same period. Wages and salaries represent about 38% of recurrent expenditure."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many individuals were unemployed on the island in 2013?", "id": "56e077e77aa994140058e521", "answers": [{"text": "31", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Employment on the island is dominated by what sector?", "id": "56e077e77aa994140058e522", "answers": [{"text": "public", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2013 the number of government jobs was what?", "id": "56e077e77aa994140058e523", "answers": [{"text": "800", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What % of people are employed in the private sector in Saint Helena?", "id": "56e077e77aa994140058e524", "answers": [{"text": "45", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many private businesses employee people on Saint Helena?", "id": "56e077e77aa994140058e525", "answers": [{"text": "218", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Unemployment levels are low (31 individuals in 2013, compared to 50 in 2004 and 342 in 1998). Employment is dominated by the public sector, the number of government positions has fallen from 1,142 in 2006 to just over 800 in 2013. St Helena\u2019s private sector employs approximately 45% of the employed labour force and is largely dominated by small and micro businesses with 218 private businesses employing 886 in 2004."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What % of households were spending less than \u00a320 per week in 2004", "id": "56e0785c7aa994140058e52b", "answers": [{"text": "8%", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What % of the population claimed social security benefits in 2006/7?", "id": "56e0785c7aa994140058e52c", "answers": [{"text": "22", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much of the population is over age 60?", "id": "56e0785c7aa994140058e52d", "answers": [{"text": "20%", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Household survey results suggest the percentage of households spending less than \u00a320 per week on a per capita basis fell from 27% to 8% between 2000 and 2004, implying a decline in income poverty. Nevertheless, 22% of the population claimed social security benefit in 2006/7, most of them aged over 60, a sector that represents 20% of the population."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many copper tokens were Issued in 1821?", "id": "56e078cb7aa994140058e531", "answers": [{"text": "70,560", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who issued the copper tokens in 1821?", "id": "56e078cb7aa994140058e532", "answers": [{"text": "Saul Solomon", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much was each copper token worth?", "id": "56e078cb7aa994140058e533", "answers": [{"text": "a halfpenny", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Crown take over the island?", "id": "56e078cb7aa994140058e534", "answers": [{"text": "1836", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1821, Saul Solomon issued a 70,560 copper tokens worth a halfpenny each Payable at St Helena by Solomon, Dickson and Taylor \u2013 presumably London partners \u2013 that circulated alongside the East India Company's local coinage until the Crown took over the island in 1836. The coin remains readily available to collectors."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the Saint Helena currency?", "id": "56e079637aa994140058e539", "answers": [{"text": "the Saint Helena pound", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The government of Saint Helena produces it's own what?", "id": "56e079637aa994140058e53a", "answers": [{"text": "coinage and banknotes", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the Bank of Saint Helena established?", "id": "56e079637aa994140058e53b", "answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Saint Helena pound is at parity with what other currency?", "id": "56e079637aa994140058e53c", "answers": [{"text": "pound sterling", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Today Saint Helena has its own currency, the Saint Helena pound, which is at parity with the pound sterling. The government of Saint Helena produces its own coinage and banknotes. The Bank of Saint Helena was established on Saint Helena and Ascension Island in 2004. It has branches in Jamestown on Saint Helena, and Georgetown, Ascension Island and it took over the business of the St. Helena government savings bank and Ascension Island Savings Bank."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many commercial airports are under construction in Saint Helena?", "id": "56e079df231d4119001ac19f", "answers": [{"text": "1", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the only method of travel currently available to Saint Helena?", "id": "56e079df231d4119001ac1a0", "answers": [{"text": "ship", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A large airfield is located on what portion of the island?", "id": "56e079df231d4119001ac1a1", "answers": [{"text": "Ascension Island", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of flights are offered to limited civilians?", "id": "56e079df231d4119001ac1a2", "answers": [{"text": "RAF flights", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Saint Helena is one of the most remote islands in the world, has one commercial airport under construction, and travel to the island is by ship only. A large military airfield is located on Ascension Island, with two Friday flights to RAF Brize Norton, England (as from September 2010). These RAF flights offer a limited number of seats to civilians."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What ship runs between Saint Helena and Cape town on 5 day voyages?", "id": "56e07a52231d4119001ac1a7", "answers": [{"text": "RMS Saint Helena", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the RMS Saint Helena supposed to be decommissioned?", "id": "56e07a52231d4119001ac1a9", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What needs to be completed before the RMS Saint Helena can be decommissioned?", "id": "56e07a52231d4119001ac1aa", "answers": [{"text": "the airport", "answer_start": 383}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The ship RMS Saint Helena runs between St Helena and Cape Town on a 5-day voyage, also visiting Ascension Island and Walvis Bay, and occasionally voyaging north to Tenerife and Portland, UK. It berths in James Bay, St Helena approximately thirty times per year. The RMS Saint Helena was due for decommissioning in 2010. However, its service life has been extended indefinitely until the airport is completed."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the construction of an airport in Saint Helena announced?", "id": "56e07af7231d4119001ac1af", "answers": [{"text": "March 2005", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The airport was expected to be completed by what year?", "id": "56e07af7231d4119001ac1b0", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the approved bidder for the airport?", "id": "56e07af7231d4119001ac1b1", "answers": [{"text": "Impregilo", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which governor departed to London to try to speed up the construction of the airport?", "id": "56e07af7231d4119001ac1b2", "answers": [{"text": "Andrew Gurr", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After a long period of rumour and consultation, the British government announced plans to construct an airport in Saint Helena in March 2005. The airport was expected to be completed by 2010. However an approved bidder, the Italian firm Impregilo, was not chosen until 2008, and then the project was put on hold in November 2008, allegedly due to new financial pressures brought on by the Financial crisis of 2007\u20132010. By January 2009, construction had not commenced and no final contracts had been signed. Governor Andrew Gurr departed for London in an attempt to speed up the process and solve the problems."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the British government agree to help pay for the new airport in Saint Helena?", "id": "56e07b95231d4119001ac1b9", "answers": [{"text": "22 July 2010", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which south african company is helping to engineer the airport? ", "id": "56e07b95231d4119001ac1ba", "answers": [{"text": "Basil Read", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The new airport opening date is when?", "id": "56e07b95231d4119001ac1bb", "answers": [{"text": "February 2016", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which countries will be able to fly to Saint Helena using the airport?", "id": "56e07b95231d4119001ac1bc", "answers": [{"text": "South Africa and the UK", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which airline will provide weekly service to Saint Helena?", "id": "56e07b95231d4119001ac1bd", "answers": [{"text": "Comair", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 22 July 2010, the British government agreed to help pay for the new airport using taxpayer money. In November 2011 a new deal between the British government and South African civil engineering company Basil Read was signed and the airport was scheduled to open in February 2016, with flights to and from South Africa and the UK. In March 2015 South African airline Comair became the preferred bidder to provide weekly air service between the island and Johannesburg, starting from 2016."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of aircraft was the first to land at the new airport?", "id": "56e07be97aa994140058e55d", "answers": [{"text": "South African Beechcraft King Air 200", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What date did the aircraft land at the new airport?", "id": "56e07be97aa994140058e55e", "answers": [{"text": "15 September 2015", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are they calibrating via test flights at the airport?", "id": "56e07be97aa994140058e55f", "answers": [{"text": "the airport's radio navigation equipment.", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first aircraft, a South African Beechcraft King Air 200, landed at the new airport on 15 September 2015, prior to conducting a series of flights to calibrate the airport's radio navigation equipment."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who conducted the first helicopter landing at the airfield?", "id": "56e07c3b231d4119001ac1c7", "answers": [{"text": "Wildcat HMA.2 ZZ377", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the helicopter embark on visiting?", "id": "56e07c3b231d4119001ac1c8", "answers": [{"text": "HMS Lancaster", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the aircraft visit HMS Lancaster?", "id": "56e07c3b231d4119001ac1c9", "answers": [{"text": "23 October 2015", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first helicopter landing at the new airfield was conducted by the Wildcat HMA.2 ZZ377 from 825 Squadron 201 Flight, embarked on visiting HMS Lancaster on 23 October 2015."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of vehicle offers basic transportation to people in Saint Helena?", "id": "56e07ca67aa994140058e563", "answers": [{"text": "A minibus", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does the minibus travel to?", "id": "56e07ca67aa994140058e564", "answers": [{"text": "Jamestown", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what days does the minibus take people into Jamestown?", "id": "56e07ca67aa994140058e566", "answers": [{"text": "weekdays", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A minibus offers a basic service to carry people around Saint Helena, with most services designed to take people into Jamestown for a few hours on weekdays to conduct their business. Car hire is available for visitors."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What day did Radio Saint Helena start operations?", "id": "56e07d387aa994140058e56b", "answers": [{"text": "Christmas Day 1967", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the range of Radio Saint Helena in miles?", "id": "56e07d387aa994140058e56c", "answers": [{"text": "62", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many days a year was Radio Saint Helena broadcast internationally?", "id": "56e07d387aa994140058e56d", "answers": [{"text": "1", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What newspaper did Radio Saint Helena collaborate with?", "id": "56e07d387aa994140058e56e", "answers": [{"text": "St Helena Herald", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What day was Saint Helena Radio shut down?", "id": "56e07d387aa994140058e56f", "answers": [{"text": "25 December 2012", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Radio St Helena, which started operations on Christmas Day 1967, provided a local radio service that had a range of about 100 km (62 mi) from the island, and also broadcast internationally on shortwave radio (11092.5 kHz) on one day a year. The station presented news, features and music in collaboration with its sister newspaper, the St Helena Herald. It closed on 25 December 2012 to make way for a new three-channel FM service, also funded by St. Helena Government and run by the South Atlantic Media Services (formerly St. Helena Broadcasting (Guarantee) Corporation)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What date was Saint FM radio launched?", "id": "56e07dac231d4119001ac1d8", "answers": [{"text": "January 2005", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What date was Saint FM radio closed?", "id": "56e07dac231d4119001ac1d9", "answers": [{"text": "21 December 2012", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which newspaper is the sister company of Saint FM radio?", "id": "56e07dac231d4119001ac1da", "answers": [{"text": "St Helena Independent", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Saint FM provided a local radio service for the island which was also available on internet radio and relayed in Ascension Island. The station was not government funded. It was launched in January 2005 and closed on 21 December 2012. It broadcast news, features and music in collaboration with its sister newspaper, the St Helena Independent (which continues)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which company took over the channels vacated by Saint FM?", "id": "56e07e3f231d4119001ac1df", "answers": [{"text": "Saint FM Community Radio", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What date did Saint FM Community Radio launch?", "id": "56e07e3f231d4119001ac1e0", "answers": [{"text": "10 March 2013", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of people can join Saint Fm Radio Community?", "id": "56e07e3f231d4119001ac1e2", "answers": [{"text": "everyone", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Saint FM Community Radio took over the radio channels vacated by Saint FM and launched on 10 March 2013. The station operates as a limited-by-guarantee company owned by its members and is registered as a fund-raising Association. Membership is open to everyone, and grants access to a live audio stream."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who runs Saint Helena online?", "id": "56e07ea2231d4119001ac1eb", "answers": [{"text": "a former print and BBC journalist", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is partnered with Saint Helena online?", "id": "56e07ea2231d4119001ac1ec", "answers": [{"text": "Saint FM and the St Helena Independent", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "St Helena Online is a not-for-profit internet news service run from the UK by a former print and BBC journalist, working in partnership with Saint FM and the St Helena Independent."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does Sure South Atlantic LTD offer?", "id": "56e07f157aa994140058e57f", "answers": [{"text": "television", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many analogue terrestrial UHF channels does Sure South Atlantic LTD have?", "id": "56e07f157aa994140058e580", "answers": [{"text": "17", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the feed signal of Sure South Atlantic received by?", "id": "56e07f157aa994140058e582", "answers": [{"text": "a satellite dish", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Sure South Atlantic Ltd (\"Sure\") offers television for the island via 17 analogue terrestrial UHF channels, offering a mix of British, US, and South African programming. The channels are from DSTV and include Mnet, SuperSport and BBC channels. The feed signal, from MultiChoice DStv in South Africa, is received by a satellite dish at Bryant's Beacon from Intelsat 7 in the Ku band."}, {"qas": [{"question": "SURE provides what kind of service to the territory?", "id": "56e07f7e231d4119001ac1f1", "answers": [{"text": "telecommunications", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of network does SURE provide it's service from?", "id": "56e07f7e231d4119001ac1f2", "answers": [{"text": "digital copper-based telephone network", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the first fibre-optic network installed?", "id": "56e07f7e231d4119001ac1f3", "answers": [{"text": "August 2011", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "SURE provide the telecommunications service in the territory through a digital copper-based telephone network including ADSL-broadband service. In August 2011 the first fibre-optic link has been installed on the island, which connects the television receive antennas at Bryant's Beacon to the Cable & Wireless Technical Centre in the Briars."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How big is the satellite dish at the satellite ground station in feet?", "id": "56e07ffe231d4119001ac1f7", "answers": [{"text": "25", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the satellite dish installed?", "id": "56e07ffe231d4119001ac1f8", "answers": [{"text": "1989", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the satellite dish installed?", "id": "56e07ffe231d4119001ac1f9", "answers": [{"text": "The Briars", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Both telephone and internet services are subject to what?", "id": "56e07ffe231d4119001ac1fa", "answers": [{"text": "sun outages", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A satellite ground station with a 7.6-metre (25 ft) satellite dish installed in 1989 at The Briars is the only international connection providing satellite links through Intelsat 707 to Ascension island and the United Kingdom. Since all international telephone and internet communications are relying on this single satellite link both internet and telephone service are subject to sun outages."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the international calling code for Saint Helena?", "id": "56e08070231d4119001ac1ff", "answers": [{"text": "+290", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who shares the calling code +290 with Saint Helena?", "id": "56e08070231d4119001ac200", "answers": [{"text": "Tristan da Cunha", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many digits did Saint Helena change their phone numbers to?", "id": "56e08070231d4119001ac201", "answers": [{"text": "5", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Saint Helena change the amount of digits in their phone numbers?", "id": "56e08070231d4119001ac202", "answers": [{"text": "1 October 2013", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What digit are Saint Helena phone numbers prefixed with?", "id": "56e08070231d4119001ac203", "answers": [{"text": "2", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Saint Helena has the international calling code +290 which, since 2006, Tristan da Cunha shares. Saint Helena telephone numbers changed from 4 to 5 digits on 1 October 2013 by being prefixed with the digit \"2\", i.e. 2xxxx, with the range 5xxxx being reserved for mobile numbering, and 8xxx being used for Tristan da Cunha numbers (these still shown as 4 digits)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What speed is Saint Helena internet access?", "id": "56e080dc231d4119001ac209", "answers": [{"text": "10/3.6 Mbit/s", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the internet service provided through?", "id": "56e080dc231d4119001ac20a", "answers": [{"text": "Intelsat 707", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who provides the internet service in Saint Helena?", "id": "56e080dc231d4119001ac20b", "answers": [{"text": "SURE", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of population does SURE service?", "id": "56e080dc231d4119001ac20c", "answers": [{"text": "more than 4,000", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many satellites provide the link to the internet?", "id": "56e080dc231d4119001ac20d", "answers": [{"text": "1", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Saint Helena has a 10/3.6 Mbit/s internet link via Intelsat 707 provided by SURE. Serving a population of more than 4,000, this single satellite link is considered inadequate in terms of bandwidth."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of broadband service is provided on the island?", "id": "56e0815f231d4119001ac21d", "answers": [{"text": "ADSL", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the maximum speed of the broadband service?", "id": "56e0815f231d4119001ac21e", "answers": [{"text": "1536 KBit/s downstream and 512 KBit/s upstream", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the lite price of the broadband service?", "id": "56e0815f231d4119001ac21f", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a316 per month", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the gold price of the broadband service?", "id": "56e0815f231d4119001ac220", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a3190 per month", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What location has a few public wifi spots available to the public?", "id": "56e0815f231d4119001ac221", "answers": [{"text": "Jamestown", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "ADSL-broadband service is provided with maximum speeds of up to 1536 KBit/s downstream and 512 KBit/s upstream offered on contract levels from lite \u00a316 per month to gold+ at \u00a3190 per month. There are a few public WiFi hotspots in Jamestown, which are also being operated by SURE (formerly Cable & Wireless)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How long is the South Atlantic Express in miles?", "id": "56e08343231d4119001ac227", "answers": [{"text": "6,214", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who runs the South Atlantic Express?", "id": "56e08343231d4119001ac229", "answers": [{"text": "eFive", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did eFive announce they would reroute the cable through Saint Helena?", "id": "56e08343231d4119001ac22a", "answers": [{"text": "6 October 2012", "answer_start": 536}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who lobbied for the cable reroute into South Helena?", "id": "56e08343231d4119001ac22b", "answers": [{"text": "A Human Right", "answer_start": 645}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The South Atlantic Express, a 10,000 km (6,214 mi) submarine communications cable connecting Africa to South America, run by the undersea fibre optic provider eFive, will pass St Helena relatively closely. There were no plans to land the cable and install a landing station ashore, which could supply St Helena's population with sufficient bandwidth to fully leverage the benefits of today's Information Society. In January 2012, a group of supporters petitioned the UK government to meet the cost of landing the cable at St Helena. On 6 October 2012, eFive agreed to reroute the cable through St. Helena after a successful lobbying campaign by A Human Right, a San Francisco-based NGA working on initiatives to ensure all people are connected to the Internet. Islanders have sought the assistance of the UK Department for International Development and Foreign and Commonwealth Office in funding the \u00a310m required to bridge the connection from a local junction box on the cable to the island. The UK Government have announced that a review of the island's economy would be required before such funding would be agreed to."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many local newspapers does the island have?", "id": "56e0838f231d4119001ac231", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are both newspapers available?", "id": "56e0838f231d4119001ac232", "answers": [{"text": "the Internet", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Since when has the St Helena Independent been published?", "id": "56e0838f231d4119001ac233", "answers": [{"text": "November 2005", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Sentinel Newspaper introduced?", "id": "56e0838f231d4119001ac234", "answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The island has two local newspapers, both of which are available on the Internet. The St Helena Independent has been published since November 2005. The Sentinel newspaper was introduced in 2012."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many primary schools does the island have?", "id": "56e0840c231d4119001ac23a", "answers": [{"text": "3", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the 3 primary schools called?", "id": "56e0840c231d4119001ac23b", "answers": [{"text": "Harford, Pilling, and St Paul\u2019s", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the secondary school for the island?", "id": "56e0840c231d4119001ac23c", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Andrew School", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many students were enrolled in primary school in 2010?", "id": "56e0840c231d4119001ac23d", "answers": [{"text": "230", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Education is free and compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16  The island has three primary schools for students of age 4 to 11: Harford, Pilling, and St Paul\u2019s. Prince Andrew School provides secondary education for students aged 11 to 18. At the beginning of the academic year 2009-10, 230 students were enrolled in primary school and 286 in secondary school."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When does the mobile library service operate?", "id": "56e0848f231d4119001ac245", "answers": [{"text": "weekly", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who provides programs to students with special needs?", "id": "56e0848f231d4119001ac246", "answers": [{"text": "The Education and Employment Directorate", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Education and Employment Directorate also offers programmes for students with special needs, vocational training, adult education, evening classes, and distance learning. The island has a public library (the oldest in the Southern Hemisphere) and a mobile library service which operates weekly rural areas."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What curriculum does the island adapt?", "id": "56e084e27aa994140058e59f", "answers": [{"text": "The UK national curriculum", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the qualifications offered?", "id": "56e084e27aa994140058e5a1", "answers": [{"text": "GCSE, A/S and A2, to Level 3 Diplomas and VRQ qualifications", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The UK national curriculum is adapted for local use. A range of qualifications are offered \u2013 from GCSE, A/S and A2, to Level 3 Diplomas and VRQ qualifications:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Saint Helena is a member of what kind of association?", "id": "56e0856a7aa994140058e5a6", "answers": [{"text": "International Island Games Association", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the Saint Helena cricket team make it's debut in international cricket?", "id": "56e0856a7aa994140058e5a7", "answers": [{"text": "Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Saint Helena cricket team make it's debut in international cricket?", "id": "56e0856a7aa994140058e5a8", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Sports played on the island include football, cricket, volleyball, tennis, golf, motocross, shooting sports and yachting. Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games. Saint Helena is a member of the International Island Games Association. The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international cricket in Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League in 2011."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where does the Governor's cup take place? ", "id": "56e085d7231d4119001ac25a", "answers": [{"text": "between Cape Town and Saint Helena island,", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What months does the Governor's cup take place?", "id": "56e085d7231d4119001ac25c", "answers": [{"text": "December/January", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the most recent Governor's cup take place?", "id": "56e085d7231d4119001ac25d", "answers": [{"text": "December 2010", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Governor's Cup is a yacht race between Cape Town and Saint Helena island, held every two years in December/January; the most recent event was in December 2010. In Jamestown a timed run takes place up Jacob's Ladder every year, with people coming from all over the world to take part."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of groups are on Saint Helena and Ascension Island?", "id": "56e08645231d4119001ac263", "answers": [{"text": "scouting and guiding", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Scouting established on Saint Helena?", "id": "56e08645231d4119001ac264", "answers": [{"text": "1912", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who visited the scouts on their return from the tour of Africa in 1937?", "id": "56e08645231d4119001ac265", "answers": [{"text": "Lord and Lady Baden-Powell", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What book describes Lord and Lady Baden-Powel's visit?", "id": "56e08645231d4119001ac266", "answers": [{"text": "African Adventures", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There are scouting and guiding groups on Saint Helena and Ascension Island. Scouting was established on Saint Helena island in 1912. Lord and Lady Baden-Powell visited the Scouts on Saint Helena on the return from their 1937 tour of Africa. The visit is described in Lord Baden-Powell's book entitled African Adventures."}]}, {"title": "Aspirated_consonant", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Aspiration and preaspiration are used in what?", "id": "56e03fd2231d4119001ac013", "answers": [{"text": "phonetics", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Aspirated consonants are what in English?", "id": "56e03fd2231d4119001ac014", "answers": [{"text": "allophones", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are two language types where the difference is contrastive?", "id": "56e03fd2231d4119001ac015", "answers": [{"text": "Indian and East Asian", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "preaspiration", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "What creates a strong burst of breath?", "id": "5acd155207355d001abf33d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "allophones", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "What are aspirated consonants in the Asian language?", "id": "5acd155207355d001abf33d5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Indian and East Asian", "answer_start": 314}], "question": "Allophones are similar in what two languages?", "id": "5acd155207355d001abf33d6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the strong burst of breath", "answer_start": 28}], "question": "What accompanies the opening of some obstruents?", "id": "5acd155207355d001abf33d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "aspiration", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "What uses a weak burst of breath?", "id": "5acd155207355d001abf33d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most Indian and East Asian languages, the difference is contrastive."}, {"qas": [{"question": "With what word should you see a candle flicker or feel a puff of air?", "id": "56e040b27aa994140058e401", "answers": [{"text": "pin", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In English the first consonant in \"pin\" is what?", "id": "56e040b27aa994140058e402", "answers": [{"text": "aspirated", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "To feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "When should one put a hand or a lit candle in front of one's eyes?", "id": "5acd16d407355d001abf342c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "English", "answer_start": 309}], "question": "In what dialect would the initial consonant be unaspriated in pin and aspirated in spin?", "id": "5acd16d407355d001abf342d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "spin", "answer_start": 379}], "question": "Which word would be aspirated in most English dialects?", "id": "5acd16d407355d001abf342e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a flicker of the candle flame", "answer_start": 217}], "question": "What would you see when you use your hand to see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds?", "id": "5acd16d407355d001abf342f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "put a hand or a lit candle in front of one's mouth, and say pin [p\u02b0\u026an] and then spin [sp\u026an]", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "What would you do to see the similarities between aspirated and unaspirated sounds?", "id": "5acd16d407355d001abf3430", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "To feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds, one can put a hand or a lit candle in front of one's mouth, and say pin [p\u02b0\u026an] and then spin [sp\u026an]. One should either feel a puff of air or see a flicker of the candle flame with pin that one does not get with spin. In most dialects of English, the initial consonant is aspirated in pin and unaspirated in spin."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does IPA stand for?", "id": "56e042487aa994140058e407", "answers": [{"text": "International Phonetic Alphabet", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Written IPA consonants use symbols for what?", "id": "56e042487aa994140058e408", "answers": [{"text": "voiceless consonants", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What modifier indicates a voiceless bilabial stop?", "id": "56e042487aa994140058e409", "answers": [{"text": "p", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "p\u02b0 represents what?", "id": "56e042487aa994140058e40a", "answers": [{"text": "aspirated bilabial stop", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "voiceless consonants", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "What is considered an unaspirated consonant?", "id": "5acd17e507355d001abf346c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "symbols", "answer_start": 89}], "question": "Aspiration modifiers are represented by what?", "id": "5acd17e507355d001abf346d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "aspiration modifier letter", "answer_start": 138}], "question": "Voiceless consonants are prefaced by what?", "id": "5acd17e507355d001abf346e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "h", "answer_start": 241}], "question": "The voiced glottal fricative is indicated by what letter?", "id": "5acd17e507355d001abf346f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "p\u02b0", "answer_start": 308}], "question": "The unaspirated bilabial stop is represented by what letter?", "id": "5acd17e507355d001abf3470", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter \u27e8\u25cc\u02b0\u27e9, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative \u27e8h\u27e9. For instance, \u27e8p\u27e9 represents the voiceless bilabial stop, and \u27e8p\u02b0\u27e9 represents the aspirated bilabial stop."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is not often aspirated?", "id": "56e043c67aa994140058e40f", "answers": [{"text": "Voiced consonants", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The symbol followed by b\u02b0 would likely mean the consonant has what type of release?", "id": "56e043c67aa994140058e410", "answers": [{"text": "breathy", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Voiced aspirated consonants are what type?", "id": "56e043c67aa994140058e412", "answers": [{"text": "breathy-voiced", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "aspirated", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "Voiced symbols are seldom what?", "id": "5acd18c407355d001abf349a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit", "answer_start": 215}], "question": "Symbols for voiceless consonants are typical in what language?", "id": "5acd18c407355d001abf349b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "voiceless aspirated", "answer_start": 257}], "question": "Unaspirated consonants are called what?", "id": "5acd18c407355d001abf349c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "consonants with breathy voiced release", "answer_start": 131}], "question": "Symbols for voiced releases typically represent what?", "id": "5acd18c407355d001abf349d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "voiced aspirated", "answer_start": 319}], "question": "Breathy-voiced aspirated consonants are called what?", "id": "5acd18c407355d001abf349e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Voiced consonants are seldom actually aspirated. Symbols for voiced consonants followed by \u27e8\u25cc\u02b0\u27e9, such as \u27e8b\u02b0\u27e9, typically represent consonants with breathy voiced release (see below). In the grammatical tradition of Sanskrit, aspirated consonants are called voiceless aspirated, and breathy-voiced consonants are called voiced aspirated."}, {"qas": [{"question": "There are no IPA symbols for what?", "id": "56e044e9231d4119001ac019", "answers": [{"text": "degrees of aspiration", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What may be doubled to indicate a long aspiration?", "id": "56e044e9231d4119001ac01b", "answers": [{"text": "aspiration modifier", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language, according to the text, may need double stops to indicate aspiration length?", "id": "56e044e9231d4119001ac01c", "answers": [{"text": "Korean", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are voice-onset time details usually presented?", "id": "56e044e9231d4119001ac01d", "answers": [{"text": "numerically", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "unaspirated \u27e8k\u27e9 and aspirated \u27e8k\u02b0\u27e9", "answer_start": 104}], "question": "Which two IPA symbols are marked?", "id": "5acd19b407355d001abf34de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u27e8k\u02b0 k\u02b0\u02b0\u27e9 or \u27e8k\u02bb\u27e9 and \u27e8k\u02b0\u27e9", "answer_start": 385}], "question": "The two degrees of aspiration in English stops are transcribed as what?", "id": "5acd19b407355d001abf34df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "numerically", "answer_start": 502}], "question": "The details of voice-onset symbols are given how?", "id": "5acd19b407355d001abf34e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u27e8\u02bb\u27e9", "answer_start": 179}], "question": "Which old letter for light aspiration is now obsolete?", "id": "5acd19b407355d001abf34e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "especially strong or long aspiration", "answer_start": 268}], "question": "The aspiration modifier letter may be tripled to indicate what?", "id": "5acd19b407355d001abf34e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "There are no dedicated IPA symbols for degrees of aspiration and typically only two degrees are marked: unaspirated \u27e8k\u27e9 and aspirated \u27e8k\u02b0\u27e9. An old symbol for light aspiration was \u27e8\u02bb\u27e9, but this is now obsolete. The aspiration modifier letter may be doubled to indicate especially strong or long aspiration. Hence, the two degrees of aspiration in Korean stops are sometimes transcribed \u27e8k\u02b0 k\u02b0\u02b0\u27e9 or \u27e8k\u02bb\u27e9 and \u27e8k\u02b0\u27e9, but they are usually transcribed [k] and [k\u02b0], with the details of voice-onset time given numerically."}, {"qas": [{"question": "A preaspirated consonant is marked how?", "id": "56e0455c231d4119001ac023", "answers": [{"text": "placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What represents a preaspirated bilabial stop?", "id": "56e0455c231d4119001ac024", "answers": [{"text": "\u27e8\u02b0p\u27e9", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "by placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "Preaspirated symbols are marked how?", "id": "5acd1a5007355d001abf3506", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u27e8\u02b0p\u27e9", "answer_start": 106}], "question": "What represents the unaspirated bilabial stop?", "id": "5acd1a5007355d001abf3507", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u27e8\u02b0p\u27e9", "answer_start": 106}], "question": "What represents the aspiration modifier letter?", "id": "5acd1a5007355d001abf3508", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u27e8\u02b0p\u27e9", "answer_start": 106}], "question": "What represents the preaspirated bilabial start?", "id": "5acd1a5007355d001abf3509", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "by placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "Unaspirated consonants are marked how?", "id": "5acd1a5007355d001abf350a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Preaspirated consonants are marked by placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol: \u27e8\u02b0p\u27e9 represents the preaspirated bilabial stop."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How are unaspirated or tenuis consonants sometimes marked for unaspiration?", "id": "56e045d2231d4119001ac027", "answers": [{"text": "with the modifier letter", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the superscript equal sign?", "id": "56e045d2231d4119001ac028", "answers": [{"text": "\u27e8t\u02ed\u27e9", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Most often, unaspirated consonants are what?", "id": "56e045d2231d4119001ac029", "answers": [{"text": "left unmarked", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are unaspirated consonants left unmarked?", "id": "56e045d2231d4119001ac02a", "answers": [{"text": "\u27e8t\u27e9", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "with the modifier letter for unaspiration", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "Aspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked how?", "id": "5acd1baa07355d001abf3560", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u27e8t\u27e9", "answer_start": 197}], "question": "How are aspirated consonants marked?", "id": "5acd1baa07355d001abf3561", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "unmarked", "answer_start": 187}], "question": "How are aspirated consonants usually left?", "id": "5acd1baa07355d001abf3562", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Unaspirated or tenuis consonants", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is occasionally marked with the modifier letter for aspiration?", "id": "5acd1baa07355d001abf3563", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u27e8\u25cc\u02ed\u27e9", "answer_start": 99}], "question": "Unspirated or tenuis symbols are occasionally marked with which letter?", "id": "5acd1baa07355d001abf3564", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration \u27e8\u25cc\u02ed\u27e9, a superscript equal sign: \u27e8t\u02ed\u27e9. Usually, however, unaspirated consonants are left unmarked: \u27e8t\u27e9."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is created when the vocal folds are spread and do not vibrate?", "id": "56e04669231d4119001ac02f", "answers": [{"text": "Voiceless consonants", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is created when vocal folds are slightly closed and vibrate?", "id": "56e04669231d4119001ac030", "answers": [{"text": "voiced consonants", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is it called when a person's vocal cords stay open after a consonant?", "id": "56e04669231d4119001ac031", "answers": [{"text": "Voiceless aspiration", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the vocal folds", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "Voiced consonants are produced when what opens?", "id": "5acd1c7207355d001abf3574", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "by noting the consonant's voice-onset time", "answer_start": 320}], "question": "How would you measure voiced aspiration?", "id": "5acd1c7207355d001abf3575", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Voiceless consonants", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "When the vocal folds are vibrating, what is produced?", "id": "5acd1c7207355d001abf3576", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the voicing of a following vowel", "answer_start": 367}], "question": "What can not begin until after the vocal cords open?", "id": "5acd1c7207355d001abf3577", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "voiced consonants", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "What is produced when the vocal folds are open and vibrating?", "id": "5acd1c7207355d001abf3578", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Voiceless consonants are produced with the vocal folds open (spread) and not vibrating, and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating (modal voice). Voiceless aspiration occurs when the vocal cords remain open after a consonant is released. An easy way to measure this is by noting the consonant's voice-onset time, as the voicing of a following vowel cannot begin until the vocal cords close."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Aspiration of stops is seen as voiceless velar airflow in some languages, such as what?", "id": "56e046bc7aa994140058e417", "answers": [{"text": "Navajo", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Navajo, the aspiration of affricates can be seen as what?", "id": "56e046bc7aa994140058e418", "answers": [{"text": "an extended length of the frication", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "aspiration of affricates", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "What is realized as an extended length of the airflow?", "id": "5acd1d7207355d001abf3592", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Navajo", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "In what language does the unaspiration of stops tend to be realized as voiceless velar airflow?", "id": "5acd1d7207355d001abf3593", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "aspiration of stops", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "What is realized as voiced velar airflow?", "id": "5acd1d7207355d001abf3594", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Navajo", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "In what language does voiceless velar airflow not exist?", "id": "5acd1d7207355d001abf3595", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an extended length of the frication", "answer_start": 157}], "question": "Aspiration of airflow is realized as what?", "id": "5acd1d7207355d001abf3596", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Phonetically in some languages, such as Navajo, aspiration of stops tends to be realised as voiceless velar airflow; aspiration of affricates is realised as an extended length of the frication."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In Eastern Armenian, aspirated consonants occur in what?", "id": "56e047177aa994140058e41c", "answers": [{"text": "consonant clusters", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are consonants aspirated in just the final position?", "id": "56e047177aa994140058e41d", "answers": [{"text": "Wahgi", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "vowels or other voiced sounds", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "Unaspirated consonants are not always followed by what?", "id": "5acd1e2007355d001abf35b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eastern Armenian", "answer_start": 95}], "question": "In what language is unaspiration contrastive?", "id": "5acd1e2007355d001abf35b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wahgi", "answer_start": 215}], "question": "In what language are consonants aspirated only in start position?", "id": "5acd1e2007355d001abf35b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "aspirated consonants", "answer_start": 162}], "question": "What occurs in sound clusters?", "id": "5acd1e2007355d001abf35b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Aspirated consonants", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is not always followed by vowels or unvoiced sounds?", "id": "5acd1e2007355d001abf35b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Aspirated consonants are not always followed by vowels or other voiced sounds. For example, in Eastern Armenian, aspiration is contrastive even word-finally, and aspirated consonants occur in consonant clusters. In Wahgi, consonants are aspirated only in final position."}, {"qas": [{"question": "As well as lasting as long as an English aspirated stop, the Armenian and Cantonese aspiration lasts as long as what?", "id": "56e047997aa994140058e422", "answers": [{"text": "unaspirated stops", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Armenian and Cantonese", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What languages have aspiration that lasts about as long as Korean aspirated stops?", "id": "5acd1f4407355d001abf35c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "English", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "Whose aspiration lasts longer than that of Armenian or Korean?", "id": "5acd1f4407355d001abf35c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Korean", "answer_start": 126}], "question": "Whose stops are shorter than that of Armenian or Cantonese?", "id": "5acd1f4407355d001abf35c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lightly", "answer_start": 137}], "question": "Korean has what kind of unaspirated stops?", "id": "5acd1f4407355d001abf35c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cantonese", "answer_start": 329}], "question": "Armenian unaspirated stops last longer than whose?", "id": "5acd1f4407355d001abf35c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Armenian and Cantonese have aspiration that lasts about as long as English aspirated stops, in addition to unaspirated stops. Korean has lightly aspirated stops that fall between the Armenian and Cantonese unaspirated and aspirated stops as well as strongly aspirated stops whose aspiration lasts longer than that of Armenian or Cantonese. (See voice-onset time.)"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Aspiration alters with what?", "id": "56e048cf231d4119001ac039", "answers": [{"text": "place of articulation", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "50 ms", "answer_start": 281}], "question": "Voice-onset times in Armenian measure at 20, 25, and what?", "id": "5acd1ffd07355d001abf35d6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "place of articulation", "answer_start": 23}], "question": "Unaspiration varies with what?", "id": "5acd1ffd07355d001abf35d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "English", "answer_start": 157}], "question": "Which language measures at 60, 70, and 50 ms?", "id": "5acd1ffd07355d001abf35d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5, 10, and 30 milliseconds", "answer_start": 121}], "question": "The Spanish voice-closing times are what?", "id": "5acd1ffd07355d001abf35d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "/p t k/", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "The Spanish voiced stops are?", "id": "5acd1ffd07355d001abf35da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Aspiration varies with place of articulation. The Spanish voiceless stops /p t k/ have voice-onset times (VOTs) of about 5, 10, and 30 milliseconds, whereas English aspirated /p t k/ have VOTs of about 60, 70, and 80 ms. Voice-onset time in Korean has been measured at 20, 25, and 50 ms for /p t k/ and 90, 95, and 125 for /p\u02b0 t\u02b0 k\u02b0/."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What happens when an aspirated consonant is doubled or geminated?", "id": "56e06606231d4119001ac097", "answers": [{"text": "the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release.", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is comprised of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release?", "id": "56e06606231d4119001ac098", "answers": [{"text": "An aspirated affricate", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "What happens when aspirated consonants are tripled or germinated?", "id": "5acd20ca07355d001abf35f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A doubled aspirated affricate", "answer_start": 188}], "question": "What has a release of the fricative and unaspiration?", "id": "5acd20ca07355d001abf35f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a stop, fricative, and aspirated release", "answer_start": 146}], "question": "An unaspirated consonant consists of what?", "id": "5acd20ca07355d001abf35f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "An aspirated affricate", "answer_start": 111}], "question": "What consists of a stop, fricative, and unaspirated release?", "id": "5acd20ca07355d001abf35f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hold in the stop portion", "answer_start": 231}], "question": "A tripled aspirated affricate has a longer what?", "id": "5acd20ca07355d001abf35f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "When aspirated consonants are doubled or geminated, the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release. An aspirated affricate consists of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release. A doubled aspirated affricate has a longer hold in the stop portion and then has a release consisting of the fricative and aspiration."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What two languages mentioned have have preaspirated [\u02b0p \u02b0t \u02b0k]?", "id": "56e06783231d4119001ac0a9", "answers": [{"text": "Icelandic and Faroese", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do scholars say the preaspirated [\u02b0p \u02b0t \u02b0k] are too?", "id": "56e06783231d4119001ac0aa", "answers": [{"text": "consonant clusters", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do preaspirated stops contrast with in Icelandic?", "id": "56e06783231d4119001ac0ab", "answers": [{"text": "double stops and single stops", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "preaspirated", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "What stops contrast with triple and single stops?", "id": "5acd219c07355d001abf3612", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "[\u02b0p \u02b0t \u02b0k]", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "Icelandic and English have preaspirated what?", "id": "5acd219c07355d001abf3613", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "double stops and single stops", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "Aspirated stops contrast with what?", "id": "5acd219c07355d001abf3614", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "double stops and single stops", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "In Faroese, preaspirated stops contrast with what?", "id": "5acd219c07355d001abf3615", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Icelandic and Faroese", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Symbol clusters exists in which two languages?", "id": "5acd219c07355d001abf3616", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Icelandic and Faroese have preaspirated [\u02b0p \u02b0t \u02b0k]; some scholars interpret these as consonant clusters as well. In Icelandic, preaspirated stops contrast with double stops and single stops:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "The Sami tongue also has what?", "id": "56e06851231d4119001ac0b5", "answers": [{"text": "Preaspirated stops", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Sami tongue has unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes pronounced preaspirated?", "id": "56e06851231d4119001ac0b6", "answers": [{"text": "North Sami", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "most Sami", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "Unaspirated stops occur in which languages?", "id": "5acd225107355d001abf3630", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "What occurs in the medial or start position?", "id": "5acd225107355d001abf3631", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "medial or final", "answer_start": 228}], "question": "The voiced stop and affricate phonemes occur in what position?", "id": "5acd225107355d001abf3632", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "What are pronounced unaspirated?", "id": "5acd225107355d001abf3633", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "In South Sami what are pronounced preaspirated?", "id": "5acd225107355d001abf3634", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Preaspirated stops also occur in most Sami languages; for example, in North Sami, the unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes /p/, /t/, /ts/, /t\u0283/, /k/ are pronounced preaspirated ([\u02b0p], [\u02b0t] [\u02b0ts], [\u02b0t\u0283], [\u02b0k]) when they occur in medial or final position."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many contrastive aspirated fricatives does Choni Tibetan have?", "id": "56e06908231d4119001ac0c4", "answers": [{"text": "up to four", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Korean", "answer_start": 157}], "question": "Unaspirated fricatives have been documented in which language?", "id": "5acd233607355d001abf366a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Choni Tibetan", "answer_start": 287}], "question": "Which language has up to five contrastive aspirated fricatives?", "id": "5acd233607355d001abf366b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "stops and affricates", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "Most unaspirated obstruents are what?", "id": "5acd233607355d001abf366c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "up to four", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "The Siouan language Ofo has how many contrastive aspirated fricatives?", "id": "5acd233607355d001abf366d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "up to four", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "Choni Tibetan has how many unaspirated fricatives?", "id": "5acd233607355d001abf366e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Although most aspirated obstruents in the world's language are stops and affricates, aspirated fricatives such as [s\u02b0], [f\u02b0] or [\u0255\u02b0] have been documented in Korean, in a few Tibeto-Burman languages, in some Oto-Manguean languages, and in the Siouan language Ofo. Some languages, such as Choni Tibetan, have up to four contrastive aspirated fricatives [s\u02b0] [\u0255\u02b0], [\u0282\u02b0] and [x\u02b0]."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Indian languages commonly have murmured consonants instead of what?", "id": "56e069f0231d4119001ac0d1", "answers": [{"text": "True aspirated voiced consonants", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "True aspirated consonants are considered what?", "id": "56e069f0231d4119001ac0d2", "answers": [{"text": "rare", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "True aspirated consonants have been found in Kelabit Taa and what else?", "id": "56e069f0231d4119001ac0d3", "answers": [{"text": "Kx'a languages", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rare", "answer_start": 170}], "question": "Are truly unaspirated voiceless consonants common or rare?", "id": "5acd242407355d001abf3690", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "True aspirated voiced consonants", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is common in the language of English?", "id": "5acd242407355d001abf3691", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "India", "answer_start": 149}], "question": "Murmured consonants are uncommon in which language of which country?", "id": "5acd242407355d001abf3692", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Reported aspirated voiced stops", "answer_start": 242}], "question": "What has been documented in Kelabit Taa, and the Kx'a languages?", "id": "5acd242407355d001abf3693", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "India", "answer_start": 149}], "question": "True aspirated voice consonants are common in which country?", "id": "5acd242407355d001abf3694", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "True aspirated voiced consonants, as opposed to murmured (breathy-voice) consonants such as the [b\u02b1], [d\u02b1], [\u0261\u02b1] that are common in the languages of India, are extremely rare. They have been documented in Kelabit Taa, and the Kx'a languages. Reported aspirated voiced stops, affricates and clicks are [b\u0361p\u02b0, d\u0361t\u02b0, d\u0361ts\u02b0, d\u0361t\u0283\u02b0, \u0261\u0361k\u02b0, \u0262\u0361q\u02b0, \u1da2\u0298\u02b0, \u1da2\u01c0\u02b0, \u1da2\u01c1\u02b0, \u1da2\u01c3\u02b0, \u1da2\u01c2\u02b0]."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What has a different significance in various languages?", "id": "56e06a517aa994140058e479", "answers": [{"text": "Aspiration", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two forms can aspiration be in?", "id": "56e06a517aa994140058e47a", "answers": [{"text": "allophonic or phonemic", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Aspiration", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What may be analyzed as an underlying symbol cluster?", "id": "5acd25e607355d001abf36d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "allophonic or phonemic", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "Aspiration can differ in which two languages?", "id": "5acd25e607355d001abf36d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "different languages", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "Unaspiration has varying significance in what?", "id": "5acd25e607355d001abf36d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Aspiration", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What may be analyzed as an underlying phonemic cluster?", "id": "5acd25e607355d001abf36d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Aspiration", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is either allophonic or a cluster?", "id": "5acd25e607355d001abf36d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Aspiration has varying significance in different languages. It is either allophonic or phonemic, and may be analyzed as an underlying consonant cluster."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Aspiration is what, in English and some other languages?", "id": "56e06ab2231d4119001ac0dd", "answers": [{"text": "allophonic", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are stops distinguished?", "id": "56e06ab2231d4119001ac0de", "answers": [{"text": "voicing", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Voiceless stops are at times what?", "id": "56e06ab2231d4119001ac0df", "answers": [{"text": "aspirated", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Voiced stops are most often what?", "id": "56e06ab2231d4119001ac0e0", "answers": [{"text": "unaspirated", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "English", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "In what language in unaspiration allophonic?", "id": "5acd269407355d001abf36e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "aspirated", "answer_start": 142}], "question": "Voiceless languages are sometimes what?", "id": "5acd269407355d001abf36e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "voicing", "answer_start": 99}], "question": "Symbols are distinguished primarily by what?", "id": "5acd269407355d001abf36e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "unaspirated", "answer_start": 184}], "question": "Voiced breaths are usually what?", "id": "5acd269407355d001abf36e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "voiceless stops", "answer_start": 112}], "question": "What are sometimes allophonic?", "id": "5acd269407355d001abf36e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In some languages, such as English, aspiration is allophonic. Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing, and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually unaspirated."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When following a word such as spill, they are what for most speakers?", "id": "56e06b78231d4119001ac0e5", "answers": [{"text": "unaspirated", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If the letter s is a different place in the word, it is typical unaspirated unless the word is what?", "id": "56e06b78231d4119001ac0e6", "answers": [{"text": "compound words", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If there is a cluster such as st and it belongs to different morphemes, the stop is what?", "id": "56e06b78231d4119001ac0e7", "answers": [{"text": "aspirated", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If the st belongs to one morpheme, then the stop is what?", "id": "56e06b78231d4119001ac0e8", "answers": [{"text": "unaspirated", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "distend", "answer_start": 464}], "question": "What is unaspirated since it is not analyzed as three morphemes?", "id": "5acd27b607355d001abf3724", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "s", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "What word-initial is aspirated for almost all speakers?", "id": "5acd27b607355d001abf3725", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "When the consonants in a cluster like st are analyzed as belonging to different morphemes", "answer_start": 221}], "question": "When is the consonant unaspirated?", "id": "5acd27b607355d001abf3726", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "because it is analyzed as dis- + taste and the word taste has an aspirated initial t", "answer_start": 577}], "question": "Distaste has an unaspirated middle why?", "id": "5acd27b607355d001abf3727", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "unaspirated", "answer_start": 164}], "question": "After a k elsewhere in a word they are normally what?", "id": "5acd27b607355d001abf3728", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "They are unaspirated for almost all speakers when immediately following word-initial s, as in spill, still, skill. After an s elsewhere in a word they are normally unaspirated as well, except sometimes in compound words. When the consonants in a cluster like st are analyzed as belonging to different morphemes (heteromorphemic) the stop is aspirated, but when they are analyzed as belonging to one morpheme the stop is unaspirated.[citation needed] For instance, distend has unaspirated [t] since it is not analyzed as two morphemes, but distaste has an aspirated middle [t\u02b0] because it is analyzed as dis- + taste and the word taste has an aspirated initial t."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In languages like Thai and Icelandic, tenuis and aspirated consonants are what?", "id": "56e06bd2231d4119001ac0ed", "answers": [{"text": "phonemic", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "[p\u02ed s\u02ed] and [p\u02b0 \u02b0p s\u02b0] are separate what?", "id": "56e06bd2231d4119001ac0ee", "answers": [{"text": "phonemes", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "phonemic", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "In the Armenian language, tenuis and unaspirated stops are what?", "id": "5acd287307355d001abf3736", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Unaspirated consonants like [p\u02ed s\u02ed] and aspirated consonants like [p\u02b0 \u02b0p s\u02b0]", "answer_start": 196}], "question": "What makes up combined phonemes?", "id": "5acd287307355d001abf3737", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "whether they have one or the other", "answer_start": 327}], "question": "Sentences are distinguished by what?", "id": "5acd287307355d001abf3738", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "phonemic", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "In the English language, tenuis and aspirated consonants are what?", "id": "5acd287307355d001abf3739", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "[p\u02ed s\u02ed]", "answer_start": 224}], "question": "An example of an unaspirated stop is?", "id": "5acd287307355d001abf373a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In many languages, such as Armenian, Korean, Thai, Indo-Aryan languages, Dravidian languages, Icelandic, Ancient Greek, and the varieties of Chinese, tenuis and aspirated consonants are phonemic. Unaspirated consonants like [p\u02ed s\u02ed] and aspirated consonants like [p\u02b0 \u02b0p s\u02b0] are separate phonemes, and words are distinguished by whether they have one or the other."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How are lenis consonants distinguished from fortis consonants?", "id": "56e06c697aa994140058e493", "answers": [{"text": "their lack of aspiration", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If the lenis are \u27e8b d \u0261\u27e9, what are the fortis counterparts?", "id": "56e06c697aa994140058e494", "answers": [{"text": "\u27e8p t k\u27e9", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the \"lenis\" consonants", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "What is often transcribed for numerical reasons?", "id": "5acd293a07355d001abf3754", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u27e8b d \u0261\u27e9", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "In English, \"lenis\" consonants are know as what?", "id": "5acd293a07355d001abf3755", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "their lack of aspiration", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "The \"lenis\" consonants are distinguished from their modern counterparts by what?", "id": "5acd293a07355d001abf3756", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u27e8p t k\u27e9", "answer_start": 167}], "question": "Fortis counterparts are known as what in the Spanish language?", "id": "5acd293a07355d001abf3757", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lack of aspiration", "answer_start": 192}], "question": "Fortis counterparts are translated as what in the Chinese language?", "id": "5acd293a07355d001abf3758", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In Danish and most southern varieties of German, the \"lenis\" consonants transcribed for historical reasons as \u27e8b d \u0261\u27e9 are distinguished from their fortis counterparts \u27e8p t k\u27e9, mainly in their lack of aspiration."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Mandarin has stops and affricates that are distinguished by what?", "id": "56e06cd3231d4119001ac0fd", "answers": [{"text": "aspiration", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Tenuis stops have letters that are representative of English voiced consonant in what?", "id": "56e06cd3231d4119001ac0fe", "answers": [{"text": "pinyin", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of stops in pinyin are written with letters that representative of voiceless consonants?", "id": "56e06cd3231d4119001ac0ff", "answers": [{"text": "aspirated stops", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "aspiration", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "The English language has stops and affricates distinguished by what?", "id": "5acd29d707355d001abf3768", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "with letters that represent voiced consonants in English", "answer_start": 152}], "question": "In pinyin, tenuis consonants are written how?", "id": "5acd29d707355d001abf3769", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "with letters that represent voiceless consonants", "answer_start": 230}], "question": "In pinyin, unaspirated stops are written how?", "id": "5acd29d707355d001abf376a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "aspirated stops", "answer_start": 214}], "question": "What is written with letter that represent voiced consonants?", "id": "5acd29d707355d001abf376b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "/t/", "answer_start": 298}], "question": "What represents d?", "id": "5acd29d707355d001abf376c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Standard Chinese (Mandarin) has stops and affricates distinguished by aspiration: for instance, /t t\u02b0/, /t\u0361s t\u0361s\u02b0/. In pinyin, tenuis stops are written with letters that represent voiced consonants in English, and aspirated stops with letters that represent voiceless consonants. Thus d represents /t/, and t represents /t\u02b0/."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What has a three-way distinction in regards to stops and affricates?", "id": "56e06d44231d4119001ac103", "answers": [{"text": "Wu Chinese", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the actual distinction for Wu Chinese?", "id": "56e06d44231d4119001ac104", "answers": [{"text": "/p p\u02b0 b/", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is /b/ representative of, in addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants?", "id": "56e06d44231d4119001ac105", "answers": [{"text": "Muddy consonants", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of voice are muddy consonants pronounced with?", "id": "56e06d44231d4119001ac106", "answers": [{"text": "slack or breathy", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "stops and affricates", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "Wu Chinese has a four-way distinction in what?", "id": "5acd2a8c07355d001abf378c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "muddy consonants", "answer_start": 148}], "question": "What is strongly voiced?", "id": "5acd2a8c07355d001abf378d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Muddy consonants", "answer_start": 259}], "question": "What causes a syllable to be pronounced with high pitch or light tone?", "id": "5acd2a8c07355d001abf378e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "/b/", "answer_start": 171}], "question": "What is an example of a breathy consonant?", "id": "5acd2a8c07355d001abf378f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "muddy consonants", "answer_start": 148}], "question": "What causes a stop to be pronounced with low pitch or light tone?", "id": "5acd2a8c07355d001abf3790", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Wu Chinese has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates: /p p\u02b0 b/. In addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants, there is a series of muddy consonants, like /b/. These are pronounced with slack or breathy voice: that is, they are weakly voiced. Muddy consonants as initial cause a syllable to be pronounced with low pitch or light (\u967d y\u00e1ng) tone."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many distinctions in stops do languages like Bengali and Hindi have?", "id": "56e06dca231d4119001ac10d", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another term for voice-aspirated?", "id": "56e06dca231d4119001ac10f", "answers": [{"text": "breathy-voiced", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which distinction has Punjabi lost?", "id": "56e06dca231d4119001ac111", "answers": [{"text": "breathy-voiced consonants", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Indo-Aryan languages", "answer_start": 5}], "question": "What languages have unaspirated stops?", "id": "5acd2b2a07355d001abf379e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "stops", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "Sanskrit has a three-way distinction in what?", "id": "5acd2b2a07355d001abf379f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Punjabi", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "What has gained breathy-voiced consonants?", "id": "5acd2b2a07355d001abf37a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Punjabi has lost breathy-voiced consonants", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "What happened to result in a toneless system?", "id": "5acd2b2a07355d001abf37a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "/p p\u02b0 b b\u02b1/", "answer_start": 212}], "question": "What is an example of a two-way distinction in stops?", "id": "5acd2b2a07355d001abf37a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Many Indo-Aryan languages have aspirated stops. Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, and Gujarati have a four-way distinction in stops: voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and breathy-voiced or voiced aspirated, such as /p p\u02b0 b b\u02b1/. Punjabi has lost breathy-voiced consonants, which resulted in a tone system, and therefore has a distinction between voiceless, aspirated, and voiced: /p p\u02b0 b/."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Telegu, Kannada and others are considered to be some of the what languages?", "id": "56e06eee231d4119001ac117", "answers": [{"text": "Dravidian", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has no distinction between the categories  of voiced, voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated?", "id": "56e06eee231d4119001ac119", "answers": [{"text": "native Dravidian words", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "these categories and stops are underspecified for voicing and aspiration", "answer_start": 259}], "question": "In native English words, there is no distinction between what?", "id": "5acd2c2e07355d001abf37bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a distinction between voiced and voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "What is used only in loanwords from Spanish languages?", "id": "5acd2c2e07355d001abf37bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "stops", "answer_start": 280}], "question": "What is underspecified for voicing and unaspiratoin?", "id": "5acd2c2e07355d001abf37be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "native Dravidian", "answer_start": 203}], "question": "There are many category distinctions in what language?", "id": "5acd2c2e07355d001abf37bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "voiced and voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated", "answer_start": 107}], "question": "All of the Dravidian languages have a distinction between what?", "id": "5acd2c2e07355d001abf37c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some of the Dravidian languages, such as Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada, have a distinction between voiced and voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated only in loanwords from Indo-Aryan languages. In native Dravidian words, there is no distinction between these categories and stops are underspecified for voicing and aspiration."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What language has two-way distinctions between aspirated and voiced?", "id": "56e070687aa994140058e4c3", "answers": [{"text": "Western Armenian", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Western Armenian /t\u02b0/ compares to eastern Armenian /t\u02b0/ and what?", "id": "56e070687aa994140058e4c4", "answers": [{"text": "/d/", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Western Armenian voiced /d/ compares to the Eastern Armenian voiceless what?", "id": "56e070687aa994140058e4c5", "answers": [{"text": "/t/", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "aspirated and voiced", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "Western Armenian has a three-way distinction between what?", "id": "5acd2cd607355d001abf37d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "aspirated /t\u02b0/ and voiced /d/", "answer_start": 145}], "question": "Western Armenian aspirated corresponds to Eastern American what?", "id": "5acd2cd607355d001abf37d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "/t/", "answer_start": 232}], "question": "Western voiced /d/ corresponds to Eastern voiced what?", "id": "5acd2cd607355d001abf37da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "aspirated and voiced", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "Eastern Armenian has a two-way distinction between what?", "id": "5acd2cd607355d001abf37db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eastern voiceless /t/", "answer_start": 214}], "question": "Western voiceless /d/ corresponds to what?", "id": "5acd2cd607355d001abf37dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Western Armenian has a two-way distinction between aspirated and voiced: /t\u02b0 d/. Western Armenian aspirated /t\u02b0/ corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated /t\u02b0/ and voiced /d/, and Western voiced /d/ corresponds to Eastern voiceless /t/."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Early Greek (before Koine) have been redone with what?", "id": "56e072537aa994140058e4c9", "answers": [{"text": "aspirated stops.", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Greek dialect had three-way stop distinction like Eastern Armenian?", "id": "56e072537aa994140058e4ca", "answers": [{"text": "Classical Attic", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who referred to the Classical Attic dialect stops by the three distinctions?", "id": "56e072537aa994140058e4cc", "answers": [{"text": "Greek grammarians", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u03c8\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac", "answer_start": 234}], "question": "A two-way distinction in stops was called what?", "id": "5acd2d8007355d001abf37f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "having aspirated stops", "answer_start": 71}], "question": "Some forms of English are reconstructed as what?", "id": "5acd2d8007355d001abf37f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eastern Armenian", "answer_start": 182}], "question": "Which Armenian language had a two-way distinction in stops?", "id": "5acd2d8007355d001abf37f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ancient Greek", "answer_start": 126}], "question": "The Classical Arctic dialect belonged to which country?", "id": "5acd2d8007355d001abf37f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Some forms of Greek", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Which languages are reconstructed as having unaspirated stops?", "id": "5acd2d8007355d001abf37f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some forms of Greek before the Koine Greek period are reconstructed as having aspirated stops. The Classical Attic dialect of Ancient Greek had a three-way distinction in stops like Eastern Armenian: /t t\u02b0 d/. These stops were called \u03c8\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac, \u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ad\u03b1, \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \"thin, thick, middle\" by Koine Greek grammarians."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the representation for the three places of articulation?", "id": "56e072b57aa994140058e4d2", "answers": [{"text": "/p\u02b0 t\u02b0 k\u02b0/", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Earlier Greek was represented by what?", "id": "56e072b57aa994140058e4d3", "answers": [{"text": "Mycenaean Greek", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whether a stop was labial, coronal or velar depended on what two things?", "id": "56e072b57aa994140058e4d4", "answers": [{"text": "dialect and phonetic environment", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "labial, coronal, and velar", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "Unaspirated stops were at which three places of articulation?", "id": "5acd2e8e07355d001abf381a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mycenaean Greek", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "Early Greece was represented by what?", "id": "5acd2e8e07355d001abf381b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Earlier Greek", "answer_start": 99}], "question": "What likely had a velar unaspirated stop?", "id": "5acd2e8e07355d001abf381c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "velar", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "The three places of articulation are the labial, cortical and what?", "id": "5acd2e8e07355d001abf381d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "/k\u02b7\u02b0/", "answer_start": 191}], "question": "The labialized velar unaspirated stop is represented by what?", "id": "5acd2e8e07355d001abf381e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar /p\u02b0 t\u02b0 k\u02b0/. Earlier Greek, represented by Mycenaean Greek, likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop /k\u02b7\u02b0/, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Dialects such as Aeolic and Doric had how many distinctions that were the same at one point in time?", "id": "56e073267aa994140058e4d9", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two dialects lost aspiration at times?", "id": "56e073267aa994140058e4da", "answers": [{"text": "Ionic and Aeolic", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Rather than /t\u02b0/, what did the Doric dialect have in place during the Classical period?", "id": "56e073267aa994140058e4db", "answers": [{"text": "fricative", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Greek", "answer_start": 18}], "question": "What ancient dialects had the same two-way distinction at one point?", "id": "5acd2f5307355d001abf383e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Doric", "answer_start": 135}], "question": "What dialect had a fricative in the Modern period?", "id": "5acd2f5307355d001abf383f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, and Arcadocypriot", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "Which four dialects sometimes lost aspiration?", "id": "5acd2f5307355d001abf3840", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ionic and Aeolic", "answer_start": 221}], "question": "Which two dialects sometime gained aspiration?", "id": "5acd2f5307355d001abf3841", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "psilosis", "answer_start": 274}], "question": "What was gained aspiration called?", "id": "5acd2f5307355d001abf3842", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The other Ancient Greek dialects, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, and Arcadocypriot, likely had the same three-way distinction at one point, but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of /t\u02b0/ in the Classical period, and the Ionic and Aeolic dialects sometimes lost aspiration (psilosis)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Attic Greek lenited to what?", "id": "56e073d0231d4119001ac177", "answers": [{"text": "voiceless and voiced fricatives", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The lenited Attic Greek yielded /\u03b8 \u00f0/ in what periods?", "id": "56e073d0231d4119001ac179", "answers": [{"text": "Medieval and Modern Greek", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Medieval and Modern Greek", "answer_start": 156}], "question": "Arctic Greek yielded what other versions of the Greek language?", "id": "5acd307e07355d001abf3878", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Koine Greek period", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "During what period did unaspirated and voiceless stops lenited to voiceless and voiced fricatives?", "id": "5acd307e07355d001abf3879", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "/t\u02b0 d/", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "What represents unaspirated and voiceless stops?", "id": "5acd307e07355d001abf387a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "voiceless and voiced fricatives", "answer_start": 105}], "question": "Arctic Greek lenited to what?", "id": "5acd307e07355d001abf387b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Later, during the Koine Greek period, the aspirated and voiceless stops /t\u02b0 d/ of Attic Greek lenited to voiceless and voiced fricatives, yielding /\u03b8 \u00f0/ in Medieval and Modern Greek."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Aspiration may refer to a sound change of what?", "id": "56e074547aa994140058e4fd", "answers": [{"text": "debuccalization", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Debuccalization is when consonants are weakened to become what?", "id": "56e074547aa994140058e4fe", "answers": [{"text": "glottal stop or fricative", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another term for a consonant being weakened?", "id": "56e074547aa994140058e4ff", "answers": [{"text": "lenited", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the sound change of debuccalization", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "The term unaspiration sometimes refers to what?", "id": "5acd312807355d001abf38ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the sound change of debuccalization", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "When is a consonant strengthened to become a glottal stop or fricative?", "id": "5acd312807355d001abf38ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "aspiration", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "What is sometime referred to as the vocal change of debuccalization?", "id": "5acd312807355d001abf38ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a consonant", "answer_start": 86}], "question": "What sometimes becomes a global stop or fricative?", "id": "5acd312807355d001abf38af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a glottal stop or fricative", "answer_start": 130}], "question": "When a sound is lenited it becomes what?", "id": "5acd312807355d001abf38b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The term aspiration sometimes refers to the sound change of debuccalization, in which a consonant is lenited (weakened) to become a glottal stop or fricative [\u0294 h \u0266]."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is breathy voice?", "id": "56e075f87aa994140058e509", "answers": [{"text": "a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The \u27e8b\u02b0\u27e9 in the Indo-Aryan languages is better transcribed how for breathy voice?", "id": "56e075f87aa994140058e50d", "answers": [{"text": "\u27e8b\u0324\u27e9, with the diacritic", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u27e8b\u02b1\u27e9", "answer_start": 470}], "question": "What is the superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative?", "id": "5acd324a07355d001abf38dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "with breathy voice", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "Unaspirated consonants are nearly always pronouced how?", "id": "5acd324a07355d001abf38dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "aspirated consonants", "answer_start": 17}], "question": "What causes a murmured vibration of the vocal cords?", "id": "5acd324a07355d001abf38de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The modifier letter \u27e8\u25cc\u02b0\u27e9", "answer_start": 148}], "question": "What represents a strong voiced or breathy dental stop?", "id": "5acd324a07355d001abf38df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u27e8b\u02b0\u27e9", "answer_start": 305}], "question": "What represents the \"voice aspirated\" bilabial stop in the English language?", "id": "5acd324a07355d001abf38e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "So-called voiced aspirated consonants are nearly always pronounced instead with breathy voice, a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds. The modifier letter \u27e8\u25cc\u02b0\u27e9 after a voiced consonant actually represents a breathy-voiced or murmured dental stop, as with the \"voiced aspirated\" bilabial stop \u27e8b\u02b0\u27e9 in the Indo-Aryan languages. This consonant is therefore more accurately transcribed as \u27e8b\u0324\u27e9, with the diacritic for breathy voice, or with the modifier letter \u27e8b\u02b1\u27e9, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiced glottal fricative \u27e8\u0266\u27e9."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What do some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript \u27e8\u25cc\u0324\u27e9 to?", "id": "56e0769d7aa994140058e513", "answers": [{"text": "murmured sonorants", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are, according to the text, murmured for their duration?", "id": "56e0769d7aa994140058e514", "answers": [{"text": "vowels and nasals", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What uses the \u27e8\u25cc\u02b1\u27e9?", "id": "56e0769d7aa994140058e515", "answers": [{"text": "breathy-voiced release of obstruents.", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the double-dot subscript \u27e8\u25cc\u0324\u27e9", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "Some linguists restrict what to loud sonorants?", "id": "5acd331807355d001abf390e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "murmured sonorants, such as vowels and nasals", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "What are murmured thought part of their duration?", "id": "5acd331807355d001abf390f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u27e8\u25cc\u02b1\u27e9", "answer_start": 185}], "question": "What represents the double-dot hook-aitch?", "id": "5acd331807355d001abf3910", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the superscript hook-aitch", "answer_start": 158}], "question": "What is used for the loud-voiced release of obstruents?", "id": "5acd331807355d001abf3911", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "murmured sonorants", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "All linguists restrict the double-dot subscript to what?", "id": "5acd331807355d001abf3912", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript \u27e8\u25cc\u0324\u27e9 to murmured sonorants, such as vowels and nasals, which are murmured throughout their duration, and use the superscript hook-aitch \u27e8\u25cc\u02b1\u27e9 for the breathy-voiced release of obstruents."}]}, {"title": "Hydrogen", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What is hydrogens chemical symbol?", "id": "56e0711b231d4119001ac141", "answers": [{"text": "H", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the atomic number used for hydrogen?", "id": "56e0711b231d4119001ac142", "answers": [{"text": "1", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the atomic weight for hydrogen?", "id": "56e0711b231d4119001ac143", "answers": [{"text": "7000100794000000000\u26601.00794 u", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What element is considered the lightest?", "id": "56e0711b231d4119001ac144", "answers": [{"text": "Hydrogen", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hydrogen is a chemical element with chemical symbol H and atomic number 1. With an atomic weight of 7000100794000000000\u26601.00794 u, hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass.[note 1] Non-remnant stars are mainly composed of hydrogen in its plasma state. The most common isotope of hydrogen, termed protium (name rarely used, symbol 1H), has one proton and no neutrons."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What form can you find hydrogen is on Earth?", "id": "56e0733b231d4119001ac16d", "answers": [{"text": "molecular", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the molecular make-up of hydrogen?", "id": "56e0733b231d4119001ac16e", "answers": [{"text": "H2", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are three properties of hydrogen at normal temperature and normal pressure?", "id": "56e0733b231d4119001ac16f", "answers": [{"text": "colorless, odorless, tasteless", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What charge does hydrogen display in ionic compounds when it is called a hydride?", "id": "56e0733b231d4119001ac170", "answers": [{"text": "negative", "answer_start": 656}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What field of study has hydrogen and it's properties played a key role in development?", "id": "56e0733b231d4119001ac171", "answers": [{"text": "quantum mechanics", "answer_start": 1159}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The universal emergence of atomic hydrogen first occurred during the recombination epoch. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, nonmetallic, highly combustible diatomic gas with the molecular formula H2. Since hydrogen readily forms covalent compounds with most non-metallic elements, most of the hydrogen on Earth exists in molecular forms such as in the form of water or organic compounds. Hydrogen plays a particularly important role in acid\u2013base reactions as many acid-base reactions involve the exchange of protons between soluble molecules. In ionic compounds, hydrogen can take the form of a negative charge (i.e., anion) when it is known as a hydride, or as a positively charged (i.e., cation) species denoted by the symbol H+. The hydrogen cation is written as though composed of a bare proton, but in reality, hydrogen cations in ionic compounds are always more complex species than that would suggest. As the only neutral atom for which the Schr\u00f6dinger equation can be solved analytically, study of the energetics and bonding of the hydrogen atom has played a key role in the development of quantum mechanics."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was hydrogen gas artificially produced for the first time?", "id": "56e073a47aa994140058e4df", "answers": [{"text": "early 16th century", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who first recognized that hydrogen was a discrete substance?", "id": "56e073a47aa994140058e4e1", "answers": [{"text": "Henry Cavendish", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When it is burned what does hydrogen make?", "id": "56e073a47aa994140058e4e2", "answers": [{"text": "water", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Greek translation for hydrogen?", "id": "56e073a47aa994140058e4e3", "answers": [{"text": "water-former", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hydrogen gas was first artificially produced in the early 16th century, via the mixing of metals with acids. In 1766\u201381, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize that hydrogen gas was a discrete substance, and that it produces water when burned, a property which later gave it its name: in Greek, hydrogen means \"water-former\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What market primarily uses ammonia production?", "id": "56e074137aa994140058e4f5", "answers": [{"text": "the fertilizer market", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Name a process that uses fossil fuels along with hydrogen.", "id": "56e074137aa994140058e4f7", "answers": [{"text": "hydrocracking", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Industrial production is mainly from the steam reforming of natural gas, and less often from more energy-intensive hydrogen production methods like the electrolysis of water. Most hydrogen is employed near its production site, with the two largest uses being fossil fuel processing (e.g., hydrocracking) and ammonia production, mostly for the fertilizer market. Hydrogen is a concern in metallurgy as it can embrittle many metals, complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks."}, {"qas": [{"question": "For hydrogen what is the enthalpy of combustion?", "id": "56e07476231d4119001ac17f", "answers": [{"text": "286 kJ/mol", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are two forms of hydrogen gas?", "id": "56e07476231d4119001ac180", "answers": [{"text": "dihydrogen or molecular hydrogen", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which element has a enthalpy of combustion at \u2212286 kJ/mol?", "id": "56e07476231d4119001ac181", "answers": [{"text": "Hydrogen", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hydrogen gas (dihydrogen or molecular hydrogen) is highly flammable and will burn in air at a very wide range of concentrations between 4% and 75% by volume. The enthalpy of combustion for hydrogen is \u2212286 kJ/mol:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of light do hydrogen-oxygen flames make?", "id": "56e074de231d4119001ac18a", "answers": [{"text": "ultraviolet light", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused  the Hindenburg to explode?", "id": "56e074de231d4119001ac18b", "answers": [{"text": "hydrogen combustion", "answer_start": 801}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hydrogen gas forms explosive mixtures with air if it is 4\u201374% concentrated and with chlorine if it is 5\u201395% concentrated. The mixtures may be ignited by spark, heat or sunlight. The hydrogen autoignition temperature, the temperature of spontaneous ignition in air, is 500 \u00b0C (932 \u00b0F). Pure hydrogen-oxygen flames emit ultraviolet light and with high oxygen mix are nearly invisible to the naked eye, as illustrated by the faint plume of the Space Shuttle Main Engine compared to the highly visible plume of a Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster. The detection of a burning hydrogen leak may require a flame detector; such leaks can be very dangerous. Hydrogen flames in other conditions are blue, resembling blue natural gas flames. The destruction of the Hindenburg airship was an infamous example of hydrogen combustion; the cause is debated, but the visible orange flames were the result of a rich mixture of hydrogen to oxygen combined with carbon compounds from the airship skin."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are two other dangerous acids?", "id": "56e0758e7aa994140058e503", "answers": [{"text": "hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What temperature does hydrogen react with these elements?", "id": "56e0758e7aa994140058e505", "answers": [{"text": "room temperature", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "H2 reacts with every oxidizing element. Hydrogen can react spontaneously and violently at room temperature with chlorine and fluorine to form the corresponding hydrogen halides, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride, which are also potentially dangerous acids."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What model id used to calculate energy levels of hydrogen?", "id": "56e077207aa994140058e519", "answers": [{"text": "Bohr model", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What attracts planets and celestial items?", "id": "56e077207aa994140058e51a", "answers": [{"text": "gravity", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the electromagnetic force attract to one another?", "id": "56e077207aa994140058e51b", "answers": [{"text": "electrons and protons", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The energy levels of hydrogen can be calculated fairly accurately using the Bohr model of the atom, which conceptualizes the electron as \"orbiting\" the proton in analogy to the Earth's orbit of the Sun. However, the electromagnetic force attracts electrons and protons to one another, while planets and celestial objects are attracted to each other by gravity. Because of the discretization of angular momentum postulated in early quantum mechanics by Bohr, the electron in the Bohr model can only occupy certain allowed distances from the proton, and therefore only certain allowed energies."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of movement does the electron not have in ground state?", "id": "56e081487aa994140058e588", "answers": [{"text": "angular", "answer_start": 463}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A more accurate description of the hydrogen atom comes from a purely quantum mechanical treatment that uses the Schr\u00f6dinger equation, Dirac equation or even the Feynman path integral formulation to calculate the probability density of the electron around the proton. The most complicated treatments allow for the small effects of special relativity and vacuum polarization. In the quantum mechanical treatment, the electron in a ground state hydrogen atom has no angular momentum at all\u2014an illustration of how the \"planetary orbit\" conception of electron motion differs from reality."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many different spin isomers exist?", "id": "56e087957aa994140058e5c1", "answers": [{"text": "2", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What state are the protons in when in the orthohydrogen form?", "id": "56e087957aa994140058e5c2", "answers": [{"text": "triplet state", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When hydrogen gas is in standard temperature and pressure, what form is it considered in>", "id": "56e087957aa994140058e5c3", "answers": [{"text": "normal", "answer_start": 524}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percent of para form does hydrogen gas contain?", "id": "56e087957aa994140058e5c4", "answers": [{"text": "25%", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percent of ortho form does hydrogen gas contain?", "id": "56e087957aa994140058e5c5", "answers": [{"text": "75%", "answer_start": 482}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There exist two different spin isomers of hydrogen diatomic molecules that differ by the relative spin of their nuclei. In the orthohydrogen form, the spins of the two protons are parallel and form a triplet state with a molecular spin quantum number of 1 (1\u20442+1\u20442); in the parahydrogen form the spins are antiparallel and form a singlet with a molecular spin quantum number of 0 (1\u20442\u20131\u20442). At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen gas contains about 25% of the para form and 75% of the ortho form, also known as the \"normal form\". The equilibrium ratio of orthohydrogen to parahydrogen depends on temperature, but because the ortho form is an excited state and has a higher energy than the para form, it is unstable and cannot be purified. At very low temperatures, the equilibrium state is composed almost exclusively of the para form. The liquid and gas phase thermal properties of pure parahydrogen differ significantly from those of the normal form because of differences in rotational heat capacities, as discussed more fully in spin isomers of hydrogen. The ortho/para distinction also occurs in other hydrogen-containing molecules or functional groups, such as water and methylene, but is of little significance for their thermal properties."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are some catalysts used in hydrogen cooling", "id": "56e088e17aa994140058e5ce", "answers": [{"text": "ferric oxide, activated carbon, platinized asbestos, rare earth metals, uranium compounds, chromic oxide, or some nickel compounds", "answer_start": 549}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The uncatalyzed interconversion between para and ortho H2 increases with increasing temperature; thus rapidly condensed H2 contains large quantities of the high-energy ortho form that converts to the para form very slowly. The ortho/para ratio in condensed H2 is an important consideration in the preparation and storage of liquid hydrogen: the conversion from ortho to para is exothermic and produces enough heat to evaporate some of the hydrogen liquid, leading to loss of liquefied material. Catalysts for the ortho-para interconversion, such as ferric oxide, activated carbon, platinized asbestos, rare earth metals, uranium compounds, chromic oxide, or some nickel compounds, are used during hydrogen cooling."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What ind of charge does hydrogen take when mixed with electronegative particles?", "id": "56e08a18231d4119001ac290", "answers": [{"text": "positive charge", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of charge does hydrogen take when combined with a metal?", "id": "56e08a18231d4119001ac291", "answers": [{"text": "negative", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When hydrogen forms with a metal, what is the compound called?", "id": "56e08a18231d4119001ac292", "answers": [{"text": "hydrides", "answer_start": 734}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is H2 reactive in standard conditions?", "id": "56e08a18231d4119001ac293", "answers": [{"text": "not", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "While H2 is not very reactive under standard conditions, it does form compounds with most elements. Hydrogen can form compounds with elements that are more electronegative, such as halogens (e.g., F, Cl, Br, I), or oxygen; in these compounds hydrogen takes on a partial positive charge. When bonded to fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen, hydrogen can participate in a form of medium-strength noncovalent bonding with other similar molecules between their hydrogens called hydrogen bonding, which is critical to the stability of many biological molecules. Hydrogen also forms compounds with less electronegative elements, such as the metals and metalloids, in which it takes on a partial negative charge. These compounds are often known as hydrides."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the form of hydrogen and carbon called?", "id": "56e08b457aa994140058e5e3", "answers": [{"text": "hydrocarbons", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the form of hydrogen and heteroatoms called?", "id": "56e08b457aa994140058e5e4", "answers": [{"text": "organic compounds", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the study of organic compounds properties known as?", "id": "56e08b457aa994140058e5e5", "answers": [{"text": "organic chemistry", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the study of living organisms known as?", "id": "56e08b457aa994140058e5e6", "answers": [{"text": "biochemistry", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Organic compounds are only required to conatin what?", "id": "56e08b457aa994140058e5e7", "answers": [{"text": "carbon", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hydrogen forms a vast array of compounds with carbon called the hydrocarbons, and an even vaster array with heteroatoms that, because of their general association with living things, are called organic compounds. The study of their properties is known as organic chemistry and their study in the context of living organisms is known as biochemistry. By some definitions, \"organic\" compounds are only required to contain carbon. However, most of them also contain hydrogen, and because it is the carbon-hydrogen bond which gives this class of compounds most of its particular chemical characteristics, carbon-hydrogen bonds are required in some definitions of the word \"organic\" in chemistry. Millions of hydrocarbons are known, and they are usually formed by complicated synthetic pathways, which seldom involve elementary hydrogen."}, {"qas": [{"question": " Who suggested that hydride anions existed?character does the H atom have in a hydride?", "id": "56e090e27aa994140058e5ee", "answers": [{"text": "Gilbert N. Lewis", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group of hydrides is BEH considered polymeric?", "id": "56e090e27aa994140058e5f0", "answers": [{"text": "group II", "answer_start": 672}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Compounds of hydrogen are often called hydrides, a term that is used fairly loosely. The term \"hydride\" suggests that the H atom has acquired a negative or anionic character, denoted H\u2212, and is used when hydrogen forms a compound with a more electropositive element. The existence of the hydride anion, suggested by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1916 for group I and II salt-like hydrides, was demonstrated by Moers in 1920 by the electrolysis of molten lithium hydride (LiH), producing a stoichiometry quantity of hydrogen at the anode. For hydrides other than group I and II metals, the term is quite misleading, considering the low electronegativity of hydrogen. An exception in group II hydrides is BeH\n2, which is polymeric. In lithium aluminium hydride, the AlH\u2212\n4 anion carries hydridic centers firmly attached to the Al(III)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many binary borane hydrides are known?", "id": "56e0914c7aa994140058e5f7", "answers": [{"text": "over 100", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many binary aluminum hydrides are there?", "id": "56e0914c7aa994140058e5f8", "answers": [{"text": "1", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although hydrides can be formed with almost all main-group elements, the number and combination of possible compounds varies widely; for example, there are over 100 binary borane hydrides known, but only one binary aluminium hydride. Binary indium hydride has not yet been identified, although larger complexes exist."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What chemistry do hydrides serve as bridging ligands?", "id": "56e092177aa994140058e5fd", "answers": [{"text": "inorganic chemistry", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do hydrides that are bridging ligands link up?", "id": "56e092177aa994140058e5fe", "answers": [{"text": "link two metal centers", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group is briging ligands most common in?", "id": "56e092177aa994140058e5ff", "answers": [{"text": "group 13", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In inorganic chemistry, hydrides can also serve as bridging ligands that link two metal centers in a coordination complex. This function is particularly common in group 13 elements, especially in boranes (boron hydrides) and aluminium complexes, as well as in clustered carboranes."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When hydrogen oxidates, what is it removing?", "id": "56e09c507aa994140058e64d", "answers": [{"text": "electrons", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When hydrogen oxidates, what does it end up giving?", "id": "56e09c507aa994140058e64e", "answers": [{"text": "H+", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What theory suggests that acids are proton donors?", "id": "56e09c507aa994140058e651", "answers": [{"text": "Bronsted-Lowry", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Oxidation of hydrogen removes its electron and gives H+, which contains no electrons and a nucleus which is usually composed of one proton. That is why H+ is often called a proton. This species is central to discussion of acids. Under the Bronsted-Lowry theory, acids are proton donors, while bases are proton acceptors."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is another term for a bare proton?", "id": "56e09d01231d4119001ac2d3", "answers": [{"text": "H+", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A bare proton, H+, cannot exist in solution or in ionic crystals, because of its unstoppable attraction to other atoms or molecules with electrons. Except at the high temperatures associated with plasmas, such protons cannot be removed from the electron clouds of atoms and molecules, and will remain attached to them. However, the term 'proton' is sometimes used loosely and metaphorically to refer to positively charged or cationic hydrogen attached to other species in this fashion, and as such is denoted \"H+\" without any implication that any single protons exist freely as a species."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where can oxonium ions be found?", "id": "56e0af0c231d4119001ac34d", "answers": [{"text": "in acidic solution with other solvents", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other term is a solvated protons referred as?", "id": "56e0af0c231d4119001ac34e", "answers": [{"text": "hydronium ion", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "To avoid the implication of the naked \"solvated proton\" in solution, acidic aqueous solutions are sometimes considered to contain a less unlikely fictitious species, termed the \"hydronium ion\" (H\n3O+). However, even in this case, such solvated hydrogen cations are more realistically conceived as being organized into clusters that form species closer to H\n9O+\n4. Other oxonium ions are found when water is in acidic solution with other solvents."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of molecular hydrogen is the H+3 knows as?", "id": "56e0afa2231d4119001ac354", "answers": [{"text": "protonated", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of cation is the H+3 knowns as?", "id": "56e0afa2231d4119001ac355", "answers": [{"text": "trihydrogen cation", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although exotic on Earth, one of the most common ions in the universe is the H+\n3 ion, known as protonated molecular hydrogen or the trihydrogen cation."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many natural isotopes does hydrogen have>", "id": "56e0b0667aa994140058e6a5", "answers": [{"text": "3H", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the names of these isotopes?", "id": "56e0b0667aa994140058e6a6", "answers": [{"text": "denoted 1H, 2H and 3H", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which isotopes have unstable nuclei?", "id": "56e0b0667aa994140058e6a7", "answers": [{"text": "4H to 7H", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes, denoted 1H, 2H and 3H. Other, highly unstable nuclei (4H to 7H) have been synthesized in the laboratory but not observed in nature."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which element is the only that has different names for its isotopes?", "id": "56e0b2127aa994140058e6ad", "answers": [{"text": "Hydrogen", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the only two names still used for radioactive isotopes?", "id": "56e0b2127aa994140058e6ae", "answers": [{"text": "deuterium and tritium", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the symbols used for deuterium and tritium?", "id": "56e0b2127aa994140058e6af", "answers": [{"text": "D and T", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the symbol P represent?", "id": "56e0b2127aa994140058e6b0", "answers": [{"text": "phosphorus", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the preferred symbols for deuterium and tritium?", "id": "56e0b2127aa994140058e6b1", "answers": [{"text": "2H and 3H", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hydrogen is the only element that has different names for its isotopes in common use today. During the early study of radioactivity, various heavy radioactive isotopes were given their own names, but such names are no longer used, except for deuterium and tritium. The symbols D and T (instead of 2H and 3H) are sometimes used for deuterium and tritium, but the corresponding symbol for protium, P, is already in use for phosphorus and thus is not available for protium. In its nomenclatural guidelines, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry allows any of D, T, 2H, and 3H to be used, although 2H and 3H are preferred."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year was the discovery of hydrogen gas?", "id": "56e16a26e3433e1400422ed6", "answers": [{"text": "1671", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who discovered Hydrogen gas?", "id": "56e16a26e3433e1400422ed7", "answers": [{"text": "Robert Boyle", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who recognized hydrogen gas as a discreet substance?", "id": "56e16a26e3433e1400422ed8", "answers": [{"text": "Henry Cavendish", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Henry Cavendish recognize hydrogen gas as a discreet substance?", "id": "56e16a26e3433e1400422ed9", "answers": [{"text": "1766", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does gas produce when burned?", "id": "56e16a26e3433e1400422eda", "answers": [{"text": "water", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1671, Robert Boyle discovered and described the reaction between iron filings and dilute acids, which results in the production of hydrogen gas. In 1766, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize hydrogen gas as a discrete substance, by naming the gas from a metal-acid reaction \"flammable air\". He speculated that \"flammable air\" was in fact identical to the hypothetical substance called \"phlogiston\" and further finding in 1781 that the gas produces water when burned. He is usually given credit for its discovery as an element. In 1783, Antoine Lavoisier gave the element the name hydrogen (from the Greek \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf- hydro meaning \"water\" and -\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 genes meaning \"creator\") when he and Laplace reproduced Cavendish's finding that water is produced when hydrogen is burned."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How did Lavoisier produce hydrogen for his experiments?", "id": "56e16aa1cd28a01900c678c7", "answers": [{"text": "reacting a flux of steam with metallic iron through an incandescent iron tube heated in a fire", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Lavoisier produced hydrogen for his experiments on mass conservation by reacting a flux of steam with metallic iron through an incandescent iron tube heated in a fire. Anaerobic oxidation of iron by the protons of water at high temperature can be schematically represented by the set of following reactions:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the first to liquidize hydrogen?", "id": "56e16b59cd28a01900c678dd", "answers": [{"text": "James Dewar", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year Did James Dewar first liquidize hydrogen?", "id": "56e16b59cd28a01900c678de", "answers": [{"text": "1898", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Deuterium discovered?", "id": "56e16b59cd28a01900c678df", "answers": [{"text": "1931", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first to discover deuterium?", "id": "56e16b59cd28a01900c678e0", "answers": [{"text": "Harold Urey", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was tritium discovered?", "id": "56e16b59cd28a01900c678e1", "answers": [{"text": "1934", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hydrogen was liquefied for the first time by James Dewar in 1898 by using regenerative cooling and his invention, the vacuum flask. He produced solid hydrogen the next year. Deuterium was discovered in December 1931 by Harold Urey, and tritium was prepared in 1934 by Ernest Rutherford, Mark Oliphant, and Paul Harteck. Heavy water, which consists of deuterium in the place of regular hydrogen, was discovered by Urey's group in 1932. Fran\u00e7ois Isaac de Rivaz built the first de Rivaz engine, an internal combustion engine powered by a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen in 1806. Edward Daniel Clarke invented the hydrogen gas blowpipe in 1819. The D\u00f6bereiner's lamp and limelight were invented in 1823."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who invented the hydrogen filled balloons?", "id": "56e16c1ae3433e1400422efa", "answers": [{"text": "Jacques Charles", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was hydrogen filled balloons invented?", "id": "56e16c1ae3433e1400422efb", "answers": [{"text": "1783", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what were the hydrogen lifted airships called?", "id": "56e16c1ae3433e1400422efd", "answers": [{"text": "Zeppelins", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the first zeppelin make flight?", "id": "56e16c1ae3433e1400422efe", "answers": [{"text": "1900", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first hydrogen-filled balloon was invented by Jacques Charles in 1783. Hydrogen provided the lift for the first reliable form of air-travel following the 1852 invention of the first hydrogen-lifted airship by Henri Giffard. German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin promoted the idea of rigid airships lifted by hydrogen that later were called Zeppelins; the first of which had its maiden flight in 1900. Regularly scheduled flights started in 1910 and by the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, they had carried 35,000 passengers without a serious incident. Hydrogen-lifted airships were used as observation platforms and bombers during the war."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who made the first non stop transatlantic crossing?", "id": "56e16ce5cd28a01900c67907", "answers": [{"text": "the British", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was this done?", "id": "56e16ce5cd28a01900c67908", "answers": [{"text": "1919", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the airship get destroyed?", "id": "56e16ce5cd28a01900c6790a", "answers": [{"text": "1937", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city was the ship over when it caught fire?", "id": "56e16ce5cd28a01900c6790b", "answers": [{"text": "New Jersey", "answer_start": 377}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first non-stop transatlantic crossing was made by the British airship R34 in 1919. Regular passenger service resumed in the 1920s and the discovery of helium reserves in the United States promised increased safety, but the U.S. government refused to sell the gas for this purpose. Therefore, H2 was used in the Hindenburg airship, which was destroyed in a midair fire over New Jersey on 6 May 1937. The incident was broadcast live on radio and filmed. Ignition of leaking hydrogen is widely assumed to be the cause, but later investigations pointed to the ignition of the aluminized fabric coating by static electricity. But the damage to hydrogen's reputation as a lifting gas was already done."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did the first hydrogen cooled turbogenerator go into service?", "id": "56e170cfcd28a01900c67937", "answers": [{"text": "1937", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What state is the Dayton Power and light Company located?", "id": "56e170cfcd28a01900c67939", "answers": [{"text": "Ohio", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the same year the first hydrogen-cooled turbogenerator went into service with gaseous hydrogen as a coolant in the rotor and the stator in 1937 at Dayton, Ohio, by the Dayton Power & Light Co.; because of the thermal conductivity of hydrogen gas, this is the most common type in its field today."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year was the first nickel hydrogen battery used?", "id": "56e176a2cd28a01900c6797b", "answers": [{"text": "1977", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the hubble space telescope finally get the nickel hydrogen battery?", "id": "56e176a2cd28a01900c6797e", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The nickel hydrogen battery was used for the first time in 1977 aboard the U.S. Navy's Navigation technology satellite-2 (NTS-2). For example, the ISS, Mars Odyssey and the Mars Global Surveyor are equipped with nickel-hydrogen batteries. In the dark part of its orbit, the Hubble Space Telescope is also powered by nickel-hydrogen batteries, which were finally replaced in May 2009, more than 19 years after launch, and 13 years over their design life."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the hydrogen atom made up of?", "id": "56e17de1e3433e1400422f78", "answers": [{"text": "a proton and an electron", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What theory is the hydrogen atom a big part of?", "id": "56e17de1e3433e1400422f79", "answers": [{"text": "atomic structure", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the quantum mechanical treatment of the hydrogen atom developed?", "id": "56e17de1e3433e1400422f7a", "answers": [{"text": "1920s", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Because of its simple atomic structure, consisting only of a proton and an electron, the hydrogen atom, together with the spectrum of light produced from it or absorbed by it, has been central to the development of the theory of atomic structure. Furthermore, the corresponding simplicity of the hydrogen molecule and the corresponding cation H+\n2 allowed fuller understanding of the nature of the chemical bond, which followed shortly after the quantum mechanical treatment of the hydrogen atom had been developed in the mid-1920s."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who observed the specific heat capacity of H2?", "id": "56e17f00e3433e1400422f86", "answers": [{"text": "Maxwell", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What cause H2 to resemble monatomic gas?", "id": "56e17f00e3433e1400422f87", "answers": [{"text": "spacing of the (quantized) rotational energy levels", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What theory supports this?", "id": "56e17f00e3433e1400422f88", "answers": [{"text": "quantum theory", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "One of the first quantum effects to be explicitly noticed (but not understood at the time) was a Maxwell observation involving hydrogen, half a century before full quantum mechanical theory arrived. Maxwell observed that the specific heat capacity of H2 unaccountably departs from that of a diatomic gas below room temperature and begins to increasingly resemble that of a monatomic gas at cryogenic temperatures. According to quantum theory, this behavior arises from the spacing of the (quantized) rotational energy levels, which are particularly wide-spaced in H2 because of its low mass. These widely spaced levels inhibit equal partition of heat energy into rotational motion in hydrogen at low temperatures. Diatomic gases composed of heavier atoms do not have such widely spaced levels and do not exhibit the same effect."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What percent of normal matter is hydrogen?", "id": "56e1934be3433e1400422fd2", "answers": [{"text": "75%", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percent of atoms is hydrogen?", "id": "56e1934be3433e1400422fd3", "answers": [{"text": "90%", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What 2 forms of mass is most of the universe consisted of?", "id": "56e1934be3433e1400422fd4", "answers": [{"text": "dark matter and dark energy", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Clouds of H2 form what?", "id": "56e1934be3433e1400422fd6", "answers": [{"text": "stars", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hydrogen, as atomic H, is the most abundant chemical element in the universe, making up 75% of normal matter by mass and over 90% by number of atoms (most of the mass of the universe, however, is not in the form of chemical-element type matter, but rather is postulated to occur as yet-undetected forms of mass such as dark matter and dark energy). This element is found in great abundance in stars and gas giant planets. Molecular clouds of H2 are associated with star formation. Hydrogen plays a vital role in powering stars through the proton-proton reaction and the CNO cycle nuclear fusion."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what states is hydrogen mostly found in the universe?", "id": "56e1944ae3433e1400422fdc", "answers": [{"text": "atomic and plasma", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Hydrogens electron and proton are not bound together in what state?", "id": "56e1944ae3433e1400422fdd", "answers": [{"text": "plasma", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "in the interstellar medium, what state is hydrogen in?", "id": "56e1944ae3433e1400422fdf", "answers": [{"text": "neutral atomic state", "answer_start": 559}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The neutral hydrogen found in the damped Lyman-alpha systems dominates what?", "id": "56e1944ae3433e1400422fe0", "answers": [{"text": "cosmological baryonic density of the Universe", "answer_start": 712}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Throughout the universe, hydrogen is mostly found in the atomic and plasma states whose properties are quite different from molecular hydrogen. As a plasma, hydrogen's electron and proton are not bound together, resulting in very high electrical conductivity and high emissivity (producing the light from the Sun and other stars). The charged particles are highly influenced by magnetic and electric fields. For example, in the solar wind they interact with the Earth's magnetosphere giving rise to Birkeland currents and the aurora. Hydrogen is found in the neutral atomic state in the interstellar medium. The large amount of neutral hydrogen found in the damped Lyman-alpha systems is thought to dominate the cosmological baryonic density of the Universe up to redshift z=4."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How abundant is hydrogen on the earths surface?", "id": "56e1954fcd28a01900c679dd", "answers": [{"text": "third most abundant", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what produces hydrogen gas?", "id": "56e1954fcd28a01900c679df", "answers": [{"text": "bacteria and algae", "answer_start": 458}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Under ordinary conditions on Earth, elemental hydrogen exists as the diatomic gas, H2. However, hydrogen gas is very rare in the Earth's atmosphere (1 ppm by volume) because of its light weight, which enables it to escape from Earth's gravity more easily than heavier gases. However, hydrogen is the third most abundant element on the Earth's surface, mostly in the form of chemical compounds such as hydrocarbons and water. Hydrogen gas is produced by some bacteria and algae and is a natural component of flatus, as is methane, itself a hydrogen source of increasing importance."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What molecular form is found in the interstellar medium?", "id": "56e1963acd28a01900c679e5", "answers": [{"text": "protonated molecular hydrogen", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What generates protonated molecular hydrogen?", "id": "56e1963acd28a01900c679e7", "answers": [{"text": "ionization of molecular hydrogen from cosmic rays", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what planet can you find  protonated molecular hydrogen?", "id": "56e1963acd28a01900c679e8", "answers": [{"text": "Jupiter", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what way can Neutral triatomic hydrogen exist?", "id": "56e1963acd28a01900c679e9", "answers": [{"text": "excited form", "answer_start": 543}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A molecular form called protonated molecular hydrogen (H+\n3) is found in the interstellar medium, where it is generated by ionization of molecular hydrogen from cosmic rays. This charged ion has also been observed in the upper atmosphere of the planet Jupiter. The ion is relatively stable in the environment of outer space due to the low temperature and density. H+\n3 is one of the most abundant ions in the Universe, and it plays a notable role in the chemistry of the interstellar medium. Neutral triatomic hydrogen H3 can only exist in an excited form and is unstable. By contrast, the positive hydrogen molecular ion (H+\n2) is a rare molecule in the universe."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How does nature produce H2?", "id": "56e196cfcd28a01900c679f0", "answers": [{"text": "expelling reducing equivalents in biochemical reactions", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do labs produce H2?", "id": "56e196cfcd28a01900c679f1", "answers": [{"text": "by-product of other reactions", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "H\n2 is produced in chemistry and biology laboratories, often as a by-product of other reactions; in industry for the hydrogenation of unsaturated substrates; and in nature as a means of expelling reducing equivalents in biochemical reactions."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is an easy way to produce hydrogen?", "id": "56e197a3cd28a01900c67a00", "answers": [{"text": "electrolysis of water", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does the gaseous oxygen form at?", "id": "56e197a3cd28a01900c67a02", "answers": [{"text": "anode", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does the gaseous hydrogen form at?", "id": "56e197a3cd28a01900c67a03", "answers": [{"text": "cathode", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The electrolysis of water is a simple method of producing hydrogen. A low voltage current is run through the water, and gaseous oxygen forms at the anode while gaseous hydrogen forms at the cathode. Typically the cathode is made from platinum or another inert metal when producing hydrogen for storage. If, however, the gas is to be burnt on site, oxygen is desirable to assist the combustion, and so both electrodes would be made from inert metals. (Iron, for instance, would oxidize, and thus decrease the amount of oxygen given off.) The theoretical maximum efficiency (electricity used vs. energetic value of hydrogen produced) is in the range 80\u201394%."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When you combine an alloy of alluminum and gallium to water, what do you get?", "id": "56e19878cd28a01900c67a14", "answers": [{"text": "hydrogen", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What else can it produce?", "id": "56e19878cd28a01900c67a15", "answers": [{"text": "alumina", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can be reused after the formation?", "id": "56e19878cd28a01900c67a16", "answers": [{"text": "the expensive gallium", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "An alloy of aluminium and gallium in pellet form added to water can be used to generate hydrogen. The process also produces alumina, but the expensive gallium, which prevents the formation of an oxide skin on the pellets, can be re-used. This has important potential implications for a hydrogen economy, as hydrogen can be produced on-site and does not need to be transported."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The most economical way to prepare hydrogen involves removing it from what?", "id": "56e1993fcd28a01900c67a1c", "answers": [{"text": "hydrocarbons", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What temperature is needed for steam to react with methane?", "id": "56e1993fcd28a01900c67a1e", "answers": [{"text": "1000\u20131400 K, 700\u20131100 \u00b0C or 1300\u20132000 \u00b0F", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hydrogen can be prepared in several different ways, but economically the most important processes involve removal of hydrogen from hydrocarbons. Commercial bulk hydrogen is usually produced by the steam reforming of natural gas. At high temperatures (1000\u20131400 K, 700\u20131100 \u00b0C or 1300\u20132000 \u00b0F), steam (water vapor) reacts with methane to yield carbon monoxide and H\n2."}, {"qas": [{"question": "At what pressure does PSA work best in?", "id": "56e19ab0e3433e1400423000", "answers": [{"text": "high pressures", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is synthesis gas used for?", "id": "56e19ab0e3433e1400423001", "answers": [{"text": "production of methanol", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides methane, what else can be used to produce synthesis gas?", "id": "56e19ab0e3433e1400423002", "answers": [{"text": "Hydrocarbons", "answer_start": 412}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "This reaction is favored at low pressures but is nonetheless conducted at high pressures (2.0  MPa, 20 atm or 600 inHg). This is because high-pressure H\n2 is the most marketable product and Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) purification systems work better at higher pressures. The product mixture is known as \"synthesis gas\" because it is often used directly for the production of methanol and related compounds. Hydrocarbons other than methane can be used to produce synthesis gas with varying product ratios. One of the many complications to this highly optimized technology is the formation of coke or carbon:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "How can it be recovered through steam?", "id": "56e19b21e3433e140042300a", "answers": [{"text": "use of carbon monoxide through the water gas shift reaction", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Consequently, steam reforming typically employs an excess of H\n2O. Additional hydrogen can be recovered from the steam by use of carbon monoxide through the water gas shift reaction, especially with an iron oxide catalyst. This reaction is also a common industrial source of carbon dioxide:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "When hydrogen is generated from natural gas, what des it produce?", "id": "56e19ba6e3433e1400423011", "answers": [{"text": "ammonia", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is hydrogen produced as a co product?", "id": "56e19ba6e3433e1400423012", "answers": [{"text": "Electrolysis of brine to yield chlorine", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hydrogen is sometimes produced and consumed in the same industrial process, without being separated. In the Haber process for the production of ammonia, hydrogen is generated from natural gas. Electrolysis of brine to yield chlorine also produces hydrogen as a co-product."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are the thermochemical cycyles in a testing phase for?", "id": "56e19c6ee3433e1400423021", "answers": [{"text": "produce hydrogen and oxygen from water and heat without using electricity", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are labs trying to produce hydrogen from?", "id": "56e19c6ee3433e1400423022", "answers": [{"text": "solar energy and water", "answer_start": 543}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What countries are testing this?", "id": "56e19c6ee3433e1400423023", "answers": [{"text": "France, Germany, Greece, Japan, and the USA", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There are more than 200 thermochemical cycles which can be used for water splitting, around a dozen of these cycles such as the iron oxide cycle, cerium(IV) oxide\u2013cerium(III) oxide cycle, zinc zinc-oxide cycle, sulfur-iodine cycle, copper-chlorine cycle and hybrid sulfur cycle are under research and in testing phase to produce hydrogen and oxygen from water and heat without using electricity. A number of laboratories (including in France, Germany, Greece, Japan, and the USA) are developing thermochemical methods to produce hydrogen from solar energy and water."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What condition is iron and steel alloys slowly oxidized?", "id": "56e19cebe3433e1400423028", "answers": [{"text": "anaerobic", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the anaerobic corrosion of iron lead to?", "id": "56e19cebe3433e1400423029", "answers": [{"text": "formation of ferrous hydroxide", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for formation of ferrous hydroxide?", "id": "56e19cebe3433e140042302a", "answers": [{"text": "green rust", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Under anaerobic conditions, iron and steel alloys are slowly oxidized by the protons of water concomitantly reduced in molecular hydrogen (H\n2). The anaerobic corrosion of iron leads first to the formation of ferrous hydroxide (green rust) and can be described by the following reaction:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "Under what condition can ferrous hydroxide be oxidized?", "id": "56e19d84e3433e140042302e", "answers": [{"text": "anaerobic", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does this process form?", "id": "56e19d84e3433e140042302f", "answers": [{"text": "magnetite and molecular hydrogen", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What reaction describes this process?", "id": "56e19d84e3433e1400423030", "answers": [{"text": "Schikorr reaction", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In its turn, under anaerobic conditions, the ferrous hydroxide (Fe(OH)\n2 ) can be oxidized by the protons of water to form magnetite and molecular hydrogen. This process is described by the Schikorr reaction:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "How is hydrogen produced when there is no atmospheric oxygen?", "id": "56e19e9ccd28a01900c67a22", "answers": [{"text": "serpentinization by the anaerobic oxidation", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where do you find silicate?", "id": "56e19e9ccd28a01900c67a23", "answers": [{"text": "crystal lattice of the fayalite", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the absence of atmospheric oxygen (O\n2), in deep geological conditions prevailing far away from Earth atmosphere, hydrogen (H\n2) is produced during the process of serpentinization by the anaerobic oxidation by the water protons (H+) of the ferrous (Fe2+) silicate present in the crystal lattice of the fayalite (Fe\n2SiO\n4, the olivine iron-endmember). The corresponding reaction leading to the formation of magnetite (Fe\n3O\n4), quartz (SiO\n2) and hydrogen (H\n2) is the following:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the most common gas found in power tranformers?", "id": "56e19edbe3433e140042303e", "answers": [{"text": "hydrogen", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "From all the fault gases formed in power transformers, hydrogen is the most common and is generated under most fault conditions; thus, formation of hydrogen is an early indication of serious problems in the transformer's life cycle."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where are large quantities of H2 needed?", "id": "56e19fb6cd28a01900c67a26", "answers": [{"text": "petroleum and chemical industries", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the consumers of H2 in petrochemical plant?", "id": "56e19fb6cd28a01900c67a28", "answers": [{"text": "hydrodealkylation, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrocracking", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Large quantities of H\n2 are needed in the petroleum and chemical industries. The largest application of H\n2 is for the processing (\"upgrading\") of fossil fuels, and in the production of ammonia. The key consumers of H\n2 in the petrochemical plant include hydrodealkylation, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrocracking. H\n2 has several other important uses. H\n2 is used as a hydrogenating agent, particularly in increasing the level of saturation of unsaturated fats and oils (found in items such as margarine), and in the production of methanol. It is similarly the source of hydrogen in the manufacture of hydrochloric acid. H\n2 is also used as a reducing agent of metallic ores."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where is hydrogen highly soluble?", "id": "56e1a1e1cd28a01900c67a36", "answers": [{"text": "rare earth and transition metals", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where can you find soluble hydrogen?", "id": "56e1a1e1cd28a01900c67a37", "answers": [{"text": "nanocrystalline and amorphous metals", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What influences hydrogens solubility in metals?", "id": "56e1a1e1cd28a01900c67a38", "answers": [{"text": "local distortions or impurities in the crystal lattice", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When are these useful?", "id": "56e1a1e1cd28a01900c67a39", "answers": [{"text": "when hydrogen is purified by passage through hot palladium disks", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is it damaging?", "id": "56e1a1e1cd28a01900c67a3a", "answers": [{"text": "gas's high solubility is a metallurgical problem, contributing to the embrittlement of many metals, complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hydrogen is highly soluble in many rare earth and transition metals and is soluble in both nanocrystalline and amorphous metals. Hydrogen solubility in metals is influenced by local distortions or impurities in the crystal lattice. These properties may be useful when hydrogen is purified by passage through hot palladium disks, but the gas's high solubility is a metallurgical problem, contributing to the embrittlement of many metals, complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where else is H2 applied?", "id": "56e1a28ee3433e140042304c", "answers": [{"text": "in physics and engineering", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is H2 used in electrical generators at power stations?", "id": "56e1a28ee3433e140042304e", "answers": [{"text": "as the rotor coolant", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why is it used as the rotor coolant?", "id": "56e1a28ee3433e140042304f", "answers": [{"text": "it has the highest thermal conductivity of any gas", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What research uses liquid H2?", "id": "56e1a28ee3433e1400423050", "answers": [{"text": "cryogenic", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Apart from its use as a reactant, H\n2 has wide applications in physics and engineering. It is used as a shielding gas in welding methods such as atomic hydrogen welding. H2 is used as the rotor coolant in electrical generators at power stations, because it has the highest thermal conductivity of any gas. Liquid H2 is used in cryogenic research, including superconductivity studies. Because H\n2 is lighter than air, having a little more than 1\u204414 of the density of air, it was once widely used as a lifting gas in balloons and airships."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Why would one use hydrogen mixed with nitrogen?", "id": "56e1a30ee3433e1400423056", "answers": [{"text": "as a tracer gas for minute leak detection", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What industries can you find these applications?", "id": "56e1a30ee3433e1400423057", "answers": [{"text": "automotive, chemical, power generation, aerospace, and telecommunications", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is hydrogen used as a food additive?", "id": "56e1a30ee3433e1400423058", "answers": [{"text": "allows food package leak testing", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In more recent applications, hydrogen is used pure or mixed with nitrogen (sometimes called forming gas) as a tracer gas for minute leak detection. Applications can be found in the automotive, chemical, power generation, aerospace, and telecommunications industries. Hydrogen is an authorized food additive (E 949) that allows food package leak testing among other anti-oxidizing properties."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What isotope is used in nuclear fission?", "id": "56e1a3b2cd28a01900c67a40", "answers": [{"text": "Deuterium", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is tritium produced?", "id": "56e1a3b2cd28a01900c67a42", "answers": [{"text": "nuclear reactors", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is tritium used for?", "id": "56e1a3b2cd28a01900c67a43", "answers": [{"text": "production of hydrogen bombs, as an isotopic label in the biosciences, and as a radiation source in luminous paints", "answer_start": 363}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hydrogen's rarer isotopes also each have specific applications. Deuterium (hydrogen-2) is used in nuclear fission applications as a moderator to slow neutrons, and in nuclear fusion reactions. Deuterium compounds have applications in chemistry and biology in studies of reaction isotope effects. Tritium (hydrogen-3), produced in nuclear reactors, is used in the production of hydrogen bombs, as an isotopic label in the biosciences, and as a radiation source in luminous paints."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How is hydrogen used at power stations?", "id": "56e1a41ee3433e1400423070", "answers": [{"text": "as a coolant in generators", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why is it used as a coolant?", "id": "56e1a41ee3433e1400423071", "answers": [{"text": "favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are these properties?", "id": "56e1a41ee3433e1400423072", "answers": [{"text": "low density, low viscosity, and the highest specific heat and thermal conductivity of all gases", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hydrogen is commonly used in power stations as a coolant in generators due to a number of favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules. These include low density, low viscosity, and the highest specific heat and thermal conductivity of all gases."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Is Hydrogen considered an energy resource?", "id": "56e1a498e3433e1400423076", "answers": [{"text": "not", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does the sun get its energy from?", "id": "56e1a498e3433e1400423077", "answers": [{"text": "nuclear fusion of hydrogen", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does hydrogen function when it s burned?", "id": "56e1a498e3433e1400423078", "answers": [{"text": "energy carrier", "answer_start": 477}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hydrogen is not an energy resource, except in the hypothetical context of commercial nuclear fusion power plants using deuterium or tritium, a technology presently far from development. The Sun's energy comes from nuclear fusion of hydrogen, but this process is difficult to achieve controllably on Earth. Elemental hydrogen from solar, biological, or electrical sources require more energy to make it than is obtained by burning it, so in these cases hydrogen functions as an energy carrier, like a battery. Hydrogen may be obtained from fossil sources (such as methane), but these sources are unsustainable."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What form of hydrogen has been discussed as a ussage for fuel?", "id": "56e1a588cd28a01900c67a53", "answers": [{"text": "elemental", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The energy density per unit volume of both liquid hydrogen and compressed hydrogen gas at any practicable pressure is significantly less than that of traditional fuel sources, although the energy density per unit fuel mass is higher. Nevertheless, elemental hydrogen has been widely discussed in the context of energy, as a possible future carrier of energy on an economy-wide scale. For example, CO\n2 sequestration followed by carbon capture and storage could be conducted at the point of H\n2 production from fossil fuels. Hydrogen used in transportation would burn relatively cleanly, with some NOx emissions, but without carbon emissions. However, the infrastructure costs associated with full conversion to a hydrogen economy would be substantial. Fuel cells can convert hydrogen and oxygen directly to electricity more efficiently than internal combustion engines."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Why is hydrogen employed?", "id": "56e1a620cd28a01900c67a5a", "answers": [{"text": "to saturate broken (\"dangling\") bonds of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon that helps stabilizing material properties", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is hydrogen used in oxide materials?", "id": "56e1a620cd28a01900c67a5b", "answers": [{"text": "a potential electron donor", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What oxide materials use hydrogen as an electron donor?", "id": "56e1a620cd28a01900c67a5c", "answers": [{"text": "ZnO, SnO2, CdO, MgO, ZrO2, HfO2, La2O3, Y2O3, TiO2, SrTiO3, LaAlO3, SiO2, Al2O3, ZrSiO4, HfSiO4, and SrZrO3", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hydrogen is employed to saturate broken (\"dangling\") bonds of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon that helps stabilizing material properties. It is also a potential electron donor in various oxide materials, including ZnO, SnO2, CdO, MgO, ZrO2, HfO2, La2O3, Y2O3, TiO2, SrTiO3, LaAlO3, SiO2, Al2O3, ZrSiO4, HfSiO4, and SrZrO3."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What enzymes are used to produce H2?", "id": "56e1a6d1cd28a01900c67a60", "answers": [{"text": "hydrogenases", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When does hydrogen gas occur?", "id": "56e1a6d1cd28a01900c67a62", "answers": [{"text": "in the transfer of reducing equivalents produced during pyruvate fermentation to water", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the natural cycle of hydrogen production and consumption by organisms called?", "id": "56e1a6d1cd28a01900c67a63", "answers": [{"text": "hydrogen cycle", "answer_start": 505}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "H2 is a product of some types of anaerobic metabolism and is produced by several microorganisms, usually via reactions catalyzed by iron- or nickel-containing enzymes called hydrogenases. These enzymes catalyze the reversible redox reaction between H2 and its component two protons and two electrons. Creation of hydrogen gas occurs in the transfer of reducing equivalents produced during pyruvate fermentation to water. The natural cycle of hydrogen production and consumption by organisms is called the hydrogen cycle."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the decomposition of water into its components called?", "id": "56e1a770e3433e140042307e", "answers": [{"text": "Water splitting", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does water splitting occur?", "id": "56e1a770e3433e140042307f", "answers": [{"text": "in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What organisms can form H2 gas?", "id": "56e1a770e3433e1400423080", "answers": [{"text": "alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are these gases formed?", "id": "56e1a770e3433e1400423081", "answers": [{"text": "by specialized hydrogenases in the chloroplast", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Water splitting, in which water is decomposed into its component protons, electrons, and oxygen, occurs in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms. Some such organisms, including the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria, have evolved a second step in the dark reactions in which protons and electrons are reduced to form H2 gas by specialized hydrogenases in the chloroplast. Efforts have been undertaken to genetically modify cyanobacterial hydrogenases to efficiently synthesize H2 gas even in the presence of oxygen. Efforts have also been undertaken with genetically modified alga in a bioreactor."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What threats can hydrogen cause to human saftey?", "id": "56e1a815e3433e1400423086", "answers": [{"text": "potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can hydrogen embrittlement lead to?", "id": "56e1a815e3433e1400423088", "answers": [{"text": "cracks and explosions", "answer_start": 426}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hydrogen poses a number of hazards to human safety, from potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form. In addition, liquid hydrogen is a cryogen and presents dangers (such as frostbite) associated with very cold liquids. Hydrogen dissolves in many metals, and, in addition to leaking out, may have adverse effects on them, such as hydrogen embrittlement, leading to cracks and explosions. Hydrogen gas leaking into external air may spontaneously ignite. Moreover, hydrogen fire, while being extremely hot, is almost invisible, and thus can lead to accidental burns."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What do physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on?", "id": "56e1a8b5e3433e140042308e", "answers": [{"text": "the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen ratio", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long can it take to reach the equilibrium ratio?", "id": "56e1a8b5e3433e140042308f", "answers": [{"text": "days or weeks", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do Hydrogen detonation parameters depend on?", "id": "56e1a8b5e3433e1400423090", "answers": [{"text": "container geometry", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Even interpreting the hydrogen data (including safety data) is confounded by a number of phenomena. Many physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen ratio (it often takes days or weeks at a given temperature to reach the equilibrium ratio, for which the data is usually given). Hydrogen detonation parameters, such as critical detonation pressure and temperature, strongly depend on the container geometry."}]}, {"title": "Space_Race", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "On what date did the Space Race begin?", "id": "56e073cb7aa994140058e4ea", "answers": [{"text": "August 2, 1955", "answer_start": 702}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Sputnik 1 started orbiting on what date?", "id": "56e073cb7aa994140058e4eb", "answers": [{"text": "October 4, 1957", "answer_start": 990}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first person in space?", "id": "56e073cb7aa994140058e4ec", "answers": [{"text": "Yuri Gagarin", "answer_start": 1080}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the date that the first human reached space?", "id": "56e073cb7aa994140058e4ed", "answers": [{"text": "April 12, 1961", "answer_start": 1097}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocket technology and personnel. The technological superiority required for such supremacy was seen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideological superiority. The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, unmanned space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon. The competition began on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year, by declaring they would also launch a satellite \"in the near future\". The Soviet Union beat the US to this, with the October 4, 1957 orbiting of Sputnik 1, and later beat the US to the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961. The Space Race peaked with the July 20, 1969 US landing of the first humans on the Moon with Apollo 11. The USSR tried but failed manned lunar missions, and eventually cancelled them and concentrated on Earth orbital space stations. A period of d\u00e9tente followed with the April 1972 agreement on a co-operative Apollo\u2013Soyuz Test Project, resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which war in history did the Space Race begin to take root?", "id": "56e0796b231d4119001ac197", "answers": [{"text": "World War II", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A secretive army installation began in Kummersdorf-West in what year?", "id": "56e0796b231d4119001ac199", "answers": [{"text": "1932", "answer_start": 918}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Space Race can trace its origins to Germany, beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles. Starting in the early 1930s, during the last stages of the Weimar Republic, German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid-fueled rockets, with the goal that one day they would be capable of reaching high altitudes and traversing long distances. The head of the German Army's Ballistics and Munitions Branch, Lieutenant Colonel Karl Emil Becker, gathered a small team of engineers that included Walter Dornberger and Leo Zanssen, to figure out how to use rockets as long-range artillery in order to get around the Treaty of Versailles' ban on research and development of long-range cannons. Wernher von Braun, a young engineering prodigy, was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret army program at Kummersdorf-West in 1932. Von Braun had dreams about conquering outer space with rockets, and did not initially see the military value in missile technology."}, {"qas": [{"question": "During WWII, who was in charge of the German army's rocket program?", "id": "56e079e87aa994140058e541", "answers": [{"text": "General Dornberger", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first object to enter space?", "id": "56e079e87aa994140058e542", "answers": [{"text": "Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket reach space?", "id": "56e079e87aa994140058e543", "answers": [{"text": "1942 and 1943", "answer_start": 395}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenem\u00fcnde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943. By 1943, Germany began mass-producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 (\"Vengeance Weapon\" 2, or more commonly, V2), a ballistic missile with a 320 kilometers (200 mi) range carrying a 1,130 kilograms (2,490 lb) warhead at 4,000 kilometers per hour (2,500 mph). Its supersonic speed meant there was no defense against it, and radar detection provided little warning. Germany used the weapon to bombard southern England and parts of Allied-liberated western Europe from 1944 until 1945. After the war, the V-2 became the basis of early American and Soviet rocket designs."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What military operation allowed the US to recruit the German engineer, Von Braun?", "id": "56e07a467aa994140058e549", "answers": [{"text": "Operation Paperclip", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The US had captured what type of missiles during Operation Paperclip?", "id": "56e07a467aa994140058e54a", "answers": [{"text": "V2 rockets", "answer_start": 551}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "At war's end, American, British, and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to capture Germany's rocket engineers along with the German rockets themselves and the designs on which they were based. Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the German rocket team, but the United States benefited the most with Operation Paperclip, recruiting von Braun and most of his engineering team, who later helped develop the American missile and space exploration programs. The United States also acquired a large number of complete V2 rockets."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The German rocket center was located in what city?", "id": "56e07b187aa994140058e54d", "answers": [{"text": "Peenem\u00fcnde", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was in charge of the Soviet rocket engineer team that went into Germany?", "id": "56e07b187aa994140058e54e", "answers": [{"text": "Sergei Korolev", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Sergei Korolev arrested?", "id": "56e07b187aa994140058e54f", "answers": [{"text": "1938", "answer_start": 426}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Sergei Korolev died in what year?", "id": "56e07b187aa994140058e550", "answers": [{"text": "1966", "answer_start": 820}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After the war, Sergei Korolev was known under what title?", "id": "56e07b187aa994140058e551", "answers": [{"text": "USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer", "answer_start": 536}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The German rocket center in Peenem\u00fcnde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev. He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s, but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Siberia. After the war, he became the USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer, essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun. His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War, and he was identified publicly only as \"the Chief Designer.\" In the West, his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year was the R1 rocket born?", "id": "56e07b847aa994140058e559", "answers": [{"text": "1948", "answer_start": 792}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After almost a year in the area around Peenem\u00fcnde, Soviet officials moved most of the captured German rocket specialists to Gorodomlya Island on Lake Seliger, about 240 kilometers (150 mi) northwest of Moscow. They were not allowed to participate in Soviet missile design, but were used as problem-solving consultants to the Soviet engineers. They helped in the following areas: the creation of a Soviet version of the A-4; work on \"organizational schemes\"; research in improving the A-4 main engine; development of a 100-ton engine; assistance in the \"layout\" of plant production rooms; and preparation of rocket assembly using German components. With their help, particularly Helmut Groettrup's group, Korolev reverse-engineered the A-4 and built his own version of the rocket, the R-1, in 1948. Later, he developed his own distinct designs, though many of these designs were influenced by the Groettrup Group's G4-R10 design from 1949. The Germans were eventually repatriated in 1951\u201353."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What professor began working on solid-fuel rockets since 1914?", "id": "56e07bc7231d4119001ac1c3", "answers": [{"text": "Robert H. Goddard", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Liquid-fueled rockets were developed in what year?", "id": "56e07bc7231d4119001ac1c4", "answers": [{"text": "1921", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The American professor Robert H. Goddard had worked on developing solid-fuel rockets since 1914, and demonstrated a light battlefield rocket to the US Army Signal Corps only five days before the signing of the armistice that ended World War I. He also started developing liquid-fueled rockets in 1921; yet he had not been taken seriously by the public, and was not sponsored by the government as part of the post-WW II rocket development effort. Von Braun, himself inspired by Goddard's work, was bemused by this when debriefed by his American handlers, asking them, \"Why didn't you just ask Dr. Goddard?\"[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "The  United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground is located where?", "id": "56e084b77aa994140058e595", "answers": [{"text": "New Mexico", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Von Braun and his associates were sent to  United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground in what year?", "id": "56e084b77aa994140058e596", "answers": [{"text": "1945", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The first two-stage rocket was developed in what year?", "id": "56e084b77aa994140058e597", "answers": [{"text": "1949", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Army's new Redstone Arsenal is located in what city and state?", "id": "56e084b77aa994140058e598", "answers": [{"text": "Huntsville, Alabama", "answer_start": 496}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the German rocket team moved to Alabama?", "id": "56e084b77aa994140058e599", "answers": [{"text": "1950", "answer_start": 520}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer space, and the first two-stage rocket, the WAC Corporal-V2 combination, in 1949. The German rocket team was moved from Fort Bliss to the Army's new Redstone Arsenal, located in Huntsville, Alabama, in 1950. From here, von Braun and his team would develop the Army's first operational medium-range ballistic missile, the Redstone rocket, that would, in slightly modified versions, launch both America's first satellite, and the first piloted Mercury space missions. It became the basis for both the Jupiter and Saturn family of rockets."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did the US lose its monopoly to the atomic bomb?", "id": "56e08587231d4119001ac24f", "answers": [{"text": "1949", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of bomb was first developed during the Cold War?", "id": "56e08587231d4119001ac250", "answers": [{"text": "the hydrogen bomb", "answer_start": 605}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "ICBMs is an abbreviation for what?", "id": "56e08587231d4119001ac251", "answers": [{"text": "intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles", "answer_start": 635}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The SAC is an abbreviation for what US force?", "id": "56e08587231d4119001ac252", "answers": [{"text": "Strategic Air Command", "answer_start": 1220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what decade, did a fear of communism oversweep the US?", "id": "56e08587231d4119001ac253", "answers": [{"text": "1950s", "answer_start": 837}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In simple terms, the Cold War could be viewed as an expression of the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism. The United States faced a new uncertainty beginning in September 1949, when it lost its monopoly on the atomic bomb. American intelligence agencies discovered that the Soviet Union had exploded its first atomic bomb, with the consequence that the United States potentially could face a future nuclear war that, for the first time, might devastate its cities. Given this new danger, the United States participated in an arms race with the Soviet Union that included development of the hydrogen bomb, as well as intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) capable of delivering nuclear weapons. A new fear of communism and its sympathizers swept the United States during the 1950s, which devolved into paranoid McCarthyism. With communism spreading in China, Korea, and Eastern Europe, Americans came to feel so threatened that popular and political culture condoned extensive \"witch-hunts\" to expose communist spies. Part of the American reaction to the Soviet atomic and hydrogen bomb tests included maintaining a large Air Force, under the control of the Strategic Air Command (SAC). SAC employed intercontinental strategic bombers, as well as medium-bombers based close to Soviet airspace (in western Europe and in Turkey) that were capable of delivering nuclear payloads."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many casualties did the Soviet Union have during WWII?", "id": "56e08680231d4119001ac26b", "answers": [{"text": "27 million", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Soviet Union was first invaded by Nazi controlled Germany in what year?", "id": "56e08680231d4119001ac26c", "answers": [{"text": "1941", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Until what year, was the US the sole possessor of the atomic bomb?", "id": "56e08680231d4119001ac26d", "answers": [{"text": "1949", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Stalin order the development of ICBMs?", "id": "56e08680231d4119001ac26e", "answers": [{"text": "1947", "answer_start": 624}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of military force did the US possess a much larger fleet than the Soviet Union?", "id": "56e08680231d4119001ac26f", "answers": [{"text": "air force", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "For its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. The United States had used these weapons operationally during World War II, and it could use them again against the Soviet Union, laying waste its cities and military centers. Since the Americans had a much larger air force than the Soviet Union, and the United States maintained advance air bases near Soviet territory, in 1947 Stalin ordered the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) in order to counter the perceived American threat."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who began developing the  R-7 Semyorka rocket?", "id": "56e087477aa994140058e5b8", "answers": [{"text": "Korolev", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " R-7 Semyorka rocket resembled closely to what other missile?", "id": "56e087477aa994140058e5b9", "answers": [{"text": "German G-4", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the R-7 Semyorka rocket tested successfully?", "id": "56e087477aa994140058e5ba", "answers": [{"text": "August 21, 1957", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The first satellite launched into space used what rocket?", "id": "56e087477aa994140058e5bb", "answers": [{"text": "R-7 Semyorka rocket", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a new fuel. It was successfully tested on August 21, 1957 and became the world's first fully operational ICBM the following month. It would later be used to launch the first satellite into space, and derivatives would launch all piloted Soviet spacecraft."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The US Air Force began research of ICBMs in what year?", "id": "56e087e6231d4119001ac275", "answers": [{"text": "1945", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of rocket was first researched by the Air Force?", "id": "56e087e6231d4119001ac276", "answers": [{"text": "MX-774", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The MX-774 was tested in what year?", "id": "56e087e6231d4119001ac277", "answers": [{"text": "1947", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Air Force PGM-11 Redstone rocket family was tested where?", "id": "56e087e6231d4119001ac278", "answers": [{"text": "Cape Canaveral", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Atlas-A first launched on what date?", "id": "56e087e6231d4119001ac279", "answers": [{"text": "June 11, 1957", "answer_start": 648}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services, which meant that each force developed its own ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches were conducted in 1947. In 1950, von Braun began testing the Air Force PGM-11 Redstone rocket family at Cape Canaveral. In 1951, the Air Force began a new ICBM program called MX-1593, and by 1955 this program was receiving top-priority funding. The MX-1593 program evolved to become the Atlas-A, with its maiden launch occurring June 11, 1957, becoming the first successful American ICBM. Its upgraded version, the Atlas-D rocket, would later serve as an operational nuclear ICBM and as the orbital launch vehicle for Project Mercury and the remote-controlled Agena Target Vehicle used in Project Gemini."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was president Dwight D. Eisenhower's press secretary?", "id": "56e088c6231d4119001ac280", "answers": [{"text": "James C. Hagerty", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The starting date for the Space Race was which date?", "id": "56e088c6231d4119001ac281", "answers": [{"text": "August 30, 1955", "answer_start": 902}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1955, with both the United States and the Soviet Union building ballistic missiles that could be utilized to launch objects into space, the \"starting line\" was drawn for the Space Race. In separate announcements, just four days apart, both nations publicly announced that they would launch artificial Earth satellites by 1957 or 1958. On July 29, 1955, James C. Hagerty, president Dwight D. Eisenhower's press secretary, announced that the United States intended to launch \"small Earth circling satellites\" between July 1, 1957, and December 31, 1958, as part of their contribution to the International Geophysical Year (IGY). Four days later, at the Sixth Congress of International Astronautical Federation in Copenhagen, scientist Leonid I. Sedov spoke to international reporters at the Soviet embassy, and announced his country's intention to launch a satellite as well, in the \"near future\". On August 30, 1955, Korolev managed to get the Soviet Academy of Sciences to create a commission whose purpose was to beat the Americans into Earth orbit: this was the de facto start date for the Space Race. The Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union began a policy of treating development of its space program as a classified state secret."}, {"qas": [{"question": "A Jupiter-C was launched by Von Braum on what date?", "id": "56e0893c7aa994140058e5d5", "answers": [{"text": "September 20, 1956", "answer_start": 1012}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Initially, President Eisenhower was worried that a satellite passing above a nation at over 100 kilometers (62 mi), might be construed as violating that nation's sovereign airspace. He was concerned that the Soviet Union would accuse the Americans of an illegal overflight, thereby scoring a propaganda victory at his expense. Eisenhower and his advisors believed that a nation's airspace sovereignty did not extend into outer space, acknowledged as the K\u00e1rm\u00e1n line, and he used the 1957\u201358 International Geophysical Year launches to establish this principle in international law. Eisenhower also feared that he might cause an international incident and be called a \"warmonger\" if he were to use military missiles as launchers. Therefore, he selected the untried Naval Research Laboratory's Vanguard rocket, which was a research-only booster. This meant that von Braun's team was not allowed to put a satellite into orbit with their Jupiter-C rocket, because of its intended use as a future military vehicle. On September 20, 1956, von Braun and his team did launch a Jupiter-C that was capable of putting a satellite into orbit, but the launch was used only as a suborbital test of nose cone reentry technology."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The civilian rocket and satellite project in the US was called what?", "id": "56e0bc7b231d4119001ac363", "answers": [{"text": "Vanguard", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Project Vanguard launch failed on what date?", "id": "56e0bc7b231d4119001ac364", "answers": [{"text": "December 6, 195", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Cape Canaveral Air Force Station is located in what state?", "id": "56e0bc7b231d4119001ac365", "answers": [{"text": "Florida", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "in response to Project Vanguard's failed launch, what was the rocket the Soviet Union launched?", "id": "56e0bc7b231d4119001ac366", "answers": [{"text": "Jupiter-C rocket", "answer_start": 854}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Soviet success caused public controversy in the United States, and Eisenhower ordered the civilian rocket and satellite project, Vanguard, to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned. The December 6, 1957 Project Vanguard launch failure occurred at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, broadcast live in front of a US television audience. It was a monumental failure, exploding a few seconds after launch, and it became an international joke. The satellite appeared in newspapers under the names Flopnik, Stayputnik, Kaputnik, and Dudnik. In the United Nations, the Russian delegate offered the U.S. representative aid \"under the Soviet program of technical assistance to backwards nations.\" Only in the wake of this very public failure did von Braun's Redstone team get the go-ahead to launch their Jupiter-C rocket as soon as they could. In Britain, the USA's Western Cold War ally, the reaction was mixed: some members of the population celebrated the fact that the Soviets had reached space first, while others feared the destructive potential that military uses of spacecraft might bring."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The first US satellite to launch without failure was on what date?", "id": "56e0e8b47aa994140058e79b", "answers": [{"text": "January 31, 1958", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Explorer gathered what 3 measurements?", "id": "56e0e8b47aa994140058e79d", "answers": [{"text": "cosmic ray and radiation levels, the temperature in the spacecraft, and the frequency of collisions with micrometeorites", "answer_start": 916}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On January 31, 1958, nearly four months after the launch of Sputnik 1, von Braun and the United States successfully launched its first satellite on a four-stage Juno I rocket derived from the US Army's Redstone missile, at Cape Canaveral. The satellite Explorer 1 was 30.8 pounds (14.0 kg) in mass. It carried a micrometeorite gauge and a Geiger-M\u00fcller tube. It passed in and out of the Earth-encompassing radiation belt with its 194-by-1,368-nautical-mile (360 by 2,534 km) orbit, therefore saturating the tube's capacity and proving what Dr. James Van Allen, a space scientist at the University of Iowa, had theorized. The belt, named the Van Allen radiation belt, is a doughnut-shaped zone of high-level radiation intensity around the Earth above the magnetic equator. Van Allen was also the man who designed and built the satellite instrumentation of Explorer 1. The satellite actually measured three phenomena: cosmic ray and radiation levels, the temperature in the spacecraft, and the frequency of collisions with micrometeorites. The satellite had no memory for data storage, therefore it had to transmit continuously. Two months later in March 1958, a second satellite was sent into orbit with augmented cosmic ray instruments."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the Senate's Majority Leader in 1958?", "id": "56e0e93d7aa994140058e7a1", "answers": [{"text": "Lyndon B. Johnson", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The National Aeronautics and Space Act was established in what year?", "id": "56e0e93d7aa994140058e7a2", "answers": [{"text": "1958", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was NASA called before it became NASA?", "id": "56e0e93d7aa994140058e7a3", "answers": [{"text": "National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics", "answer_start": 410}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The first US satellite was launched on what date?", "id": "56e0e93d7aa994140058e7a4", "answers": [{"text": "April 2, 1958", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On April 2, 1958, President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite, by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities. Congress, led by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson, responded by passing the National Aeronautics and Space Act, which Eisenhower signed into law on July 29, 1958. This law turned the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). It also created a Civilian-Military Liaison Committee, chaired by the President, responsible for coordinating the nation's civilian and military space programs."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The Redstone Arsenal became the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center when?", "id": "56e0e9887aa994140058e7ab", "answers": [{"text": "July 1, 1960", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first director in charge of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center?", "id": "56e0e9887aa994140058e7ac", "answers": [{"text": "von Braun", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On October 21, 1959, Eisenhower approved the transfer of the Army's remaining space-related activities to NASA. On July 1, 1960, the Redstone Arsenal became NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, with von Braun as its first director. Development of the Saturn rocket family, which when mature, would finally give the US parity with the Soviets in terms of lifting capability, was thus transferred to NASA."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many attempts to the Moon did Luna E-1-class probes fail before successfully launching?", "id": "56e0ea497aa994140058e7af", "answers": [{"text": "4", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The first probe to land on the Moon was in what year?", "id": "56e0ea497aa994140058e7b0", "answers": [{"text": "1959", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Luna probe successfully photographed the back side of the Moon?", "id": "56e0ea497aa994140058e7b2", "answers": [{"text": "Luna 3", "answer_start": 434}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1958, Korolev upgraded the R-7 to be able to launch a 400-kilogram (880 lb) payload to the Moon. Three secret 1958 attempts to launch Luna E-1-class impactor probes failed. The fourth attempt, Luna 1, launched successfully on January 2, 1959, but missed the Moon. The fifth attempt on June 18 also failed at launch. The 390-kilogram (860 lb) Luna 2 successfully impacted the Moon on September 14, 1959. The 278.5-kilogram (614 lb) Luna 3 successfully flew by the Moon and sent back pictures of its far side on October 6, 1959."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The Ranger program from 1959 was managed by what organization?", "id": "56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7b9", "answers": [{"text": "NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The first spacecraft to make it to the Moon was what?", "id": "56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7ba", "answers": [{"text": "Ranger 4", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The first Ranger mission that didn't fail was which one?", "id": "56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7bb", "answers": [{"text": "Block III Ranger 7", "answer_start": 703}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Block III Ranger 7 mission successfully reached the moon on what date?", "id": "56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7bc", "answers": [{"text": "July 31, 1964", "answer_start": 740}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What program led to the establishment of the Ranger program?", "id": "56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7bd", "answers": [{"text": "Luna", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The US reacted to the Luna program by embarking on the Ranger program in 1959, managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Block I Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 suffered Atlas-Agena launch failures in August and November 1961. The 727-pound (330 kg) Block II Ranger 3 launched successfully on January 26, 1962, but missed the Moon. The 730-pound (330 kg) Ranger 4 became the first US spacecraft to reach the Moon, but its solar panels and navigational system failed near the Moon and it impacted the far side without returning any scientific data. Ranger 5 ran out of power and missed the Moon by 725 kilometers (391 nmi) on October 21, 1962. The first successful Ranger mission was the 806-pound (366 kg) Block III Ranger 7 which impacted on July 31, 1964."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which country succesfully launched the first person into space in 1961?", "id": "56e0eb947aa994140058e7c3", "answers": [{"text": "the USSR", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The first ship to carry a human through space was called what?", "id": "56e0eb947aa994140058e7c4", "answers": [{"text": "Vostok 1", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did Yuri Gagarin orbit the earth in the spacecraft?", "id": "56e0eb947aa994140058e7c5", "answers": [{"text": "108 minutes", "answer_start": 812}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "By 1959, American observers believed that the Soviet Union would be the first to get a human into space, because of the time needed to prepare for Mercury's first launch. On April 12, 1961, the USSR surprised the world again by launching Yuri Gagarin into a single orbit around the Earth in a craft they called Vostok 1. They dubbed Gagarin the first cosmonaut, roughly translated from Russian and Greek as \"sailor of the universe\". Although he had the ability to take over manual control of his spacecraft in an emergency by opening an envelope he had in the cabin that contained a code that could be typed into the computer, it was flown in an automatic mode as a precaution; medical science at that time did not know what would happen to a human in the weightlessness of space. Vostok 1 orbited the Earth for 108 minutes and made its reentry over the Soviet Union, with Gagarin ejecting from the spacecraft at 7,000 meters (23,000 ft), and landing by parachute. The F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale (International Federation of Aeronautics) credited Gagarin with the world's first human space flight, although their qualifying rules for aeronautical records at the time required pilots to take off and land with their craft. For this reason, the Soviet Union omitted from their FAI submission the fact that Gagarin did not land with his capsule. When the FAI filing for Gherman Titov's second Vostok flight in August 1961 disclosed the ejection landing technique, the FAI committee decided to investigate, and concluded that the technological accomplishment of human spaceflight lay in the safe launch, orbiting, and return, rather than the manner of landing, and so revised their rules accordingly, keeping Gagarin's and Titov's records intact."}, {"qas": [{"question": "April 12, in the USSR, is what special day?", "id": "56e0ebdb231d4119001ac44a", "answers": [{"text": "Cosmonautics Day", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was established as the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations?", "id": "56e0ebdb231d4119001ac44b", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Gagarin became a national hero of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, and a worldwide celebrity. Moscow and other cities in the USSR held mass demonstrations, the scale of which was second only to the World War II Victory Parade of 1945. April 12 was declared Cosmonautics Day in the USSR, and is celebrated today in Russia as one of the official \"Commemorative Dates of Russia.\" In 2011, it was declared the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Man in Space Soonest was a program by which organization?", "id": "56e0f1b27aa994140058e7e5", "answers": [{"text": "US Air Force", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Man in Space Soonest was reestablished as what in November 26, 1958?", "id": "56e0f1b27aa994140058e7e6", "answers": [{"text": "Project Mercury", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The US Air Force had been developing a program to launch the first man in space, named Man in Space Soonest. This program studied several different types of one-man space vehicles, settling on a ballistic re-entry capsule launched on a derivative Atlas missile, and selecting a group of nine candidate pilots. After NASA's creation, the program was transferred over to the civilian agency and renamed Project Mercury on November 26, 1958. NASA selected a new group of astronaut (from the Greek for \"star sailor\") candidates from Navy, Air Force and Marine test pilots, and narrowed this down to a group of seven for the program. Capsule design and astronaut training began immediately, working toward preliminary suborbital flights on the Redstone missile, followed by orbital flights on the Atlas. Each flight series would first start unmanned, then carry a primate, then finally men."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The first American to travel into space was whom?", "id": "56e0f229231d4119001ac4b2", "answers": [{"text": "Alan Shepard", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Alan Shepard first arrive in space?", "id": "56e0f229231d4119001ac4b3", "answers": [{"text": "May 5, 1961", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The spaceship that carried Alan Shepard was named what?", "id": "56e0f229231d4119001ac4b4", "answers": [{"text": "Freedom 7", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The first person to have control over driving their spacecraft was whom?", "id": "56e0f229231d4119001ac4b5", "answers": [{"text": "Alan Shepard", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which president awarded Alan Shepard the NASA Distinguished Service Medal?", "id": "56e0f229231d4119001ac4b6", "answers": [{"text": "John F. Kennedy", "answer_start": 530}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Three weeks later, on May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American in space, launched in a ballistic trajectory on Mercury-Redstone 3, in a spacecraft he named Freedom 7. Though he did not achieve orbit like Gagarin, he was the first person to exercise manual control over his spacecraft's attitude and retro-rocket firing. After his successful return, Shepard was celebrated as a national hero, honored with parades in Washington, New York and Los Angeles, and received the NASA Distinguished Service Medal from President John F. Kennedy."}, {"qas": [{"question": "President Kennedy sent a letter on April 20, 1961 to who about the US's space program?", "id": "56e0f281231d4119001ac4bc", "answers": [{"text": "Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Gagarin's flight changed this; now Kennedy sensed the humiliation and fear on the part of the American public over the Soviet lead. He sent a memo dated April 20, 1961, to Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, asking him to look into the state of America's space program, and into programs that could offer NASA the opportunity to catch up. The two major options at the time seemed to be, either establishment of an Earth orbital space station, or a manned landing on the Moon. Johnson in turn consulted with von Braun, who answered Kennedy's questions based on his estimates of US and Soviet rocket lifting capability. Based on this, Johnson responded to Kennedy, concluding that much more was needed to reach a position of leadership, and recommending that the manned Moon landing was far enough in the future that the US had a fighting chance to achieve it first."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The speech by Kennedy, \"Special Message on Urgent National Needs\" was delivered on what date?", "id": "56e0f2ae231d4119001ac4be", "answers": [{"text": "May 25", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Kennedy ultimately decided to pursue what became the Apollo program, and on May 25 took the opportunity to ask for Congressional support in a Cold War speech titled \"Special Message on Urgent National Needs\". Full text "}, {"qas": [{"question": "\"We choose to go to the Moon\" speech was given at what location in Texas?", "id": "56e0f3a5231d4119001ac4d2", "answers": [{"text": "Rice University Stadium", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "He justified the program in terms of its importance to national security, and its focus of the nation's energies on other scientific and social fields. He rallied popular support for the program in his \"We choose to go to the Moon\" speech, on September 12, 1962, before a large crowd at Rice University Stadium, in Houston, Texas, near the construction site of the new Manned Spacecraft Center facility. Full text "}, {"qas": [{"question": "The first American to orbit around the planet was whom?", "id": "56e0f4db7aa994140058e811", "answers": [{"text": "John Glenn", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did John Glenn orbit the Earth?", "id": "56e0f4db7aa994140058e812", "answers": [{"text": "February 20, 1962", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did John Glenn land on Earth after coming back from orbit?", "id": "56e0f4db7aa994140058e813", "answers": [{"text": "Atlantic Ocean", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "John Glenn's spaceship was named what when he orbited the Earth?", "id": "56e0f4db7aa994140058e815", "answers": [{"text": "Friendship 7", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "American Virgil \"Gus\" Grissom repeated Shepard's suborbital flight in Liberty Bell 7 on July 21, 1961. Almost a year after the Soviet Union put a human into orbit, astronaut John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth, on February 20, 1962. His Mercury-Atlas 6 mission completed three orbits in the Friendship 7 spacecraft, and splashed down safely in the Atlantic Ocean, after a tense reentry, due to what falsely appeared from the telemetry data to be a loose heat-shield. As the first American in orbit, Glenn became a national hero, and received a ticker-tape parade in New York City, reminiscent of that given for Charles Lindbergh. On February 23, 1962, President Kennedy escorted him in a parade at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, where he awarded Glenn with the NASA service medal."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many more Mercury missions were there after John Glenn's?", "id": "56e0f5587aa994140058e81b", "answers": [{"text": "3", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The United States launched three more Mercury flights after Glenn's: Aurora 7 on May 24, 1962 duplicated Glenn's three orbits; Sigma 7 on October 3, 1962, six orbits; and Faith 7 on May 15, 1963, 22 orbits (32.4 hours), the maximum capability of the spacecraft. NASA at first intended to launch one more mission, extending the spacecraft's endurance to three days, but since this would not beat the Soviet record, it was decided instead to concentrate on developing Project Gemini."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What first person from the USSR controlled their own spacecraft?", "id": "56e0f6177aa994140058e829", "answers": [{"text": "Gherman Titov", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Gherman Titov from the USSR drove his own spacecraft on what date?", "id": "56e0f6177aa994140058e82a", "answers": [{"text": "August 6, 1961", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Radio communication was possible between which two spacecrafts in August 11 and 12, 1962?", "id": "56e0f6177aa994140058e82c", "answers": [{"text": "Vostok 3 and Vostok 4", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Gherman Titov became the first Soviet cosmonaut to exercise manual control of his Vostok 2 craft on August 6, 1961. The Soviet Union demonstrated 24-hour launch pad turnaround and the capability to launch two piloted spacecraft, Vostok 3 and Vostok 4, in essentially identical orbits, on August 11 and 12, 1962. The two spacecraft came within approximately 6.5 kilometers (4.0 mi) of one another, close enough for radio communication. Vostok 4 also set a record of nearly four days in space. Though the two craft's orbits were as nearly identical as possible given the accuracy of the launch rocket's guidance system, slight variations still existed which drew the two craft at first as close to each other as 6.5 kilometers (3.5 nautical miles), then as far apart as 2,850 kilometers (1,540 nautical miles). There were no maneuvering rockets on the Vostok to permit space rendezvous, required to keep two spacecraft a controlled distance apart."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The first woman that went into space was whom?", "id": "56e0f68f7aa994140058e833", "answers": [{"text": "Valentina Tereshkova", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What spacecraft carried  Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space?", "id": "56e0f68f7aa994140058e834", "answers": [{"text": "Vostok 6", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The first woman to launch into space was on what date?", "id": "56e0f68f7aa994140058e836", "answers": [{"text": "June 16, 1963", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The first woman to go into space was from which country?", "id": "56e0f68f7aa994140058e837", "answers": [{"text": "The USSR", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Soviet Union duplicated its dual-launch feat with Vostok 5 and Vostok 6 (June 16, 1963). This time they launched the first woman (also the first civilian), Valentina Tereshkova, into space on Vostok 6. Launching a woman was reportedly Korolev's idea, and it was accomplished purely for propaganda value. Tereshkova was one of a small corps of female cosmonauts who were amateur parachutists, but Tereshkova was the only one to fly. The USSR didn't again open its cosmonaut corps to women until 1980, two years after the United States opened its astronaut corps to women."}, {"qas": [{"question": "At what event was the Vostok spaceship first displayed to the public ?", "id": "56e0f6c27aa994140058e83d", "answers": [{"text": "July 1961 Tushino air show", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Soviets kept the details and true appearance of the Vostok capsule secret until the April 1965 Moscow Economic Exhibition, where it was first displayed without its aerodynamic nose cone concealing the spherical capsule. The \"Vostok spaceship\" had been first displayed at the July 1961 Tushino air show, mounted on its launch vehicle's third stage, with the nose cone in place. A tail section with eight fins was also added, in an apparent attempt to confuse western observers. This spurious tail section also appeared on official commemorative stamps and a documentary."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did US President John F. Kennedy, in a speech, propose to join forces to reach the moon with the USSR?", "id": "56e0f6f47aa994140058e83f", "answers": [{"text": "September 20, 1963", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On September 20, 1963, in a speech before the United Nations General Assembly, President Kennedy proposed that the United States and the Soviet Union join forces in their efforts to reach the Moon. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev initially rejected Kennedy's proposal."}, {"qas": [{"question": "President Kennedy was killed when?", "id": "56e0f770231d4119001ac500", "answers": [{"text": "November 22, 1963", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did US President Kennedy die?", "id": "56e0f770231d4119001ac501", "answers": [{"text": "assassination", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On October 2, 1997, it was reported that Khrushchev's son Sergei claimed Khrushchev was poised to accept Kennedy's proposal at the time of Kennedy's assassination on November 22, 1963. During the next few weeks he reportedly concluded that both nations might realize cost benefits and technological gains from a joint venture, and decided to accept Kennedy's offer based on a measure of rapport during their years as leaders of the world's two superpowers, but changed his mind and dropped the idea since he did not have the same trust for Kennedy's successor, Lyndon Johnson."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What two locations in Florida were renamed after Kennedy by President Johnson?", "id": "56e0f7ab7aa994140058e841", "answers": [{"text": "Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two space programs were heavily worked on by President Johnson?", "id": "56e0f7ab7aa994140058e842", "answers": [{"text": "Gemini and Apollo", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As President, Johnson steadfastly pursued the Gemini and Apollo programs, promoting them as Kennedy's legacy to the American public. One week after Kennedy's death, he issued an executive order renaming the Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities after Kennedy."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year was the Gemini project confirmed?", "id": "56e0f816231d4119001ac510", "answers": [{"text": "1962", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people could the Gemini project carry?", "id": "56e0f816231d4119001ac511", "answers": [{"text": "2", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Focused by the commitment to a Moon landing, in January 1962 the US announced Project Gemini, a two-man spacecraft that would support the later three-man Apollo by developing the key spaceflight technologies of space rendezvous and docking of two craft, flight durations of sufficient length to simulate going to the Moon and back, and extra-vehicular activity to accomplish useful work outside the spacecraft."}, {"qas": [{"question": "On what date was the first successful three man astronaut crew?", "id": "56e0f975231d4119001ac516", "answers": [{"text": "October 12, 1964", "answer_start": 363}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The first flight in a spacecraft that allowed no suits to be worn inside was was?", "id": "56e0f975231d4119001ac517", "answers": [{"text": "Voskhod 1", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The US Apollo Command Module flew without spacesuits in what year?", "id": "56e0f975231d4119001ac518", "answers": [{"text": "1968", "answer_start": 1029}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The greater advances of the Soviet space program at the time allowed their space program to achieve other significant firsts, including the first EVA \"spacewalk\" and the first mission performed by a crew in shirt-sleeves. Gemini took a year longer than planned to accomplish its first flight, allowing the Soviets to achieve another first, launching Voskhod 1 on October 12, 1964, the first spacecraft with a three-cosmonaut crew. The USSR touted another technological achievement during this mission: it was the first space flight during which cosmonauts performed in a shirt-sleeve-environment. However, flying without spacesuits was not due to safety improvements in the Soviet spacecraft's environmental systems; rather this innovation was accomplished because the craft's limited cabin space did not allow for spacesuits. Flying without spacesuits exposed the cosmonauts to significant risk in the event of potentially fatal cabin depressurization. This feat would not be repeated until the US Apollo Command Module flew in 1968; this later mission was designed from the outset to safely transport three astronauts in a shirt-sleeve environment while in space."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Korolev died on what date?", "id": "56e0f9d7231d4119001ac51c", "answers": [{"text": "January 14, 1966", "answer_start": 523}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Between October 14\u201316, 1964, Leonid Brezhnev and a small cadre of high-ranking Communist Party officials, deposed Khrushchev as Soviet government leader a day after Voskhod 1 landed, in what was called the \"Wednesday conspiracy\". The new political leaders, along with Korolev, ended the technologically troublesome Voskhod program, cancelling Voskhod 3 and 4, which were in the planning stages, and started concentrating on the race to the Moon. Voskhod 2 would end up being Korolev's final achievement before his death on January 14, 1966, as it would become the last of the many space firsts that demonstrated the USSR's domination in spacecraft technology during the early 1960s. According to historian Asif Siddiqi, Korolev's accomplishments marked \"the absolute zenith of the Soviet space program, one never, ever attained since.\" There would be a two-year pause in Soviet piloted space flights while Voskhod's replacement, the Soyuz spacecraft, was designed and developed."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The Voskhod 2 carrying two humans was launched on what date?", "id": "56e0fa4e231d4119001ac51e", "answers": [{"text": "March 18, 1965", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first person to take a spacewalk?", "id": "56e0fa4e231d4119001ac51f", "answers": [{"text": "Alexey Leonov", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of two Voskhod 2's occupants was almost killed?", "id": "56e0fa4e231d4119001ac520", "answers": [{"text": "Alexey Leonov", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On March 18, 1965, about a week before the first American piloted Project Gemini space flight, the USSR accelerated the competition, by launching the two-cosmonaut Voskhod 2 mission with Pavel Belyayev and Alexey Leonov. Voskhod 2's design modifications included the addition of an inflatable airlock to allow for extravehicular activity (EVA), also known as a spacewalk, while keeping the cabin pressurized so that the capsule's electronics wouldn't overheat. Leonov performed the first-ever EVA as part of the mission. A fatality was narrowly avoided when Leonov's spacesuit expanded in the vacuum of space, preventing him from re-entering the airlock. In order to overcome this, he had to partially depressurize his spacesuit to a potentially dangerous level. He succeeded in safely re-entering the ship, but he and Belyayev faced further challenges when the spacecraft's atmospheric controls flooded the cabin with 45% pure oxygen, which had to be lowered to acceptable levels before re-entry. The reentry involved two more challenges: an improperly timed retrorocket firing caused the Voskhod 2 to land 386 kilometers (240 mi) off its designated target area, the town of Perm; and the instrument compartment's failure to detach from the descent apparatus caused the spacecraft to become unstable during reentry."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Project Gemini helped recruit experienced people for which upcoming lunar missions?", "id": "56e0fa807aa994140058e861", "answers": [{"text": "Apollo", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Most of the novice pilots on the early missions would command the later missions. In this way, Project Gemini built up spaceflight experience for the pool of astronauts who would be chosen to fly the Apollo lunar missions."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who created the circumlunar program called Zond?", "id": "56e0fb41231d4119001ac52c", "answers": [{"text": "Vladimir Chelomey", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which type of craft were two astronauts to fly in during Zond?", "id": "56e0fb41231d4119001ac52d", "answers": [{"text": "Soyuz 7K-L1", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The circumlunar program (Zond), created by Vladimir Chelomey's design bureau OKB-52, was to fly two cosmonauts in a stripped-down Soyuz 7K-L1, launched by Chelomey's Proton UR-500 rocket. The Zond sacrificed habitable cabin volume for equipment, by omitting the Soyuz orbital module. Chelomey gained favor with Khruschev by employing members of his family."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The \"Lunniy Korabl\" or \"LK\" would carry how many people?", "id": "56e0fba6231d4119001ac53b", "answers": [{"text": "N1", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Korolev's lunar landing program was designated N1/L3, for its N1 superbooster and a more advanced Soyuz 7K-L3 spacecraft, also known as the lunar orbital module (\"Lunniy Orbitalny Korabl\", LOK), with a crew of two. A separate lunar lander (\"Lunniy Korabl\", LK), would carry a single cosmonaut to the lunar surface."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space was established in what year?", "id": "56e0fbf67aa994140058e873", "answers": [{"text": "1959", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space was created by what organization in 1959?", "id": "56e0fbf67aa994140058e874", "answers": [{"text": "United Nations", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The US and USSR began discussions on the peaceful uses of space as early as 1958, presenting issues for debate to the United Nations, which created a Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space in 1959."}, {"qas": [{"question": "A problem was resolved by whom when both the US and the USSR supported a cooperative space program?", "id": "56e0fcef231d4119001ac548", "answers": [{"text": "Political Committee of the UN General Assembly", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The cooperative space program was passed on what date?", "id": "56e0fcef231d4119001ac549", "answers": [{"text": "December 1962", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On May 10, 1962, Vice President Johnson addressed the Second National Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Space revealing that the United States and the USSR both supported a resolution passed by the Political Committee of the UN General Assembly on December 1962, which not only urged member nations to \"extend the rules of international law to outer space,\" but to also cooperate in its exploration. Following the passing of this resolution, Kennedy commenced his communications proposing a cooperative American/Soviet space program."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space was signed by three countries on what date?", "id": "56e0fd56231d4119001ac552", "answers": [{"text": "January 27, 1967", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The UN ultimately created a Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, which was signed by the United States, USSR, and the United Kingdom on January 27, 1967 and went into force the following October 10."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Both crews were killed on which spacecraft missions in 1967?", "id": "56e0fd867aa994140058e889", "answers": [{"text": "Apollo and Soyuz", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1967, both nations faced serious challenges that brought their programs to temporary halts. Both had been rushing at full-speed toward the first piloted flights of Apollo and Soyuz, without paying due diligence to growing design and manufacturing problems. The results proved fatal to both pioneering crews."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The Outer Space Treaty was signed by the US and the USSR on what date?", "id": "56e0fe47cd28a01900c673f1", "answers": [{"text": "January 27, 1967", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the cause of the fire that killed everyone on the first Apollo mission before launch?", "id": "56e0fe47cd28a01900c673f4", "answers": [{"text": "electrical spark", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were the three people who died on the first Apollo mission before launch?", "id": "56e0fe47cd28a01900c673f5", "answers": [{"text": "Command Pilot Virgil \"Gus\" Grissom, Senior Pilot Edward H. White, and Pilot Roger Chaffee", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On January 27, 1967, the same day the US and USSR signed the Outer Space Treaty, the crew of the first manned Apollo mission, Command Pilot Virgil \"Gus\" Grissom, Senior Pilot Edward H. White, and Pilot Roger Chaffee, were killed in a fire that swept through their spacecraft cabin during a ground test, less than a month before the planned February 21 launch. An investigative board determined the fire was probably caused by an electrical spark, and quickly grew out of control, fed by the spacecraft's pure oxygen atmosphere. Crew escape was made impossible by inability to open the plug door hatch cover against the greater-than-atmospheric internal pressure. The board also found design and construction flaws in the spacecraft, and procedural failings, including failure to appreciate the hazard of the pure-oxygen atmosphere, as well as inadequate safety procedures. All these flaws had to be corrected over the next twenty-two months until the first piloted flight could be made. Mercury and Gemini veteran Grissom had been a favored choice of Deke Slayton, NASA's Director of Flight Crew Operations, to make the first piloted landing."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the person credited with the first in-flight space death?", "id": "56e0fedde3433e1400422a74", "answers": [{"text": "Vladimir Komarov", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Vladimir Komarov die on impact from his spacecraft crash?", "id": "56e0fedde3433e1400422a76", "answers": [{"text": "April 24, 1967", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Meanwhile, the Soviet Union was having its own problems with Soyuz development. Engineers reported 200 design faults to party leaders, but their concerns \"were overruled by political pressures for a series of space feats to mark the anniversary of Lenin's birthday.\"[citation needed] On April 24, 1967, the single pilot of Soyuz 1, Vladimir Komarov, became the first in-flight spaceflight fatality. The mission was planned to be a three-day test, to include the first Soviet docking with an unpiloted Soyuz 2, but the mission was plagued with problems. Early on, Komarov's craft lacked sufficient electrical power because only one of two solar panels had deployed. Then the automatic attitude control system began malfunctioning and eventually failed completely, resulting in the craft spinning wildly. Komarov was able to stop the spin with the manual system, which was only partially effective. The flight controllers aborted his mission after only one day. During the emergency re-entry, a fault in the landing parachute system caused the primary chute to fail, and the reserve chute became tangled with the drogue chute; Komarov was killed on impact. Fixing the spacecraft faults caused an eighteen-month delay before piloted Soyuz flights could resume."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Apollo 7 launched from Earth on what date?", "id": "56e0ff55e3433e1400422a7c", "answers": [{"text": "October 11, 1968", "answer_start": 486}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was in charge of the Apollo 7 mission on board?", "id": "56e0ff55e3433e1400422a7d", "answers": [{"text": "Walter Schirra", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The United States recovered from the Apollo 1 fire, fixing the fatal flaws in an improved version of the Block II command module. The US proceeded with unpiloted test launches of the Saturn V launch vehicle (Apollo 4 and Apollo 6) and the Lunar Module (Apollo 5) during the latter half of 1967 and early 1968. Apollo 1's mission to check out the Apollo Command/Service Module in Earth orbit was accomplished by Grissom's backup crew commanded by Walter Schirra on Apollo 7, launched on October 11, 1968. The eleven-day mission was a total success, as the spacecraft performed a virtually flawless mission, paving the way for the United States to continue with its lunar mission schedule."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The Soyuz 3 began its mission to space on what date?", "id": "56e10477e3433e1400422ac4", "answers": [{"text": "October 26, 1968", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the first successful docking of a two man space crew?", "id": "56e10477e3433e1400422ac5", "answers": [{"text": "January 1969", "answer_start": 709}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two space missions were the first to successfully dock each other?", "id": "56e10477e3433e1400422ac6", "answers": [{"text": "Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5", "answer_start": 729}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Soviet Union also fixed the parachute and control problems with Soyuz, and the next piloted mission Soyuz 3 was launched on October 26, 1968. The goal was to complete Komarov's rendezvous and docking mission with the un-piloted Soyuz 2. Ground controllers brought the two craft to within 200 meters (660 ft) of each other, then cosmonaut Georgy Beregovoy took control. He got within 40 meters (130 ft) of his target, but was unable to dock before expending 90 percent of his maneuvering fuel, due to a piloting error that put his spacecraft into the wrong orientation and forced Soyuz 2 to automatically turn away from his approaching craft. The first docking of Soviet spacecraft was finally realised in January 1969 by the Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 missions. It was the first-ever docking of two manned spacecraft, and the first transfer of crew from one space vehicle to another."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where was the Zond 4 over when it was destroyed by an explosion?", "id": "56e104dfcd28a01900c67447", "answers": [{"text": "Gulf of Guinea", "answer_start": 558}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Soviet Zond spacecraft was not yet ready for piloted circumlunar missions in 1968, after five unsuccessful and partially successful automated test launches: Cosmos 146 on March 10, 1967; Cosmos 154 on April 8, 1967; Zond 1967A September 27, 1967; Zond 1967B on November 22, 1967. Zond 4 was launched on March 2, 1968, and successfully made a circumlunar flight. After its successful flight around the Moon, Zond 4 encountered problems with its Earth reentry on March 9, and was ordered destroyed by an explosive charge 15,000 meters (49,000 ft) over the Gulf of Guinea. The Soviet official announcement said that Zond 4 was an automated test flight which ended with its intentional destruction, due to its recovery trajectory positioning it over the Atlantic Ocean instead of over the USSR."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The first successful water landing in the Indian Ocean by the Soviets was was when?", "id": "56e10565e3433e1400422ade", "answers": [{"text": "1968", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What animal was carried aboard the  Zond 5?", "id": "56e10565e3433e1400422adf", "answers": [{"text": "tortoises", "answer_start": 552}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The first Lunar Module was delayed to what date?", "id": "56e10565e3433e1400422ae0", "answers": [{"text": "March 1969", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the summer of 1968, the Apollo program hit another snag: the first pilot-rated Lunar Module (LM) was not ready for orbital tests in time for a December 1968 launch. NASA planners overcame this challenge by changing the mission flight order, delaying the first LM flight until March 1969, and sending Apollo 8 into lunar orbit without the LM in December. This mission was in part motivated by intelligence rumors the Soviet Union might be ready for a piloted Zond flight during late 1968. In September 1968, Zond 5 made a circumlunar flight with tortoises on board and returned to Earth, accomplishing the first successful water landing of the Soviet space program in the Indian Ocean. It also scared NASA planners, as it took them several days to figure out that it was only an automated flight, not piloted, because voice recordings were transmitted from the craft en route to the Moon. On November 10, 1968 another automated test flight, Zond 6 was launched, but this time encountered difficulties in its Earth reentry, and depressurized and deployed its parachute too early, causing it to crash-land only 16 kilometers (9.9 mi) from where it had been launched six days earlier. It turned out there was no chance of a piloted Soviet circumlunar flight during 1968, due to the unreliability of the Zonds."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which three people were the first to ride the Saturn V rocket into space?", "id": "56e1063ecd28a01900c67453", "answers": [{"text": "Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What date did Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders leave Earth on the Apollo 8 mission?", "id": "56e1063ecd28a01900c67454", "answers": [{"text": "December 21, 1968", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what holiday, was the Apollo 8 mission broadcast from orbit?", "id": "56e1063ecd28a01900c67456", "answers": [{"text": "Christmas Eve", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which ocean did the Apolo 8 mission land in?", "id": "56e1063ecd28a01900c67457", "answers": [{"text": "Pacific", "answer_start": 676}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On December 21, 1968, Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders became the first humans to ride the Saturn V rocket into space on Apollo 8. They also became the first to leave low-Earth orbit and go to another celestial body, and entered lunar orbit on December 24. They made ten orbits in twenty hours, and transmitted one of the most watched TV broadcasts in history, with their Christmas Eve program from lunar orbit, that concluded with a reading from the biblical Book of Genesis. Two and a half hours after the broadcast, they fired their engine to perform the first trans-Earth injection to leave lunar orbit and return to the Earth. Apollo 8 safely landed in the Pacific ocean on December 27, in NASA's first dawn splashdown and recovery."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How close to the ground was the Lunar Module in May 1969 during its landing test?", "id": "56e1069ce3433e1400422aec", "answers": [{"text": "47,400 feet", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Lunar Module completed its first low Earth orbit on what date?", "id": "56e1069ce3433e1400422aed", "answers": [{"text": "March 1969", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The American Lunar Module was finally ready for a successful piloted test flight in low Earth orbit on Apollo 9 in March 1969. The next mission, Apollo 10, conducted a \"dress rehearsal\" for the first landing in May 1969, flying the LM in lunar orbit as close as 47,400 feet (14.4 km) above the surface, the point where the powered descent to the surface would begin. With the LM proven to work well, the next step was to attempt the actual landing."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The Soviet, N1 Rocket exploded and was destroyed on what date?", "id": "56e106e0cd28a01900c6745d", "answers": [{"text": "July 3, 1969", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Unknown to the Americans, the Soviet Moon program was in deep trouble. After two successive launch failures of the N1 rocket in 1969, Soviet plans for a piloted landing suffered delay. The launch pad explosion of the N-1 on July 3, 1969 was a significant setback. The rocket hit the pad after an engine shutdown, destroying itself and the launch facility. Without the N-1 rocket, the USSR could not send a large enough payload to the Moon to land a human and return him safely."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Apollo 11 mission was to land where on the Moon?", "id": "56e1077ecd28a01900c67469", "answers": [{"text": "Sea of Tranquility", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Apollo 11 mission launch?", "id": "56e1077ecd28a01900c6746b", "answers": [{"text": "July 16, 1969", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What state did the Saturn V rocket launch from?", "id": "56e1077ecd28a01900c6746c", "answers": [{"text": "Florida", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the crew chosen to participate on the Apollo 11 mission?", "id": "56e1077ecd28a01900c6746d", "answers": [{"text": "January 1969", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Apollo 11 was prepared with the goal of a July landing in the Sea of Tranquility. The crew, selected in January 1969, consisted of commander (CDR) Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot (CMP) Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) Edwin \"Buzz\" Aldrin. They trained for the mission until just before the actual launch day. On July 16, 1969, at exactly 9:32 am EDT, the Saturn V rocket, AS-506, lifted off from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 in Florida."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How long did the trip to the Moon last for the crew of the Apollo 11?", "id": "56e107fecd28a01900c67473", "answers": [{"text": "three days", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Lunar Module of the Apollo 11 was named after what animal?", "id": "56e107fecd28a01900c67474", "answers": [{"text": "Eagle", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first human to take a step on the Moon?", "id": "56e107fecd28a01900c67475", "answers": [{"text": "Armstrong", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what time on Earth did Armstrong first step onto the Moon?", "id": "56e107fecd28a01900c67476", "answers": [{"text": "9:56 pm CDT July 20", "answer_start": 688}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The trip to the Moon took just over three days. After achieving orbit, Armstrong and Aldrin transferred into the Lunar Module, named Eagle, and after a landing gear inspection by Collins remaining in the Command/Service Module Columbia, began their descent. After overcoming several computer overload alarms caused by an antenna switch left in the wrong position, and a slight downrange error, Armstrong took over manual flight control at about 180 meters (590 ft), and guided the Lunar Module to a safe landing spot at 20:18:04 UTC, July 20, 1969 (3:17:04 pm CDT). The first humans on the Moon would wait another six hours before they ventured out of their craft. At 02:56 UTC, July 21 (9:56 pm CDT July 20), Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the Moon."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many people saw the first step onto the Moon?", "id": "56e10894e3433e1400422b04", "answers": [{"text": "723 million", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did they launch from the Moon to reattach to the Columbia?", "id": "56e10894e3433e1400422b07", "answers": [{"text": "The next day", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first step was witnessed by at least one-fifth of the population of Earth, or about 723 million people. His first words when he stepped off the LM's landing footpad were, \"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.\" Aldrin joined him on the surface almost 20 minutes later. Altogether, they spent just under two and one-quarter hours outside their craft. The next day, they performed the first launch from another celestial body, and rendezvoused back with Columbia."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Apollo 11 mission land back on Earth?", "id": "56e108fce3433e1400422b14", "answers": [{"text": "July 24, 1969", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the Apollo 11 mission land back on Earth?", "id": "56e108fce3433e1400422b15", "answers": [{"text": "Pacific Ocean", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Apollo 11 left lunar orbit and returned to Earth, landing safely in the Pacific Ocean on July 24, 1969. When the spacecraft splashed down, 2,982 days had passed since Kennedy's commitment to landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth before the end of the decade; the mission was completed with 161 days to spare. With the safe completion of the Apollo 11 mission, the Americans won the race to the Moon."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the second landing on the Moon successful?", "id": "56e10a04cd28a01900c674a1", "answers": [{"text": "November 1969", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Apollo 14 mission land successfully?", "id": "56e10a04cd28a01900c674a2", "answers": [{"text": "February 1971", "answer_start": 1195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Apollo 15 landed on the Moon on what date?", "id": "56e10a04cd28a01900c674a3", "answers": [{"text": "July 1971", "answer_start": 1222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date was the Apollo 16 successful on landing on the Moon?", "id": "56e10a04cd28a01900c674a4", "answers": [{"text": "April 1972", "answer_start": 1245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Apollo 17 landed on the Moon on which date?", "id": "56e10a04cd28a01900c674a5", "answers": [{"text": "December 1972", "answer_start": 1273}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first landing was followed by another, precision landing on Apollo 12 in November 1969. NASA had achieved its first landing goal with enough Apollo spacecraft and Saturn V launchers left for eight follow-on lunar landings through Apollo 20, conducting extended-endurance missions and transporting the landing crews in Lunar Roving Vehicles on the last five. They also planned an Apollo Applications Program to develop a longer-duration Earth orbital workshop (later named Skylab) to be constructed in orbit from a spent S-IVB upper stage, using several launches of the smaller Saturn IB launch vehicle. But planners soon decided this could be done more efficiently by using the two live stages of a Saturn V to launch the workshop pre-fabricated from an S-IVB (which was also the Saturn V third stage), which immediately removed Apollo 20. Belt-tightening budget cuts soon led NASA to cut Apollo 18 and 19 as well, but keep three extended/Lunar Rover missions. Apollo 13 encountered an in-flight spacecraft failure and had to abort its lunar landing in April 1970, returning its crew safely but temporarily grounding the program again. It resumed with four successful landings on Apollo 14 (February 1971), Apollo 15 (July 1971), Apollo 16 (April 1972), and Apollo 17 (December 1972)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which year did the USSR cancel the N1 rocket program after two failures that didn't launch?", "id": "56e10a3be3433e1400422b22", "answers": [{"text": "1976", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Meanwhile, the USSR continued briefly trying to perfect their N1 rocket, finally canceling it in 1976, after two more launch failures in 1971 and 1972."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The USSR launched their first space station on what date?", "id": "56e10bf4cd28a01900c674c3", "answers": [{"text": "April 19, 1971", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who made up the crew of the Soyuz 11?", "id": "56e10bf4cd28a01900c674c4", "answers": [{"text": "Vladislav Volkov, Georgi Dobrovolski and Viktor Patsayev", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Having lost the race to the Moon, the USSR decided to concentrate on orbital space stations. During 1969 and 1970, they launched six more Soyuz flights after Soyuz 3, then launched the first space station, the Salyut 1 laboratory designed by Kerim Kerimov, on April 19, 1971. Three days later, the Soyuz 10 crew attempted to dock with it, but failed to achieve a secure enough connection to safely enter the station. The Soyuz 11 crew of Vladislav Volkov, Georgi Dobrovolski and Viktor Patsayev successfully docked on June 7, and completed a record 22-day stay. The crew became the second in-flight space fatality during their reentry on June 30. They were asphyxiated when their spacecraft's cabin lost all pressure, shortly after undocking. The disaster was blamed on a faulty cabin pressure valve, that allowed all the air to vent into space. The crew was not wearing pressure suits and had no chance of survival once the leak occurred."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The station, Salyut 1, came back to Earth on which date?", "id": "56e10ff6e3433e1400422b70", "answers": [{"text": "October 11", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did the station, Salyut 1, stay in orbit?", "id": "56e10ff6e3433e1400422b71", "answers": [{"text": "175 days", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did The Durable Orbital Station-2 not reach orbit?", "id": "56e10ff6e3433e1400422b72", "answers": [{"text": "rocket failure", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Salyut 1's orbit was increased to prevent premature reentry, but further piloted flights were delayed while the Soyuz was redesigned to fix the new safety problem. The station re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on October 11, after 175 days in orbit. The USSR attempted to launch a second Salyut-class station designated Durable Orbital Station-2 (DOS-2) on July 29, 1972, but a rocket failure caused it to fail to achieve orbit. After the DOS-2 failure, the USSR attempted to launch four more Salyut-class stations through 1975, with another failure due to an explosion of the final rocket stage, which punctured the station with shrapnel so that it wouldn't hold pressure. While all of the Salyuts were presented to the public as non-military scientific laboratories, some of them were actually covers for the military Almaz reconnaissance stations."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The Skylab 1 was launched on which date?", "id": "56e1108ce3433e1400422b7c", "answers": [{"text": "May 14, 1973", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the Skylab 1 weigh?", "id": "56e1108ce3433e1400422b7d", "answers": [{"text": "169,950 pounds", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Skylab 1 finally come back to Earth?", "id": "56e1108ce3433e1400422b7f", "answers": [{"text": "July 11, 1979", "answer_start": 660}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The United States launched the orbital workstation Skylab 1 on May 14, 1973. It weighed 169,950 pounds (77,090 kg), was 58 feet (18 m) long by 21.7 feet (6.6 m) in diameter, with a habitable volume of 10,000 cubic feet (280 m3). Skylab was damaged during the ascent to orbit, losing one of its solar panels and a meteoroid thermal shield. Subsequent manned missions repaired the station, and the final mission's crew, Skylab 4, set the Space Race endurance record with 84 days in orbit when the mission ended on February 8, 1974. Skylab stayed in orbit another five years before reentering the Earth's atmosphere over the Indian Ocean and Western Australia on July 11, 1979."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which two world leaders had negotiations that relieved the Cold War?", "id": "56e11109cd28a01900c6753b", "answers": [{"text": "Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did President Nixon and Brezhnev of the USSR end the Cold War?", "id": "56e11109cd28a01900c6753c", "answers": [{"text": "May 1972", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In May 1972, President Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev negotiated an easing of relations known as detente, creating a temporary \"thaw\" in the Cold War. In the spirit of good sportsmanship, the time seemed right for cooperation rather than competition, and the notion of a continuing \"race\" began to subside."}, {"qas": [{"question": "ASTP stands for what?", "id": "56e11166cd28a01900c6753f", "answers": [{"text": "Apollo-Soyuz Test Project", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Soyuz mission in December 1974 was to be used for the ASTP?", "id": "56e11166cd28a01900c67540", "answers": [{"text": "16", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The two nations planned a joint mission to dock the last US Apollo craft with a Soyuz, known as the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP). To prepare, the US designed a docking module for the Apollo that was compatible with the Soviet docking system, which allowed any of their craft to dock with any other (e.g. Soyuz/Soyuz as well as Soyuz/Salyut). The module was also necessary as an airlock to allow the men to visit each other's craft, which had incompatible cabin atmospheres. The USSR used the Soyuz 16 mission in December 1974 to prepare for ASTP."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Soyuz 19 took off from Earth on what date?", "id": "56e111cecd28a01900c67543", "answers": [{"text": "July 15, 1975", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The joint mission began when Soyuz 19 was first launched on July 15, 1975 at 12:20 UTC, and the Apollo craft was launched with the docking module six and a half hours later. The two craft rendezvoused and docked on July 17 at 16:19 UTC. The three astronauts conducted joint experiments with the two cosmonauts, and the crew shook hands, exchanged gifts, and visited each other's craft."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did the USSR disband?", "id": "56e11222e3433e1400422b9a", "answers": [{"text": "1991", "answer_start": 447}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the 1970s, the United States began developing a new generation of reusable orbital spacecraft known as the Space Shuttle, and launched a range of unmanned probes. The USSR continued to develop space station technology with the Salyut program and Mir ('Peace' or 'World', depending on the context) space station, supported by Soyuz spacecraft. They developed their own large space shuttle under the Buran program. However, the USSR dissolved in 1991 and the remains of its space program were distributed to various Eastern European countries. The United States and Russia would work together in space with the Shuttle\u2013Mir Program, and again with the International Space Station."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which Russian rocket carries passengers to and from the International Space Station?", "id": "56e11243e3433e1400422b9e", "answers": [{"text": "R-7 rocket", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Russian R-7 rocket family, which launched the first Sputnik at the beginning of the space race, is still in use today. It services the International Space Station (ISS) as the launcher for both the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft. It also ferries both Russian and American crews to and from the station."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The United States' National Defense Education Act was established in what year?", "id": "56e11280e3433e1400422ba0", "answers": [{"text": "1958", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "American concerns that they had fallen behind the Soviet Union in the race to space led quickly to a push by legislators and educators for greater emphasis on mathematics and the physical sciences in American schools. The United States' National Defense Education Act of 1958 increased funding for these goals from childhood education through the post-graduate level."}]}, {"title": "Web_browser", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What do people typically call a web browser?", "id": "56e0c8ed7aa994140058e6e9", "answers": [{"text": "browser", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What platform is a browser used on?", "id": "56e0c8ed7aa994140058e6ea", "answers": [{"text": "World Wide Web", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does URL mean?", "id": "56e0c8ed7aa994140058e6eb", "answers": [{"text": "Uniform Resource Identifier", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What allows a person to direct their browser to a resource?", "id": "56e0c8ed7aa994140058e6ed", "answers": [{"text": "Hyperlinks", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources", "answer_start": 53}], "question": "What is the definition of the World Wide Web?", "id": "5a4d2cb47a6c4c001a2bbc0c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI/URL)", "answer_start": 205}], "question": "What helps identify the WWW?", "id": "5a4d2cb47a6c4c001a2bbc0d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a web page, image, video or other piece of content", "answer_start": 256}], "question": "What are examples of the WWW?", "id": "5a4d2cb47a6c4c001a2bbc0e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "easily to navigate their browsers to related resources", "answer_start": 353}], "question": "What does content present in applications help users do?", "id": "5a4d2cb47a6c4c001a2bbc0f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Uniform Resource Identifier (URI/URL)", "answer_start": 207}], "question": "What is something that identifies how a video plays in a software application?", "id": "5a4d2cb47a6c4c001a2bbc10", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI/URL) and may be a web page, image, video or other piece of content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related resources."}, {"qas": [{"question": "The primary function of a browser is to use what?", "id": "56e0c956231d4119001ac391", "answers": [{"text": "the World Wide Web", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to accessing the Internet, browsers can also access info that is put there by web servers in what?", "id": "56e0c956231d4119001ac392", "answers": [{"text": "private networks", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A browser can also access files where?", "id": "56e0c956231d4119001ac393", "answers": [{"text": "file systems", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "file systems", "answer_start": 168}], "question": "What can information access when used?", "id": "5a4d2f747a6c4c001a2bbc16", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the World Wide Web", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "What are private networks primarily intended to use?", "id": "5a4d2f747a6c4c001a2bbc17", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in private networks", "answer_start": 136}], "question": "Where are browsers located?", "id": "5a4d2f747a6c4c001a2bbc18", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in file systems", "answer_start": 165}], "question": "Where is a browser so you are able to find it later?", "id": "5a4d2f747a6c4c001a2bbc19", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the World Wide Web", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "The primary function of file systems is to use what?", "id": "5a4d2f747a6c4c001a2bbc1a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Although browsers are primarily intended to use the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by web servers in private networks or files in file systems."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the first browser created?", "id": "56e0c9b7231d4119001ac397", "answers": [{"text": "1990", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who invented the first browser?", "id": "56e0c9b7231d4119001ac398", "answers": [{"text": "Sir Tim Berners-Lee", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Berners-Lee a director of?", "id": "56e0c9b7231d4119001ac399", "answers": [{"text": "the World Wide Web Consortium", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What organization did Berners-Lee create?", "id": "56e0c9b7231d4119001ac39b", "answers": [{"text": "World Wide Web Foundation", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1990", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "When did Sir Tim Berners Le invent the WWW?", "id": "5a4d305c7a6c4c001a2bbc20", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nexus", "answer_start": 295}], "question": "What was the W3C later renamed?", "id": "5a4d305c7a6c4c001a2bbc21", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Web's continued development", "answer_start": 150}], "question": "What does WordWideweb oversee?", "id": "5a4d305c7a6c4c001a2bbc22", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the World Wide Web Foundation", "answer_start": 210}], "question": "What group did Nexus start?", "id": "5a4d305c7a6c4c001a2bbc23", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The first web browser", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What did Nexus invent in 1990?", "id": "5a4d305c7a6c4c001a2bbc24", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The first web browser was invented in 1990 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee. Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the Web's continued development, and is also the founder of the World Wide Web Foundation. His browser was called WorldWideWeb and later renamed Nexus."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who released Mosaic?", "id": "56e0ca827aa994140058e6f3", "answers": [{"text": "Marc Andreessen", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Mosaic released?", "id": "56e0ca827aa994140058e6f4", "answers": [{"text": "1993", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When Andreessen left the company he worked for, what new company did he start?", "id": "56e0ca827aa994140058e6f5", "answers": [{"text": "Netscape", "answer_start": 532}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What browser did Andreessen release in 1994?", "id": "56e0ca827aa994140058e6f6", "answers": [{"text": "Netscape Navigator", "answer_start": 577}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mosaic", "answer_start": 87}], "question": "What did the World Wide Web help release in the 1990's?", "id": "5a4d32477a6c4c001a2bbc2a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "led to an explosion in web use", "answer_start": 363}], "question": "What did the release of Mosaic in 1994 by NCSA lead to?", "id": "5a4d32477a6c4c001a2bbc2b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Netscape", "answer_start": 532}], "question": "What company was started by Mosaic?", "id": "5a4d32477a6c4c001a2bbc2c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1994", "answer_start": 599}], "question": "When was the NCSA Navigator released by Mosaic?", "id": "5a4d32477a6c4c001a2bbc2d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "90%", "answer_start": 675}], "question": "What percentage of web use did Mosaic have at its peak in 1993?", "id": "5a4d32477a6c4c001a2bbc2e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1993, browser software was further innovated by Marc Andreessen with the release of Mosaic, \"the world's first popular browser\", which made the World Wide Web system easy to use and more accessible to the average person. Andreesen's browser sparked the internet boom of the 1990s. The introduction of Mosaic in 1993 \u2013 one of the first graphical web browsers \u2013 led to an explosion in web use. Andreessen, the leader of the Mosaic team at National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), soon started his own company, named Netscape, and released the Mosaic-influenced Netscape Navigator in 1994, which quickly became the world's most popular browser, accounting for 90% of all web use at its peak (see usage share of web browsers)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who released the Internet Explorer browser?", "id": "56e0cae4231d4119001ac3a1", "answers": [{"text": "Microsoft", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Microsoft release Internet Explorer?", "id": "56e0cae4231d4119001ac3a2", "answers": [{"text": "1995", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The release of Internet Explorer started the first what?", "id": "56e0cae4231d4119001ac3a3", "answers": [{"text": "browser war", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was bundled with Internet Explorer?", "id": "56e0cae4231d4119001ac3a4", "answers": [{"text": "Windows", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1995", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "When did Microsoft release Mosaic?", "id": "5a4d33057a6c4c001a2bbc34", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the industry's first browser war", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "What did Microsoft releasing Mosaic cause?", "id": "5a4d33057a6c4c001a2bbc35", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Windows", "answer_start": 149}], "question": "What was Mosaic bundled with?", "id": "5a4d33057a6c4c001a2bbc36", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dominance in the web browser market", "answer_start": 183}], "question": "What did Mosaic gain after it was released by Microsoft?", "id": "5a4d33057a6c4c001a2bbc37", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "over 95%", "answer_start": 260}], "question": "By what percentage was Mosaic being used in 1995?", "id": "5a4d33057a6c4c001a2bbc38", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Microsoft responded with its Internet Explorer in 1995, also heavily influenced by Mosaic, initiating the industry's first browser war. Bundled with Windows, Internet Explorer gained dominance in the web browser market; Internet Explorer usage share peaked at over 95% by 2002."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Opera was introduced in what year?", "id": "56e0cb867aa994140058e6fd", "answers": [{"text": "1996", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What accounted for 1.1% of browser use in April 2011?", "id": "56e0cb867aa994140058e6ff", "answers": [{"text": "Opera-mini version", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Opera focused on which quickly growing market?", "id": "56e0cb867aa994140058e700", "answers": [{"text": "mobile phone web browser", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Opera is also available on which video game console?", "id": "56e0cb867aa994140058e701", "answers": [{"text": "Nintendo's Wii", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Opera", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What program debuted in February 2012?", "id": "5a4d341a7a6c4c001a2bbc3e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in 1996", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "When was the Nintendo Wii introduced?", "id": "5a4d341a7a6c4c001a2bbc3f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the fast-growing mobile phone web browser market", "answer_start": 269}], "question": "What market did Nintendo focus on to expand its use?", "id": "5a4d341a7a6c4c001a2bbc40", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "it has never achieved widespread use", "answer_start": 23}], "question": "How has usage of the Nintendo Wii been shown over time?", "id": "5a4d341a7a6c4c001a2bbc41", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "over 40 million", "answer_start": 341}], "question": "How many game consoles has Nintendo sold?", "id": "5a4d341a7a6c4c001a2bbc42", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Opera debuted in 1996; it has never achieved widespread use, having less than 2% browser usage share as of February 2012 according to Net Applications. Its Opera-mini version has an additive share, in April 2011 amounting to 1.1% of overall browser use, but focused on the fast-growing mobile phone web browser market, being preinstalled on over 40 million phones. It is also available on several other embedded systems, including Nintendo's Wii video game console."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What did Netscape launch in 1998?", "id": "56e0cbfe7aa994140058e707", "answers": [{"text": "Mozilla Foundation", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Netscape wanted to have a competitive browser using what?", "id": "56e0cbfe7aa994140058e708", "answers": [{"text": "open source software model", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the resulting browser for the Mozilla Foundation?", "id": "56e0cbfe7aa994140058e709", "answers": [{"text": "Firefox", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Firefox released?", "id": "56e0cbfe7aa994140058e70a", "answers": [{"text": "late 2004", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Mozilla Foundation", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "What did Firefox launch in 1998?", "id": "5a4d35d47a6c4c001a2bbc48", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "28%", "answer_start": 435}], "question": "How much usage share did Netscape have in 1998?", "id": "5a4d35d47a6c4c001a2bbc49", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "while still in the beta stage of development", "answer_start": 245}], "question": "At what point did open source software gain popularity?", "id": "5a4d35d47a6c4c001a2bbc4a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Firefox 1.0", "answer_start": 320}], "question": "What software model was released in 1998?", "id": "5a4d35d47a6c4c001a2bbc4b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "7%", "answer_start": 383}], "question": "What percentage of the open source model did Netscape have shortly after release?", "id": "5a4d35d47a6c4c001a2bbc4c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1998, Netscape launched what was to become the Mozilla Foundation in an attempt to produce a competitive browser using the open source software model. That browser would eventually evolve into Firefox, which developed a respectable following while still in the beta stage of development; shortly after the release of Firefox 1.0 in late 2004, Firefox (all versions) accounted for 7% of browser use. As of August 2011, Firefox has a 28% usage share."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the first beta release for Safari?", "id": "56e0cc407aa994140058e711", "answers": [{"text": "January 2003", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who created Safari?", "id": "56e0cc407aa994140058e712", "answers": [{"text": "Apple", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "January 2003", "answer_start": 45}], "question": "When was Apple founded?", "id": "5a4d37147a6c4c001a2bbc52", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "January 2003", "answer_start": 45}], "question": "When did web browsers become active?", "id": "5a4d37147a6c4c001a2bbc53", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "as of April 2011", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "When did the browser market become dominant in software?", "id": "5a4d37147a6c4c001a2bbc54", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "just over 7%", "answer_start": 145}], "question": "How much software was released by Safari in January 2003?", "id": "5a4d37147a6c4c001a2bbc55", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "January 2003", "answer_start": 45}], "question": "When did the entire browser market begin beta release of software?", "id": "5a4d37147a6c4c001a2bbc56", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Apple's Safari had its first beta release in January 2003; as of April 2011, it had a dominant share of Apple-based web browsing, accounting for just over 7% of the entire browser market."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which browser is the newest to enter the field?", "id": "56e0ccb3231d4119001ac3b5", "answers": [{"text": "Chrome", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Chrome released?", "id": "56e0ccb3231d4119001ac3b6", "answers": [{"text": "September 2008", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As Chrome usage increases, which browser usage has continued to decrease?", "id": "56e0ccb3231d4119001ac3b7", "answers": [{"text": "Internet Explorer", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Chrome become more used than all versions of Internet Explorer?", "id": "56e0ccb3231d4119001ac3b8", "answers": [{"text": "May 2012", "answer_start": 551}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "September 2008", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "In what year was Internet Explorer released?", "id": "5a4d38437a6c4c001a2bbc5c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "from 8% to 16%", "answer_start": 184}], "question": "By how much did IE double its usage share?", "id": "5a4d38437a6c4c001a2bbc5d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December 2011", "answer_start": 345}], "question": "When did Internet Explorer 8 overtake Chrome as the more popular browser?", "id": "5a4d38437a6c4c001a2bbc5e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "45%", "answer_start": 678}], "question": "What was IE's increase in usage percentage in August 2011?", "id": "5a4d38437a6c4c001a2bbc5f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in May 2012", "answer_start": 548}], "question": "When did the usage of IE surpass all versions of Chrome combined?", "id": "5a4d38437a6c4c001a2bbc60", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The most recent major entrant to the browser market is Chrome, first released in September 2008. Chrome's take-up has increased significantly year by year, by doubling its usage share from 8% to 16% by August 2011. This increase seems largely to be at the expense of Internet Explorer, whose share has tended to decrease from month to month. In December 2011, Chrome overtook Internet Explorer 8 as the most widely used web browser but still had lower usage than all versions of Internet Explorer combined. Chrome's user-base continued to grow and in May 2012, Chrome's usage passed the usage of all versions of Internet Explorer combined. By April 2014, Chrome's usage had hit 45%."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was bundled for free with the Windows OS?", "id": "56e0cdc37aa994140058e721", "answers": [{"text": "Internet Explorer", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Internet Explorer was partially funded in what two ways?", "id": "56e0cdc37aa994140058e722", "answers": [{"text": "sales of Windows to computer manufacturers and direct to users", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other OS could use Internet Explorer?", "id": "56e0cdc37aa994140058e723", "answers": [{"text": "Mac", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Internet Explorer", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What program was bundled free with Java?", "id": "5a4d39a27a6c4c001a2bbc66", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the sales of Windows to computer manufacturers and direct to users", "answer_start": 161}], "question": "What helped to partly fund Java?", "id": "5a4d39a27a6c4c001a2bbc67", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Mac", "answer_start": 277}], "question": "For what OS was Java formerly available for?", "id": "5a4d39a27a6c4c001a2bbc68", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "was part of Microsoft's overall strategy to fight threats to its quasi-monopoly platform dominance", "answer_start": 329}], "question": "Why was Java available for the Mac?", "id": "5a4d39a27a6c4c001a2bbc69", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "through \"lock-in\" to Microsoft's browser", "answer_start": 717}], "question": "In what other way did Java contribute to Windows and Microsoft application sales?", "id": "5a4d39a27a6c4c001a2bbc6a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Internet Explorer, on the other hand, was bundled free with the Windows operating system (and was also downloadable free), and therefore it was funded partly by the sales of Windows to computer manufacturers and direct to users. Internet Explorer also used to be available for the Mac. It is likely that releasing IE for the Mac was part of Microsoft's overall strategy to fight threats to its quasi-monopoly platform dominance - threats such as web standards and Java - by making some web developers, or at least their managers, assume that there was \"no need\" to develop for anything other than Internet Explorer. In this respect, IE may have contributed to Windows and Microsoft applications sales in another way, through \"lock-in\" to Microsoft's browser."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who investigated the bundling of the IE browser with Windows OS?", "id": "56e0ced77aa994140058e72b", "answers": [{"text": "the European Commission", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the European Commission say they would investigate the bundling?", "id": "56e0ced77aa994140058e72c", "answers": [{"text": "January 2009", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Commission felt that bundling the browser with Windows computers harmed what?", "id": "56e0ced77aa994140058e72d", "answers": [{"text": "competition between web browsers", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Commission felt that the bundling undermined what?", "id": "56e0ced77aa994140058e72e", "answers": [{"text": "product innovation", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the bundling of Internet Explorer with Windows operating systems", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "What would Microsoft investigate in January 2009?", "id": "5a4d3a917a6c4c001a2bbc70", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "In January 2009", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "In what year was Microsoft investigating the European Commission?", "id": "5a4d3a917a6c4c001a2bbc71", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "product innovation", "answer_start": 283}], "question": "What did the Commission undermine according to Microsoft?", "id": "5a4d3a917a6c4c001a2bbc72", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "consumer choice", "answer_start": 325}], "question": "What was reduced by the Commission according to Microsoft?", "id": "5a4d3a917a6c4c001a2bbc73", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "competition between web browsers", "answer_start": 238}], "question": "What action is harmed by the Commision according to Microsoft?", "id": "5a4d3a917a6c4c001a2bbc74", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In January 2009, the European Commission announced it would investigate the bundling of Internet Explorer with Windows operating systems from Microsoft, saying \"Microsoft's tying of Internet Explorer to the Windows operating system harms competition between web browsers, undermines product innovation and ultimately reduces consumer choice.\" Microsoft Corp v Commission"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What browser was automatically included with OS X?", "id": "56e0cf39231d4119001ac3cf", "answers": [{"text": "Safari", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "OS X and iOS", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "What are mobile devices included with?", "id": "5a4d3d877a6c4c001a2bbc7a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Safari and Mobile Safari", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What were sales of Apple computers funded by?", "id": "5a4d3d877a6c4c001a2bbc7b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sales of Apple computers and mobile devices", "answer_start": 133}], "question": "What was Apple originally funded by?", "id": "5a4d3d877a6c4c001a2bbc7c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sales of Apple computers and mobile devices", "answer_start": 133}], "question": "What did Apple customers provide to Apple?", "id": "5a4d3d877a6c4c001a2bbc7d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "part of the overall Apple experience to customers", "answer_start": 189}], "question": "What do the OS X and i OS provide?", "id": "5a4d3d877a6c4c001a2bbc7e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Safari and Mobile Safari were likewise always included with OS X and iOS respectively, so, similarly, they were originally funded by sales of Apple computers and mobile devices, and formed part of the overall Apple experience to customers."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which company pays Firefox to make their search engine the default on their browser?", "id": "56e0cfce7aa994140058e735", "answers": [{"text": "Google", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other browser has Google as the default search engine?", "id": "56e0cfce7aa994140058e737", "answers": [{"text": "Chrome", "answer_start": 442}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The increased revenue funds what, in addition to Google?", "id": "56e0cfce7aa994140058e739", "answers": [{"text": "Google Chrome", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to make their engine default", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "Why do web browsers pay search engine companies?", "id": "5a4d40ce7a6c4c001a2bbc84", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to make Google Search the default search engine", "answer_start": 196}], "question": "Why does Mozilla pay Google?", "id": "5a4d40ce7a6c4c001a2bbc85", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "enough money from this deal", "answer_start": 270}], "question": "What lets Google not charge users for using Chrome?", "id": "5a4d40ce7a6c4c001a2bbc86", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Users searching for websites or items on the Internet would be led to Google's search results page", "answer_start": 450}], "question": "What increases ad revenue for Firefox?", "id": "5a4d40ce7a6c4c001a2bbc87", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "increasing ad revenue", "answer_start": 550}], "question": "What funds development at Mozilla?", "id": "5a4d40ce7a6c4c001a2bbc88", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Today, most commercial web browsers are paid by search engine companies to make their engine default, or to include them as another option. For example, Google pays Mozilla, the maker of Firefox, to make Google Search the default search engine in Firefox. Mozilla makes enough money from this deal that it does not need to charge users for Firefox. In addition, Google Search is also (as one would expect) the default search engine in Google Chrome. Users searching for websites or items on the Internet would be led to Google's search results page, increasing ad revenue and which funds development at Google and of Google Chrome."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the main use of a browser?", "id": "56e0d09f7aa994140058e73f", "answers": [{"text": "to bring information resources to the user", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to bring information resources to the user", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "What is the primary purpose of a computer having access?", "id": "5a4d43c77a6c4c001a2bbc8e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bring information resources to the user", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "How does display rendering function?", "id": "5a4d43c77a6c4c001a2bbc8f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"retrieval\" or \"fetching\"", "answer_start": 84}], "question": "How does an OS access other information?", "id": "5a4d43c77a6c4c001a2bbc90", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"display\", \"rendering\"", "answer_start": 151}], "question": "What lets an OS see information?", "id": "5a4d43c77a6c4c001a2bbc91", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"navigation\"", "answer_start": 211}], "question": "What lets an OS find other information?", "id": "5a4d43c77a6c4c001a2bbc92", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The primary purpose of a web browser is to bring information resources to the user (\"retrieval\" or \"fetching\"), allowing them to view the information (\"display\", \"rendering\"), and then access other information (\"navigation\", \"following links\")."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does URL stand for?", "id": "56e0d133231d4119001ac3dc", "answers": [{"text": "Uniform Resource Locator", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the determining factor in how a URL will be interpreted?", "id": "56e0d133231d4119001ac3dd", "answers": [{"text": "The prefix of the URL", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does http stand for?", "id": "56e0d133231d4119001ac3de", "answers": [{"text": "Hypertext Transfer Protocol", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does ftp stand for?", "id": "56e0d133231d4119001ac3df", "answers": [{"text": "File Transfer Protocol", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A news: prefix is given to the user's what?", "id": "56e0d133231d4119001ac3e0", "answers": [{"text": "default newsgroup reader", "answer_start": 758}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "how the URL will be interpreted", "answer_start": 205}], "question": "What does the prefix of the default newsgroup reader determine?", "id": "5a4d45dd7a6c4c001a2bbc98", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "http:", "answer_start": 285}], "question": "What does the most common form of local file start with?", "id": "5a4d45dd7a6c4c001a2bbc99", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a resource to be retrieved over the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)", "answer_start": 306}], "question": "What does a common browser identify?", "id": "5a4d45dd7a6c4c001a2bbc9a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "often handed off to another application entirely", "answer_start": 581}], "question": "What happens to newsgroup readers the web browser can't handle directly?", "id": "5a4d45dd7a6c4c001a2bbc9b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the user's default e-mail application", "answer_start": 679}], "question": "Where are ftp's passed on to?", "id": "5a4d45dd7a6c4c001a2bbc9c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "This process begins when the user inputs a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), for example http://en.wikipedia.org/, into the browser. The prefix of the URL, the Uniform Resource Identifier or URI, determines how the URL will be interpreted. The most commonly used kind of URI starts with http: and identifies a resource to be retrieved over the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Many browsers also support a variety of other prefixes, such as https: for HTTPS, ftp: for the File Transfer Protocol, and file: for local files. Prefixes that the web browser cannot directly handle are often handed off to another application entirely. For example, mailto: URIs are usually passed to the user's default e-mail application, and news: URIs are passed to the user's default newsgroup reader."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is it called when content is changed from markup to an interactive document?", "id": "56e0d21b7aa994140058e74f", "answers": [{"text": "rendering", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Browsers typically have plug-ins to support what?", "id": "56e0d21b7aa994140058e750", "answers": [{"text": "Flash applications and Java applets", "answer_start": 533}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Flash applications and Java applets", "answer_start": 533}], "question": "Browsers have you save to disk so they can support what?", "id": "5a4d48dd7a6c4c001a2bbca2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"rendering\"", "answer_start": 318}], "question": "What is it called when resources are changed from being unsupported to being downloaded?", "id": "5a4d48dd7a6c4c001a2bbca3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "http, https, file, and others", "answer_start": 15}], "question": "What files can be displayed when a file is unsupported?", "id": "5a4d48dd7a6c4c001a2bbca4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "any kind", "answer_start": 383}], "question": "What unsupported content can resources display that is part of a webpage?", "id": "5a4d48dd7a6c4c001a2bbca5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "passed to the browser's layout engine to be transformed from markup to an interactive document", "answer_start": 203}], "question": "What process happens to plug-ins saved to disk?", "id": "5a4d48dd7a6c4c001a2bbca6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the case of http, https, file, and others, once the resource has been retrieved the web browser will display it. HTML and associated content (image files, formatting information such as CSS, etc.) is passed to the browser's layout engine to be transformed from markup to an interactive document, a process known as \"rendering\". Aside from HTML, web browsers can generally display any kind of content that can be part of a web page. Most browsers can display images, audio, video, and XML files, and often have plug-ins to support Flash applications and Java applets. Upon encountering a file of an unsupported type or a file that is set up to be downloaded rather than displayed, the browser prompts the user to save the file to disk."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What can resources have to connect to other resources?", "id": "56e0d2b2231d4119001ac3f0", "answers": [{"text": "hyperlinks", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the browser navigates to the resource indicated by the link's target URI", "answer_start": 152}], "question": "How does a user read URI?", "id": "5a4d4d807a6c4c001a2bbcac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bringing content to the user", "answer_start": 245}], "question": "Why does a computer create hyperlinks?", "id": "5a4d4d807a6c4c001a2bbcad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the browser navigates to the resource indicated by the link's target URI", "answer_start": 152}], "question": "What happens when a hyperlink is created?", "id": "5a4d4d807a6c4c001a2bbcae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the browser navigates to the resource indicated by the link's target URI", "answer_start": 152}], "question": "What makes a computer take longer to find information?", "id": "5a4d4d807a6c4c001a2bbcaf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the process of bringing content to the user begins again", "answer_start": 230}], "question": "What happens when a user can't find information?", "id": "5a4d4d807a6c4c001a2bbcb0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Information resources may contain hyperlinks to other information resources. Each link contains the URI of a resource to go to. When a link is clicked, the browser navigates to the resource indicated by the link's target URI, and the process of bringing content to the user begins again."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Features on a browser can range from minimal with little support to what?", "id": "56e0d358231d4119001ac3f6", "answers": [{"text": "rich user interfaces", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When a browser includes a lot of extras, it can be referred to as what?", "id": "56e0d358231d4119001ac3f7", "answers": [{"text": "Internet suites", "answer_start": 334}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does IRC stand for?", "id": "56e0d358231d4119001ac3f8", "answers": [{"text": "Internet Relay Chat", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "minimal, text-based user interfaces with bare-bones support for HTML", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "What are some features that IRC has?", "id": "5a4d4f407a6c4c001a2bbcb6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Internet suites\"", "answer_start": 333}], "question": "What are IRC's sometimes referred to as?", "id": "5a4d4f407a6c4c001a2bbcb7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rich user interfaces supporting a wide variety of file formats and protocols", "answer_start": 118}], "question": "What are some features of HTML?", "id": "5a4d4f407a6c4c001a2bbcb8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "e-mail, Usenet news", "answer_start": 252}], "question": "What are some extra features included in IRC?", "id": "5a4d4f407a6c4c001a2bbcb9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a wide variety of file formats and protocols", "answer_start": 150}], "question": "What does e-mail also support?", "id": "5a4d4f407a6c4c001a2bbcba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Available web browsers range in features from minimal, text-based user interfaces with bare-bones support for HTML to rich user interfaces supporting a wide variety of file formats and protocols. Browsers which include additional components to support e-mail, Usenet news, and Internet Relay Chat (IRC), are sometimes referred to as \"Internet suites\" rather than merely \"web browsers\"."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What does not allow windows to pop up without consent?", "id": "56e0d3c97aa994140058e760", "answers": [{"text": "pop-up blockers", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the user to open multiple information resources at the same time", "answer_start": 29}], "question": "What do all pop-up blockers allow in a window?", "id": "5a4d522e755ab9001a10f3b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "multiple information resources", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "What can be open without the user's consent in a window?", "id": "5a4d522e755ab9001a10f3b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in different tabs of the same window", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "Where do unwanted windows open in a browser?", "id": "5a4d522e755ab9001a10f3b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "either in different browser windows or in different tabs of the same window", "answer_start": 95}], "question": "Where do browsers allow pop-ups to open?", "id": "5a4d522e755ab9001a10f3ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "unwanted windows", "answer_start": 227}], "question": "What do information resources allow to pop-up in a window?", "id": "5a4d522e755ab9001a10f3bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "All major web browsers allow the user to open multiple information resources at the same time, either in different browser windows or in different tabs of the same window. Major browsers also include pop-up blockers to prevent unwanted windows from \"popping up\" without the user's consent."}, {"qas": [{"question": "A computer program that continues the functionality of a browser is called what?", "id": "56e0d451231d4119001ac404", "answers": [{"text": "browser extension", "answer_start": 2}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A browser extension", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What extends development of computer functionality?", "id": "5a4d7cd3755ab9001a10f405", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "extends the functionality of a web browser", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "Why does a computer create a browser extension?", "id": "5a4d7cd3755ab9001a10f406", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the development of browser extensions", "answer_start": 124}], "question": "What does making a computer program support?", "id": "5a4d7cd3755ab9001a10f407", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the development of browser extensions", "answer_start": 124}], "question": "What does every computer program support?", "id": "5a4d7cd3755ab9001a10f408", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "extends the functionality of a web browser", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "What happens when a computer program is created?", "id": "5a4d7cd3755ab9001a10f409", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A browser extension is a computer program that extends the functionality of a web browser. Every major web browser supports the development of browser extensions."}, {"qas": [{"question": "A list of websites a user can click to get back to easy have been what by the user?", "id": "56e0d4e1231d4119001ac408", "answers": [{"text": "bookmarked", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are \"bookmarks\" called in Internet Explorer?", "id": "56e0d4e1231d4119001ac409", "answers": [{"text": "Favorites", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The top browsers have a built-in what?", "id": "56e0d4e1231d4119001ac40a", "answers": [{"text": "feed aggregator", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Firefox does web feeds as what?", "id": "56e0d4e1231d4119001ac40b", "answers": [{"text": "live bookmarks", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Opera feed reader is more what?", "id": "56e0d4e1231d4119001ac40c", "answers": [{"text": "traditional", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Favorites\"", "answer_start": 150}], "question": "What are live bookmarks called in Opera?", "id": "5a4d552d755ab9001a10f3c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "some form of built-in web feed aggregator", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "What is built in to all bookmarks?", "id": "5a4d552d755ab9001a10f3c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "like a folder of bookmarks corresponding to recent entries in the feed", "answer_start": 335}], "question": "How do bookmarks behave in IE?", "id": "5a4d552d755ab9001a10f3c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"live bookmarks\"", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "How are feed aggregators formatted as in Opera?", "id": "5a4d552d755ab9001a10f3c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a more traditional feed reader is included", "answer_start": 417}], "question": "What kind of web pages are included in IE?", "id": "5a4d552d755ab9001a10f3c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Most web browsers can display a list of web pages that the user has bookmarked so that the user can quickly return to them. Bookmarks are also called \"Favorites\" in Internet Explorer. In addition, all major web browsers have some form of built-in web feed aggregator. In Firefox, web feeds are formatted as \"live bookmarks\" and behave like a folder of bookmarks corresponding to recent entries in the feed. In Opera, a more traditional feed reader is included which stores and displays the contents of the feed."}, {"qas": [{"question": "HTTP Secure is supported by what?", "id": "56e0d5117aa994140058e763", "answers": [{"text": "Most browsers", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Cache, download history, cookies, browsing and what else can be quickly deleted in browsers?", "id": "56e0d5117aa994140058e764", "answers": [{"text": "form and search history", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A comparison of browser must be seen to know what?", "id": "56e0d5117aa994140058e765", "answers": [{"text": "current security vulnerabilities", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "HTTP Secure", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "What do most cookies support?", "id": "5a4d569d755ab9001a10f3cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "current security vulnerabilities", "answer_start": 187}], "question": "What does comparing browsing history show about your computer?", "id": "5a4d569d755ab9001a10f3cc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "delete the web cache, download history, form and search history, cookies, and browsing history", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "What does comparison of web browsers offer you to do quickly?", "id": "5a4d569d755ab9001a10f3cd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "see comparison of web browsers", "answer_start": 233}], "question": "How do you know if your web cache is secure?", "id": "5a4d569d755ab9001a10f3ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "HTTP Secure", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "What do most web browser comparisons support?", "id": "5a4d569d755ab9001a10f3cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Most browsers support HTTP Secure and offer quick and easy ways to delete the web cache, download history, form and search history, cookies, and browsing history. For a comparison of the current security vulnerabilities of browsers, see comparison of web browsers."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Quick development of what kind of browsers led to non-standard HTML dialects?", "id": "56e0d561231d4119001ac413", "answers": [{"text": "proprietary web browsers", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Non-standard dialects led to what?", "id": "56e0d561231d4119001ac414", "answers": [{"text": "problems with interoperability", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Modern browser support standards-based and defacto what?", "id": "56e0d561231d4119001ac415", "answers": [{"text": "HTML and XHTML", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "HTML and XHTML should be what by all browsers?", "id": "56e0d561231d4119001ac416", "answers": [{"text": "rendered in the same way", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a very simple version of HTML", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "What did early XHTML support?", "id": "5a4d7b69755ab9001a10f3fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the development of non-standard dialects of HTML", "answer_start": 122}], "question": "What did the rapid development of modern web browsers lead to?", "id": "5a4d7b69755ab9001a10f3fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "problems with interoperability", "answer_start": 183}], "question": "What problems arose after the development of modern web browsers?", "id": "5a4d7b69755ab9001a10f3fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rendered in the same way", "answer_start": 321}], "question": "How should non-standard dialects be treated by all browsers?", "id": "5a4d7b69755ab9001a10f3fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a combination of standards-based and de facto HTML and XHTML", "answer_start": 243}], "question": "What are two things that a simple HTML version supports?", "id": "5a4d7b69755ab9001a10f3ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Early web browsers supported only a very simple version of HTML. The rapid development of proprietary web browsers led to the development of non-standard dialects of HTML, leading to problems with interoperability. Modern web browsers support a combination of standards-based and de facto HTML and XHTML, which should be rendered in the same way by all browsers."}, {"qas": [{"question": "A user interface, UI backend, layout engine and other things are part of what?", "id": "56e0d5d6231d4119001ac41c", "answers": [{"text": "Web browsers", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The layout engine, rendering engine, user interface and other things are components that offer different what of web browsers?", "id": "56e0d5d6231d4119001ac41d", "answers": [{"text": "functionalities", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "user interface, layout engine", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "What are two things that make up a UI backend?", "id": "5a4d7eb1755ab9001a10f40f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "different functionalities of a web browser", "answer_start": 189}], "question": "What does a JavaScript interpreter achieve in a layout engine?", "id": "5a4d7eb1755ab9001a10f410", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "all capabilities of a web browser", "answer_start": 253}], "question": "What do a rendering engine and a user interface create when only used with each other?", "id": "5a4d7eb1755ab9001a10f411", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a user interface, layout engine, rendering engine, JavaScript interpreter, UI backend, networking component", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "What parts of a layout engine make up a data persistence component?", "id": "5a4d7eb1755ab9001a10f412", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "different functionalities", "answer_start": 189}], "question": "What does a user interface achieve when part of a UI backend?", "id": "5a4d7eb1755ab9001a10f413", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Web browsers consist of a user interface, layout engine, rendering engine, JavaScript interpreter, UI backend, networking component and data persistence component. These components achieve different functionalities of a web browser and together provide all capabilities of a web browser."}]}, {"title": "BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What is the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System?", "id": "56e0ebae7aa994140058e7cb", "answers": [{"text": "a Chinese satellite navigation system", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many satellite constellations does the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System have?", "id": "56e0ebae7aa994140058e7cc", "answers": [{"text": "two separate satellite constellations", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the two satellite constellations?", "id": "56e0ebae7aa994140058e7cd", "answers": [{"text": "a limited test system that has been operating since 2000, and a full-scale global navigation system", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long has the limited test system been operating?", "id": "56e0ebae7aa994140058e7ce", "answers": [{"text": "since 2000", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System written in traditional Chinese?", "id": "56e0ebae7aa994140058e7cf", "answers": [{"text": "\u5317\u6597\u885b\u661f\u5c0e\u822a\u7cfb\u7d71", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chinese satellite navigation system", "answer_start": 150}], "question": "What is the Limited Navigation Satellite System?", "id": "5acd2f4507355d001abf3836", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "satellite constellations", "answer_start": 215}], "question": "The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System consists of 3 separate what? ", "id": "5acd2f4507355d001abf3837", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "limited test system", "answer_start": 244}], "question": "What type of system has been operating since 2010?", "id": "5acd2f4507355d001abf3838", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a full-scale global navigation system", "answer_start": 304}], "question": "Which system is no longer under construction?", "id": "5acd2f4507355d001abf3839", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS, simplified Chinese: \u5317\u6597\u536b\u661f\u5bfc\u822a\u7cfb\u7edf; traditional Chinese: \u5317\u6597\u885b\u661f\u5c0e\u822a\u7cfb\u7d71; pinyin: B\u011bid\u01d2u w\u00e8ix\u012bng d\u01ceoh\u00e1ng x\u00ect\u01d2ng) is a Chinese satellite navigation system. It consists of two separate satellite constellations \u2013 a limited test system that has been operating since 2000, and a full-scale global navigation system that is currently under construction."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the first BeiDou system called?", "id": "56e0ec76231d4119001ac44e", "answers": [{"text": "the BeiDou Satellite Navigation Experimental System", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does the BeiDou-1 operate for?", "id": "56e0ec76231d4119001ac44f", "answers": [{"text": "mainly for customers in China and neighboring regions", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for the BeiDou Satellite Navigation Experimental System?", "id": "56e0ec76231d4119001ac450", "answers": [{"text": "BeiDou-1", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many satellites does the BeiDou-1 have?", "id": "56e0ec76231d4119001ac451", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long has the BeiDou-1 been operating?", "id": "56e0ec76231d4119001ac452", "answers": [{"text": "since 2000", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BeiDou", "answer_start": 10}], "question": "Which system has been offering services to customers in China since 1997?", "id": "5acd303507355d001abf3870", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the BeiDou Satellite Navigation Experimental System", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "What system is also known as BeiDou-2?", "id": "5acd303507355d001abf3871", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "limited coverage and applications.", "answer_start": 275}], "question": "BeiDou-1 consists of 7 satellites and offers what? ", "id": "5acd303507355d001abf3872", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BeiDou-1", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "What system offers services to customers in and around Peru?", "id": "5acd303507355d001abf3873", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The first BeiDou system, officially called the BeiDou Satellite Navigation Experimental System (simplified Chinese: \u5317\u6597\u536b\u661f\u5bfc\u822a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7cfb\u7edf; traditional Chinese: \u5317\u6597\u885b\u661f\u5c0e\u822a\u8a66\u9a57\u7cfb\u7d71; pinyin: B\u011bid\u01d2u w\u00e8ix\u012bng d\u01ceoh\u00e1ng sh\u00ecy\u00e0n x\u00ect\u01d2ng) and also known as BeiDou-1, consists of three satellites and offers limited coverage and applications. It has been offering navigation services, mainly for customers in China and neighboring regions, since 2000."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the second generation of BDS?", "id": "56e0f1b0231d4119001ac48a", "answers": [{"text": "BeiDou Navigation Satellite System", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System?", "id": "56e0f1b0231d4119001ac48b", "answers": [{"text": "COMPASS or BeiDou-2", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many satellites will the BeiDou-2 have?", "id": "56e0f1b0231d4119001ac48c", "answers": [{"text": "35", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the BeiDou-2 begin construction?", "id": "56e0f1b0231d4119001ac48d", "answers": [{"text": "January 2015", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the BeiDou-2 begin operating?", "id": "56e0f1b0231d4119001ac48e", "answers": [{"text": "December 2011", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BeiDou Navigation Satellite System", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "Which system is under construction until May 2017? ", "id": "5acd30f207355d001abf389a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BeiDou Navigation Satellite System", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "Which system is also known as COMPANION or BeiDou-23?", "id": "5acd30f207355d001abf389b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BeiDou Navigation Satellite System", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "Which system has been operating in China since December 2012?", "id": "5acd30f207355d001abf389c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10", "answer_start": 321}], "question": "BeiDou-1 has how many satellites in use?", "id": "5acd30f207355d001abf389d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 423}], "question": "BeiDou-2 began offering services to customers in South America in what year?", "id": "5acd30f207355d001abf389e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The second generation of the system, officially called the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and also known as COMPASS or BeiDou-2, will be a global satellite navigation system consisting of 35 satellites, and is under construction as of January 2015[update]. It became operational in China in December 2011, with 10 satellites in use, and began offering services to customers in the Asia-Pacific region in December 2012. It is planned to begin serving global customers upon its completion in 2020."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did China begin constructing the third BeiDou system?", "id": "56e0f2db231d4119001ac4c0", "answers": [{"text": "mid 2015", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the third BeiDou system called?", "id": "56e0f2db231d4119001ac4c1", "answers": [{"text": "BDS-3", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the first BDS-3 satellite launched?", "id": "56e0f2db231d4119001ac4c2", "answers": [{"text": "30 September 2015", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many BDS-3 satellites have been launched?", "id": "56e0f2db231d4119001ac4c3", "answers": [{"text": "4", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BDS-3", "answer_start": 79}], "question": "Which system did China start building in March of 2017?", "id": "5acd32be07355d001abf38f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BDS-3 satellite", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "Which satellite was first launched on September 27th, 2015?", "id": "5acd32be07355d001abf38f1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "March", "answer_start": 188}], "question": "As of which month during 2016 were there 17 BDS-3 satellites in orbit?", "id": "5acd32be07355d001abf38f2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mid 2015", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did Africa begin constructing the third BeiDou system?", "id": "5acd32be07355d001abf38f3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "How many BDS-20 satellites have been launched?", "id": "5acd32be07355d001abf38f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In-mid 2015, China started the build-up of the third generation BeiDou system (BDS-3) in the global coverage constellation. The first BDS-3 satellite was launched 30 September 2015. As of March 2016, 4 BDS-3 in-orbit validation satellites have been launched."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How long ago was the BeiDou Satellite System first launched?", "id": "56e0fb457aa994140058e863", "answers": [{"text": "Fifteen years", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much revenue for companies is generated by the BDS system?", "id": "56e0fb457aa994140058e864", "answers": [{"text": "$31.5 billion", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some companies that profit from the BDS system?", "id": "56e0fb457aa994140058e865", "answers": [{"text": "China Aerospace Science and Industry Corp, AutoNavi Holdings Ltd, and China North Industries Group Corp.", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Fifteen years", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "How long ago was the BlueDynamite Satellite System first launched?", "id": "5acd331d07355d001abf3920", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$31.5 billion", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "How much revenue for companies is generated by the ABC system?", "id": "5acd331d07355d001abf3921", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "China Aerospace Science and Industry Corp, AutoNavi Holdings Ltd, and China North Industries Group Corp.", "answer_start": 144}], "question": "What are some companies that experience losses from the BDS system?", "id": "5acd331d07355d001abf3922", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$31.5 billion", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "17 years after it's launch, how much does the satellite system generate in profit?", "id": "5acd331d07355d001abf3923", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to China daily. Fifteen years after the satellite system was launched, it is now generating $31.5 billion for major companies such as China Aerospace Science and Industry Corp, AutoNavi Holdings Ltd, and China North Industries Group Corp."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System named after?", "id": "56e0fca4231d4119001ac53e", "answers": [{"text": "the Big Dipper constellation", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Big Dipper constellation known as in Chinese?", "id": "56e0fca4231d4119001ac53f", "answers": [{"text": "B\u011bid\u01d2u", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does B\u011bid\u01d2u translate as?", "id": "56e0fca4231d4119001ac540", "answers": [{"text": "Northern Dipper", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who named the constellation B\u011bid\u01d2u?", "id": "56e0fca4231d4119001ac541", "answers": [{"text": "ancient Chinese astronomers", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the B\u011bid\u01d2u constellation used for?", "id": "56e0fca4231d4119001ac542", "answers": [{"text": "to locate the North Star Polaris", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BeiDou Navigation Satellite System", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "Which Satellite System is named after the Little Dipper?", "id": "5acd33c007355d001abf3932", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "B\u011bid\u01d2u", "answer_start": 156}], "question": "What is the Big Dipper constellation known as in Japanese?", "id": "5acd33c007355d001abf3933", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Northern Dipper", "answer_start": 190}], "question": "What does Yu\u00e8li\u00e0ng translate as?", "id": "5acd33c007355d001abf3934", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to locate the North Star Polaris", "answer_start": 371}], "question": "What was the Little Dipper constellation used for?", "id": "5acd33c007355d001abf3935", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "B\u011bid\u01d2u", "answer_start": 156}], "question": "Ancient anthropologists named the constellation what?", "id": "5acd33c007355d001abf3936", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The official English name of the system is BeiDou Navigation Satellite System. It is named after the Big Dipper constellation, which is known in Chinese as B\u011bid\u01d2u. The name literally means \"Northern Dipper\", the name given by ancient Chinese astronomers to the seven brightest stars of the Ursa Major constellation. Historically, this set of stars was used in navigation to locate the North Star Polaris. As such, the name BeiDou also serves as a metaphor for the purpose of the satellite navigation system."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who first came up with the idea for a Chinese satellite navigation system?", "id": "56e0fd33231d4119001ac54c", "answers": [{"text": "Chen Fangyun and his colleagues", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Chen Fangyun come up with the idea for a satellite navigation system?", "id": "56e0fd33231d4119001ac54d", "answers": [{"text": "in the 1980s", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The China National Space Administration said the satellite navigation system would be developed in how many steps?", "id": "56e0fd33231d4119001ac54e", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chen Fangyun and his colleagues", "answer_start": 76}], "question": "Who first came up with the idea for a Japanese satellite navigation system?", "id": "5acd345807355d001abf3946", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1980s", "answer_start": 115}], "question": "When did Chen Fangyun come up with the idea for an ocean navigation system?", "id": "5acd345807355d001abf3947", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 230}], "question": "The American National Space Administration said the satellite navigation system would be developed in how many steps?", "id": "5acd345807355d001abf3948", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "satellite navigation system", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "What idea did Chen Fangyun come up with in 1924?", "id": "5acd345807355d001abf3949", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "China National Space Administration", "answer_start": 139}], "question": "Who said the system would be developed in four total steps?", "id": "5acd345807355d001abf394a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The original idea of a Chinese satellite navigation system was conceived by Chen Fangyun and his colleagues in the 1980s. According to the China National Space Administration, the development of the system would be carried out in three steps:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the first satellite launched for the system?", "id": "56e0fdc8231d4119001ac558", "answers": [{"text": "BeiDou-1A", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was BeiDou-1A launched?", "id": "56e0fdc8231d4119001ac559", "answers": [{"text": "20 December 2000", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the third satellite launched for the system?", "id": "56e0fdc8231d4119001ac55a", "answers": [{"text": "BeiDou-1C", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the purpose of launching the BeiDou-1C satellite?", "id": "56e0fdc8231d4119001ac55b", "answers": [{"text": "a backup satellite", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the BeiDou-1C satellite launched?", "id": "56e0fdc8231d4119001ac55c", "answers": [{"text": "25 May 2003", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BeiDou-1A", "answer_start": 21}], "question": "What was the name of the eighth satellite launched for the system?", "id": "5acd353307355d001abf3950", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "30 October 2000", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "When was BeiDou-1D launched?", "id": "5acd353307355d001abf3951", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BeiDou-1C", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "What was the name of the third submarine launched for the system?", "id": "5acd353307355d001abf3952", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "25 May 2003", "answer_start": 183}], "question": "When was the BeiDou-1C rocket launched?", "id": "5acd353307355d001abf3953", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "30 October 2000", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "The unsuccessful launch of BeiDou-1E happened when?", "id": "5acd353307355d001abf3954", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The first satellite, BeiDou-1A, was launched on 30 October 2000, followed by BeiDou-1B on 20 December 2000. The third satellite, BeiDou-1C (a backup satellite), was put into orbit on 25 May 2003. The successful launch of BeiDou-1C also meant the establishment of the BeiDou-1 navigation system."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did China announce service plans for the BeiDou system?", "id": "56e10245e3433e1400422a96", "answers": [{"text": "2 November 2006", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the accuracy range that China promised to offer in 2008 with the BeiDou system?", "id": "56e10245e3433e1400422a97", "answers": [{"text": "10 meters", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the timing and speed that China promised to offer in 2008 with the BeiDou system?", "id": "56e10245e3433e1400422a98", "answers": [{"text": "timing of 0.2 microseconds, and speed of 0.2 meters/second", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10 meters", "answer_start": 106}], "question": "China would offer a closed service with an accuracy of what?", "id": "5acd35ea07355d001abf3964", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "open service with an accuracy of 10 meters, timing of 0.2 microseconds, and speed of 0.2 meters/second", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "Japan announced what on November 2nd, 2006? ", "id": "5acd35ea07355d001abf3965", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "0.2 microseconds", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "Japan promised a timing speed of what with its open service?", "id": "5acd35ea07355d001abf3966", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "0.2 meters/second.", "answer_start": 158}], "question": "Japan promised a speed of what with its open service?", "id": "5acd35ea07355d001abf3967", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "open service with an accuracy of 10 meters, timing of 0.2 microseconds, and speed of 0.2 meters/second", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "China announced what on November 22nd, 2006? ", "id": "5acd35ea07355d001abf3968", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On 2 November 2006, China announced that from 2008 BeiDou would offer an open service with an accuracy of 10 meters, timing of 0.2 microseconds, and speed of 0.2 meters/second.[citation needed]"}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the fourth satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?", "id": "56e1030ae3433e1400422a9c", "answers": [{"text": "February 2007", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the fourth BeiDou-1 satellite?", "id": "56e1030ae3433e1400422a9d", "answers": [{"text": "BeiDou-1D", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the BeiDou-1D satellite sometimes called?", "id": "56e1030ae3433e1400422a9e", "answers": [{"text": "BeiDou-2A", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the purpose of the BeiDou-1D satellite?", "id": "56e1030ae3433e1400422a9f", "answers": [{"text": "serving as a backup satellite", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to the BeiDou-1D satellite that needed to be repaired?", "id": "56e1030ae3433e1400422aa0", "answers": [{"text": "a control system malfunction", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "February", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In which month of 2007 was the fifth satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?", "id": "5acd36d207355d001abf396e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BeiDou-1D", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "What is the official name of the fifth BeiDou-2 satellite?", "id": "5acd36d207355d001abf396f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BeiDou-1D", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "Which satellite serves as a front-end satellite?", "id": "5acd36d207355d001abf3970", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BeiDou-1D", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "Which satellite is sometimes called BeiDou-2C?", "id": "5acd36d207355d001abf3971", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "control system", "answer_start": 222}], "question": "According to reports, the satellite had issues with what system and was never fully restored?", "id": "5acd36d207355d001abf3972", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In February 2007, the fourth and last satellite of the BeiDou-1 system, BeiDou-1D (sometimes called BeiDou-2A, serving as a backup satellite), was sent up into space. It was reported that the satellite had suffered from a control system malfunction but was then fully restored."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the first satellite for the BeiDou-2 system launched?", "id": "56e103f6e3433e1400422ab0", "answers": [{"text": "April 2007", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the the first satellite for the BeiDou-2 system called?", "id": "56e103f6e3433e1400422ab1", "answers": [{"text": "Compass-M1", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the second satellite for the BeiDou-2 system launched?", "id": "56e103f6e3433e1400422ab3", "answers": [{"text": "15 April 2009", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the third satellite for the BeiDou-2 system launched?", "id": "56e103f6e3433e1400422ab4", "answers": [{"text": "17 January 2010", "answer_start": 452}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "April", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "BeiDou-X was put into orbit during which month of 2007?", "id": "5acd3a1e07355d001abf3990", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "August", "answer_start": 655}], "question": "BeiDou-z was put into orbit during which month of 2007?", "id": "5acd3a1e07355d001abf3991", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "April", "answer_start": 242}], "question": "BeiDou-Y33 was put into orbit during which month of 2007?", "id": "5acd3a1e07355d001abf3992", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "January", "answer_start": 455}], "question": "BeiJang-X was put into orbit during which month of 2007?", "id": "5acd3a1e07355d001abf3993", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "November", "answer_start": 693}], "question": "SweiDou-X was put into orbit during which month of 2007?", "id": "5acd3a1e07355d001abf3994", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In April 2007, the first satellite of BeiDou-2, namely Compass-M1 (to validate frequencies for the BeiDou-2 constellation) was successfully put into its working orbit. The second BeiDou-2 constellation satellite Compass-G2 was launched on 15 April 2009. On 15 January 2010, the official website of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System went online, and the system's third satellite (Compass-G1) was carried into its orbit by a Long March 3C rocket on 17 January 2010. On 2 June 2010, the fourth satellite was launched successfully into orbit. The fifth orbiter was launched into space from Xichang Satellite Launch Center by an LM-3I carrier rocket on 1 August 2010. Three months later, on 1 November 2010, the sixth satellite was sent into orbit by LM-3C. Another satellite, the Beidou-2/Compass IGSO-5 (fifth inclined geosynchonous orbit) satellite, was launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center by a Long March-3A on 1 December 2011 (UTC)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How much was China going to invest in the European Galileo positioning system project?", "id": "56e10514e3433e1400422ad4", "answers": [{"text": "\u20ac230 million (USD296 million, GBP160 million)", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2003, what was the planned purpose of the BeiDou navigation system?", "id": "56e10514e3433e1400422ad5", "answers": [{"text": "only be used by its armed forces", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did China join the Galileo project?", "id": "56e10514e3433e1400422ad6", "answers": [{"text": "October 2004", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was China Galileo Industries (CGI) founded?", "id": "56e10514e3433e1400422ad7", "answers": [{"text": "December 2004", "answer_start": 722}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said in 2008 that China was unsatisfied with its involvement in the Galileo project?", "id": "56e10514e3433e1400422ad8", "answers": [{"text": "the Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post", "answer_start": 856}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u20ac230 million", "answer_start": 108}], "question": "In January 2015, China was set to invest how much in Galileo over the following years?", "id": "5acd3b1f07355d001abf39a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "USD296 million", "answer_start": 122}], "question": "How many million USD is equivalent to 160 million rupees? ", "id": "5acd3b1f07355d001abf39a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Agreement on the Cooperation in the Galileo Program", "answer_start": 380}], "question": "Which agreement did Japan sign to join the Galileo project officially?", "id": "5acd3b1f07355d001abf39a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sino-European Cooperation Agreement on Galileo program", "answer_start": 550}], "question": "Which program says CGI founded in 2008? ", "id": "5acd3b1f07355d001abf39a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "eleven", "answer_start": 752}], "question": "By April of 2006, how many cooperation projects between Japan and EU had been signed?", "id": "5acd3b1f07355d001abf39a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In September 2003, China intended to join the European Galileo positioning system project and was to invest \u20ac230 million (USD296 million, GBP160 million) in Galileo over the next few years. At the time, it was believed that China's \"BeiDou\" navigation system would then only be used by its armed forces. In October 2004, China officially joined the Galileo project by signing the Agreement on the Cooperation in the Galileo Program between the \"Galileo Joint Undertaking\" (GJU) and the \"National Remote Sensing Centre of China\" (NRSCC). Based on the Sino-European Cooperation Agreement on Galileo program, China Galileo Industries (CGI), the prime contractor of the China\u2019s involvement in Galileo programs, was founded in December 2004. By April 2006, eleven cooperation projects within the Galileo framework had been signed between China and EU. However, the Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post reported in January 2008 that China was unsatisfied with its role in the Galileo project and was to compete with Galileo in the Asian market."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the BeiDou-1?", "id": "56e105afcd28a01900c67449", "answers": [{"text": "an experimental regional navigation system", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The BeiDou-1 is made up of how may satellites?", "id": "56e105afcd28a01900c6744a", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many satellites in the BeiDou-1 system is used for back up?", "id": "56e105afcd28a01900c6744b", "answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the BeiDou-1 system satellites based on?", "id": "56e105afcd28a01900c6744c", "answers": [{"text": "the Chinese DFH-3 geostationary communications satellite", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did each satellite for the BeiDou-1 system weigh?", "id": "56e105afcd28a01900c6744d", "answers": [{"text": "1,000 kilograms (2,200 pounds) each", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BeiDou-1", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Which navigational system is regional and consists of five satellites? ", "id": "5acd3c4d07355d001abf39b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "satellites", "answer_start": 147}], "question": "The launch weight of what was over 3,000 pounds? ", "id": "5acd3c4d07355d001abf39b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 120}], "question": "BeiDou-1 consists of four working satellites and how many backups?", "id": "5acd3c4d07355d001abf39ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "BeiDou-1 consists of four backup satellites and how many working satellites?", "id": "5acd3c4d07355d001abf39bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BeiDou-1", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Which navigational system is national and consists of four satellites? ", "id": "5acd3c4d07355d001abf39bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "BeiDou-1 is an experimental regional navigation system, which consists of four satellites (three working satellites and one backup satellite). The satellites themselves were based on the Chinese DFH-3 geostationary communications satellite and had a launch weight of 1,000 kilograms (2,200 pounds) each."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What type of satellites does the American GPS system use?", "id": "56e106b3e3433e1400422af0", "answers": [{"text": "medium Earth orbit satellites", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of satellites does the BeiDou-1 system use?", "id": "56e106b3e3433e1400422af1", "answers": [{"text": "satellites in geostationary orbit", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the purpose of the BeiDou-1 system using stallites in geostationary orbit?", "id": "56e106b3e3433e1400422af2", "answers": [{"text": "the system does not require a large constellation of satellites", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What service area is covered by the BeiDou-1 system?", "id": "56e106b3e3433e1400422af3", "answers": [{"text": "from longitude 70\u00b0E to 140\u00b0E and from latitude 5\u00b0N to 55\u00b0N", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the frequency of the BeiDou-1 system?", "id": "56e106b3e3433e1400422af4", "answers": [{"text": "2491.75 MHz", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "medium Earth orbit satellites", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "BeiDou-1, along with American GPS, use which type of satellites? ", "id": "5acd3eef07355d001abf3a24", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "medium Earth orbit satellites", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "BeiDou-1, along with Russian GLONASS, use which type of satellites? ", "id": "5acd3eef07355d001abf3a25", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "medium Earth orbit satellites", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "BeiDou-1, along with European Galileo systems, use which type of satellites? ", "id": "5acd3eef07355d001abf3a26", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2491.75 MHz", "answer_start": 449}], "question": "Which is a frequency of the vehicular system?", "id": "5acd3eef07355d001abf3a27", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "satellites in geostationary orbit.", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "Although, BeiDou-1 uses medium Earth orbit satellites, American GPS systems use which kind?", "id": "5acd3eef07355d001abf3a28", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Unlike the American GPS, Russian GLONASS, and European Galileo systems, which use medium Earth orbit satellites, BeiDou-1 uses satellites in geostationary orbit. This means that the system does not require a large constellation of satellites, but it also limits the coverage to areas on Earth where the satellites are visible. The area that can be serviced is from longitude 70\u00b0E to 140\u00b0E and from latitude 5\u00b0N to 55\u00b0N. A frequency of the system is 2491.75 MHz."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the first satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?", "id": "56e10745cd28a01900c6745f", "answers": [{"text": "October 31, 2000", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first satellite for the BeiDou-1 system called?", "id": "56e10745cd28a01900c67460", "answers": [{"text": "BeiDou-1A", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the second satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?", "id": "56e10745cd28a01900c67461", "answers": [{"text": "December 21, 2000", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the second satellite for the BeiDou-1 system called?", "id": "56e10745cd28a01900c67462", "answers": [{"text": "BeiDou-1B", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the last satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?", "id": "56e10745cd28a01900c67463", "answers": [{"text": "May 25, 2003", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 235}], "question": "In what year was the fifth and final satellite launched? ", "id": "5acd3f4f07355d001abf3a38", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "May", "answer_start": 227}], "question": "In what month was the fourth and final satellite launched?", "id": "5acd3f4f07355d001abf3a39", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2000", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "In what year was the first satellite, BeiDou-1C, launched?", "id": "5acd3f4f07355d001abf3a3a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "October", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "In what month was the first satellite, BeiDou-1X, launched?", "id": "5acd3f4f07355d001abf3a3b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2000", "answer_start": 141}], "question": "The second satellite was named BeiDou-12b and was launched in December of what year?", "id": "5acd3f4f07355d001abf3a3c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The first satellite, BeiDou-1A, was launched on October 31, 2000. The second satellite, BeiDou-1B, was successfully launched on December 21, 2000. The last operational satellite of the constellation, BeiDou-1C, was launched on May 25, 2003."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In 2007, what was the reported resolution of the BeiDou system?", "id": "56e108e7cd28a01900c67487", "answers": [{"text": "as high as 0.5 metres", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the calibrated accuracy of the BeiDou system?", "id": "56e108e7cd28a01900c67488", "answers": [{"text": "20m", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the uncalibrated accuracy of the BeiDou system?", "id": "56e108e7cd28a01900c67489", "answers": [{"text": "100m", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who reported the resolution of the BeiDou system in 2007?", "id": "56e108e7cd28a01900c6748a", "answers": [{"text": "the official Xinhua News Agency", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Xinhua News Agency", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "According to which news agency was the BeiDou resolution as high as .7 metres?", "id": "5acd414c07355d001abf3a92", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "0.5 metres", "answer_start": 106}], "question": "In 2008, the XinHuang News Agency reported the resolution of the BeiDou System as how high?", "id": "5acd414c07355d001abf3a93", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "20m", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "There are no terminals, but the calibration accuracy is still what? ", "id": "5acd414c07355d001abf3a94", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Xinhua News Agency", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "According to which news agency was the BeiDou-1X monitor resolution as high as .08 metres?", "id": "5acd414c07355d001abf3a95", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "100m", "answer_start": 199}], "question": "What is the uncalibrated accuracy of the BeiDou second generation system?", "id": "5acd414c07355d001abf3a96", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2007, the official Xinhua News Agency reported that the resolution of the BeiDou system was as high as 0.5 metres. With the existing user terminals it appears that the calibrated accuracy is 20m (100m, uncalibrated)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How much did a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost in 2008?", "id": "56e109accd28a01900c67497", "answers": [{"text": "around CN\u00a520,000RMB (US$2,929)", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much more did a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost than a current GPS terminal?", "id": "56e109accd28a01900c67498", "answers": [{"text": "almost 10 times the price", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why is a BeiDou-1 ground terminal so expensive?", "id": "56e109accd28a01900c67499", "answers": [{"text": "due to the cost of imported microchips", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the ELEXCON fair held in 2009?", "id": "56e109accd28a01900c6749a", "answers": [{"text": "Shenzhen", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was presented at the ELEXCON fair in 2009?", "id": "56e109accd28a01900c6749b", "answers": [{"text": "a BeiDou terminal priced at CN\u00a53,000RMB", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what year was the price of a BeiDou-1 ground terminal $250 USD?", "id": "5acd427007355d001abf3ad4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "imported microchips", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "The price of the port was a result of the cost of what?", "id": "5acd427007355d001abf3ad5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "terminals", "answer_start": 148}], "question": "The price of what was a result of imported macro chips?", "id": "5acd427007355d001abf3ad6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "terminals", "answer_start": 148}], "question": "The price of what was a result of the price of motherboards?", "id": "5acd427007355d001abf3ad7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "China High-Tech Fair ELEXCON", "answer_start": 228}], "question": "Where was there a terminal priced over CNY2,000RMB?", "id": "5acd427007355d001abf3ad8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2008, a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost around CN\u00a520,000RMB (US$2,929), almost 10 times the price of a contemporary GPS terminal. The price of the terminals was explained as being due to the cost of imported microchips. At the China High-Tech Fair ELEXCON of November 2009 in Shenzhen, a BeiDou terminal priced at CN\u00a53,000RMB was presented."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who is the chief designer of the BeiDou navigation system?", "id": "56e10a27cd28a01900c674ab", "answers": [{"text": "Sun Jiadong", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Sun Jiadong have to say about the BeiDou navigation system?", "id": "56e10a27cd28a01900c674ac", "answers": [{"text": "\"Many organizations have been using our system for a while, and they like it very much.\"", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is Sun Jiadong?", "id": "56e10a27cd28a01900c674ad", "answers": [{"text": "the chief designer of the navigation system", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sun Jiadong", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "Who says that many organizations dislike the system?", "id": "5acd440307355d001abf3b32", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "using our system for a while,", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "Moon Jiadong says that many organizations have been doing what?", "id": "5acd440307355d001abf3b33", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "they like it very much", "answer_start": 135}], "question": "According to the CEO, how do many organizations feel about the system?", "id": "5acd440307355d001abf3b34", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sun Jiadong", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "Who is quoted as saying not many organizations have used the system?", "id": "5acd440307355d001abf3b35", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to Sun Jiadong, the chief designer of the navigation system, \"Many organizations have been using our system for a while, and they like it very much.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the BeiDou-2 system previously known as?", "id": "56e10ac2cd28a01900c674b9", "answers": [{"text": "COMPASS", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How may satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have?", "id": "56e10ac2cd28a01900c674ba", "answers": [{"text": "35", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many geostationary orbit satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have?", "id": "56e10ac2cd28a01900c674bb", "answers": [{"text": "5", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many non-geostationary orbit satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have?", "id": "56e10ac2cd28a01900c674bc", "answers": [{"text": "30", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the purpose of the geostationary orbit satellites in the BeiDou-2 system?", "id": "56e10ac2cd28a01900c674bd", "answers": [{"text": "for backward compatibility with BeiDou-1", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "COMPASS", "answer_start": 28}], "question": "What was BeiDou-3 formerly known as?", "id": "5acd449507355d001abf3b56", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BeiDou-2", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "MAPS is the former name of which satellite?", "id": "5acd449507355d001abf3b57", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The new system", "answer_start": 115}], "question": "Which system will consist of 40 satellites? ", "id": "5acd449507355d001abf3b58", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "30", "answer_start": 265}], "question": "The old system will consist of how many non-geostationary satellites satellites?", "id": "5acd449507355d001abf3b59", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "BeiDou-2 (formerly known as COMPASS) is not an extension to the older BeiDou-1, but rather supersedes it outright. The new system will be a constellation of 35 satellites, which include 5 geostationary orbit satellites for backward compatibility with BeiDou-1, and 30 non-geostationary satellites (27 in medium Earth orbit and 3 in inclined geosynchronous orbit), that will offer complete coverage of the globe."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are the ranging signals of the BeiDou system based on?", "id": "56e10dbdcd28a01900c674e1", "answers": [{"text": "the CDMA principle", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What positioning levels will the BeiDou system offer?", "id": "56e10dbdcd28a01900c674e2", "answers": [{"text": "open and restricted (military)", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where will the public service for the BeiDou system be available?", "id": "56e10dbdcd28a01900c674e3", "answers": [{"text": "globally to general users", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who designed the COMPASS navigation system?", "id": "56e10dbdcd28a01900c674e4", "answers": [{"text": "Sun Jiadong", "answer_start": 617}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many satellites will the COMPASS navigation system use?", "id": "56e10dbdcd28a01900c674e5", "answers": [{"text": "75+ satellites", "answer_start": 412}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ranging signals", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "Which signals are based on the ABCD principle? ", "id": "5acd455207355d001abf3b88", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CDMA principle", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "The ranging signals have a simple structure and are based on which principle? ", "id": "5acd455207355d001abf3b89", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "complex", "answer_start": 61}], "question": "The ranging signals, based on the Galileo principle, have what type of structure?", "id": "5acd455207355d001abf3b8a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sun Jiadong", "answer_start": 617}], "question": "Who designed the COMPASS international trade system? ", "id": "5acd455207355d001abf3b8b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BeiDou navigation system", "answer_start": 696}], "question": "Which system is the predecessor of the GNSS system?", "id": "5acd455207355d001abf3b8c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The ranging signals are based on the CDMA principle and have complex structure typical of Galileo or modernized GPS. Similar to the other GNSS, there will be two levels of positioning service: open and restricted (military). The public service shall be available globally to general users. When all the currently planned GNSS systems are deployed, the users will benefit from the use of a total constellation of 75+ satellites, which will significantly improve all the aspects of positioning, especially availability of the signals in so-called urban canyons. The general designer of the COMPASS navigation system is Sun Jiadong, who is also the general designer of its predecessor, the original BeiDou navigation system."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What types of services will be offered by the BeiDou system?", "id": "56e10ed0cd28a01900c674f5", "answers": [{"text": "a free service to civilians and licensed service to the Chinese government and military", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the range of accuracy for the free service offered to civilians?", "id": "56e10ed0cd28a01900c674f6", "answers": [{"text": "10-meter location-tracking accuracy", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the range of accuracy for the licensed service used by Chinese government and military?", "id": "56e10ed0cd28a01900c674f7", "answers": [{"text": "10 centimetres", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As of right now, who uses the licensed military service?", "id": "56e10ed0cd28a01900c674f8", "answers": [{"text": "the People's Liberation Army and to the Military of Pakistan", "answer_start": 522}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is something the licensed military service can be used for?", "id": "56e10ed0cd28a01900c674f9", "answers": [{"text": "communication", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "licensed service to the Chinese government", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "Aside from the charged service to civilians, what is the other level of service provided?", "id": "5acd460607355d001abf3ba4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "free service to civilians", "answer_start": 45}], "question": "Aside from the licensed service to Japanese civilians, what is the other level of service provided?", "id": "5acd460607355d001abf3ba5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10-meter location-tracking accuracy, synchronizes clocks with an accuracy of 10 nanoseconds, and measures speeds to within 0.2 m/s.", "answer_start": 164}], "question": "The paid civilian service offers which features? ", "id": "5acd460607355d001abf3ba6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10 centimetres", "answer_start": 355}], "question": "The service licensed to Japanese government has a location accuracy of what?", "id": "5acd460607355d001abf3ba7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10", "answer_start": 164}], "question": "The paid civilian service has a location tracking accuracy of how many meters?", "id": "5acd460607355d001abf3ba8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "There are two levels of service provided \u2014 a free service to civilians and licensed service to the Chinese government and military. The free civilian service has a 10-meter location-tracking accuracy, synchronizes clocks with an accuracy of 10 nanoseconds, and measures speeds to within 0.2 m/s. The restricted military service has a location accuracy of 10 centimetres, can be used for communication, and will supply information about the system status to the user. To date, the military service has been granted only to the People's Liberation Army and to the Military of Pakistan."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many frequencies does the COMPASS system use?", "id": "56e10feecd28a01900c67513", "answers": [{"text": "four bands", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the four bands of frequencies used by the COMPASS system called?", "id": "56e10feecd28a01900c67514", "answers": [{"text": "E1, E2, E5B, and E6", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which frequency bands are most likely to cause issues of inter-system interference with the Galileo system?", "id": "56e10feecd28a01900c67515", "answers": [{"text": "E1 and E2", "answer_start": 278}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which bands are used by the Galileo system for their public service?", "id": "56e10feecd28a01900c67516", "answers": [{"text": "E1 and E2", "answer_start": 278}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, who is given higher priority to a specific frequency band?", "id": "56e10feecd28a01900c67517", "answers": [{"text": "the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency", "answer_start": 426}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "Frequencies for COMPASS overlap with Genesis and are allocated in how many bands?", "id": "5acd46c207355d001abf3bc2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chinese", "answer_start": 740}], "question": "Which countries satellites will transmit in E3 before Galileo satellites?", "id": "5acd46c207355d001abf3bc3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chinese", "answer_start": 740}], "question": "Which countries satellites will transmit in E3 before COMPASS satellites?", "id": "5acd46c207355d001abf3bc4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "Frequencies for NASA are allocated in how many bands?", "id": "5acd46c207355d001abf3bc5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "E6", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "Aside from B3, E1 and E34, what is the other band of frequency used by COMPASS?", "id": "5acd46c207355d001abf3bc6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands: E1, E2, E5B, and E6 and overlap with Galileo. The fact of overlapping could be convenient from the point of view of the receiver design, but on the other hand raises the issues of inter-system interference, especially within E1 and E2 bands, which are allocated for Galileo's publicly regulated service. However, under International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency will have priority to that frequency, and any subsequent users will be required to obtain permission prior to using that frequency, and otherwise ensure that their broadcasts do not interfere with the original nation's broadcasts. It now appears that Chinese COMPASS satellites will start transmitting in the E1, E2, E5B, and E6 bands before Europe's Galileo satellites and thus have primary rights to these frequency ranges."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How much information about the COMPASS system did Chinese authorities release?", "id": "56e113edcd28a01900c67569", "answers": [{"text": "little was officially announced", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one thing launching the first COMPASS satellite enable researchers to do?", "id": "56e113edcd28a01900c6756a", "answers": [{"text": "to study general characteristics of the signals", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another thing launching the first COMPASS satellite enable researchers to do?", "id": "56e113edcd28a01900c6756b", "answers": [{"text": "to build a COMPASS receiver", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "little", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "How much information  about the new system's signals was released by Japanese authorities? ", "id": "5acd475b07355d001abf3be8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "COMPASS receiver", "answer_start": 255}], "question": "What type of receiver did FBI researchers build?", "id": "5acd475b07355d001abf3be9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "general characteristics of the signals, but even to build a COMPASS receiver", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "The launch of the third COMPASS satellite allowed for researchers to do what?", "id": "5acd475b07355d001abf3bea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "little", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "How much information did Taiwanese authorities announce about the old system's signals?", "id": "5acd475b07355d001abf3beb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Although little was officially announced by Chinese authorities about the signals of the new system, the launch of the first COMPASS satellite permitted independent researchers not only to study general characteristics of the signals, but even to build a COMPASS receiver."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Compass-M1 satellite launched?", "id": "56e1161ccd28a01900c67579", "answers": [{"text": "14 April 2007", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite?", "id": "56e1161ccd28a01900c6757a", "answers": [{"text": "for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite is similar to the purpose of what other satellite?", "id": "56e1161ccd28a01900c6757b", "answers": [{"text": "the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the altitude of the Compass-M1 satellite?", "id": "56e1161ccd28a01900c6757c", "answers": [{"text": "21,150 km", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the inclination of the Compass-M1 satellite?", "id": "56e1161ccd28a01900c6757d", "answers": [{"text": "55.5 degrees", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "April", "answer_start": 118}], "question": "Compass-L1 is an experimental satellite launched during which month of 2007?", "id": "5acd4a1c07355d001abf3c14", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 124}], "question": "Compass-L1 is an experimental satellite launched during which year?", "id": "5acd4a1c07355d001abf3c15", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "14 April 2007", "answer_start": 115}], "question": "Compass-L1 is an experimental satellite launched on what day?", "id": "5acd4a1c07355d001abf3c16", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "GIOVE satellites", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "What satellites role is the Compass-L3 similar to?", "id": "5acd4a1c07355d001abf3c17", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "21,150", "answer_start": 299}], "question": "Compass M-1 has a square orbit and an altitude of how many KM?", "id": "5acd4a1c07355d001abf3c18", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Compass-M1 is an experimental satellite launched for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing on 14 April 2007. The role of Compass-M1 for Compass is similar to the role of the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system. The orbit of Compass-M1 is nearly circular, has an altitude of 21,150 km and an inclination of 55.5 degrees."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What frequency bands does Compass-M1 transmit in?", "id": "56e11911e3433e1400422bd4", "answers": [{"text": "E2, E5B, and E6", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the phase shift of the sub-signals detected in each frequency band used by  Compass-M1?", "id": "56e11911e3433e1400422bd5", "answers": [{"text": "90 degrees (in quadrature)", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the two sub-signals in each frequency band referred to as?", "id": "56e11911e3433e1400422bd6", "answers": [{"text": "\"I\" and \"Q\"", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the intended purpose of the \"I\" component?", "id": "56e11911e3433e1400422bd7", "answers": [{"text": "likely to be intended for the open service", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the intended purpose of the \"Q\" component?", "id": "56e11911e3433e1400422bd8", "answers": [{"text": "probably intended for the restricted service", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "In how many bands does Nerf-M1 transmit in?", "id": "5acd4b5007355d001abf3c38", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "E2, E5B, and E6", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "What bands does Compass-M3 transmit in?", "id": "5acd4b5007355d001abf3c39", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "How many coherent sub-signals have been detected in each orbit?", "id": "5acd4b5007355d001abf3c3a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Q\" components", "answer_start": 326}], "question": "Which components have much shorter codes and are most likely intended for the restricted service?", "id": "5acd4b5007355d001abf3c3b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "100", "answer_start": 563}], "question": "IQ modulation has been the only method in wired technology since how many years ago?", "id": "5acd4b5007355d001abf3c3c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Compass-M1 transmits in 3 bands: E2, E5B, and E6. In each frequency band two coherent sub-signals have been detected with a phase shift of 90 degrees (in quadrature). These signal components are further referred to as \"I\" and \"Q\". The \"I\" components have shorter codes and are likely to be intended for the open service. The \"Q\" components have much longer codes, are more interference resistive, and are probably intended for the restricted service. IQ modulation has been the method in both wired and wireless digital modulation since morsetting carrier signal 100 years ago."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the investigation of the signals transmitted by Compass -M1 begin?", "id": "56e11a26e3433e1400422be6", "answers": [{"text": "immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did engineers at CNES report in June 2007?", "id": "56e11a26e3433e1400422be7", "answers": [{"text": "the spectrum and structure of the signals", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who reported the complete decoding of the \u201cI\u201d signals components?", "id": "56e11a26e3433e1400422be8", "answers": [{"text": "researchers from Stanford University", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who built the COMPASS receiver?", "id": "56e11a26e3433e1400422be9", "answers": [{"text": "a group of engineers at Septentrio", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the purpose of building the COMPASS receiver?", "id": "56e11a26e3433e1400422bea", "answers": [{"text": "report tracking and multipath characteristics of the \u201cI\u201d signals on E2 and E5B", "answer_start": 428}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "April", "answer_start": 103}], "question": "In what month of 2008 was Compass-M1 launched?", "id": "5acd4be307355d001abf3c4c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "In March of what year was Compass-M1 launched?", "id": "5acd4be307355d001abf3c4d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u201cI\u201d signals components", "answer_start": 300}], "question": "Yale University researchers decoded what?", "id": "5acd4be307355d001abf3c4e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "COMPASS receiver", "answer_start": 407}], "question": "Knowing the codes allowed Stanford researchers to build which receiver? ", "id": "5acd4be307355d001abf3c4f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tracking and multipath characteristics of the \u201cI\u201d signals on E2 and E5B", "answer_start": 435}], "question": "Knowing the codes allowed Stanford researchers to build the NERF receiver and report what? ", "id": "5acd4be307355d001abf3c50", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The investigation of the transmitted signals started immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007. Soon after in June 2007, engineers at CNES reported the spectrum and structure of the signals. A month later, researchers from Stanford University reported the complete decoding of the \u201cI\u201d signals components. The knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at Septentrio to build the COMPASS receiver and report tracking and multipath characteristics of the \u201cI\u201d signals on E2 and E5B."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the difference between the \"I\" signals on E2 and E5B and the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C)?", "id": "56e11abce3433e1400422bf8", "answers": [{"text": "Compass signals have somewhat greater power", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"I\" signals on E2 and E5B", "answer_start": 23}], "question": "Which signals characteristics are usually similar to private military codes of GPS?", "id": "5acd4cd507355d001abf3c68", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "power", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "Compass signals are known to have lesser what?", "id": "5acd4cd507355d001abf3c69", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "first", "answer_start": 415}], "question": "The Japanese notation can be found in which row on the table?", "id": "5acd4cd507355d001abf3c6a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "first", "answer_start": 415}], "question": "Even though the Chinese notation is the same, it can be found on which row of the table?", "id": "5acd4cd507355d001abf3c6b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Characteristics of the \"I\" signals on E2 and E5B are generally similar to the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C), but Compass signals have somewhat greater power. The notation of Compass signals used in this page follows the naming of the frequency bands and agrees with the notation used in the American literature on the subject, but the notation used by the Chinese seems to be different and is quoted in the first row of the table."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Compass system begin operation on a trial bases?", "id": "56e11bbce3433e1400422c0e", "answers": [{"text": "December 2011", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Compass system begin offering navigation, positioning and timing data to China and nearby locations?", "id": "56e11bbce3433e1400422c0f", "answers": [{"text": "27 December", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What will improve the positioning accuracy of the Compass system?", "id": "56e11bbce3433e1400422c10", "answers": [{"text": "as more satellites are launched", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Upon launching, the Compass system, what was the location accuracy promised to users?", "id": "56e11bbce3433e1400422c11", "answers": [{"text": "accurate to the nearest 10 m", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Upon launching, the Compass system, what was the speed promised to users?", "id": "56e11bbce3433e1400422c12", "answers": [{"text": "within 0.2 m per second", "answer_start": 480}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "During which month of 2013 did the system begin a trial operation?", "id": "5acd4db307355d001abf3c84", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "In what year did the system finish its trial run?", "id": "5acd4db307355d001abf3c85", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December", "answer_start": 184}], "question": "The system began charging China and surrounding areas in what month?", "id": "5acd4db307355d001abf3c86", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "25", "answer_start": 267}], "question": "During the trial period, within how many meters was the NSEW system's positioning accuracy?", "id": "5acd4db307355d001abf3c87", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10 m", "answer_start": 459}], "question": "After official launch, the system declined to offer customers positioning information accurate to the nearest what?", "id": "5acd4db307355d001abf3c88", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In December 2011, the system went into operation on a trial basis. It has started providing navigation, positioning and timing data to China and the neighbouring area for free from 27 December. During this trial run, Compass will offer positioning accuracy to within 25 meters, but the precision will improve as more satellites are launched. Upon the system's official launch, it pledged to offer general users positioning information accurate to the nearest 10 m, measure speeds within 0.2 m per second, and provide signals for clock synchronisation accurate to 0.02 microseconds."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the BeiDou-2 system start offering services?", "id": "56e11c2bcd28a01900c675e1", "answers": [{"text": "December 2012", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the BeiDou-2 system start offering services in 2012?", "id": "56e11c2bcd28a01900c675e2", "answers": [{"text": "the Asia-Pacific region", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At the time when BeiDou-2 system began offering services, what was the positioning data the system was able to provide?", "id": "56e11c2bcd28a01900c675e3", "answers": [{"text": "between longitude 55\u00b0E to 180\u00b0E and from latitude 55\u00b0S to 55\u00b0N", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "During which month of 2015 did the BeiDou-3 system begin offering services to Japan?", "id": "5acd4e4b07355d001abf3c98", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 84}], "question": "In October of what year did services for the Asia-Pacific region begin?", "id": "5acd4e4b07355d001abf3c99", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "55\u00b0S to 55\u00b0N", "answer_start": 196}], "question": "The system was able to provide positioning data between 55 E to 180 E longitude and ______ latitude? ", "id": "5acd4e4b07355d001abf3c9a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "55\u00b0E to 180\u00b0E", "answer_start": 164}], "question": "The system was able to provide positioning data between 55 S to 55 N latitude and ______ longitude?", "id": "5acd4e4b07355d001abf3c9b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Asia-Pacific region", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "Where did the BeiDou-X system begin offering services in December of 2012?", "id": "5acd4e4b07355d001abf3c9c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The BeiDou-2 system began offering services for the Asia-Pacific region in December 2012. At this time, the system could provide positioning data between longitude 55\u00b0E to 180\u00b0E and from latitude 55\u00b0S to 55\u00b0N."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Beidou system begin operating in China?", "id": "56e11d89e3433e1400422c20", "answers": [{"text": "December 2011", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is it projected that the global navigation system will be finished?", "id": "56e11d89e3433e1400422c21", "answers": [{"text": "by 2020", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As of December 2012, how many satellites had been launched for the BeiDou-2 system?", "id": "56e11d89e3433e1400422c22", "answers": [{"text": "16", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of the 16 satellites launched for the BeiDou-2 system, how many are operational?", "id": "56e11d89e3433e1400422c23", "answers": [{"text": "14", "answer_start": 548}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "During which month of 2012 did the system begin operations in China?", "id": "5acd4eab07355d001abf3cac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "During June of what year did the system begin operations in China?", "id": "5acd4eab07355d001abf3cad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what month did the system begin operations in Japan?", "id": "5acd4eab07355d001abf3cae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "In what year did the system begin operations in Japan?", "id": "5acd4eab07355d001abf3caf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "16 satellites", "answer_start": 501}], "question": "How many satellites have been launched as of November, 2013?", "id": "5acd4eab07355d001abf3cb0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In December 2011, Xinhua stated that \"[t]he basic structure of the Beidou system has now been established, and engineers are now conducting comprehensive system test and evaluation. The system will provide test-run services of positioning, navigation and time for China and the neighboring areas before the end of this year, according to the authorities.\" The system became operational in the China region that same month. The global navigation system should be finished by 2020. As of December 2012, 16 satellites for BeiDou-2 have been launched, 14 of them are in service."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Compass-M1 satellite launced?", "id": "56e11e2fcd28a01900c675fb", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many satellites were launched from 2009-2011?", "id": "56e11e2fcd28a01900c675fc", "answers": [{"text": "nine", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was achieved by launching 9 additional satellites from 2009-2011?", "id": "56e11e2fcd28a01900c675fd", "answers": [{"text": "functional regional coverage", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many satellites were launched since 2007?", "id": "56e11e2fcd28a01900c675fe", "answers": [{"text": "16", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "When was the second satellite of the first generation system launched? ", "id": "5acd4f4c07355d001abf3cc0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "When was the first satellite of the third generation launched?", "id": "5acd4f4c07355d001abf3cc1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "16", "answer_start": 198}], "question": "How many satellites were removed from orbit during this time?", "id": "5acd4f4c07355d001abf3cc2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nine", "answer_start": 113}], "question": "How many satellites were launched between 2005 and 2007?", "id": "5acd4f4c07355d001abf3cc3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Compass-M1", "answer_start": 53}], "question": "What is the name of the second generation satellite of the first system?", "id": "5acd4f4c07355d001abf3cc4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The first satellite of the second-generation system, Compass-M1 was launched in 2007. It was followed by further nine satellites during 2009-2011, achieving functional regional coverage. A total of 16 satellites were launched during this phase."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When did the BeiDou system begin transitioning to global coverage?", "id": "56e11f7bcd28a01900c6760d", "answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the BeiDou system begin transitioning to global coverage?", "id": "56e11f7bcd28a01900c6760e", "answers": [{"text": "with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "During what year did the system begin transformation towards serving China only?", "id": "5acd4fd107355d001abf3cca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "new-generation of satellites", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "What did the system first launch in 2013?", "id": "5acd4fd107355d001abf3ccb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "global", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "In 2007, the system began transforming towards providing what type of coverage?", "id": "5acd4fd107355d001abf3ccc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "The system began its transition towards national coverage during which year?", "id": "5acd4fd107355d001abf3ccd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2015, the system began its transition towards global coverage with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites, and the 17th one within the new system."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched?", "id": "56e1207fcd28a01900c6761f", "answers": [{"text": "July 25, 2015", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched from?", "id": "56e1207fcd28a01900c67620", "answers": [{"text": "the Xichang Satellite Launch Center", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched with?", "id": "56e1207fcd28a01900c67621", "answers": [{"text": "Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Expedition-1?", "id": "56e1207fcd28a01900c67622", "answers": [{"text": "an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "July", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "During which month of 2007 was the 18th satellite launched?", "id": "5acd507907355d001abf3cdc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "July", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "During which month of 2017 was the 19th satellite launched?", "id": "5acd507907355d001abf3cdd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "In which year was the 20th satellite launched?", "id": "5acd507907355d001abf3cde", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Xichang Satellite Launch Center", "answer_start": 83}], "question": "Where were the 2nd and 3rd satellites launched from?", "id": "5acd507907355d001abf3cdf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "This marked the third time China launched how many satellites at once? ", "id": "5acd507907355d001abf3ce0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On July 25, 2015, the 18th and 19th satellites were successfully launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center, marking the first time for China to launch two satellites at once on top of a Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket. The Expedition-1 is an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What will the three latest satellites provide after testing?", "id": "56e12219e3433e1400422c58", "answers": [{"text": "navigation services", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of testing will be performed on the three latest satellites?", "id": "56e12219e3433e1400422c59", "answers": [{"text": "testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many satellites will be used to test a new system of navigation signaling?", "id": "56e12219e3433e1400422c5a", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "Four of the newest satellites will undergo what?", "id": "5acd514807355d001abf3d0c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "navigation signaling and inter-satellite links", "answer_start": 76}], "question": "The satellites will individually undergo testing of an old system of what?", "id": "5acd514807355d001abf3d0d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "navigation services", "answer_start": 144}], "question": "The three newest terminals will start providing what type of services when ready?", "id": "5acd514807355d001abf3d0e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "How many satellites will undergo separate testing for new signaling units?", "id": "5acd514807355d001abf3d0f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "How many terminals will be undergo testing of the new system?", "id": "5acd514807355d001abf3d10", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The three latest satellites will jointly undergo testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links, and start providing navigation services when ready."}]}, {"title": "Canon_law", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What is the name for the rules issued by the heads of the Church?", "id": "56e0f09d231d4119001ac476", "answers": [{"text": "Canon law", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what type of religion are canon laws applicable?", "id": "56e0f09d231d4119001ac477", "answers": [{"text": "Christian", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which institutions make up the Catholic Church?", "id": "56e0f09d231d4119001ac478", "answers": [{"text": "Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What body was first responsible for creating canon?", "id": "56e0f09d231d4119001ac479", "answers": [{"text": "church council", "answer_start": 606}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does canon law consist of?", "id": "56e0f09d231d4119001ac47a", "answers": [{"text": "canons", "answer_start": 628}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canon law", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the name of rules made by lay people of the church?", "id": "5a21c9378a6e4f001aa08ebe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Catholic Church", "answer_start": 226}], "question": "What church is made up of the Latin and Western Catholic churches", "id": "5a21c9378a6e4f001aa08ebf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canon law", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "All religions are governed by what rules?", "id": "5a21c9378a6e4f001aa08ec0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canon law", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was originally adopted by the Pope?", "id": "5a21c9378a6e4f001aa08ec1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion", "answer_start": 293}], "question": "Throughout what three bodies is canon law interpreted the same way?", "id": "5a21c9378a6e4f001aa08ec2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion. The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council; these canons formed the foundation of canon law."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the Greek term for canon?", "id": "56e0f150231d4119001ac480", "answers": [{"text": "kanon", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Hebrew term for canon?", "id": "56e0f150231d4119001ac481", "answers": [{"text": "kaneh", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Arabic term meaning canon?", "id": "56e0f150231d4119001ac482", "answers": [{"text": "Qanun", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the common definition of the word canon as it appears in Greek, Arabic and Hebrew?", "id": "56e0f150231d4119001ac483", "answers": [{"text": "reed", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which English term is derived from the same root as the Greek, Arabic and Hebrew words for canon?", "id": "56e0f150231d4119001ac484", "answers": [{"text": "cane", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "reed", "answer_start": 170}], "question": "What is kanon the Hebrew word for?", "id": "5a21ca7d8a6e4f001aa08ec8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "reed", "answer_start": 170}], "question": "What is Kaneh the Greek word for?", "id": "5a21ca7d8a6e4f001aa08ec9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Greek kanon / Ancient Greek: \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd, Arabic Qanun / \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646, Hebrew kaneh / \u05e7\u05e0\u05d4, \"straight\"; a rule, code, standard, or measure; the root meaning in all these languages is \"reed\" (cf. the Romance-language ancestors of the English word \"cane\")."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many ancient canons exist in the Eastern Church?", "id": "56e0f1e7231d4119001ac4a8", "answers": [{"text": "eighty-five", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many ancient canons exist in the Western Church?", "id": "56e0f1e7231d4119001ac4a9", "answers": [{"text": "fifty", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another term for Apostolic Canons?", "id": "56e0f1e7231d4119001ac4aa", "answers": [{"text": "Ecclesiastical Canons", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the First Council of Nicaea held?", "id": "56e0f1e7231d4119001ac4ab", "answers": [{"text": "325", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Greek definition of \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u1f60\u03bd?", "id": "56e0f1e7231d4119001ac4ac", "answers": [{"text": "a rule", "answer_start": 489}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ecclesiastical decrees", "answer_start": 99}], "question": "What does the Western church have eighty-five of?", "id": "5a21cd298a6e4f001aa08ed6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ecclesiastical decrees", "answer_start": 99}], "question": "What does the Eastern church have fifty of?", "id": "5a21cd298a6e4f001aa08ed7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Apostolic Canons", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What is made up of a collection of ecclesiastical decrees and cannons?", "id": "5a21cd298a6e4f001aa08ed8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "disciplinary measures of the Church", "answer_start": 413}], "question": "What did the Ante-Nicene fathers call cannons?", "id": "5a21cd298a6e4f001aa08ed9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "First Council of Nicaea", "answer_start": 366}], "question": "What Council met in 325 BC?", "id": "5a21cd298a6e4f001aa08eda", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees (eighty-five in the Eastern, fifty in the Western Church) concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church, incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea (325) calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church: the term canon, \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u1f60\u03bd, means in Greek, a rule. There is a very early distinction between the rules enacted by the Church and the legislative measures taken by the State called leges, Latin for laws."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who enforces canon law in Catholicism?", "id": "56e0f2d87aa994140058e7ff", "answers": [{"text": "the Church's hierarchical authorities", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name for the collection of formal rules in Catholicism?", "id": "56e0f2d87aa994140058e800", "answers": [{"text": "canon law", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does management of canon law aim to regulate?", "id": "56e0f2d87aa994140058e801", "answers": [{"text": "external organization and government", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is canon law's purpose with respect to members of the Catholic Church?", "id": "56e0f2d87aa994140058e802", "answers": [{"text": "order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Catholic Church", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "In what church is canon law used to regulate internal organizations?", "id": "5a21cdcc8a6e4f001aa08ee0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the mission of the Church", "answer_start": 248}], "question": "What mission this Canon law directly activities of all Christians towards?", "id": "5a21cdcc8a6e4f001aa08ee1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "canon law", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "What is the name of the collection of informal rules in Catholicism?", "id": "5a21cdcc8a6e4f001aa08ee2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "canon law", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "What law is enforced by individual parishes?", "id": "5a21cdcc8a6e4f001aa08ee3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the Catholic Church, canon law is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the Church's hierarchical authorities to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is another name for the collections of other Catholic churches led by the Supreme Pontiff?", "id": "56e0f3907aa994140058e807", "answers": [{"text": "rites", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many major rites exist?", "id": "56e0f3907aa994140058e808", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the leader of the Roman Catholic Church?", "id": "56e0f3907aa994140058e809", "answers": [{"text": "the Supreme Pontiff", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term characterizes the intersection of the rites with the Roman Catholic Church?", "id": "56e0f3907aa994140058e80a", "answers": [{"text": "full union", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which denomination is led by the Supreme Pontiff?", "id": "56e0f3907aa994140058e80b", "answers": [{"text": "Roman Catholic", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "How many rights are there net Eastern Catholic church?", "id": "5a21ce718a6e4f001aa08ef2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rites", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "What is another name for the collection of Catholic churches led by the College of Cardinals?", "id": "5a21ce718a6e4f001aa08ef3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "How many rights are not a full union with the Roman Catholic Church?", "id": "5a21ce718a6e4f001aa08ef4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Supreme Pontiff", "answer_start": 154}], "question": "Who leads all Christian churches?", "id": "5a21ce718a6e4f001aa08ef5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Roman Catholic Church canon law also includes the main five rites (groups) of churches which are in full union with the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Pontiff:"}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are the permanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?", "id": "56e0f5fc231d4119001ac4da", "answers": [{"text": "immutable divine and natural law", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the impermanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?", "id": "56e0f5fc231d4119001ac4db", "answers": [{"text": "changeable circumstantial and merely positive law", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is given to the universal positive law of the Roman Catholic Church by its leader?", "id": "56e0f5fc231d4119001ac4dc", "answers": [{"text": "formal authority and promulgation", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the pope's official title?", "id": "56e0f5fc231d4119001ac4dd", "answers": [{"text": "Supreme Pontiff", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What three divisions of power often found in government does the pope hold?", "id": "56e0f5fc231d4119001ac4de", "answers": [{"text": "legislative, executive, and judicial", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "immutable divine and natural law", "answer_start": 79}], "question": "What are the permanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law in all Christian churches?", "id": "5a21cf998a6e4f001aa08efa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "changeable circumstantial and merely positive law", "answer_start": 116}], "question": "What are the impermanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law in all Christian churches?", "id": "5a21cf998a6e4f001aa08efb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "formal authority and promulgation", "answer_start": 174}], "question": "What do all church leaders give to the universal positive law of the Roman Catholic Church?", "id": "5a21cf998a6e4f001aa08efc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Supreme Pontiff", "answer_start": 240}], "question": "What is the official title of all Cardinals?", "id": "5a21cf998a6e4f001aa08efd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "legislative, executive, and judicial power", "answer_start": 282}], "question": "What three powers usually found in government are held by the Pope and College of Cardinals?", "id": "5a21cf998a6e4f001aa08efe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law, or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law, derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person. The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What entity believes itself to have the longest standing internal mechanism of laws in Western Europe?", "id": "56e0f735231d4119001ac4f6", "answers": [{"text": "The Catholic Church", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a legal system older than Catholic law?", "id": "56e0f735231d4119001ac4f7", "answers": [{"text": "Roman law", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term for laws produced at the Council of Jerusalem?", "id": "56e0f735231d4119001ac4f8", "answers": [{"text": "canons", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Council of Jerusalem held?", "id": "56e0f735231d4119001ac4f9", "answers": [{"text": "first century", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Apart from the Old and New Testaments, which other cultures influenced canon?", "id": "56e0f735231d4119001ac4fa", "answers": [{"text": "Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "continuously functioning internal legal system", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "What does the Catholic Church claim to be the oldest of in the world?", "id": "5a21d0bb8a6e4f001aa08f04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "canons", "answer_start": 242}], "question": "What laws predate both Roman law and European civil law traditions?", "id": "5a21d0bb8a6e4f001aa08f05", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions", "answer_start": 449}], "question": "What legal traditions were not included in early canons?", "id": "5a21d0bb8a6e4f001aa08f06", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Council of Jerusalem", "answer_start": 282}], "question": "What counsel was held in the first century BC", "id": "5a21d0bb8a6e4f001aa08f07", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions. What began with rules (\"canons\") adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Which period followed the jus antiquum?", "id": "56e0f7c3231d4119001ac507", "answers": [{"text": "the jus novum", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most recent era of Latin canon law?", "id": "56e0f7c3231d4119001ac509", "answers": [{"text": "the Code of Canon Law", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name for the time preceding the Code of Canon Law?", "id": "56e0f7c3231d4119001ac50a", "answers": [{"text": "the jus vetus", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "four periods", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "How many periods can Greek canon law be divided into?", "id": "5a21d1d58a6e4f001aa08f16", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Latin canon law", "answer_start": 15}], "question": "What is the jus antiquum the most recent era of?", "id": "5a21d1d58a6e4f001aa08f17", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Code", "answer_start": 231}], "question": "What did Jus novum precede?", "id": "5a21d1d58a6e4f001aa08f18", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Code", "answer_start": 231}], "question": "What did jus vetus follow?", "id": "5a21d1d58a6e4f001aa08f19", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The history of Latin canon law can be divided into four periods: the jus antiquum, the jus novum, the jus novissimum and the Code of Canon Law. In relation to the Code, history can be divided into the jus vetus (all law before the Code) and the jus novum (the law of the Code, or jus codicis)."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what ways did the Eastern Catholic Churches's legal systems vary from those of the west?", "id": "56e0f8717aa994140058e845", "answers": [{"text": "different disciplines and practices", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What led to the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches?", "id": "56e0f8717aa994140058e846", "answers": [{"text": "process of codification", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the law of the Eastern Catholic Churches promoted?", "id": "56e0f8717aa994140058e847", "answers": [{"text": "1990", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who sponsored the promulgation of Eastern Catholic Church laws?", "id": "56e0f8717aa994140058e848", "answers": [{"text": "Pope John Paul II", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the formal version of laws ruling the Eastern Catholic Churches?", "id": "56e0f8717aa994140058e849", "answers": [{"text": "the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "disciplines and practices", "answer_start": 83}], "question": "What did the Easter and Western Catholic church have in common?", "id": "5a21d27f8a6e4f001aa08f1e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1990", "answer_start": 224}], "question": "When was the coded canons of the Western churches promulgated?", "id": "5a21d27f8a6e4f001aa08f1f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pope John Paul II", "answer_start": 232}], "question": "Who promulgated the code of canons for the Western churches?", "id": "5a21d27f8a6e4f001aa08f20", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches", "answer_start": 170}], "question": "What was the informal version of laws the Eastern Catholic churches?", "id": "5a21d27f8a6e4f001aa08f21", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The canon law of the Eastern Catholic Churches, which had developed some different disciplines and practices, underwent its own process of codification, resulting in the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches promulgated in 1990 by Pope John Paul II."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What profesional roles from secular law does the Catholic Church also employ?", "id": "56e0f9657aa994140058e84f", "answers": [{"text": "lawyers, judges", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is not present in the Catholic legal system as compared with non-religious law?", "id": "56e0f9657aa994140058e850", "answers": [{"text": "civilly-binding force", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does J.C.B. stand for?", "id": "56e0f9657aa994140058e851", "answers": [{"text": "Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the English equivalent of the term abbreviated by J.C.B.?", "id": "56e0f9657aa994140058e852", "answers": [{"text": "Bachelor of Canon Law", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Latin term for Licentiate of Canon Law?", "id": "56e0f9657aa994140058e853", "answers": [{"text": "Juris Canonici Licentiatus", "answer_start": 406}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "legal system", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "What is not fully developed in the Catholic Church?", "id": "5a21d3708a6e4f001aa08f30", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "civilly-binding", "answer_start": 203}], "question": "What kind of binding forces does the Catholic Church have that are not in most secular jurisdictions?", "id": "5a21d3708a6e4f001aa08f31", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the J.C.B. (Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus, Bachelor of Canon Law,", "answer_start": 294}], "question": "What is one of the non-academic degrees in Canon law?", "id": "5a21d3708a6e4f001aa08f32", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "degrees in civil law or theology", "answer_start": 564}], "question": "What are usually not pre-request for studying canon law?", "id": "5a21d3708a6e4f001aa08f33", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "It is a fully developed legal system, with all the necessary elements: courts, lawyers, judges, a fully articulated legal code principles of legal interpretation, and coercive penalties, though it lacks civilly-binding force in most secular jurisdictions. The academic degrees in canon law are the J.C.B. (Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus, Bachelor of Canon Law, normally taken as a graduate degree), J.C.L. (Juris Canonici Licentiatus, Licentiate of Canon Law) and the J.C.D. (Juris Canonici Doctor, Doctor of Canon Law). Because of its specialized nature, advanced degrees in civil law or theology are normal prerequisites for the study of canon law."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What ancient law served as the precursor to the type of legislation seen in the Roman Catholics?", "id": "56e0fb7b231d4119001ac530", "answers": [{"text": "Roman Law Code of Justinian", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What word characterizes the type of procedure found in American and British courts?", "id": "56e0fb7b231d4119001ac531", "answers": [{"text": "adversarial", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term characterizes the type of procedure used in Roman Church courts?", "id": "56e0fb7b231d4119001ac532", "answers": [{"text": "inquisitorial", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the English meaning of inquirere?", "id": "56e0fb7b231d4119001ac533", "answers": [{"text": "to enquire", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "legislative style", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "What was adapted from the Roman law code of Julius Caesar?", "id": "5a21d4c68a6e4f001aa08f38", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ecclesiastical", "answer_start": 99}], "question": "What courts follow the room and law style found in Eurasia?", "id": "5a21d4c68a6e4f001aa08f39", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "common law system of English and U.S. law", "answer_start": 413}], "question": "What other law system do ecclesiastical courts share an adversarial form with?", "id": "5a21d4c68a6e4f001aa08f3a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "single judges", "answer_start": 497}], "question": "What do ecclesiastical courts have rather then collegiate panels of judges?", "id": "5a21d4c68a6e4f001aa08f3b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Much of the legislative style was adapted from the Roman Law Code of Justinian. As a result, Roman ecclesiastical courts tend to follow the Roman Law style of continental Europe with some variation, featuring collegiate panels of judges and an investigative form of proceeding, called \"inquisitorial\", from the Latin \"inquirere\", to enquire. This is in contrast to the adversarial form of proceeding found in the common law system of English and U.S. law, which features such things as juries and single judges."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What continent's laws developed alongside those of the Church?", "id": "56e101c8cd28a01900c67419", "answers": [{"text": "Europe", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which types of law can elements of canon law be seen?", "id": "56e101c8cd28a01900c6741a", "answers": [{"text": "modern civil law and common law", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who stated that Church law can be seen in the growth of civil law institutions?", "id": "56e101c8cd28a01900c6741b", "answers": [{"text": "Edson Luiz Sampel", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two regions does Sampel cite as examples of the influence of canon law?", "id": "56e101c8cd28a01900c6741c", "answers": [{"text": "Europe and Latin American", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Sampel claim had a great impact on?", "id": "56e101c8cd28a01900c6741d", "answers": [{"text": "contemporary society", "answer_start": 463}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "canon law", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "What law paralleled the legal development of Europe and Latin America?", "id": "5a21d5c18a6e4f001aa08f40", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "canon law", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "What was influenced by civil law and common law?", "id": "5a21d5c18a6e4f001aa08f41", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Edson Luiz Sampel", "answer_start": 199}], "question": "Who said that Canon law has little influence in contemporary society?", "id": "5a21d5c18a6e4f001aa08f42", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "canon law", "answer_start": 188}], "question": "What is contained in various institutions of Europe and Asia?", "id": "5a21d5c18a6e4f001aa08f43", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The institutions and practices of canon law paralleled the legal development of much of Europe, and consequently both modern civil law and common law (legal system) bear the influences of canon law. Edson Luiz Sampel, a Brazilian expert in canon law, says that canon law is contained in the genesis of various institutes of civil law, such as the law in continental Europe and Latin American countries. Sampel explains that canon law has significant influence in contemporary society."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What school of thought serves as a model for canon theory?", "id": "56e102b7cd28a01900c6742b", "answers": [{"text": "Aristotelian-Thomistic", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which philosopher is quoted by the Catechism?", "id": "56e102b7cd28a01900c6742c", "answers": [{"text": "Aquinas", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What word is not specifically given meaning in the Code of the Church?", "id": "56e102b7cd28a01900c6742d", "answers": [{"text": "law", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Aquinas define as the aim toward which law is working?", "id": "56e102b7cd28a01900c6742e", "answers": [{"text": "the common good", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term expresses the idea of law derived from Aquinas as interpreted by the Catechism?", "id": "56e102b7cd28a01900c6742f", "answers": [{"text": "a rule of conduct", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canonical jurisprudential theory", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What generally follows the principles of Aristotle and Plato?", "id": "5a21d6a68a6e4f001aa08f52", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Aquinas", "answer_start": 215}], "question": "Which philosopher quoted the catechism?", "id": "5a21d6a68a6e4f001aa08f53", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "law", "answer_start": 126}], "question": "What term is explicitly defined in the code?", "id": "5a21d6a68a6e4f001aa08f54", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an ordinance of reason", "answer_start": 246}], "question": "What does Aquinas say is working towards the good of the church?", "id": "5a21d6a68a6e4f001aa08f55", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Canonical jurisprudential theory generally follows the principles of Aristotelian-Thomistic legal philosophy. While the term \"law\" is never explicitly defined in the Code, the Catechism of the Catholic Church cites Aquinas in defining law as \"...an ordinance of reason for the common good, promulgated by the one who is in charge of the community\" and reformulates it as \"...a rule of conduct enacted by competent authority for the sake of the common good.\""}, {"qas": [{"question": "Prior to 1917, what church was in a similar situation as the Eastern Catholic Churches as regards its legal system?", "id": "56e1039be3433e1400422aa6", "answers": [{"text": "the Latin or Western Church", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was different about the Eastern Churches compared with the Western?", "id": "56e1039be3433e1400422aa7", "answers": [{"text": "more diversity in legislation", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was still a main factor in the Eastern Church laws?", "id": "56e1039be3433e1400422aa8", "answers": [{"text": "custom", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Pius XI announce his goal of codifying the law of all Eastern Churches?", "id": "56e1039be3433e1400422aa9", "answers": [{"text": "1929", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what time period were the Codes for Eastern Churches made available, prior to the final version?", "id": "56e1039be3433e1400422aaa", "answers": [{"text": "1949 through 1958", "answer_start": 528}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eastern Catholic Churches", "answer_start": 15}], "question": "Who is in much the same state as the Latin church after 1917?", "id": "5a21d7a58a6e4f001aa08f5a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "diversity in legislation", "answer_start": 154}], "question": "What was the same in the Eastern and Western church prior to 1917?", "id": "5a21d7a58a6e4f001aa08f5b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1929", "answer_start": 310}], "question": "When did Pius IX announced his goal of codifying the law of all Eastern churches?", "id": "5a21d7a58a6e4f001aa08f5c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Codes for the Eastern Churches", "answer_start": 451}], "question": "What was finalized in 1958?", "id": "5a21d7a58a6e4f001aa08f5d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Codes for the Eastern Churches regarding the law of persons", "answer_start": 451}], "question": "What is still waiting to be finalized?", "id": "5a21d7a58a6e4f001aa08f5e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The law of the Eastern Catholic Churches in full union with Rome was in much the same state as that of the Latin or Western Church before 1917; much more diversity in legislation existed in the various Eastern Catholic Churches. Each had its own special law, in which custom still played an important part. In 1929 Pius XI informed the Eastern Churches of his intention to work out a Code for the whole of the Eastern Church. The publication of these Codes for the Eastern Churches regarding the law of persons was made between 1949 through 1958 but finalized nearly 30 years later."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the original Code of Canon Law published?", "id": "56e1040ecd28a01900c6743d", "answers": [{"text": "1917", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For which part of the Roman Catholic Church was the first Code published?", "id": "56e1040ecd28a01900c6743e", "answers": [{"text": "the Roman Rite", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what years was the Second Vatican Council held?", "id": "56e1040ecd28a01900c6743f", "answers": [{"text": "1962 - 1965", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For whom was a new edition of canon law released in 1983?", "id": "56e1040ecd28a01900c67440", "answers": [{"text": "the Roman Rite", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the first Code produced for Eastern Churches?", "id": "56e1040ecd28a01900c67441", "answers": [{"text": "1990", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "first Code of Canon Law", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What was published prior to 1917?", "id": "5a21d8428a6e4f001aa08f64", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1917", "answer_start": 29}], "question": "When was the code of Canon Law written for all five rates?", "id": "5a21d8428a6e4f001aa08f65", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Second Vatican Council", "answer_start": 122}], "question": "What counsel ended in 1962?", "id": "5a21d8428a6e4f001aa08f66", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "another edition", "answer_start": 165}], "question": "What was published specifically for the Eastern right in 1983?", "id": "5a21d8428a6e4f001aa08f67", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1990,", "answer_start": 251}], "question": "When was the second coat of Eastern Catholic canon law published?", "id": "5a21d8428a6e4f001aa08f68", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The first Code of Canon Law, 1917, was mostly for the Roman Rite, with limited application to the Eastern Churches. After the Second Vatican Council, (1962 - 1965), another edition was published specifically for the Roman Rite in 1983. Most recently, 1990, the Vatican produced the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches which became the 1st code of Eastern Catholic Canon Law."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What language is used by members of the Orthodox denomination?", "id": "56e104b7e3433e1400422aca", "answers": [{"text": "Greek", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the constituents of the P\u0113d\u00e1lion?", "id": "56e104b7e3433e1400422acb", "answers": [{"text": "canons and commentaries upon them", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does P\u0113d\u00e1lion mean in English?", "id": "56e104b7e3433e1400422acc", "answers": [{"text": "Rudder", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Orthodox leaders are free to adapt canon as required?", "id": "56e104b7e3433e1400422acd", "answers": [{"text": "bishops", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which groups do Orthodox scholars point to when defending their way of interpreting canon?", "id": "56e104b7e3433e1400422ace", "answers": [{"text": "the Ecumenical Councils", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Orthodox", "answer_start": 19}], "question": "What denomination uses Hebrew?", "id": "5a21d9038a6e4f001aa08f78", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Orthodox Christian", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "What tradition treats its canons more as laws?", "id": "5a21d9038a6e4f001aa08f79", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Orthodox canon scholars", "answer_start": 360}], "question": "Who believes the ecumenical councils intended the cannons to be laws?", "id": "5a21d9038a6e4f001aa08f7a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dogmatic", "answer_start": 627}], "question": "What decisions of the councils are to be treated as guidelines?", "id": "5a21d9038a6e4f001aa08f7b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dogmatic decisions", "answer_start": 627}], "question": "What are not considered essential for the church's unity?", "id": "5a21d9038a6e4f001aa08f7c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Greek-speaking Orthodox have collected canons and commentaries upon them in a work known as the P\u0113d\u00e1lion (Greek: \u03a0\u03b7\u03b4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, \"Rudder\"), so named because it is meant to \"steer\" the Church. The Orthodox Christian tradition in general treats its canons more as guidelines than as laws, the bishops adjusting them to cultural and other local circumstances. Some Orthodox canon scholars point out that, had the Ecumenical Councils (which deliberated in Greek) meant for the canons to be used as laws, they would have called them n\u00f3moi/\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 (laws) rather than kan\u00f3nes/\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 (rules), but almost all Orthodox conform to them. The dogmatic decisions of the Councils, though, are to be obeyed rather than to be treated as guidelines, since they are essential for the Church's unity."}, {"qas": [{"question": "In what institution do church courts still have relevant functions in secular society?", "id": "56e10f57cd28a01900c674ff", "answers": [{"text": "the Church of England", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what century did Saxons and Normans separate?", "id": "56e10f57cd28a01900c67500", "answers": [{"text": "12th", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of law is not found in ecclesiastical systems in the modern day?", "id": "56e10f57cd28a01900c67501", "answers": [{"text": "common law", "answer_start": 601}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At which universities were canon law degrees abolished?", "id": "56e10f57cd28a01900c67502", "answers": [{"text": "Oxford and Cambridge", "answer_start": 795}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was responsible for banning canon law education from Oxford and Cambridge?", "id": "56e10f57cd28a01900c67503", "answers": [{"text": "Henry VIII", "answer_start": 833}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Church of England", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "Where do church courts no longer function in secular society?", "id": "5a21d9c48a6e4f001aa08f82", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mixed secular/religious county and local courts used by the Saxons", "answer_start": 405}], "question": "What did the Normans split away from in the 1200s?", "id": "5a21d9c48a6e4f001aa08f83", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "England", "answer_start": 508}], "question": "In one country is ecclesiastical matters part of a common law system?", "id": "5a21d9c48a6e4f001aa08f84", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "royal courts", "answer_start": 732}], "question": "What were ecclesiastical courts prior to the Reformation in England?", "id": "5a21d9c48a6e4f001aa08f85", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Universities of Oxford and Cambridge", "answer_start": 779}], "question": "What universities offer Canon law degrees?", "id": "5a21d9c48a6e4f001aa08f86", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the Church of England, the ecclesiastical courts that formerly decided many matters such as disputes relating to marriage, divorce, wills, and defamation, still have jurisdiction of certain church-related matters (e.g. discipline of clergy, alteration of church property, and issues related to churchyards). Their separate status dates back to the 12th century when the Normans split them off from the mixed secular/religious county and local courts used by the Saxons. In contrast to the other courts of England the law used in ecclesiastical matters is at least partially a civil law system, not common law, although heavily governed by parliamentary statutes. Since the Reformation, ecclesiastical courts in England have been royal courts. The teaching of canon law at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge was abrogated by Henry VIII; thereafter practitioners in the ecclesiastical courts were trained in civil law, receiving a Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree from Oxford, or a Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) degree from Cambridge. Such lawyers (called \"doctors\" and \"civilians\") were centered at \"Doctors Commons\", a few streets south of St Paul's Cathedral in London, where they monopolized probate, matrimonial, and admiralty cases until their jurisdiction was removed to the common law courts in the mid-19th century."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is a term for the Church of England and churches that align with it?", "id": "56e1156fe3433e1400422bae", "answers": [{"text": "the Anglican Communion", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a member of the Anglican Communion in America?", "id": "56e1156fe3433e1400422baf", "answers": [{"text": "the Episcopal Church", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a member of the Anglican Communion in Canada?", "id": "56e1156fe3433e1400422bb0", "answers": [{"text": "the Anglican Church of Canada", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do extant churches of the Anglican Communion still operate with?", "id": "56e1156fe3433e1400422bb1", "answers": [{"text": "their own private systems of canon law", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Anglican Communion", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "What is a term for the church of England but not the churches that align with it?", "id": "5a21da318a6e4f001aa08f8c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Anglican Communion", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "What church is Episcopal Church not affiliated with?", "id": "5a21da318a6e4f001aa08f8d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Other churches in the Anglican Communion around the world", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What churches no longer operate with their own private system of canon law?", "id": "5a21da318a6e4f001aa08f8e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Other churches in the Anglican Communion around the world (e.g., the Episcopal Church in the United States, and the Anglican Church of Canada) still function under their own private systems of canon law."}, {"qas": [{"question": "As of 2004, what do all Anglican Communion Churches share?", "id": "56e11661e3433e1400422bb6", "answers": [{"text": "principles of canon law", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term characterizes the way in which the existence of canon principles can be shown?", "id": "56e11661e3433e1400422bb7", "answers": [{"text": "factually", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Through what does each member of the Anglican Communion make a contribution to Church law? ", "id": "56e11661e3433e1400422bb8", "answers": [{"text": "its own legal system", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of force could the canonical principles be said to have within the Communion?", "id": "56e11661e3433e1400422bb9", "answers": [{"text": "living", "answer_start": 442}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does having common principles show and support for churches int he Communion?", "id": "56e11661e3433e1400422bba", "answers": [{"text": "unity", "answer_start": 578}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "principles of canon law", "answer_start": 29}], "question": "As of 2004 what to Anglican Communion churches no longer share?", "id": "5a21dad08a6e4f001aa08f92", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "legal system", "answer_start": 205}], "question": "Anglican church law contributes to what for each of its members?", "id": "5a21dad08a6e4f001aa08f93", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "principles of canon law", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "What is not fundamental to self understanding of each of the churches of the Communion?", "id": "5a21dad08a6e4f001aa08f94", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "unity", "answer_start": 597}], "question": "What does having individual principle show?", "id": "5a21dad08a6e4f001aa08f95", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Currently, (2004), there are principles of canon law common to the churches within the Anglican Communion; their existence can be factually established; each province or church contributes through its own legal system to the principles of canon law common within the Communion; these principles have a strong persuasive authority and are fundamental to the self-understanding of each of the churches of the Communion; these principles have a living force, and contain in themselves the possibility of further development; and the existence of these principles both demonstrates unity and promotes unity within the Anglican Communion. "}, {"qas": [{"question": "What are two other possible terms for canon law among some denominations?", "id": "56e1170de3433e1400422bc0", "answers": [{"text": "\"practice and procedure\" or \"church order\"", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what types of institutions are canon rules called \"practice and procedure\"?", "id": "56e1170de3433e1400422bc1", "answers": [{"text": "Presbyterian and Reformed churches", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What aspect of management is covered by church order?", "id": "56e1170de3433e1400422bc2", "answers": [{"text": "government", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What aspect of decorum is covered by practice and procedure?", "id": "56e1170de3433e1400422bc3", "answers": [{"text": "discipline", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What aspect of faith is covered by canon law?", "id": "56e1170de3433e1400422bc4", "answers": [{"text": "worship", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "practice and procedure", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "Canon law is different from what in other denominations?", "id": "5a21db1e8a6e4f001aa08f9a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "government", "answer_start": 151}], "question": "What aspect of management is not covered by church order?", "id": "5a21db1e8a6e4f001aa08f9b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "discipline", "answer_start": 163}], "question": "What aspect of the core is not covered by practice and procedures?", "id": "5a21db1e8a6e4f001aa08f9c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "worship", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "What aspect of faith is not covered by canon law?", "id": "5a21db1e8a6e4f001aa08f9d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In Presbyterian and Reformed churches, canon law is known as \"practice and procedure\" or \"church order\", and includes the church's laws respecting its government, discipline, legal practice and worship."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What group took issue with the Roman canons?", "id": "56e11801e3433e1400422bca", "answers": [{"text": "the Presbyterians", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was there documented criticism of Roman church law by Presbyterians?", "id": "56e11801e3433e1400422bcb", "answers": [{"text": "1572", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To whom did Presbyterians complain in 1572?", "id": "56e11801e3433e1400422bcc", "answers": [{"text": "Parliament", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For how long did the Reformed Church state that canon had been administered by members of the church?", "id": "56e11801e3433e1400422bcd", "answers": [{"text": "1500 years", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which church officials were responsible for the administration of canon law?", "id": "56e11801e3433e1400422bce", "answers": [{"text": "bishops", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Presbyterians", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "What group supported roaming cannons?", "id": "5a21db808a6e4f001aa08fa2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Roman canon law", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What did the Presbyterians criticize in the fifteenth century?", "id": "5a21db808a6e4f001aa08fa3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Reformed Church Government", "answer_start": 260}], "question": "Who claimed the bishops have been enforcing canon law for 2000 years?", "id": "5a21db808a6e4f001aa08fa4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Roman canon law had been criticized by the Presbyterians as early as 1572 in the Admonition to Parliament. The protest centered on the standard defense that canon law could be retained so long as it did not contradict the civil law. According to Polly Ha, the Reformed Church Government refuted this claiming that the bishops had been enforcing canon law for 1500 years."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is a fundamental collection of documents of the Lutherans?", "id": "56e1189acd28a01900c675a1", "answers": [{"text": "The Book of Concord", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beginning in what century was the Book of Concord a central part of the Lutheran Church?", "id": "56e1189acd28a01900c675a2", "answers": [{"text": "16th", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of statement is the Book of Concord?", "id": "56e1189acd28a01900c675a3", "answers": [{"text": "confessional", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the legislative systems of various Lutheran institutions called?", "id": "56e1189acd28a01900c675a4", "answers": [{"text": "canons", "answer_start": 460}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of belief is the subject of the Book of Concord?", "id": "56e1189acd28a01900c675a5", "answers": [{"text": "orthodox", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Book of Concord", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What is the fundamental collection of documents of the Catholic Church?", "id": "5a21dbd48a6e4f001aa08fa8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Book of Concord", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What book has been recognized as authoritative since the 1600s?", "id": "5a21dbd48a6e4f001aa08fa9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Book of Concord", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What book has not Orthodox beliefs?", "id": "5a21dbd48a6e4f001aa08faa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Book of Concord is the historic doctrinal statement of the Lutheran Church, consisting of ten credal documents recognized as authoritative in Lutheranism since the 16th century. However, the Book of Concord is a confessional document (stating orthodox belief) rather than a book of ecclesiastical rules or discipline, like canon law. Each Lutheran national church establishes its own system of church order and discipline, though these are referred to as \"canons.\""}]}, {"title": "Communications_in_Somalia", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "How many official radio and television networks does the government of Somalia operate?", "id": "56e0f1cd231d4119001ac494", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are communication services in Somalia mainly located in the public or private sector?", "id": "56e0f1cd231d4119001ac495", "answers": [{"text": "private", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As internet access increases, news media and online portals replace what form of media?", "id": "56e0f1cd231d4119001ac496", "answers": [{"text": "Print media", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the national postal service of Somalia relaunched?", "id": "56e0f1cd231d4119001ac497", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 676}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2012, what act was approved to establish a National Communications regulator?", "id": "56e0f1cd231d4119001ac498", "answers": [{"text": "National Communications Act", "answer_start": 714}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are communications services in Somalia mostly concentrated in the public or private sector?", "id": "56e10cc5cd28a01900c674cd", "answers": [{"text": "private", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Communications in Somalia are mostly concentrated in what sector?", "id": "56e1b286cd28a01900c67a7a", "answers": [{"text": "private", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many official rado iand TV networks does the governemt of Somalia run?", "id": "56e1b286cd28a01900c67a7b", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of media decreases and internet connectivity increases?", "id": "56e1b286cd28a01900c67a7c", "answers": [{"text": "Print media", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What types of media increases as internet connectivity and access increases?", "id": "56e1b286cd28a01900c67a7d", "answers": [{"text": "radio stations and online portals", "answer_start": 511}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year is the postal service in Somalia set to relaunch?", "id": "56e1b286cd28a01900c67a7e", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 676}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 335}], "question": "How many private and foreign radio and television networks does the government of Somalia have?", "id": "5a54e4f7134fea001a0e1754", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 676}], "question": "When was the national postal service of Somalia first started?", "id": "5a54e4f7134fea001a0e1755", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "internet connectivity and access", "answer_start": 549}], "question": "Why is increasing overseas activities causing print media to decrease?", "id": "5a54e4f7134fea001a0e1756", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Telecommunications, internet, radio, print, television and postal services in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector.", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "What communication does the public sector concentrate in?", "id": "5a54e4f7134fea001a0e1757", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 706}], "question": "When was the National Communications Act dismantled?", "id": "5a54e4f7134fea001a0e1758", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Communications in Somalia encompasses the communications services and capacity of Somalia. Telecommunications, internet, radio, print, television and postal services in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector. Several of the telecom firms have begun expanding their activities abroad. The Federal government operates two official radio and television networks, which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations. Print media in the country is also progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals, as internet connectivity and access increases. Additionally, the national postal service is slated to be officially relaunched in 2013 after a long absence. In 2012, a National Communications Act was also approved by Cabinet members, which lays the foundation for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Who funded the new telecommunications firms in Somalia?", "id": "56e0f607231d4119001ac4e5", "answers": [{"text": "Somali entrepreneurs", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "China, Korea, and Europe lent what to the creation of the new firms.", "id": "56e0f607231d4119001ac4e6", "answers": [{"text": "expertise", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do the new telecommunications firms in Somalia offer that is not available in many other parts of the continent?", "id": "56e0f607231d4119001ac4e7", "answers": [{"text": "affordable mobile phone and internet services", "answer_start": 428}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Money transfers and wireless internet are two things that customers can now accomplish via what?", "id": "56e0f607231d4119001ac4e8", "answers": [{"text": "mobile phones", "answer_start": 647}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When the civil war began, many telecomunications companies were created to provide missing what?", "id": "56e1b39fcd28a01900c67a84", "answers": [{"text": "infrastructure", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "telecommunications firms", "answer_start": 397}], "question": "What did Chinese entrepreneurs create?", "id": "5a54e6d8134fea001a0e175e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "new telecommunications companies", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "Before the civil war, what jobs were being created?", "id": "5a54e6d8134fea001a0e175f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "China, Korea and Europe", "answer_start": 358}], "question": "Besides Somalia, what country has the best telecommunications?", "id": "5a54e6d8134fea001a0e1760", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "internet services that are not available in many other parts of the continent", "answer_start": 456}], "question": "Why are the Somalian telecommunication companies so expensive?", "id": "5a54e6d8134fea001a0e1761", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dahabshiil", "answer_start": 602}], "question": "What can customers do with their phones besides money transfers and banking activities?", "id": "5a54e6d8134fea001a0e1762", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After the start of the civil war, various new telecommunications companies began to spring up in the country and competed to provide missing infrastructure. Somalia now offers some of the most technologically advanced and competitively priced telecommunications and internet services in the world. Funded by Somali entrepreneurs and backed by expertise from China, Korea and Europe, these nascent telecommunications firms offer affordable mobile phone and internet services that are not available in many other parts of the continent. Customers can conduct money transfers (such as through the popular Dahabshiil) and other banking activities via mobile phones, as well as easily gain wireless Internet access."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Sprint, ITT, and Telenor are examples of what?", "id": "56e1b4f3cd28a01900c67a98", "answers": [{"text": "multinational corporations", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who provides service to every City, town, and hamlet in Somalia?", "id": "56e1b4f3cd28a01900c67a99", "answers": [{"text": "Somali telecommunication companies", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "aproximately how many main lines are there per 1000 people?", "id": "56e1b4f3cd28a01900c67a9a", "answers": [{"text": "25", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what is another word for availability of telephone lines?", "id": "56e1b4f3cd28a01900c67a9b", "answers": [{"text": "tele-density", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much does Hormuud Telecom gross per year?", "id": "56e1b4f3cd28a01900c67a9c", "answers": [{"text": "$40 million", "answer_start": 683}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Somali telecommunication companies", "answer_start": 169}], "question": "Who offers the most expensive phone calls in Africa?", "id": "5a54e7bf134fea001a0e1768", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$40 million", "answer_start": 683}], "question": "How much does the Somali Telecom Group gross per year?", "id": "5a54e7bf134fea001a0e1769", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Somtel Network, Golis Telecom Group, Hormuud Telecom, Somafone, Nationlink, Netco, Telcom and Somali Telecom Group", "answer_start": 531}], "question": "Which companies agreed to a deal that would limit competition?", "id": "5a54e7bf134fea001a0e176a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three times greater than in adjacent Ethiopia", "answer_start": 430}], "question": "How much higher is the Somalia teledensity compared to Niger?", "id": "5a54e7bf134fea001a0e176b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$40 million", "answer_start": 683}], "question": "What percentage of the Somali telecommunications does Hormuud Telecom make up?", "id": "5a54e7bf134fea001a0e176c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After forming partnerships with multinational corporations such as Sprint, ITT and Telenor, these firms now offer the cheapest and clearest phone calls in Africa. These Somali telecommunication companies also provide services to every city, town and hamlet in Somalia. There are presently around 25 mainlines per 1,000 persons, and the local availability of telephone lines (tele-density) is higher than in neighboring countries; three times greater than in adjacent Ethiopia. Prominent Somali telecommunications companies include Somtel Network, Golis Telecom Group, Hormuud Telecom, Somafone, Nationlink, Netco, Telcom and Somali Telecom Group. Hormuud Telecom alone grosses about $40 million a year. Despite their rivalry, several of these companies signed an interconnectivity deal in 2005 that allows them to set prices, maintain and expand their networks, and ensure that competition does not get out of control."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did Dahabhiil acquire the majority of Somtal network?", "id": "56e1b646e3433e14004230cc", "answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Somtal network located?", "id": "56e1b646e3433e14004230cd", "answers": [{"text": "Hargeisa", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Buying Somtal Network allowed Dahabshiil to expand into what type of banking?", "id": "56e1b646e3433e14004230ce", "answers": [{"text": "mobile banking", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "STC stands for what?", "id": "56e1b646e3433e14004230cf", "answers": [{"text": "Somali Telecommunication Company", "answer_start": 590}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The STC allows its customers to communicate across how many networks?", "id": "56e1b646e3433e14004230d0", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hormuud Telecom, NationLink", "answer_start": 454}], "question": "Who is Dahabshiil Group's partner in the Somtel Network?", "id": "5a54f990134fea001a0e178a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hargeisa", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "Who owned the majority of Somtel Network before Dahabshiil?", "id": "5a54f990134fea001a0e178b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 694}], "question": "How many networks do STC customers still not have access to?", "id": "5a54f990134fea001a0e178c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mobile banking", "answer_start": 326}], "question": "What industry is growing in the national banking sector?", "id": "5a54f990134fea001a0e178d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 395}], "question": "When will the STC be fully established?", "id": "5a54f990134fea001a0e178e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2008, Dahabshiil Group acquired a majority stake in Somtel Network, a Hargeisa-based telecommunications firm specialising in high speed broadband, mobile internet, LTE services, mobile money transfer and mobile phone services. The acquisition provided Dahabshiil with the necessary platform for a subsequent expansion into mobile banking, a growth industry in the regional banking sector. In 2014, Somalia's three largest telecommunication operators, Hormuud Telecom, NationLink and Somtel, also signed an interconnection agreement. The cooperative deal will see the firms establish the Somali Telecommunication Company (STC), which will allow their mobile clients to communicate across the three networks."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Investing in what Industry is a sign that Somalia's economy is continuing to improve?", "id": "56e1b743cd28a01900c67ab6", "answers": [{"text": "telecom industry", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sector provides key communication services?", "id": "56e1b743cd28a01900c67ab7", "answers": [{"text": "telecom", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "facilitates job creation and income generation.", "answer_start": 191}], "question": "Why are local governments investing in telecom?", "id": "5a54fadd134fea001a0e179c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the clearest signs that Somalia's economy has continued to develop", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "What percentage of Somalia's economy is telecom?", "id": "5a54fadd134fea001a0e179d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Somalia's economy", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "Which industry in Somalia is not improving?", "id": "5a54fadd134fea001a0e179e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the telecom industry", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "What are key communication services?", "id": "5a54fadd134fea001a0e179f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Investment in the telecom industry is held to be one of the clearest signs that Somalia's economy has continued to develop. The sector provides key communication services, and in the process facilitates job creation and income generation."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year was the national Communications act enacted?", "id": "56e1b8adcd28a01900c67ac6", "answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Act clears the way for a National Communications Regulator?", "id": "56e1b8adcd28a01900c67ac7", "answers": [{"text": "the National Communications Act", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What types of stakeholders consulted on the bill to enact the National Communications Act?", "id": "56e1b8adcd28a01900c67ac8", "answers": [{"text": "academic and civil society", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The National Communications Act is expected to create and invironment favorable for what?", "id": "56e1b8adcd28a01900c67ac9", "answers": [{"text": "investment", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Continued infrastructure development results in more efficient what?", "id": "56e1b8adcd28a01900c67aca", "answers": [{"text": "service delivery", "answer_start": 615}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "unanimously", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "How many people approved the National Communications Act?", "id": "5a54fc09134fea001a0e17a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "When will the National Communications Regulator be put into place?", "id": "5a54fc09134fea001a0e17a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "broadcasting and telecommunications sectors", "answer_start": 180}], "question": "What sectors are unaffected by this act?", "id": "5a54fc09134fea001a0e17a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "academic and civil society", "answer_start": 324}], "question": "Which stakeholders were not consulted?", "id": "5a54fc09134fea001a0e17a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "government representatives and communications, academic and civil society stakeholders", "answer_start": 277}], "question": "Who is the Somali Cabinet made up of?", "id": "5a54fc09134fea001a0e17a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On March 22, 2012, the Somali Cabinet unanimously approved the National Communications Act, which paves the way for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors. The bill was passed following consultations between government representatives and communications, academic and civil society stakeholders. According to the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication, the Act is expected to create an environment conducive to investment and the certainty it provides will encourage further infrastructural development, resulting in more efficient service delivery."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the Somali postal service?", "id": "56e1b959cd28a01900c67ad0", "answers": [{"text": "Somali Post", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the National postal service of Somalia?", "id": "56e1b959cd28a01900c67ad1", "answers": [{"text": "Somali Post", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Somali Post", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "Who is the local postal service?", "id": "5a54fd87134fea001a0e17ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Somali Postal Service", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who runs the Ministry of Information?", "id": "5a54fd87134fea001a0e17af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Somali Postal Service", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the post service of the Federal Government of Niger?", "id": "5a54fd87134fea001a0e17b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Somali Post", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "How many parts of the Ministry of Information, Posts, and Telecommunication are there?", "id": "5a54fd87134fea001a0e17b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Somali Postal Service (Somali Post) is the national postal service of the Federal Government of Somalia. It is part of the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was the infrastructure of the postal service destroyed?", "id": "56e1ba62cd28a01900c67aea", "answers": [{"text": "during the civil war", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What airport is home to the Emirates post mail hub?", "id": "56e1ba62cd28a01900c67aed", "answers": [{"text": "Dubai International", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dubai International Airport", "answer_start": 273}], "question": "What Airport delivered the mail before 2003?", "id": "5a54fea0134fea001a0e17b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland and Canada", "answer_start": 399}], "question": "Which Western country did Somalia partner with?", "id": "5a54fea0134fea001a0e17b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United Arab Emirates", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "What country did the Somali Post parner with before the civil war?", "id": "5a54fea0134fea001a0e17b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The national postal infrastructure was completely destroyed during the civil war", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Why did Somalia Post partner with Western Countries?", "id": "5a54fea0134fea001a0e17b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dubai International Airport", "answer_start": 273}], "question": "Where is the Somalia Post mail transit Hub?", "id": "5a54fea0134fea001a0e17ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The national postal infrastructure was completely destroyed during the civil war. In order to fill the vacuum, Somali Post signed an agreement in 2003 with the United Arab Emirates' Emirates Post to process mail to and from Somalia. Emirates Post's mail transit hub at the Dubai International Airport was then used to forward mail from Somalia to the UAE and various Western destinations, including Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland and Canada."}, {"qas": [{"question": "How many phases made up the reconstruction plan for the Somali Post?", "id": "56e1bbb8cd28a01900c67af2", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Over what period of time did the reconstruction plan for the Somali Post cover?", "id": "56e1bbb8cd28a01900c67af3", "answers": [{"text": "ten years", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many branch offices will be constructed in the capital in phase one of the reconstruction plan?", "id": "56e1bbb8cd28a01900c67af4", "answers": [{"text": "16", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many branch offices will be creted in general bases?", "id": "56e1bbb8cd28a01900c67af5", "answers": [{"text": "17", "answer_start": 410}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Somali authorities rejoin the Universal Postal Union?", "id": "56e1bbb8cd28a01900c67af6", "answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 444}], "question": "When did Somalia first join the UPU?", "id": "5a54ff94134fea001a0e17c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ten years", "answer_start": 236}], "question": "How many years will the first phase take?", "id": "5a54ff94134fea001a0e17c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "718 postal outlets", "answer_start": 817}], "question": "How many branches will Somalia construct in Phase II?", "id": "5a54ff94134fea001a0e17c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "March 2012", "answer_start": 438}], "question": "How long will it take to rebuild the GPO?", "id": "5a54ff94134fea001a0e17c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 841}], "question": "When was the GPO in Mogadishu rebuilt?", "id": "5a54ff94134fea001a0e17c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Concurrently, the Somali Transitional Federal Government began preparations to revive the national postal service. The government's overall reconstruction plan for Somali Post is structured into three Phases spread out over a period of ten years. Phase I will see the reconstruction of the postal headquarters and General Post Office (GPO), as well as the establishment of 16 branch offices in the capital and 17 in regional bases. As of March 2012, the Somali authorities have re-established Somalia's membership with the Universal Postal Union (UPU), and taken part once again in the Union's affairs. They have also rehabilitated the GPO in Mogadishu, and appointed an official Postal Consultant to provide professional advice on the renovations. Phase II of the rehabilitation project involves the construction of 718 postal outlets from 2014 to 2016. Phase III is slated to begin in 2017, with the objective of creating 897 postal outlets by 2022."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did postal service in Somalia resume?", "id": "56e1bc7ae3433e140042310e", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is helping the Somali Postal service reach its capacity?", "id": "56e1bc7ae3433e140042310f", "answers": [{"text": "Universal Postal Union", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of assistance does the postal union provide?", "id": "56e1bc7ae3433e1400423110", "answers": [{"text": "technical", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of equipment does the postal union provide?", "id": "56e1bc7ae3433e1400423111", "answers": [{"text": "basic mail processing equipment", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "When was the Somalia Postal Service first created?", "id": "5a550073134fea001a0e17ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Universal Postal Union", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "Who is the Somali Postal Service helping?", "id": "5a550073134fea001a0e17cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "basic mail processing equipment.", "answer_start": 222}], "question": "What type of equipment did Somalia already have?", "id": "5a550073134fea001a0e17cc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "When did Somalia's national postal service restart?", "id": "5a550073134fea001a0e17cd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Somalia", "answer_start": 54}], "question": "Where is the Universal Postal Union located?", "id": "5a550073134fea001a0e17ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On 1 November 2013, international postal services for Somalia officially resumed. The Universal Postal Union is now assisting the Somali Postal Service to develop its capacity, including providing technical assistance and basic mail processing equipment."}, {"qas": [{"question": "When was Radio Mogadishu established?", "id": "56e1be09cd28a01900c67b04", "answers": [{"text": "during the colonial period", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What languages di Radio Mogadishu originally broadcast in?", "id": "56e1be09cd28a01900c67b05", "answers": [{"text": "Somali and Italian", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What countrys assistance helped Radio Mogadishu modernize?", "id": "56e1be09cd28a01900c67b06", "answers": [{"text": "Russian assistance", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of services were offered in Somali, Amharic, and Oromo?", "id": "56e1be09cd28a01900c67b07", "answers": [{"text": "home service", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1960", "answer_start": 252}], "question": "When was the colonial period?", "id": "5a550413134fea001a0e17dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Russian assistance", "answer_start": 207}], "question": "Who originally opened Radio Mogadishu?", "id": "5a550413134fea001a0e17dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "early 1990s", "answer_start": 357}], "question": "When was the Transitional National Government in power?", "id": "5a550413134fea001a0e17de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "There are a number of radio news agencies", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the total number of internet news located in Somalia?", "id": "5a550413134fea001a0e17df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1960", "answer_start": 252}], "question": "When did Radio Mogadishu begin broadcasting in Italian again?", "id": "5a550413134fea001a0e17e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "There are a number of radio news agencies based in Somalia. Established during the colonial period, Radio Mogadishu initially broadcast news items in both Somali and Italian. The station was modernized with Russian assistance following independence in 1960, and began offering home service in Somali, Amharic and Oromo. After closing down operations in the early 1990s due to the civil war, the station was officially re-opened in the early 2000s by the Transitional National Government. In the late 2000s, Radio Mogadishu also launched a complementary website of the same name, with news items in Somali, Arabic and English."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Mustaqbal Media Corporation is based where?", "id": "56e1bf20e3433e1400423120", "answers": [{"text": "Mogadishu", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Shabelle Media network awarded the media of the year prize?", "id": "56e1bf20e3433e1400423121", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many short wave radio stations broadcast from the capital?", "id": "56e1bf20e3433e1400423124", "answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Shabelle Media Network", "answer_start": 84}], "question": "Who won the 2009 award for Media of the Year?", "id": "5a5504a0134fea001a0e17e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ten", "answer_start": 288}], "question": "How many FM radio stations broadcast in the central region?", "id": "5a5504a0134fea001a0e17e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Media of the Year", "answer_start": 152}], "question": "What prize did RSF win?", "id": "5a5504a0134fea001a0e17e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 135}], "question": "When did the short-wave and FM radio stations begin broadcasting?", "id": "5a5504a0134fea001a0e17e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mustaqbal Media corporation and the Shabelle Media Network", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "Which two short-wave stations broadcast from the capital?", "id": "5a5504a0134fea001a0e17ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Other radio stations based in Mogadishu include Mustaqbal Media corporation and the Shabelle Media Network, the latter of which was in 2010 awarded the Media of the Year prize by the Paris-based journalism organisation, Reporters Without Borders (RSF). In total, about one short-wave and ten private FM radio stations broadcast from the capital, with several radio stations broadcasting from the central and southern regions."}, {"qas": [{"question": "About how many private radio stations does the region of Puntland have?", "id": "56e1c042cd28a01900c67b22", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the former name of Radio Gaalkacyo?", "id": "56e1c042cd28a01900c67b23", "answers": [{"text": "Radio Free Somalia", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does RAdio Gaalkacyo operate from?", "id": "56e1c042cd28a01900c67b24", "answers": [{"text": "Galkayo", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What province is Galkayo located in?", "id": "56e1c042cd28a01900c67b25", "answers": [{"text": "Mudug province", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many government operated radio stations exist in the Somaliland region?", "id": "56e1c042cd28a01900c67b26", "answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "How many radio stations does the southeastern region have?", "id": "5a5505bb134fea001a0e1802", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Radio Gaalkacyo,", "answer_start": 153}], "question": "What is the name of the government-operated radio station?", "id": "5a5505bb134fea001a0e1803", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "six private radio stations", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "How many public radio stations does northeast Puntland have?", "id": "5a5505bb134fea001a0e1804", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "formerly known as Radio Free Somalia", "answer_start": 170}], "question": "When did Radio Gaalkacyo receive its new name?", "id": "5a5505bb134fea001a0e1805", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one government-operated radio station", "answer_start": 324}], "question": "How many government radio stations does Puntland have?", "id": "5a5505bb134fea001a0e1806", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The northeastern Puntland region has around six private radio stations, including Radio Garowe, Radio Daljir, Radio Codka-Nabbada and Radio Codka-Mudug. Radio Gaalkacyo, formerly known as Radio Free Somalia, operates from Galkayo in the north-central Mudug province. Additionally, the Somaliland region in the northwest has one government-operated radio station."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What TV station is the main public service broadcaster in Somalia?", "id": "56e1c12fe3433e140042312a", "answers": [{"text": "Somali National Television", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Somali National Television located?", "id": "56e1c12fe3433e140042312b", "answers": [{"text": "Mogadishu", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did experimental broadcasts of Somali National Television begin?", "id": "56e1c12fe3433e140042312c", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Somali Nation Television officially re-launched?", "id": "56e1c12fe3433e140042312d", "answers": [{"text": "April 4, 2011", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Howmany hours a day does SNTV broadcast?", "id": "56e1c12fe3433e140042312e", "answers": [{"text": "24", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Somali National Television", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "What is Somalia's main international broadcaster?", "id": "5a550cc6134fea001a0e1860", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "After a 20-year hiatus", "answer_start": 240}], "question": "When was the Somali National Television station first launched?", "id": "5a550cc6134fea001a0e1861", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Somali National Television", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "How many national public service broadcasters does Somalia have?", "id": "5a550cc6134fea001a0e1862", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "24 hours a day", "answer_start": 356}], "question": "How many days a week does SNTV broadcast?", "id": "5a550cc6134fea001a0e1863", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "20-year", "answer_start": 248}], "question": "How long has SNTV been broadcasting?", "id": "5a550cc6134fea001a0e1864", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Mogadishu-based Somali National Television is the principal national public service broadcaster. On March 18, 2011, the Ministry of Information of the Transitional Federal Government began experimental broadcasts of the new TV channel. After a 20-year hiatus, the station was shortly thereafter officially re-launched on April 4, 2011. SNTV broadcasts 24 hours a day, and can be viewed both within Somalia and abroad via terrestrial and satellite platforms."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Horn Cable Television and Universal TV are examples of what?", "id": "56e1c227cd28a01900c67b32", "answers": [{"text": "private television networks", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of Tv startions replay AL=jazeera and CNN?", "id": "56e1c227cd28a01900c67b33", "answers": [{"text": "private television networks", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does SBC TV broadcast from?", "id": "56e1c227cd28a01900c67b34", "answers": [{"text": "Bosaso", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the commercial capital of Puntland?", "id": "56e1c227cd28a01900c67b35", "answers": [{"text": "Bosaso", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Howmany governemnt run channels do Puntland and Somaliland regions have?", "id": "56e1c227cd28a01900c67b36", "answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Two", "answer_start": 113}], "question": "How many private television networks does Somalia have?", "id": "5a550d72134fea001a0e186a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Horn Cable Television and Universal TV", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "What are two public television networks?", "id": "5a550d72134fea001a0e186b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bosaso", "answer_start": 214}], "question": "What is the commercial capital of Somalilnand?", "id": "5a550d72134fea001a0e186c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 309}], "question": "How many government-run TV channels are there in Somalia?", "id": "5a550d72134fea001a0e186d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "private television networks", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "What TV station broadcasts ABC?", "id": "5a550d72134fea001a0e186e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Additionally, Somalia has several private television networks, including Horn Cable Television and Universal TV. Two such TV stations re-broadcast Al-Jazeera and CNN. Eastern Television Network and SBC TV air from Bosaso, the commercial capital of Puntland. The Puntland and Somaliland regions also each have one government-run TV channel, Puntland TV and Radio and Somaliland National TV, respectively."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Where was The Mogadishu Times published?", "id": "56e1c348cd28a01900c67b3d", "answers": [{"text": "Mogadishu", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did free media outlets begin to expand?", "id": "56e1c348cd28a01900c67b3e", "answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Advertisers switched from print ads to what to reach more customers?", "id": "56e1c348cd28a01900c67b3f", "answers": [{"text": "radio and online commercials", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whos is a former editor with The Delka Broadsheet?", "id": "56e1c348cd28a01900c67b40", "answers": [{"text": "Issa Farah", "answer_start": 839}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 323}], "question": "When is the National Somali Printing Press being reopened?", "id": "5a550e5e134fea001a0e1874", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Around 50", "answer_start": 71}], "question": "How many newspapers were published in Somalia?", "id": "5a550e5e134fea001a0e1875", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "adequate public support", "answer_start": 1038}], "question": "Why did advertisers prefer print ads?", "id": "5a550e5e134fea001a0e1876", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 694}], "question": "When did Xog Doon shut down?", "id": "5a550e5e134fea001a0e1877", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 694}], "question": "When did Issa Farah stop working for Dalka?", "id": "5a550e5e134fea001a0e1878", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the early 2000s, print media in Somalia reached a peak in activity. Around 50 newspapers were published in Mogadishu alone during this period, including Qaran, Mogadishu Times, Sana'a, Shabelle Press, Ayaamaha, Mandeeq, Sky Sport, Goal, The Nation, Dalka, Panorama, Aayaha Nolosha, Codka Xuriyada and Xidigta Maanta. In 2003, as new free electronic media outlets started to proliferate, advertisers increasingly began switching over from print ads to radio and online commercials in order to reach more customers. A number of the broadsheets in circulation subsequently closed down operations, as they were no longer able to cover printing costs in the face of the electronic revolution. In 2012, the political Xog Doon and Xog Ogaal and Horyaal Sports were reportedly the last remaining newspapers printed in the capital. According to Issa Farah, a former editor with the Dalka broadsheet, newspaper publishing in Somalia is likely to experience a resurgence if the National Somali Printing Press is re-opened and the sector is given adequate public support."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the IST?", "id": "56e1c422cd28a01900c67b51", "answers": [{"text": "Information Support Team", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As of December 2012, Somalia did not have systematic what?", "id": "56e1c422cd28a01900c67b52", "answers": [{"text": "internet blocking or filtering", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What internet standards were also unlear as of December, 2012?", "id": "56e1c422cd28a01900c67b53", "answers": [{"text": "content standards online", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December 2012", "answer_start": 188}], "question": "When did Somalia begin internet filtering?", "id": "5a550f01134fea001a0e1888", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Centre for Law and Democracy (CLD) and the African Union/United Nations Information Support Team (IST)", "answer_start": 17}], "question": "Who wrote Somalia's content standards?", "id": "5a550f01134fea001a0e1889", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "systemic", "answer_start": 142}], "question": "What type of internet blocking did Somalia use?", "id": "5a550f01134fea001a0e188a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December 2012", "answer_start": 188}], "question": "When did the IST apply content standards to Somalia?", "id": "5a550f01134fea001a0e188b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 197}], "question": "When did Somalia stop filtering the internet?", "id": "5a550f01134fea001a0e188c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to the Centre for Law and Democracy (CLD) and the African Union/United Nations Information Support Team (IST), Somalia did not have systemic internet blocking or filtering as of December 2012. The application of content standards online was also unclear."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What years was the first ISP established in Somalia?", "id": "56e1c51ccd28a01900c67b58", "answers": [{"text": "1999", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Somalia was one of the last countries on what continent to get connected tothe internet?", "id": "56e1c51ccd28a01900c67b59", "answers": [{"text": "Africa", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2009, what percent of Somalia has internet coverage?", "id": "56e1c51ccd28a01900c67b5a", "answers": [{"text": "53%", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The quickest growing local businesses in Somalia are what types of businesses?", "id": "56e1c51ccd28a01900c67b5b", "answers": [{"text": "internet commerce and telephony", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Somalia", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who was the first African country to get internet?", "id": "5a550f98134fea001a0e1892", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 291}], "question": "What year did Somalia reach 70% internet coverage?", "id": "5a550f98134fea001a0e1893", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Balancing Act", "answer_start": 158}], "question": "Which act brought the first ISP to Africa?", "id": "5a550f98134fea001a0e1894", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "53%", "answer_start": 252}], "question": "What percentage of Somalia's capital has internet connection?", "id": "5a550f98134fea001a0e1895", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "internet commerce and telephony", "answer_start": 302}], "question": "What is Somalia's largest national business?", "id": "5a550f98134fea001a0e1896", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Somalia established its first ISP in 1999, one of the last countries in Africa to get connected to the Internet. According to the telecommunications resource Balancing Act, growth in internet connectivity has since then grown considerably, with around 53% of the entire nation covered as of 2009. Both internet commerce and telephony have consequently become among the quickest growing local businesses."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What was the numbe rof Somali internet users in the year 2000?", "id": "56e1c5f1cd28a01900c67b60", "answers": [{"text": "200", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the number of internet users in the year 2011?", "id": "56e1c5f1cd28a01900c67b61", "answers": [{"text": "106,000", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Goes the number of internet users in Somalia continue to rise or fall?", "id": "56e1c5f1cd28a01900c67b62", "answers": [{"text": "rise", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the number of mobile subscribers in Somalia in 2008?", "id": "56e1c5f1cd28a01900c67b63", "answers": [{"text": "512,682", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the estimated number of mobile subscribers in Somalia in 2015?", "id": "56e1c5f1cd28a01900c67b64", "answers": [{"text": "6.1 million", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 261}], "question": "In what year did Somalia first reach 50,000 internet users?", "id": "5a5510d2134fea001a0e18b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Somali Economic Forum", "answer_start": 17}], "question": "Who is responsible for the rise in internet users?", "id": "5a5510d2134fea001a0e18b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2000", "answer_start": 111}], "question": "When did Somalia first get the internet?", "id": "5a5510d2134fea001a0e18ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the percentage continuing to rise.", "answer_start": 147}], "question": "Why is the number of mobile subscribers rising faster than the number of internet connected users?", "id": "5a5510d2134fea001a0e18bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "106,000", "answer_start": 119}], "question": "How many mobile users were there in 2011?", "id": "5a5510d2134fea001a0e18bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to the Somali Economic Forum, the number of internet users in Somalia rose from only 200 in the year 2000 to 106,000 users in 2011, with the percentage continuing to rise. The number of mobile subscribers is similarly expected to rise from 512,682 in 2008 to around 6.1 million by 2015."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the STA?", "id": "56e1c6d5cd28a01900c67b6a", "answers": [{"text": "Somali Telecommunication Association", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sector does the STC oversee?", "id": "56e1c6d5cd28a01900c67b6b", "answers": [{"text": "ICT sector", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2006, who reported that there were over half a million internet users within the territory?", "id": "56e1c6d5cd28a01900c67b6c", "answers": [{"text": "STA", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many established ISP were within the territory in 2006?", "id": "56e1c6d5cd28a01900c67b6d", "answers": [{"text": "22", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many cyber cafes were withing the territory in 2006?", "id": "56e1c6d5cd28a01900c67b6e", "answers": [{"text": "234", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "22", "answer_start": 277}], "question": "How many non-established ISPs were in Somalia in 2006?", "id": "5a5515e0134fea001a0e18f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "234", "answer_start": 301}], "question": "How many restaurants had internet connectivity?", "id": "5a5515e0134fea001a0e18f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 171}], "question": "When was STA founded?", "id": "5a5515e0134fea001a0e18f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Somali Telecommunication Association", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What is the ICT?", "id": "5a5515e0134fea001a0e18f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "15.6%", "answer_start": 348}], "question": "What percentage of the population had internet services?", "id": "5a5515e0134fea001a0e18f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Somali Telecommunication Association (STA), a watchdog organization that oversees the policy development and regulatory framework of Somalia's ICT sector, reported in 2006 that there were over half a million users of internet services within the territory. There were also 22 established ISPs and 234 cyber cafes, with an annual growth rate of 15.6%."}, {"qas": [{"question": "As of what year were dial up, wireless , and satellite services available?", "id": "56e1c861cd28a01900c67b7a", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the landline growth rate of Somalia in 2009?", "id": "56e1c861cd28a01900c67b7b", "answers": [{"text": "12.5%", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the flat rate per month for unlimited landline calls in Somalia in the year 2009?", "id": "56e1c861cd28a01900c67b7c", "answers": [{"text": "$10 per month", "answer_start": 377}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Somalias largest ISP in 2009?", "id": "56e1c861cd28a01900c67b7d", "answers": [{"text": "Global Internet Company", "answer_start": 510}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the only provider of dial up service in Somalias SouthCentral regions in 2009?", "id": "56e1c861cd28a01900c67b7e", "answers": [{"text": "Global Internet Company", "answer_start": 510}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Global Internet Company", "answer_start": 510}], "question": "Who was the first ISP provider in Somalia?", "id": "5a551746134fea001a0e1908", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "growth rate of over 12.5%", "answer_start": 179}], "question": "How quickly is the wireless service growing in Somalia?", "id": "5a551746134fea001a0e1909", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hormuud Telecom, Telcom Somalia and Nationlink", "answer_start": 603}], "question": "Which Somali telecom operators designed the policies responsible for dial up's growth?", "id": "5a551746134fea001a0e190a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Golis Telecom Somalia", "answer_start": 931}], "question": "What is Somalia's second largest ISP?", "id": "5a551746134fea001a0e190b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$10 per month", "answer_start": 377}], "question": "How much did telecom operators charge for text messaging?", "id": "5a551746134fea001a0e190c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "As of 2009, dial up, wireless and satellite services were available. Dial up internet services in Somalia were among the fastest growing on the continent, with an annual landline growth rate of over 12.5%. The increase in usage was largely due to innovative policy initiatives adopted by the various Somali telecom operators, including free local in-town calls, a flat rate of $10 per month for unlimited calls, a low charge of $0.005 per minute for Internet connections, and a one-time connection fee of $50. Global Internet Company, a firm jointly owned by the major Somali telecommunication networks Hormuud Telecom, Telcom Somalia and Nationlink, was the country's largest ISP. It was at the time the only provider of dial up services in Somalia's south-central regions. In the northern Puntland and Somaliland regions, online networks offered internet dial up services to their own group of subscribers. Among these firms was Golis Telecom Somalia in the northeast and Telesom in the northwest."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Mogadishu and Bosaso are what in Somalia?", "id": "56e1c9a9cd28a01900c67b84", "answers": [{"text": "major cities", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city in Soalia has the largest nuber of subscribers?", "id": "56e1c9a9cd28a01900c67b86", "answers": [{"text": "Mogadishu", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the headquarters of the largest wireless internet services?", "id": "56e1c9a9cd28a01900c67b87", "answers": [{"text": "Mogadishu", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for Dalcom?", "id": "56e1c9a9cd28a01900c67b88", "answers": [{"text": "Wanaag HK", "answer_start": 548}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dial up and non-dial up", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "What wireless services were offered to cities on the outskirts?", "id": "5a5518a4134fea001a0e1912", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$150 to $300", "answer_start": 173}], "question": "What was the price for limited internet access?", "id": "5a5518a4134fea001a0e1913", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the biggest subscriber base nationwide", "answer_start": 411}], "question": "How many subscribers did Mogadishu have locally?", "id": "5a5518a4134fea001a0e1914", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dalkom (Wanaag HK), Orbit, Unitel and Webtel", "answer_start": 540}], "question": "How many wireless internet services did Mogadishu headquarter?", "id": "5a5518a4134fea001a0e1915", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "scholastic institutions, corporations, and UN, NGO and diplomatic missions", "answer_start": 321}], "question": "Who did not use the wireless services?", "id": "5a5518a4134fea001a0e1916", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Broadband wireless services were offered by both dial up and non-dial up ISPs in major cities, such as Mogadishu, Bosaso, Hargeisa, Galkayo and Kismayo. Pricing ranged from $150 to $300 a month for unlimited internet access, with bandwidth rates of 64 kbit/s up and down. The main patrons of these wireless services were scholastic institutions, corporations, and UN, NGO and diplomatic missions. Mogadishu had the biggest subscriber base nationwide and was also the headquarters of the largest wireless internet services, among which were Dalkom (Wanaag HK), Orbit, Unitel and Webtel."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What wsas the satellite internet growth rate as of 2009?", "id": "56e1cb2fcd28a01900c67ba2", "answers": [{"text": "10% to 15% per year", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dalkom Somalia provided internet over what?", "id": "56e1cb2fcd28a01900c67ba3", "answers": [{"text": "satellite", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were one of the main clients of the local satellite service providers?", "id": "56e1cb2fcd28a01900c67ba5", "answers": [{"text": "internet cafes", "answer_start": 662}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As broadband access rose, what happened to the demand for satellite services?", "id": "56e1cb2fcd28a01900c67ba6", "answers": [{"text": "gradually began to fall", "answer_start": 941}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dalkom Somalia", "answer_start": 228}], "question": "Who provided broadband wireless access?", "id": "5a551bb5134fea001a0e1930", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$2,500 to $3,000 per month", "answer_start": 526}], "question": "What did national bandwidth providers cost?", "id": "5a551bb5134fea001a0e1931", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "300", "answer_start": 798}], "question": "How many terminals linked to North America?", "id": "5a551bb5134fea001a0e1932", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "300", "answer_start": 798}], "question": "How many teleports were there in Europe and Asia?", "id": "5a551bb5134fea001a0e1933", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 6}], "question": "When did Dalkom Somalia begin providing internet over satellite?", "id": "5a551bb5134fea001a0e1934", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "As of 2009, Internet via satellite had a steady growth rate of 10% to 15% per year. It was particularly in demand in remote areas that did not have either dialup or wireless online services. The local telecommunications company Dalkom Somalia provided internet over satellite, as well as premium routes for media operators and content providers, and international voice gateway services for global carriers. It also offered inexpensive bandwidth through its internet backbone, whereas bandwidth ordinarily cost customers from $2,500 to $3,000 per month through the major international bandwidth providers. The main clients of these local satellite services were internet cafes, money transfer firms and other companies, as well as international community representatives. In total, there were over 300 local satellite terminals available aross the nation, which were linked to teleports in Europe and Asia. Demand for the satellite services gradually began to fall as broadband wireless access rose. However, it increased in rural areas, as the main client base for the satellite services extended their operations into more remote locales."}, {"qas": [{"question": "Hormuud Telecom launched what service in 2012?", "id": "56e1cc2fcd28a01900c67bb6", "answers": [{"text": "Tri-Band 3G", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the 3G service for?", "id": "56e1cc2fcd28a01900c67bb7", "answers": [{"text": "internet and mobile clients", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what type of connection was the first of its kind in Somalia?", "id": "56e1cc2fcd28a01900c67bb8", "answers": [{"text": "Tri-Band 3G", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of connection does Tri-Band 3G offer its customers?", "id": "56e1cc2fcd28a01900c67bb9", "answers": [{"text": "faster and more secure", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what does 3G stand for?", "id": "56e1cc2fcd28a01900c67bba", "answers": [{"text": "third generation", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "When was the first generation mobile telecommunications released?", "id": "5a551d22134fea001a0e193a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tri-Band 3G", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "What was Somalia's first mobile service?", "id": "5a551d22134fea001a0e193b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "third generation", "answer_start": 143}], "question": "What does Tri-Band stand for?", "id": "5a551d22134fea001a0e193c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "When was Hormuud Telecom founded?", "id": "5a551d22134fea001a0e193d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "internet and mobile clients", "answer_start": 71}], "question": "Who owns Hormuud Telecom?", "id": "5a551d22134fea001a0e193e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In December 2012, Hormuud Telecom launched its Tri-Band 3G service for internet and mobile clients. The first of its kind in the country, this third generation mobile telecommunications technology offers users a faster and more secure connection."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What year did Somalia receive its first fiber optic connection?", "id": "56e1ce38e3433e14004231ae", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "in 2013, an agreement between Hormuud Telecom and Liquid Telecom provided residents access to what type of cable provider?", "id": "56e1ce38e3433e14004231af", "answers": [{"text": "broadband", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many miles long is Liquid Telecoms Network?", "id": "56e1ce38e3433e14004231b0", "answers": [{"text": "10,500 mile", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How will the fiber optic connection impact the price for online access for the average user?", "id": "56e1ce38e3433e14004231b1", "answers": [{"text": "more affordable", "answer_start": 552}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Dalcom Somalia currently building a 1000 square mile data center?", "id": "56e1ce38e3433e14004231b2", "answers": [{"text": "Mogadishu", "answer_start": 1166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "When did Somalia first get internet?", "id": "5a551e9d134fea001a0e1958", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "17,000 km (10,500 mile)", "answer_start": 396}], "question": "How long is Hormuud's cable network?", "id": "5a551e9d134fea001a0e1959", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "West Indian Ocean Cable Company", "answer_start": 716}], "question": "What does the EASSy cable stand for?", "id": "5a551e9d134fea001a0e195a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 818}], "question": "When did Dalkom Somalia and WIOCC begin talks for their deal?", "id": "5a551e9d134fea001a0e195b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mogadishu", "answer_start": 1166}], "question": "Where is Hormuud Telecom building a 1000 square mile data center?", "id": "5a551e9d134fea001a0e195c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In November 2013, Somalia received its first fiber optic connection. The country previously had to rely on expensive satellite links due to the civil conflict, which limited internet usage. However, residents now have access to broadband internet cable for the first time after an agreement reached between Hormuud Telecom and Liquid Telecom. The deal will see Liquid Telecom link Hormuud to its 17,000 km (10,500 mile) network of terrestrial cables, which will deliver faster internet capacity. The fiber optic connection will also make online access more affordable to the average user. This in turn is expected to further increase the number of internet users. Dalkom Somalia reached a similar agreement with the West Indian Ocean Cable Company (WIOCC) Ltd, which it holds shares in. Effective the first quarter of 2014, the deal will establish fiber optic connectivity to and from Somalia via the EASSy cable. The new services are expected to reduce the cost of international bandwidth and to better optimize performance, thereby further broadening internet access. Dalkom Somalia is concurrently constructing a 1,000 square mile state-of-the-art data center in Mogadishu. The site will facilitate direct connection into the international fiber optic network by hosting equipment for all of the capital's ISPs and telecommunication companies."}]}, {"title": "Catalan_language", "paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What place is Catalan named for?", "id": "56e10842cd28a01900c6747d", "answers": [{"text": "Catalonia", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of language is Catalan?", "id": "56e10842cd28a01900c6747e", "answers": [{"text": "Romance language", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Catalan called in Valencia?", "id": "56e10842cd28a01900c6747f", "answers": [{"text": "Valencian", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Catalan the only official language?", "id": "56e10842cd28a01900c67481", "answers": [{"text": "Andorra", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Catalan (/\u02c8k\u00e6t\u0259l\u00e6n/; autonym: catal\u00e0 [k\u0259t\u0259\u02c8la] or [kata\u02c8la]) is a Romance language named for its origins in Catalonia, in what is northeastern Spain and adjoining parts of France. It is the national and only official language of Andorra, and a co-official language of the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and Valencia (where the language is known as Valencian, and there exist regional standards). It also has semi-official status in the city of Alghero on the Italian island of Sardinia. It is also spoken with no official recognition in parts of the Spanish autonomous communities of Aragon (La Franja) and Murcia (Carche), and in the historic French region of Roussillon/Northern Catalonia, roughly equivalent to the department of Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es-Orientales."}, {"qas": [{"question": "What is the second most often spoken language is Catalonia?", "id": "56e109ffe3433e1400422b18", "answers": [{"text": "Catalan", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most used language in Catalonia?", "id": "56e109ffe3433e1400422b19", "answers": [{"text": "Spanish", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the type designation of Catalan in Catalonia?", "id": "56e109ffe3433e1400422b1a", "answers": [{"text": "native", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group spends money to promote the language?", "id": "56e109ffe3433e1400422b1b", "answers": [{"text": "The Generalitat of Catalunya", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language is promoted in Catalonia?", "id": "56e109ffe3433e1400422b1c", "answers": [{"text": "Catalan", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to the Statistical Institute of Catalonia in 2008 the Catalan language is the second most commonly used in Catalonia, after Spanish, as a native or self-defining language. The Generalitat of Catalunya spends part of its annual budget on the promotion of the use of Catalan in Catalonia and in other territories."}, {"qas": [{"question": "From what language did Catalan come?", "id": "56e10bc0e3433e1400422b2c", "answers": [{"text": "Vulgar Latin", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what area did Catalan develop?", "id": "56e10bc0e3433e1400422b2d", "answers": [{"text": "eastern Pyrenees", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Catalan develop in the Eastern Pyrenees?", "id": "56e10bc0e3433e1400422b2e", "answers": [{"text": "9th century", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Catalan's Golden Age as a dominant language?", "id": "56e10bc0e3433e1400422b2f", "answers": [{"text": "Low Middle Ages", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year started the decline of Catalan as a main language?", "id": "56e10bc0e3433e1400422b30", "answers": [{"text": "1479", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Catalan evolved from Vulgar Latin around the eastern Pyrenees in the 9th century. During the Low Middle Ages it saw a golden age as the literary and dominant language of the Crown of Aragon, and was widely used all over the Mediterranean. The union of Aragon with the other territories of Spain in 1479 marked the start of the decline of the language